A

Project Report
On
“SOLAR POWERED MULTIPURPOSE PESTICIDE
SPRAYING MACHINE”

Submitted to
Sandip University, Nashik
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering.
Submitted By,

1. Sachin Sunil Bhalerao

2. Aditya Pramod Patil
3. Parth Sham Vaikar
4. Hrithik Vilas Gadhave

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Vishal N. Sulakhe

Department of Mechanical Engineering

School Of Engineering and Technology
Sandip University, Nashik (2020-2021)
 DECLARATION

This project report titled “Solar Powered Multipurpose Pesticide Spraying Machine”
is our own work carried out under the guidance of Dr. Vishal N. Sulakhe Department of
Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sandip University, Nashik. This
work in the same form or any other form is not submitted by us or anyone else for the award of
any degree.

Sr.No. Name of Student Signature of the student

1 Sachin Sunil Bhalerao
2 Aditya Pramod Patil
3 Parth Sham Vaikar
4 Hrithik Vilas Gadhave
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity with a great pleasure to express our sincere regards and deep sense of
gratitude to our guide Dr. Vishal N. Sulakhe, Assistant Professor in Department Mechanical Engineering,
S.O.E.T Sandip University Nashik for his valuable guidance, practical suggestions and encouragement to
bring about the completion of project. It is through his proficient knowledge, valuable guidance and
support that this project report has been set right. We are also thankful to all faculty of Mechanical
Engineering Department of S.O.E.T Sandip University Nashik who have always co-operated while
carrying out the project work. We also express gratitude towards Dr. A. D. Lokhande, Head of
Mechanical Engineering and Dr. A. S. Maheshwari, Dean Engineering, SOET Sandip University, Nashik
for their encouragement and timely suggestions.
Finally, we would like to thank our well-wishers, critics who helped directly or indirectly in the
completion of this work.

Name of Students

1. Sachin Sunil Bhalerao

2. Aditya Pramod Patil

3. Parth Sham Vaikar

4. Hrithik Vilas Gadhave

 SANDIP UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certified that the project report entitled “Solar Powered Multipurpose
Pesticide Spraying Machine” is a bonafide work done under the guidance by

1. Sachin Sunil Bhalerao

2. Aditya Pramod Patil
3. Parth Sham Vaikar
4. Hrithik Vilas Gadhave

and is submitted to Sandip University, Nashik in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering during the academic year 2020-2021.

Dr. Vishal N. Sulakhe Dr. A. D. Lokhande

Guide Head , Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. A. S. Maheshwari
Associate Dean Engineering S.O.E.T, Sandip University Nashik
 INDEX

CHAPTER NO. NAME OF CHAPTER PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT III
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES 1
1.3 SCOPE 1
1.4 METHODOLOGY 2
1.5 ORAGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW GAPS 18
3 DESIGN 19
3.1 SELECTION OF COMPONENTS 19
3.2 FABRICATION 22
3.3 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING 23
3.4 COST ESTIMATIONS 26
3.5 COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL 28
MEANS
3.6 CALCULATIONS 28
4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 32
4.1 RESULTS 32
4.2 FUTURE SCOPE 32
4.3 CONCLUSION 32
5 REFERENCES 33

I
 TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE OF TABLE PAGE

NO
3.1.1 Solar Panel ratings and its effect on weight and time 19
of charging
3.1.2 List of components 21
3.4.1 Cost Estimation 26

FIGURES

FIGURE NAME OF PAGE

NO. FIGURE NO
3.1.1 Solar panel and storage tank 20
3.1.2 Diaphragm pump 21
3.2.1 SolidWorks design of the frame 22
3.2.2 Fabricated frame 23
3.3.1 Switchboard 24
3.3.2 Battery and Pump 24
3.3.3 Nozzles 25
3.3.4 Spraying System 25
3.3.5 Complete assembly 26

II
ABSTRACT
Spraying of pesticides and insecticides is an important step in the farming process. Most
of the praying equipment currently in use is back-mounted sprayers operating on
conventional sources of energy. This not only exerts a financial strain on the farmers but
also a physical one. Odd power schedules and frequent power-cuts are also problems
that cause hindrance to the ordinary Indian farmer. By switching to solar energy, these
problems can be circumvented. The spraying is done with the help of two nozzles and a
servo motor which is powered by a solar plate. This entire setup is mounted on a trolley
which can be pushed into the field. Owing to its concise construction, the maintenance
cost is also reduced. Using the frame mounted on wheels, targeted spraying of herbicide
and pesticide can be accomplished, thus reducing the amount of pesticide sprayed as
compared to the conventional methods of spraying in farms which involve manual
labour. All in all, it is a cost-effective and environment-friendly alternative to existing
machines.

III
INTRODUCTION

1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Modern-day pesticide sprayers rely on conventional sources of energy. This
makes them costly as well as damaging to the environment. Owing to the
unreliable nature of power in rural India, it is also a cause of great
inconvenience. The machinery is back-mounted which also makes is
physically taxing for the operator.

1.2. OBJECTIVES
• To provide an alternative to the preexisting versions of the sprayer-
one that operates on solar energy, while also integrating a dual sprayer,
thus making the equipment multi-purpose.
• To rid the farmer of the dependance on conventional sources of
energy, thus reducing the cost of operation and general inconvenience
faced as a result of frequent power outages.
• The sprayer is to be trolley mounted, eschewing the conventional back-
mounted sprayer. This provides a physical relief to the farmer, making
the machine easier to operate and reducing fatigue, while also
removing the need for hired labour as the trolley can be operated by
anyone.

1.3. SCOPE
Rural India is often subjected to frequent power outages, thus causing
severe inconvenience to the ordinary farmer. Having solar operated sprayer at
least mitigates the trouble in that one regard. It will also be a cost-effective
solution. In view of the global challenges faced by the world at large with
regards to the environment, integrating solar energy into the mix provides
relief on that front as well. The trolley mechanism is a simple construction
with few parts, thus making it require less maintenance. Thus, moving
forward, this is an overall step in the right direction.

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1.4. METHODOLOGY
The frame required for the trolley was designed on SOLIDWORKS. The
fabrication of said frame was accomplished through a set of manufacturing
processes such as welding, cutting, drilling and grinding. This was done at
OMKAR INDUSTRIES, Nashik. After this, a diaphragm pump, a solar panel,
a motor, tank, nozzles, etc. were selected according to the requirement. Then,
the assembly process took place where all the equipment was connected. The
spraying system consists of a pressure nozzle and a centrifugal nozzle
connected on the opposite ends of a PVC T-Pipe. One nozzle can thus be used
for closed spraying of fertilizers while other can be used to spray pesticides
and herbicides at the top. Upon doing this, we tested the sprayer so to see how
long it was functional and then calculations of the relevant parameters were
conducted.

1.5. ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION

The Introduction acquaints us with the necessity for the project. It also
shows the path undertaken for reaching the solution to the problem. The
Literature Review section will point out to projects of similar nature and
analyze their conclusions and methodologies. Through this, we will learn of
different approaches that are available to take towards resolving the problem.
Then, we move towards the technical aspects of the project in the Design and
Calculations section. Here, we take an in-depth dive into the project and all of
its technical aspects, as well as understanding the various scientific parameters
associated with it. The calculations will help to provide a scientific backing to
the conclusions that are to be drawn from the project as well as ascertain the
veracity of the solution. Through these calculations, we then draw our results
and conclusions in the final section of the dissertation.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

In order to gather a better understanding of previously done works on topics

that were similar to ours, we collected several research papers from the internet.
This also gave us a more comprehensive overview of the general topics that were
addressed in prior projects undertaken in this area and the issues that were tackled.
While providing a guideway for our project, these papers also helped highlight the
areas in which considerable work hadn’t been done earlier and gave us areas
where focus could be drawn while working on our project. The research papers
that were collected and their respective summaries are as listed below:

2.1.1. ‘Development and Evaluation of Solar-powered Sprayer with multi-purpose

applications’ by Yallappa D., Vijaykumar Palled, M. Veeragonda and
Shailendra:
It gives us a solar-powered sprayer. The paper is about an agricultural
pesticide sprayer, which operates on solar energy as a source of power. It
constitutes of a solar panel of 20 W capacity, a 12V DC battery, which is
charged by solar energy received by the solar panel, a DC motor, powered
by the battery, a pump, which sprays the pesticide and a tank that holds the
pesticide (in the form of solution / liquid). The unit is entirely portable and
is operated by one labourer. The discharge rate of the sprayer during
laboratory and field conditions were measured and the average discharge
rate during both laboratory test and field test were more or less the same
which was about 0.023 l/s (82.8 l/h). The performance evaluation of the
sprayer was then carried out for spraying in different crops viz., cotton,
green gram, onion etc in farmer’s fields. The walking speed of the
operator is about 2.8 km/h and swath width of the sprayer is about 0.6 m,
which corresponded to a theoretical field capacity of about 0.17 hectare
per hour. The effective field capacity of the sprayer was observed to be
around 0.14 ha/h which corresponded to an average coverage of 1 ha/day
of 8 hours operational period. As the equipment does not use any other
external source of power and it is operated by the user himself, it reduces
drudgery. It is also quite economical and eco-friendly as a result of using

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 solar energy which is easily affordable by small and marginal farmers.
Furthermore, its power can also be employed for multi- purpose
applications such as charging the battery of mobile, operating the radio
and lighting the domestic light etc., which makes it a more economically
viable technology[I].

2.1.2. ‘Solar operated pesticide sprayer for agriculture purpose’ by Kumawat

Mukesh M, Dipak Wadavane, Naik Ankit, Vidhate Dipak and Ghuge
Chandrakant:
It takes a look at solar operated mechanical sprayers. A sprayer of this type
is seen as a way to efficiently utilize solar energy. Solar based pesticides
sprayer pump is an improved version of petrol engine pesticide sprayer
pump. It is mainly used in the agriculture field, but other purposes are also
present. This has several advantages over petrol engine sprayer pump. It
uses the solar power in order to run the motor. So, it is a pollution free
pump, when compared to petrol engine sprayer pump. In this, charged
battery can also be used for home appliances like powering CFL bulbs,
mobile charging etc. Here, the solar panels make up most (up to 80%) of
the system’s cost. The size of the PV-system is directly dependent on the
size of the pump, the amount of water that is required (m³/d) and the solar
irradiance that is available. The solar sprayer has plenty of advantages.
Besides reducing the cost of spraying, there is also a saving on fuel/petrol.
Additionally, the transportation cost for buying petrol is deducted. The
solar sprayer maintenance is easy. The vibration is also less. The operation
of solar powered pumps is more economical, mainly as a result of the
lower operation and maintenance costs and has significantly less
environmental impact than pumps powered by an internal combustion
engine. Solar pumps are helpful in areas where grid electricity is
unavailable and the alternatives to grid energy are unaffordable (like
petrol). The farmer can do the spraying operation by himself without
having to hire labour, thus increasing spraying efficiency and getting rid of
labour costs[II].

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2.1.3. ‘Design and Construction of Solar Powered Agricultural Pesticide
Sprayer’ by Ritesh Chavan, Amir Hussain, Sanika Mahadeokar, Swapnil
Nichat, Deepak Devasagayam:
This gives us a solar powered agricultural pesticide sprayer prototype. The
prototype was designed while taking parameters like desired spraying
efficiency, low weight, low cost, user-friendly nature, high operating time
faster coverage of area under consideration. Thus, the prototype was
designed to be a value-for-money product in the agricultural sector. For
designing the prototype, the conventional sprayer system was studied in
order to understand the mechanism operating the spraying process.
Mathematical equations were derived after taking suitable assumptions for
calculation of the area covered during spraying, nozzle dimensions,
pressure head and power of the motor required for the spraying a known
discharge of fluid. The parts required for the system were selected by
solving for known inputs value and the derived equations through a java
program and then considering their availability in market. The prototype
was fabricated and arrangements were made on the system to facilitate the
user to mount it on their back during operation. Thus, the system was
made to be portable. The prototype was fabricated according to the design
parameters and field tested according to standard working conditions.
Upon doing the needful, it was concluded that the solar powered spray
pump system worked for 6 hrs. The battery had 12.74 V indicating it had
not been completely discharged during the operation. The fluid discharge
of our system is 327 ml/min. The time taken to cover 1 acre of land by our
system is 3 hrs. The weight of the system is 8 kg and maximum weight of
the system by considering fluid is 23 kg. Fine droplets of atomized
particles were obtained. The sprayer is of low cost and is easy to move
around in the field. Upon experimentation, it was observed that it reduced
the user fatigue and improved the quality of spraying pesticides[III].

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2.1.4. ‘Solar Powered Sprayer- A review’ by Nashmin Alam and Murshed
Alam:
It gives a solar powered sprayer that holds promise towards improving
upon the agriculture sector’s unmechanized and drudging tasks of
manually or small engine operated sprayer. The solar-powered sprayers
also help in saving crop cultivation cost and reduce environmental
pollution. This review describes the current status of the solar-powered
sprayer, as well as providing flow charts and circuit diagrams required for
the successful development of the sprayer. The capacity of solar panel
varies from 10 W to 60 W. A very good relation was found between the
size and weight of the solar panel in accordance with the power rating of
the solar panel. The capacity of the spray tank varied between 12 L to 16 L
of volume. However, no relation was found between the capacity of the
spray tank and power rating of the solar panel. The weights of the panel
varied from 2 kg to 6 kg. The power rating of the solar panel increases its
weight but the time for charging the battery decreases if the solar panel is
operating at its maximum rating. The relation between power rating of the
solar panel and the charging time of battery was established and presented
graphically. A few complete solar powered sprayers have demonstrated
the potential of the technology in the field going forward. Additional
research and development is still needed to fully realize this potential. The
capacity of the solar panel varied from 10 W to 60 W. A very reliable
relation was found among volume and weight of the solar panel with the
power rating of the solar panel[IV].

2.1.5. ‘Solar Powered Sprayer for Agricultural and Domestic Purpose’ by

Malatesh D, Manjunath H, Nilakanth D, Mallikarjun P:
It focuses on the utilization of green energy for agricultural and domestic
purposes. The conventional energy sources use non-renewable energy and
they are in the form of backpack which is to be mounted on the back of the
operator and are only useful for the agricultural purposes. This made the
researchers think of designing a multipurpose product that is basically a
trolley-based solar powered sprayer that involves a minimum intervention

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 of manpower and results in no pollution at all, for agricultural pesticide
spraying and washing of vehicles. Their design mainly eliminates the back
mounting of sprayer setup as it results in back pain in the user, the use of
fossil power as it is non-renewable and has damaging effects on the
environment and the extensive use of manpower, in order to reduce labour
costs. Thus, they proved to be more efficient when compared to the
conventional sprayer readily available in the markets. From the collected
data, it is observed that 18V, 1.11Ah solar panel can charge a 12V ,7.5Ah
battery completely in six and half hours, assuming that there is normal
sunlight in the daytime and it takes three total hours to discharge. During 3
hours of discharge, the battery will be charged simultaneously, to the point
that it is sufficient to operate the sprayer for another 1 and half hours more
when operating in mean time. Therefore, continuously, the sprayer can be
operated for 4 and half hours without rest. The fabricated model satisfies
all the considered requirements of the end-user. It is designed in
accordance to the parameters. It involves a minimum intervention of
manpower. It completely eliminates the use of fossil fuels and exclusively
uses renewable resources i.e., solar energy. The trolley-based system also
relieves the user from back mounting which can often result in back pain.
The designed model is compact, affordable, user-friendly and has no ill
impact on the environment. Hence, the designed model is cost-effective
and compatible with other models that are available commercially[V].

2.1.6. Design and Fabrication of Solar Operated Sprayer for Agricultural

Purposes’ by Akshay M. Narete and Gopal Waghmare:
This paper attempts to make a unique equipment for farmer. The
researchers have enquired about 20 farmers and have collected data
regarding spraying and what the exact problems that an average farmer
faces while the spraying process. Farmers mainly use hand-operated or
fuel-operated spray pump for this task. This conventional sprayer causes
the user fatigue due to an excessively bulky and heavy construction. This
motivated the researchers to design and fabricate a model that is basically
a trolly-based solar sprayer. Solar energy obtained by the sun is to be

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 converted into electrical energy using solar panel by photovoltaic effect.
The output of the energy conversion is then supplied to charge a deep
cycle lead acid battery through a charge controller. The charge controller
limits the rate at which electric current is added to the battery, thus
preventing overcharging and protecting the battery against high voltage. It
employs the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique which gradually
stops charging the battery. The main advantage of PWM is that the power
loss in the switching device is very low. In this project here they have
eliminated the back mounting of sprayer as it is ergonomically not good
for the farmer from a health point of view. During spraying in this way
here, they can reduce the user’s fatigue level. The current produced by the
solar panel (I) is calculated by knowing the maximum power (P) of the
solar panel and the voltage rating (V) of the battery that is given by 𝐼
=P/V. Therefore, they get 𝐼 =20/12=1.66Amp. Charging time (T) was
computed by taking the ratio rating of battery in ampere hour (Ah) with
respect to the total current supplied by the solar panel. 𝑇 =battery rating in
ampere hour/ total current consumed by the solar panel Therefore, 𝑇 =
7/1.66=4.21 Hrs[VI].

2.1.7. ‘Solar Pesticide Sprayer’ by Krishna Murthy B., Rajan Kanwar, Indrajeet
Yadav, Vishnu Das:
This paper gives a Solar Operated Pesticide Sprayer, which is a pump
running on electricity generated by photovoltaic panels or the thermal
energy available from collected sunlight as opposed to grid electricity or
diesel run water pumps. The operation of solar powered pumps is more
economical this way, mainly due to the lower operation and maintenance
costs and has less environmental impact than pumps powered by an
internal combustion engine (ICE). Solar pumps are useful where grid
electricity is unavailable and alternative sources (in particular wind) do not
provide energy befitting the requirement. The solar panels make up most
(up to 80%) of the system’s manufacturing cost. The size of the PV-system
is directly dependent on the size of the pump, the amount of water that is
required (m³/d) and the solar irradiance available. The solar sprayer has

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 many advantages. Besides reducing the cost of spraying, there is also a
saving on fuel/petrol. Also, the transportation cost for buying petrol is
saved. The solar sprayer maintenance is simple. There is less vibration
when compared to the petrol sprayer. The farmer can do the spraying
operation all by himself without engaging labour, thus increasing spraying
efficiency. After analysis of the result after completing the solar powered
pesticide sprayer, the discharge rate of pesticides from the tank is high and
by this, the farmers can save time for spraying pesticides and as a result of
the wheels, it is very much easy to move it. It uses solar energy which is a
renewable source of energy so there will be no pollution and it saves
energy for the future generation. Since India is an agricultural country, so
it needs a pesticide sprayer which works on solar energy, which does not
cause any pollution and gives a high output. One that saves money and
time for farming. When they compared with the existing system, they got
that the system that we are using provides the required operation in less
time and in large quantity without any failure. In conclusion, the method
used here to build solar powered pesticide pumping system is cost
effective comparatively to an electrically operated hydraulic pump. Since
here non-conventional energy is used to achieve the required head.
Discharge obtained from the observations is .5liters per minute. The
reciprocating pump is built with the help of simple and easily available
materials and is successful to demonstrate the worth of a reciprocating
pump. This device serves its purpose to some extent, but with proper
course of actions, it can perform still better[VII].

2.1.8. ‘Solar Powered Semi-Automatic Pesticide Sprayer for use in Vineyards’

by Ahalya M., Muktha A., Veena M., Vidyashree G., Rehna V. J.:
This paper presents a semi-automatic pesticide sprayer system which
operates on solar power. The semiautomatic sprayer is a three-wheeled
vehicle that sprays pesticide in any given vineyard with almost no human
assistance. The vehicle is powered using an onboard solar powered battery
which brings the running cost down. Solar energy is firstly used to charge
a storage battery. The solar energy stored in the battery is then utilized to

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 operate motor which functions as pump. In this project, they have tried to
make a prototype model for farmers and cultivators for whom spraying of
insecticides is harmful and hazardous. The control of the vehicle is
achieved using an inbuilt microcontroller unit that is programmed to
respond to the zigbee wireless device. This project integrates the
implementation of robotics and mechatronics in the field of agriculture.
This being a test model, the robustness of the vehicle is not all that high.
The performance is satisfactory under laboratory conditions. The model
gave a fairly good rate of area coverage and the cost of operation as
calculated was also found to be reasonably low. In addition to this, the
safety and long-term health of the farmers is ensured by eliminating
human labour completely from this process. It does not, in nay way,
compromise the performance of a petrol-based pesticide sprayer. The
future scope of this project includes –
1. Take up building a full-scale prototype which can be utilized in the
fields in real time.
2. Facilitate the charging of the battery using a solar charger thus bringing
the costs down even further.
3. Battery energy can be saved by using PWM scheme for the driving of
pump[VIII].

2.1.9. ‘Design and Fabrication of Hybrid Multipurpose Solar Sprayer’ by Abdul

Nawaz, Leston Rihal Dsouza , Abishek Kumar, Mohammed Tabrez,
Dr.Sudarshan Rao K.:
In this, the pesticide sprayer is operated mainly based on solar energy and
hence there is no need of any kind of alternative source. It has many
advantages such as a low cost of spraying and also saving on Fuel/Petrol.
There is less vibration when compared to the petrol sprayer. Hence, the
system can be easily operated, there is no need of labourers which
increases the efficiency of farmers. By using the idea of solar power for a
sprayer the study attempts to solve the problems associated with
environmental pollution, fatigue on formers, operating of sprayers. solar
sprayers are of great advantage, because it is simple in construction with

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 light weight. the device has minimum welded parts; this makes assembly,
disassembly quite simple and makes the sprayer portable. the cost though
appears a little higher, can be brought down greatly when produced in
large scale. the model of proposed study has worked quite satisfactorily.
Advantages of solar sprayer over conventional sprayer:
• capacity of solar sprayer is 20 litre .i.e greater than convvetional sprayer.
• discharge in solar sprayer is constant when compared to conventional
sprayer.
• power source is solar energy in solar sprayer.
• pressure is constant in solar sprayer whereas pressure depends on human
strength in conventional sprayer.
• fatigue is less i.e more in conventional sprayer[IX].

2.1.10. Design and Development of Solar AssistedAutomated

Pesticides Sprayer by Susant Kumar Sahu and N. Sendhil
Kumar:

They have proposed an innovative sprayer model for optimized

spray applications with minimum losses and cost. The
proposed working model of automated pesticide sprayer was
designed, fabricated and analyzed for performance tests. This
sprayer operates on electrical power supplied by solar panel
with battery of designed capacity. An added advantage of this
automated pesticide sprayer is that it does not have any impact
as far as farmers health is concerned and also it is free from
greenhouse gas emissions. It has also been proven itself to be
an efficient, reliable and economical one to spray pesticides for
agriculture applications. In this proposed model, solar powered
automated pesticides sprayer, the farmers health factors, spray
characteristics, weight and cost of sprayer have been given
more priority while designing. The weight of sprayer is
reduced by incorporating the solar panels in place of fuel tank
of the existing sprayers. Also the proposed design is suitable

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 for remote area or region of agricultural land without any
conventional energy source and moreover it does not emit any
green house gases to the environment. Also the cost of the
present sprayer design is minimized by taking the concern of
economic conditions of farmers and hence it is quite affordable
to village farmers with small and medium level agricultural
cultivations. The major merit of the present design is that the
farmers do not require any special skill to operate the sprayer.
During performance testing of the sprayer, it is physically
confirmed that the spray effectiveness is appreciable and is
influenced by the factors namely the uniformity of droplet
distribution, wind speed, ambient temperature, relative
humidity, spray pressure type of spray along with spray height
and spray pressure[X].

2.1.11. ‘Design and Fabrication of Solar Pesticide Sprayer’ by R.

Rajesh, V. Vimal kingsley, M. Selva Pandi, G. Niranjan, G.
Varun Harshath:

Energy demand is one of the major threads for our country.

Finding solution to meet the energy demand is great challenge
for Scientist, Engineers. Now a day pesticide sprayer is
operated based on fuel engine. This operation is more
economical. In order to overcome this, we found the new
concept known as “Solar Pesticide Sprayer”. In this pesticide
sprayer is operated mainly based on solar energy and hence
there is no need of any kind of alternative source. It has many
advantages such as cost of spraying and also saving on
Fuel/Petrol. There is less vibration as compared to the petrol
sprayer. Hence the system can be easily operated there is no
need of labors which increases the efficiency of farmers.
Analytical calculations of current and charging time of the
battery: The current produced by the solar panel (I) was
calculated by knowing the maximum power (P) of the solar

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 panel and the voltage rating (v) of the battery that is given by
I=P/V Therefore, I=10/12=0.83 Ampere Charging time (T) was
computed by taking the ratio rating of battery in ampere hour
(Ah) to the total current consumed by the solar panel.
T=(battery rating in ampere hour)/ (total current consumed by
the solar panel) Therefore, T=12/0.83=14.45 hours

As we know 70% of population of our country lives in village

& their main occupation is agriculture. The prominent aim of
this project is to fulfill the tasks like hand spraying, IC engine
spraying, and leg pump spraying etc. using noncon energy
sources. Thus, solar operated spray pump will help the farmers
of those remote areas of country where fuel is not available
easily. Thus, saving revenue of government & also most
demanded fuel. This project will reduce the cost involved in the
concern. Project has been designed to perform the entire
requirement task at the shortest time available[XI].

2.1.12. ‘Design of Solar Hybrid Pesticide Spray System’ by Surender

Kumar:

Asian countries face profound sustainability challenges that

will influence their ability to achieve lasting environmental
objectives. When pesticides used in greater amounts than
desired, it become contaminated to food and environment. As
we know 60% of economy depends on agriculture. The
prominent aim of the hybrid pesticide sprayer is to make
cheaper spraying by using solar energy. The fabricated hybrid
sprayer is most suitable for small and medium scale farmers
and remote areas like island, forest where fuel is not available
easily. They can perform their work efficiently as well as save
fuel at large scale. At the same time, they reduce environmental
pollution by fuel burning. Public awareness can be increased by
more appropriate farmer programs based on solar Hybrid

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 Pesticide Spray system should be initiated at national
level[XII].

2.1.13. ‘Design and Implementation of Solar Powered Automatic

Pesticide Sprayer for Agriculture’ by Dr. Anuradha T., Ramya
K., R. Selvam:

An automatic pesticide mixing and water level control of

irrigation system powered by solar, using PLC and nrf24l01
module is focused here. The proposed system consists of
pesticide mixer which automatically mixes the pesticide and
water in particular ratio and the mixer is automatically sprayed
to the field on the programmed date with the help of PLC. This
system will also be useful in monitoring the soil moisture
condition and level of the water in the field via moisture
sensors and ultrasonic sensor which is connected in the
transmitter side of the RF module. The system proposes a soil
moisture sensor and ultrasonic sensor at each place in the field
where the moisture content of the soil and water level in the
field has to be monitored which is powered by solar. When
moisture content in the soil is low or water level in the field is
below certain level, the transmitter RF sends a signal to the
receiver RF and accordingly the motor is turned ON/OFF with
the help of PLC. The solar powered automatic pesticide mixer
replaces the conventional backpack type sprayers. It reduces
the manual work load and it also provides efficient way of
spraying the pesticide into the field. In addition to this, the
project also consists of a smart water level control system. This
system allows circulating water in the field whenever required.
Thus, the whole system reduces manual intervention into the
field and therefore the agricultural development can be easily
achieved. The various salient features of this project are, it can
be implemented in gardens or nurseries for proper utilization of
the available resources and it helps in saving time and energy.

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 Thus, the project helps to combine technology and agriculture
so that, manual operation in the field can be minimized. In
future, monitoring and controlling of the above scheme can be
achieved using SCADA. By using SCADA real time
monitoring and controlling of the field is possible[XIII].

2.1.14. ‘A novel application of stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV)

system in agriculture: Solar Powered Microner Sprayer’ by
Meysam Karami Rada, Mahmoud Omida, Reza Alimardania
& Hosein Mousazadeh:

In this paper, a stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) power supply

system for Microner sprayer is identified and proposed. The
designed system was comprised of three main parts: sprayer,
solar power supply and control system. Initially, the control
board and data acquisition system were designed and simulated
by Proteus software and then implemented using an AVR
microcontroller and tested via LabVIEW in the laboratory. next
a prototype system was fabricated for evaluation purposes. A
PV panel size of 88.5cm, positioned horizontally above
operator's head that generates 26.4 Wh/day was used as solar
energy source. A small 2Ah (12V) battery is installed in the
system as a stabilizer. This sprayer can work seven to nine
hours daily. It is calculated that the average loss of collected
energy due to non-application of maximum power point tracker
(MPPT) was approximately 25%. For more effective
exploitation of solar energy in agriculture in remote areas, a
standalone photovoltaic (SAPV) power supply system for
Microner sprayer was identified. The designed system is
consisted of three main parts: sprayer, solar power supply and
control system. A microcontroller and additional electronic
circuitry were designed and used for charge controlling.
Moreover, motor rotation controller unit, temperature
illustration sensor and battery charge status displayer were the

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 extra facilities that were added to the sprayer. The evaluation
has been implemented by some data that was acquired using a
DAQ system designed specifically for this system during
spring season. This system can work 7 to 9 hours a day. Being
simple and light weighted, this sprayer can be easily used in
farms in order to help resolve the environmental problems and
delay the fossil fuel resources running out as well as being a
symbol of practical use of solar energy in agriculture[XIV].

2.1.15. ‘Solar Powered Automatic Pesticides Sprayer’ by Nithin

Vasanth, Akash G, Srikanth KR, Pavan Srikanth TN, Ruma
Sinha:

For agriculture-based country like India control of pest in filed

is an important factor. In order to increase the efficiency and
effectiveness and to reduce the manual involvement of spraying
mechanism, an automated sprayer is needed. Considering the
unavailability of electricity in remote areas of agricultural field
this paper proposes a remotely controlled pesticides sprayer
which utilizes solar energy as source. Solar-powered automated
spraying machine uses solar energy as source. Solar energy is
used to charge a storage battery which supplies the system. A
four wheeled vehicle is moved automatically in a pre-fed path
and sprays pesticides using a DC pump and nozzle. Instruction
is passed to the system using GSM/Cellular data which ensures
no direct contact with human and thus safety of operator is
ensured. Also, it covers larger area in less time with uniform
spraying. Based on the present work

• It is found that the existing pesticide spraying machine runs

on human power. That Sprayer type machine may cause health
problems for person as he directly comes in contact with
pesticide. Also, the human who is spraying the pesticides may
face the problem of lumber pain.

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 • In advent of avoiding such problems enlisted in first point, an
automatic pesticides pesticide spraying machine seems an
effective alternative concept.

• Comparison between the existing machineries and present

machine shows that can work very efficiently with respect to
covering area, time and cost of spraying process. The automatic
turning of the vehicle using steering control may be adapted for
obstacle avoidance and more accurate path. Pesticide outlet
control using Nozzles and usage of pesticide level indicator can
be included. The weight of stand can be still reduced by
incorporating fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) instead of mild
steel. There is no much maintenance cost and no operating cost
as it is using solar energy it is free of cost and there is no
pollution its working principal is very simple and that it is
economical to the farmers it is more advantageous that it can be
used for both for spraying and well as irrigation. No efforts to
human, just he has to carry the device which is light in weight
so it is much feasible.[XV]

2.1.16. ‘Solar Powered Pesticide Sprayer’ by M. Sabitha, N.

Sampath, V. Rajesh, B. Sairam Goud:

This paper mainly focuses on the concept of SOLAR

POWERED PESTICIDE SPRAYER and reduce the pollution.
Generally, this type of sprayers has low self weight and low
maintenance cost than the conventional engine pumps. In this
product we are using non convention energy is used to run the
sprayer. Non conventional energy means the energy is
renewable and available unlimited and pollution free energy. In
this Solar Pesticide Sprayer a pump running by using electricity
which is generated by solar panel or the photovoltaic cell are
collect the solar radiation. In This pesticide sprayer we are
replace the conventional engine by DC pump. Here the non

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 conventional energy source is a solar energy. In this project.
We are Using Level Sensor To monitor the level of pesticide
inside the tank. When the level is below minimum required
then automatically an Audible alert will be given to the farmer.
So, then he can refill the pesticide in tank. Based on the project
activity, this paper concludes the following:

• In model of sprayer is very eco-friendly and lower cost.

• Solar pesticide pump is does not compromise the

performance the petrol-based pesticide sprayer.

• Thus, cost for charging the battery is negligible due to solar

energy and cost of 1litre petrol is Rs.80. So, no operating cost
is required in solar based pesticide sprayer.

• We find that 8Ah battery can run the pump up to 3 - 5 hours;

once the battery is full charged then can be used to spray
2Acres. But while 1litre of petrol can cover 1Acre.

• The small modifications done in this product, then it can be

brought out like commercial product.[XVI]

2.2. Literature Review Gaps:

Upon studying the above-mentioned papers, we came upon the

following overlooked topics upon which our work could be focused:

• A more robust design for the frame that would be fitting to

the rough usage in an agricultural field, thus prolonging its
life.

• A spraying system comprising of two pairs of opposite-

facing centrifugal and pressure nozzles that would facilitate
integrating multiple operations at the same time, by allowing
the spraying of fertilizers at the bottom and pesticides and
herbicides at the top, making it particularly suitable for grape
orchards.

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 3. DESIGN

3.1. SELECTION OF COMPOENENTS:

According to the literature survey and taking economic feasibility

into account, the specifications of various components is as follows:

3.1.1. SOLAR PANEL-

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A SOLAR SPRAYER

by S.Charvani, K.Sowmya, M.Malathi, P.Rajani, K.Saibaba
gives us this table:

Sr. Panel I=P/V T=Ah/I Weight

No Rating (amp) (hrs) (kg)
(W)

1 6 6/12= 0.5 8/0.5=16 0.6

2 8 8/12=0.667 8/0.667=12 0.8

3 10 10/12=0.83 8/0.83=9.63 1.2

4 15 15/12=1.25 8/1.25=6.4 1.5

5 20 20/12=1.67 8/1.67=4.79 2.0

6 30 30/12=2.5 8/2.5=3.2 3.6

7 40 40/12=3.33 8/3.33=2.402 5

Table 3.1.1: Solar panel ratings and its effect on weight and time of charging

From the table, it is observed that as the rating of solar panel increases,
weight increases but the time for charging the battery decreases when
solar panel is operating at its maximum rating.

Thus, considering weight and charging criteria, the advisable

specification for the solar panel is 20W.

3.1.2. DC MOTOR:

DC motor is used to lift the pesticide from the tank and

deliver it to the spraying gun.

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 From all collected papers, it is apparent that the most
suitable motor is a 12V motor.

3.1.3. LIQUID STORAGE TANK:

A plastic liquid storage tank of about 16 to 20 litres

capacity is advisable. We have selected a storage tank of 20
L capacity.

Fig.3.1.1 Solar Panel and Storage Tank

3.1.4. BATTERY:

According to pump operating power, a 12V battery is to be

selected.

3.1.5. SPRAY PUMP:

A diaphragm pump of about 12 V is to be used.

A centrifugal disc type nozzle is attached to the opposite

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 side of pressure nozzle which is used to spray herbicide in
the surroundings while maintaining lower height for
spraying and more area to be covered, which is efficient
and less herbicide required per acre.

Fig.3.1.2 Diaphragm Pump

The complete list of components can be surmised in the

table below:

Sr. No Component Quantity

1 Solar Plate 1

2 Square Rods 4

3 U PVC Pipe 2

4 Tank 1

5 Centrifugal 2

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 Nozzle

6 Pressure 2
Nozzle

7 Wheels 4

8 Electrical 3
Switch

9 Battery 1

10 Pressure Pump 1

11 2A Wire 1

12 T of Brass 1
Metal

13 Metal Coupling 2

14 Rubber Pipe 3

Table 3.1.2: List of components

3.2. FABRICATION:

Hollow steel rods, grade SS-304 were used for fabricating the
trolley frame upon which the spraying setup is supposed to be
mounted.

Fig. 3.2.1 Solidworks Design of Frame

The frame was designed as per the requirement on a modelling

software. The construction is supposed to be rugged and robust so
that it can sustain rough usage.

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 In order to fabricate the frame, the operations that were employed
include cutting, grinding, welding and drilling.

Fig.3.2.2 Fabricated Frame

The fabrication of the frame was conducted at Omkar Industries,

Nashik.

The figure below shows the image of the CAD model of the frame
that was used as a blueprint for its fabrication.

3.3. CONSTRUCTION & WORKING:

The first unit of proposed system is the energy conversion unit.

Solar energy obtained by the sun is converted into electrical energy
by using the solar panel through photovoltaic effect. The output of
the energy conversion is given to charge a deep cycle lead acid
battery using a charge controller. The charge controller limits the
rate at which electric current is to be added to the battery, thereby
preventing overcharging and providing protecting against over-
voltage. The output from the charge controller is given to the
battery using a 3-pin socket through an electrical network. This
circuit is designed to control the RPM of the motor by controlling

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the amount of resistance between the motor and the battery while
simultaneously providing a charging supply for the battery.

Fig. 3.3.1 Switchboard

The output of the dc motor is used to actuate the diaphragm of

the diaphragm pump for pumping the fluid as shown above. The
diaphragm pump is a positive reciprocating displacement pump.

Fig. 3.32 Battery and pump

When the diaphragm is pulled back a vacuum is created in the

chamber in front of the diaphragm. This vacuum causes the
discharge valve to be forced against its seat. The vacuum allows
atmospheric pressure to push the fluid up against the outside of the
suction valve, opening the valve and filling the chamber. When the
pressure is returned to the diaphragm forcing it towards the front of

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 the chamber, the increased pressure causes the suction valve to be
forced closed and discharge valve to be forced open. The fluid is
pushed out of the chamber and the pumping cycle starts over.

There are two types of nozzles, one which is used to spray fertilizer
on the top of grape crops and other which is used for spraying
pesticide.

Fig. 3.3.3 Nozzles

One of them is a centrifugal disc type nozzle that is attached to the

opposite side of a pressure nozzle which is used to spray herbicide in
the surroundings while maintaining lower height for spraying and
more area to be covered.

Fig. 3.3.4 Spraying System

It was found that the time required for charging is around 5 hours. A
fully charged battery sprays around 5 to 6 acres of land. It was also
found that if battery is fully charged, it can spray around 200 litres of

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 fertilizer. The fully charged solar spray pump works for 7 to 8 hours
continuously.

Fig. 3.3.5 Complete Assembly

3.4. COST ESTIMATION:

The cost of the project, when taken for each of the components
individually, can be broken down in the table below:
Sr no Name of components Cost per Quantity Cost of
component total
components

1 Solar plate 1450 1 1450

2 Square pipes(half inch) 400 4 1600

3 Round hollow pipes (3mm thick ) 450 1 450

4 Tank 250 1 250

5 Centrifugal nozzle 400 2 800

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6 Pressure nozzle 55 2 110

7 Battery 870 1 870

8 Wheels 330 4 1320

9 Electrical switch 50 2 100

10 2A wire 200 1 200

11 Brass T 70 1 70

12 Pvc T 35 2 70

13 Diaphragm pump 480 1 480

14 Ply board 60 2 120

15 5 mm tube 120 1 120

16 12 v motor 350 1 350

17 Pump regulator 80 1 80

18 Welding expenses 900 1 900

19 Other expenses 1100 1 1100

Total: Rs. 10440

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3.5. COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL MEANS:

This solar-operated pesticide sprayer is intended for use in fields where

small shrubs are to be planted, for example, grape orchards. Therefore,
the appropriate comparison should be made with the knapsack sprayer,
which is a back-mounted sprayer that is commonly used in similar
fields. The comparisons are as follows:

• The field capacity of the solar operated pesticide sprayer is 0.14

ha/h. This is slightly higher than the filed capacity of knapsack
sprayer which is about 0.12 ha/h. [XVII]

• The knapsack sprayer, being a back-mounted sprayer, causes

physical fatigue. This is eliminated in our sprayer, as it is a
trolley-mounted pesticide sprayer.

• There is no usage of fuel or electricity. Also, the solar panel is

charged simultaneously as the sprayer is used. This leads to a
continued 7 to 8 hours of use, compared to the 6 hours of
continuous use provided by the knapsack sprayer.

3.6. CALCULATIONS:

According to spraying capacity & discharge capacity Of Spray pump is

selected:

Type : Diaphragm Pump.

Liquid Discharge : 5 Lit/min.

Speed : 1500 rpm.

Suction Head (hs) = 0m.

Discharge Head (hd)= 0.45m.

Suction pipe Diameter : 8mm =8*10^-3m.

Discharge pipe Diameter : 8mm =8*10^-3m

Overall Efficiency Of The Pump η= 𝑊∗𝐻𝑚 1000 /S.P.

Where, S.P = Power Required To Drive The Pump.

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 Hm = Manometric Head ( in m)

η= Overall Efficiency Of The Pump ( Assume it is 60%)

η=𝜌∗𝑔∗𝑄∗𝐻𝑚 /1000 /S.P

η=𝜌∗𝑔∗𝑄∗𝐻𝑚 /1000∗𝑆.𝑃

Where, Q= 5lit/min =8.33*10^-5 m^3/sec

• Assume Overall Efficiency of Pump η=60%

Hm= Manometric Head.

Hm=( 𝑃𝑜 /𝜌∗𝑔 + 𝑉𝑜^2/ 2∗𝑔 +Zo) –( 𝑃𝑖/ 𝜌∗𝑔 + 𝑉𝑖^2/ 2∗𝑔 +Zi)

Where , 𝑃𝑜/ 𝜌∗𝑔 = Pressure head at outlet of pump ( hd) = 0.45m.

𝑉𝑜^2/ 2∗𝑔 = Velocity head at outlet of pump = 𝑉𝑑^2 /2∗𝑔

𝑃𝑖/ 𝜌∗𝑔 = Pressure head at inlet of pump (hs) = 0m.

𝑉𝑖^2 /2∗𝑔 = Velocity head at inlet of pump = 𝑉𝑠^2 /2∗g

Hm =( 𝑉𝑑^2/ 2∗𝑔 + 3)- (0.5+𝑉𝑠^2/ 2∗𝑔)

Vd( Velocity at Discharge)= 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐h𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 /𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 =

(8.33∗10^−5)/( 𝜋/ 4 ∗8∗10^−3)

=13.25*10^-3 m/sec

Vs( Velocity at Suction) = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐h𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒/ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 =

(1.66∗10^−5)/( 𝜋/ 4 ∗8∗10^−3)

=13.25*10^-3 m/sec

Hm = 0.45+ ((13.25∗10^−3)^2 /2∗9.81 ) - 0 +(( 13.25∗10^−3)^2)/

2∗9.81 )

Hm =0.45m

• Battery Type : Lead Acid Battery.

Voltage : 12 V

Current : 7 Amp

Power = Voltage*Current = 12*7 = 84 Watt ( Maximum power when

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 the circuit is open)

When the circuit is short then,

Voltage: 12 v

Current: 1.5 Amp

Amp Power = Voltage*Current = 12*1.5 = 18 Watt

According to Battery Output Power Solar Panel Is Selected

Solar panel Power = 20w

Voltage =18V

Then current produced by the panel is given as

I = P/V

I = 20/18 = 1.11Ah

• Battery Voltage = 12v

Current =7.5Ah

Then power of battery is given as

P = VI

P =12*7.5 = 90W

Pump Power = 30w

• Voltage = 12v

Flow rate =5 lit/min

Then current required for the pump is given as

I = P/V

I = 30/12 = 2.5Ah

• Charging time of the battery

T=(battery rating in ampere hour)/ (total current consumed by the

solar panel)

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 T=7.5/1.11= 6.5hrs (during mean time).

Discharging time

T=(battery rating in ampere hour)/ (total current required for the

pump)

T=7.5/2.5 = 3hrs

When battery is discharging for 3hrs simultaneously it will charge

that can work for 1.5 more hrs.

Total discharging time T= 3+1.5 = 4.5hrs

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4. CONCLUDING REMARKS:

4.1. RESULTS:

The performance evaluation of the sprayer gives an effective field

capacity to be 0.14 ha/h which amounts to nearly 1ha/day given an
8 hours operation day. The equipment doesn’t require any external
power, thus helping the farmer save the cost of external electricity.
Additionally, the usage of solar power makes it an eco-friendly
proposition. This is an affordable, low-maintenance equipment that
can prove to be beneficial for poor and marginalised farmers living
in remote areas with an unreliable access to electricity.

4.2. FUTURE SCOPE:

Several modifications can also be made to this going forward.

Dusting unit can be installed in the place of the spraying unit, which
is used for grape farming. We can also add cutter for cutting crops.

4.3. CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, this is an eco-friendly, cost-effective, low

maintenance equipment that will prove to be advantageous to this
agrarian country as we move towards a more mechanized version of
agriculture.

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 5. REFERENCES:

I. ‘Development and Evaluation of Solar-powered Sprayer with multi-purpose

applications’ by Yallappa D., Vijaykumar Palled, M. Veeragonda and
Shailendra
II. ‘Solar operated pesticide sprayer for agriculture purpose’ by Kumawat Mukesh
M, Dipak Wadavane, Naik Ankit, Vidhate Dipak and Ghuge Chandrakant
III. ‘Design and Construction of Solar Powered Agricultural Pesticide Sprayer’ by
Ritesh Chavan, Amir Hussain, Sanika Mahadeokar, Swapnil Nichat, Deepak
Devasagayam
IV. ‘Solar Powered Sprayer- A review’ by Nashmin Alam and Murshed Alam:
V. ‘Solar Powered Sprayer for Agricultural and Domestic Purpose’ by Malatesh
D, Manjunath H, Nilakanth D, Mallikarjun P
VI. Design and Fabrication of Solar Operated Sprayer for Agricultural Purposes’
by Akshay M. Narete and Gopal Waghmare
VII. ‘Solar Pesticide Sprayer’ by Krishna Murthy B., Rajan Kanwar, Indrajeet
Yadav, Vishnu Das
VIII. ‘Solar Powered Semi-Automatic Pesticide Sprayer for use in Vineyards’ by
Ahalya M., Muktha A., Veena M., Vidyashree G., Rehna V. J
IX. ‘Design and Fabrication of Hybrid Multipurpose Solar Sprayer’ by Abdul
Nawaz, Leston Rihal Dsouza , Abishek Kumar, Mohammed Tabrez,
Dr.Sudarshan Rao K
X. Design and Development of Solar AssistedAutomated Pesticides Sprayer by
Susant Kumar Sahu and N. Sendhil Kumar
XI. ‘Design and Fabrication of Solar Pesticide Sprayer’ by R. Rajesh, V. Vimal
kingsley, M. Selva Pandi, G. Niranjan, G. Varun Harshath
XII. ‘Design of Solar Hybrid Pesticide Spray System’ by Surender Kumar
XIII. ‘Design and Implementation of Solar Powered Automatic Pesticide Sprayer for
Agriculture’ by Dr. Anuradha T., Ramya K., R. Selvam
XIV. ‘A novel application of stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) system in agriculture:
Solar Powered Microner Sprayer’ by Meysam Karami Rada, Mahmoud Omida,
Reza Alimardania & Hosein Mousazadeh

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 XV. ‘Solar Powered Automatic Pesticides Sprayer’ by Nithin Vasanth, Akash G,
Srikanth KR, Pavan Srikanth TN, Ruma Sinha
XVI. ‘Solar Powered Pesticide Sprayer’ by M. Sabitha, N. Sampath, V. Rajesh, B.
Sairam Goud
XVII. https://farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/KR/Plant%20Protection%20Equipme
nts.htm

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