SUMMARY OF ADVERB CLAUSE OF

CAUSE AND EFFECT

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Adverb Clauses - cause & effect

 In this lesson, you will learn the meanings of cause, effect, and affect. You will also learn how to
express cause and effect in English.

This lesson also tries to deal with most aspects of cause and effect, reason and result, using lots of
exercises.

• Using because (of), since so and as

• Using more formal expressions such as consequently

• Different expressions to use with clauses and nouns

• Getting to grips with result from / in etc.

• Getting those prepositions right

• Participle clauses of cause and result

• Using so and such to talk about cause and result

Cause and Effect Sentences

Sentences built using cause and effect usually involve an action that is making something happen
and the result of that action. You can usually find sentences built this way by key words and phrases
they use: so, since, as a result of, because, therefore.

It’s also important to note that the cause is usually written before the effect is, but there are rare
cases when the effect will be written first.

You should realize, however, that no matter what order you present cause and effect in with your
sentences, you cannot have an effect happen before a cause. When writing a cause and effect
argument, you will be writing many cause and effect sentences.

CAUSE adalah penyebab, atau kejadian yang memuncul hal lain. Untuk mengenali cause dalam
suatu bacaan, Anda bisa bertanya pada diri sendiri saat membacanya, “Why did this
 happen?” (Mengapa hal ini terjadi?”) Jawaban dari hal tersebut adalah penyebab kejadian
atau cause.

EFFECT adalah akibat, atau hasil yang diperoleh dari suatu kejadian. Untuk mengenali effect dalam
suatu bacaan, Anda bisa menanyakan, “What happened?” (Apa yang terjadi?)

Untuk mengenali cause dengan mudah dalam suatu bacaan, Anda dapat mencari fitur yang ada
dalam teks yang berupa kata sinyal, umumnya berupa: because, since, as a result of, unless, dan for
this reason. Sedangkan untuk mengenali effect, Anda dapat mencari kata-kata sinyal berupa: so,
therefore, in order to, thus, consequently, so that, this led to, dll.

Cause and Effect Conjunctions

INTRODUCTION

Conjunctions are words that function as a link between clauses or elements in sentences.

Cause and effect conjunctions are used to introduce clauses with the purpose to express the concept
of cause and effect.

FORM

We can focus on the cause or on the result by using different conjunctions.

Cause

When we want to focus on the cause, we use conjunctions as: because, since, as, due to, owing to.

They can be followed by a clause or a gerund/verb in the following way:

Clause 1 + because/since/as + clause 2;

Clause 1 + due to/owing to + gerund/noun.

Effect

When we want to focus on the effect, we use conjunctions as: as a result, so, therefore.
 They are followed by a clause in the following way:

Clause 1 + so/therefore/as a result + clause 2

A. Followed by a noun

These cause/effect phrases are followed by a noun or noun phrase.

a. Clause to NP

To connect a clause to an NP, we can use a prepositional phrase. Note the punctuation. When the
cause comes first, you need to separate the noun phrase from the clause using a comma.

Cause to effect

As a result of smoking, he has health problems.

Due to heavy rain, there are floods.

Because of eating unhealthy food, you are obese.

Effect to cause

He has health problems as a result of smoking.

There are floods because of heavy rain.

You are obese due to eating unhealthy food.

In the following examples, the noun or noun phrase will be in green1. The cause always comes after
the cause/effect signal word or phrase.

Signal word/phrase + Cause, + Effect

Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

1. Due to Sara’s procrastination, she did not pass the IELTS exam2.

Analysis:

Signal phrase: Due to 3

Cause: Sara’s procrastination

Effect: She did not pass the IELTS exam

Signal word/phrase + Cause, + Effect

2. He failed the test because of his poor preparation strategy.

Analysis:

Signal phrase: Because of

Cause: His poor preparation strategy

Effect: He failed the test

Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

3. As a result of the traffic, we canceled the group study session.

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2 https://www.ieltspodcast.com/ielts -exam/
3 https://www.ieltspodcast.com/ielts -exam/
 Analysis:

Signal phrase: As a result of

Cause: The traffic

Effect: We canceled the group study session

Signal word/phrase + Cause, + Effect

4. Donald could not attend owing to his impeachment.

Analysis:

Signal phrase: Owing to

Cause: Donald’s impeachment

Effect: Donald could not attend

Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

5. He was fired as a consequence of lies.

Analysis:

Signal phrase: As a consequence of

Cause: Lies

Effect: He was fired

Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

b. Noun Phrase to Noun Phrase

A noun phrase (NP) includes a noun (a person, place, or thing) and modifiers (e.g. adjectives). It is not
a complete sentence. Examples of NPs include “heavy rain”, “eating unhealthy food” and “cigarette
smoke”.
 To connect an NP to another NP, we can use verbs + prepositions. For example:

Cause to effect

Heavy rain leads to flooding.

Eating unhealthy food results in obesity.

Effect to cause

Health problems stem from cigarette smoke.

Flooding results from heavy rain.

“Behaves like verb + preposition”

We can also connect an effect NP to a cause NP using the phrases “is because of” and “is due to”.
These look like prepositional phrases, but they function like verb + preposition. For example:

Flooding is due to heavy rain.

Health problems are because of smoking.

Verb + preposition

to lead to

to result from

to result in

to stem from
 “Behaves like verb + preposition”

to be due to

to be because of

B. Followed by a verb

These cause/effect signal words are followed by a subject + verb or verb phrase.

c. Clause to Clause

A clause is a complete idea with a subject and verb (and sometimes an object). Examples include “It
rained heavily”, “There are floods”, “You eat unhealthy food”, and “He smokes”. Note the
punctuation. When the cause comes first, you may need to add punctuation.

To connect a clause to a clause, we can use discourse markers. To illustrate:

Cause to effect

It rained heavily, so there are floods.

You eat unhealthy food. Thus, you are obese.

Effect to cause

He has health problems because he smokes.

There are floods since it rained heavily.

 In these examples, the subject + verb or verb phrase is in purple.

The cause comes after the cause/effect signal word or phrase.

Signal word/phrase + Cause, + Effect

Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

1. Because Jared was dishonest, he ended up in jail.

Analysis:

Signal word: Because

Cause: Jared was dishonest

Effect: He ended up in jail

Signal word/phrase + Cause, + Effect

Another example: Because he wanted to visit his friends, he went to Miami.

He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends.

2. He lost a lot of money because the court proved he was guilty.

Analysis:

Signal word: Because

Cause: the court proved he was guilty

Effect: He lost a lot of money

Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

Elphaba was getting very angry and frustrated because none of her good deeds were being
recognized as good.

Cause: none of her good deeds were being recognized as good.

Effect: Elphaba was getting very angry and frustrated.

3. The student passed her exam since she had improved with honest feedback.

Analysis:

Signal word: Since

Cause: improved with honest feedback

Effect: student passed her exam

Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

Since it was so chilly outside, Benjamin built up a big fire in his fireplace.

Cause: It was so chilly outside.

Effect: Benjamin built up a big fire in his fireplace.

4. Now that he has a lot of money, he can afford a new computer.

Analysis:

Signal word: Now that

Cause: he has a lot of money

Effect: he can afford a new computer

 Signal word/phrase + Cause + effect

Now that = because now. It is used for present and future situations.

5. As long as he works for this company, he can’t learn anything.

Analysis:

Signal word: As/ so long as

Cause: he works for his company

Effect: he can’t learn anything

Signal word/phrase + Cause + effect

6. Inasmuch as anybody is responsible, the situation becomes worse and worse.

Analysis:

Signal word: Inasmuch as

Cause: anybody is responsible

Effect: the situation becomes worse and worse

Signal word/phrase + Cause + effect

Inasmuch as (very formal):

7. It had begun to rain, so Sally and Jake had to run inside.

Analysis:

Signal word: so

Cause: It had begun to rain

 Effect: Sally and Jake had to run inside.

Cause + Signal word/phrase + effect

We had no kiwis, so I decided to eat some cherries instead.

These cause/effect signal words are followed by a subject + verb or verb phrase.

8. He worked very hard. Therefore, he passed his exams.

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard. Therefore, he passed his exams.

He worked very hard. He, therefore, he passed his exams.

He worked very hard. He passed his exams, therefore.

A semicolon may be used instead a period:

He worked very hard; therefore, he passed his exams.

He wanted to buy a new house; therefore, he started saving up his money.

9. He worked very hard. Consequently, he passed his exams.

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore:

A transition (conjunctive adverb) is used with the second sentence of a pair. It shows the
relationship of the second idea to the first idea. A transition is movable within the second sentence.
C. Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases:

Because is not used in a modifying phrase. It is omitted, but the resulting phrase expresses a cause
and effect relationship.

Because he worked, he didn’t come to attend the speech.

Working, he didn’t come to attend the speech.

Often an -ing phrase (participle) at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of "because”.

Because she has moved, she doesn’t remember the way to the market.

Having moved, she doesn’t remember the way to the market.

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because, but also of before.

Because he was unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot.

Being unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot.

Unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot.

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being. The use of being makes the cause and
effect relationship clear.

Social function

1. When we talk about a situation that makes another situation happen, we talk about cause
and effect. We use certain expressions such as because, due to, since, and as to talk about
causes and effects.

2. Others

We use the first conditional sentence to talk about the results (or the possible results) of actions
or events.

Examples:
If the planet continues to heat up, then we can expect the sea level rise.

If we don’t tackle climate change soon, then it may be too late.