HANOI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY

Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior of using Condom to

prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases among students
at Ha Noi Medical University
Phung Tran Thu Hang – Group 42 – Y3P
Dang Thi Van Anh – Group 42 – Y3P
Pham Thi Ngoc Anh – Group 42 – Y3P
Nguyen Thi Anh Dao – Group 41 – Y3P
Nguyen Thi Duyen – Group 41 – Y3P
TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. 4

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... 5
I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 6
II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 8
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2.1. General information of Sexual Transmitted Disease .................................. 8
2.1.1. Concepts about Sexual Transmitted Disease ................................................. 8
2.1.2. Transmission .................................................................................................. 8
2.1.3. Prevention of transmission ............................................................................ 8
2.1.4. Prevalence of STIs ......................................................................................... 9
2.2. Some concepts about Condoms …................................................................. 9
2.2.1. Concepts about condom ................................................................................. 9
2.2.2. Rate of using condoms in Vietnam .............................................................. 10
2.2.3. Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections.… 10
2.3. Factors related to the knowledge, attitude and behavior of in preventing
sexually transmitted diseases by condom .......................................................... 11
2.3.1. Gender & Age .............................................................................................. 11
2.3.2. Lack of experience / knowledge .................................................................. 11
2.3.3. Living area ................................................................................................... 12
2.3.4. Relationship status & Frequency of sex ...................................................... 12
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 14
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 14
3.2. Subjects ......................................................................................................... 14
3.2.1. Include criteria ............................................................................................. 14
3.2.2. Exclude criteria ............................................................................................ 14
3.3. Time and site description ............................................................................. 14
3.4. Methodology .................................................................................................. 14
3.4.1. Sample size .................................................................................................. 15
3.4.2. Sampling procedure ..................................................................................... 15
3.4.3. Data collection ............................................................................................. 15
3.4.5. Validity and reliability ................................................................................. 16

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3.4.6. Ethical consideration ................................................................................... 16
3.4.7. Data analysis ................................................................................................ 16
3.4.8. Variables ...................................................................................................... 16
3.4.9. Error and error control ................................................................................. 21
IV. EXPECTED OUTCOME ............................................................................. 21
4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 21
4.2. Demographic characteristics information ....................................................... 21
4.3. Knowledge related to condom ........................................................................ 23
4.4. Respondents Attitude towards Condoms ........................................................ 26
4.5. Respondents sexual practice and condom use ................................................ 27
V. FUNDINGS ..................................................................................................... 31
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 32
APPENDIX 1: INFORMED CONSENT ........................................................... 34
APPENDIX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................... 36
SECTION 1: Demographic Information .............................................................. 36
SECTION 2: Knowledge on Condoms ................................................................ 38
SECTION 3: Attitude ........................................................................................... 39
SECTION 4: Behavior ......................................................................................... 40
 
LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.2: The demographic characteristics of participants .................................. 21

Table 4.3.1. Respondents source of information about condoms .......................... 23
Table 4.3.2. Respondents awareness on type of condom ...................................... 24

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Table 4.3.3. Respondents knowledge on condoms regarding
protection/prevention ..................................................................................................
.............................. 24
Table 4.3.4. Respondents knowledge on correct use of condoms in physical
appearance ............................................................................................................. 25
Table 4.3.5. Respondents knowledge on correct ways to put on a condom .......... 25
Table 4.4: Respondents attitude towards condom ................................................. 26
Table 4.5.1. Respondents ever had sex (N=...) ...................................................... 27
Table 4.5.2. Respondents ever use of condoms ..................................................... 27
Table 4.5.3. Commonly used type of condom by the respondents (N = …..) ...… 27
Table 4.5.4: Respondents response for number of sexual partners had within one
year (N = ….) ......................................................................................................... 28
Table 4.5.5. Respondents relationship with current sexual partner ....................... 28
Table 4.5.6. Respondents frequency of condom use with partner ......................... 28
Table 4.5.7. Respondents reason for always using a condom ............................... 29
Table 4.5.8. Reasons for respondents never using a condom (N = …..) ............... 29
Table 4.5.9. Respondents reasons for sometimes using a condom ........................ 30
Table 4.5.10. Respondents decision made on use of condoms .............................. 30

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

STDs Sexually transmitted diseases

WHO World Health Organization
STIs Sexually transmitted infections
NHD Vietnam National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus infection
AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndromes
HPV Human papillomavirus
FDA Food and Drug Administration
HMU Hanoi Medical University
IUD Intrauterine device

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I. INTRODUCTION
More than 1 million new curable sexually transmitted infections every day”. It is
the title of the news released in 6 June 2019 according WHO! This indicates that
there are about 1 million people acquired Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
every single day Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are regarded as one of the
major causes for the global burden of diseases, especially in developing countries
like Vietnam. Many researchers have turned to investigate the rate, affection
treatment and prevention of these diseases on people for decades.
The general features of STDs are well- documented. According to WHO, the
global burden of STDs remains high. In 2016, there were an estimated 376 million
new infections (more than 1 million per day) of the four curable STDs –
chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. The burden of viral STDs is
similarly high, with an estimated 417 million prevalent cases of herpes simplex
virus infection and approximately 291 million women infected with human
papillomavirus (HPV)[1].
Dr. Peter Salama, Executive Director for Universal Health Coverage and the Life-
Course at WHO said about this situation: “We’re seeing a concerning lack of
progress in stopping the spread of sexually transmitted infections worldwide”. The
consequence of STIs is very impressed. They have a profound impact on the health
of adults and children worldwide. If untreated, they can lead to serious and chronic
health effects that include neurological and cardiovascular disease, infertility,
ectopic pregnancy, stillbirths, and increased risk of HIV. They are also associated
with significant levels of stigma and domestic violence. Syphilis alone caused an
estimated 200 000 stillbirths and newborn deaths in 2016, making it one of the
leading causes of baby loss globally. Moreover, it always takes much time and
money to treat so the patient will be affected about the health, mental problems and
get troubles in life (WHO, 2019).
Condom using is known as a effective way to prevent people from STDs. But, in
Vietnam, the percentage of people knowing and understanding about these diseases
is still limited. In the addition, their behavior and knowledge about condom using
are recommended that is not fully. A cross-sectional study was conducted among
622 patients at Vietnam National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology
(NHD). Structured questionnaires were used to investigate the knowledge about

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STDs. A multivariate Tobit regression was employed to determine factors
associated with knowledge about STDs. The percentage of patients knowing that
syphilis was an STD was highest (57.8%), followed by herpes warts (57.7%) and
HIV/AIDS (57.4%). By contrast, 26.6% and 17.2% of patients knew that
chlamydia and hepatitis C were STDs [2]
Student over 18 years old have psychology and physiology changing. They are
somewhat inquisitive with new feeling and sexual activities. More over in the
university’ environment, they are free about and friends. This can lead to the
higher percentage of sexual activities before marriage. Especially, students in this
age are not fully knowledge and attitude about using method to prevent them from
STDs. Medical students have been learnt about human’s anatomy and physiology.
They are often labelled as knowledgeable person about these problems. Wheather
they have more knowledge and better attitude in condom using than student from
other universities? A research of Institude of Prevention Medicine Training and
Public Heath at Hanoi medical university in 2015, professor Le Thanh Ha and
fellow- workers had a investigate about sexual activities of 811 Ha Noi medical
university’s students [3]. However, this study is just indicated the percentage of
student have sexual activity before marriage but have no information about STDs
and the method to prevent them at student and no more study mention this problem
too. By the way, condom using is one of the effective method to avoid pregnancy
as well as STDs transmission during sexual activities. Nevertheless, although using
condom is very simple, high effective, many students don’t know about condom
effects and how to use them infact.
This research will be explored about knowledge, attitude, behavior of Hanoi
medical university’s student about condom using in prevention of STDs.

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II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Before we begin to understand the nature of this problem and analyze it, we
need to understand the concepts of sexually transmitted diseases and condoms.
2.1. General information of Sexual Transmitted Diseases.
2.1.1. Concepts about Sexual Transmitted Disease.
Sexual Transmitted Diseases are also called STIs or Venereal Disease (VD).
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are spread by sexual
contact. STIs can cause severe damage to your body - even death. Except for
colds and flu, STIs are the most common contagious (easily spread) infections
in the United States, with millions of new cases each year. Although some STIs
can be treated and cured, others cannot. [5]
According to CDC, The causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites, yeast, and
viruses. There are more than 20 types of STDs, including: Chlamydia, Genital
herpes, Gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, HPV, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis. Most STDs
affect both men and women, but in many cases the health problems they cause
can be more severe for women. If a pregnant woman has an STD, it can cause
serious health problems for the baby. [6]
2.1.2. Transmission
STDs transmitted through sexual activity (especially vaginal intercourse, anal
sex and oral sex) and may be caused by various types of pathogens, including
bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Moreover, sexually transmitted diseases
present in a pregnant woman may be passed on to the infant before or after
birth. [5]
2.1.3. Prevention of transmission
• Vaccination (such as Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and some types of HPV)
• Mutual monogamy, reducing the number of sexual partners and abstinence
• Both partners may be tested for STDs before starting sex or before
continuing to contact if the partner contacts other people.
• Use condoms whenever you have sex, especially with new partners.

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 • Avoid sharing towels or underclothing
2.1.4. Prevalence of STIs
STIs have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide.
More than 1 million STIs are acquired every day. In 2016, WHO estimated 376
million new infections with 1 of 4 STIs: Chlamydia (127 million), gonorrhea
(87 million), syphilis (6.3 million) and trichomoniasis (156 million). More than
500 million people are living with genital HSV (herpes) infection and an
estimated 300 million women have an HPV infection, the primary cause of
cervical cancer. [7]
A summary of US sexually transmitted infections by 2016. The numbers are:
• Number of new syphilis cases: 88,042 (2016)
• Number of new Chlamydia cases: 1,598,354 (2016)
• Number of new gonorrhea cases: 468,514 (2016)
This numbers are in the top of selected nationally modifiable disease and
Chlamydia is highest rate among other diseases such as measles, mumps,
Hepatitis, Tuberculosis… [8]
About the epidemic of STIs in Vietnam, according to the Ministry of Health
report, as of January 30, 2008, 115,748 people were infected with HIV, of
which the number of AIDS patient was 41,357 and 17,476 died of AIDS. Only
the number of STI patients reported by the National Dermatology Institute each
year is over 130,000and in 2016 alone there were 202,856 cases. All over the
country, Experts’ estimates, there are about 1 million new cases of STIs every
year - approximately 10% of our population. [9]
Another survey of WHO by 1999 ranked Vietnam third behind Thailand and
Cambodia in Southeast Asia ( excluding Indonesia and Myanmar) about HIV
infection. After the first HIV case was reported in Vietnam in 1990, the number
of reported HIV infections and AIDS cases grew rapidly in all provinces. While
the majority of reported HIV infections occur among injecting drug users
(64%), estimates of HIV/AIDS indicate that the majority of HIV infections are
sexually transmitted (77%).[10]
2.2. Some concepts about Condoms
2.2.1. Concepts about condoms

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 A condom is a sheath-shaped barrier device, used during sexual intercourse to
reduce the probability of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI). A
condom can be used only once. Except for abstinence, condoms are the most
effective method for reducing the risk of infection from the viruses that cause
AIDS, other HIV-related illnesses, and other sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs). There are both male & female condoms:
• Male condoms: The male condom is a sheath placed over the erect penis
before penetration, preventing pregnancy by blocking the passage of sperm. It is
a barrier method of contraception.
• Female condoms: The Reality Female Condom was approved by U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) in April 1993. It consists of a lubricated
polyurethane sheath shaped similarly to the male condom. The closed end,
which has a flexible ring, is inserted into the vagina, while the open end
remains outside, partially covering the labia.
The female condom, like the male condom, is available without a prescription
and, like the male condom, is intended for one-time use. A female condom
should not be used together with a male condom because they may not both
stay in place. [11]
The condom acts as a barrier or wall to keep blood, or semen, or vaginal fluids
from passing from one person to the other during intercourse. These fluids can
harbor germs such as HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
2.2.2. Rate of using condoms in Vietnam.
No study before survey the exactly percentage for the rate of using condom in
Vietnam. It’s very difficult to survey because of our culture, they often feel
embarrassed when buying and telling about this problem. They prefer getting it
secretly. A study in 2002 of the female population in Vietnam, 53.6% use birth
control, and 65% of these use IUD. Only 6–7% of married couples use condoms
for birth control that least to result that one study of 1689 consecutive pregnant
women presenting for prenatal care in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, we found
STIs [12].
2.2.3. Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections.
Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of male and female
condoms when used consistently and correctly. In addition, accumulated data

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 on condom use and HIV infection revealed that consistent use of male condoms
protect against HIV acquisition (protection ranging from 50% to 100%). These
findings underscore the effectiveness of condoms in preventing STD/HIV when
used consistently and correctly and should be encouraged at every opportunity
[13.].
2.3. Factors related to the knowledge, attitude and behavior of in
preventing sexually transmitted diseases by condom.
After a series of concepts, it is important that we point out the prevalence of
STIs despite the availability of condoms. STIs have consequences for
everyone’s reproductive health, mental issue and money. Just a simple measure
of using condoms can prevent them. But why this situation hasn't improved?
We think there are following reasons.
2.3.1. Gender & Age
Firstly, the basic question we have is whether age and gender will affects
couples using condoms. We finally found a study in the US shows a link
between condom use rate and age. In 2008, there were an estimated 110 million
prevalent STIs among women and men in the United States. Of these, more
than 20% of infections (22.1 million) were among women and men aged 15 to
24 years. It means that young people are more likely at risk of acquiring STIs. It
is suggested that condoms should easily be made available to students and sex
education be part of health education sessions. [14]
In addition, gender also influences the decision to use condoms in a
relationship. A study carried out in Kenya among students show that both male
and female participants gave a similar view that male students use condoms
more than female students. Women think that it's man's job. [15]
2.3.2. Lack of experience / knowledge.
Secondly, Because STIs are related to sexual activities, we think the lack of
knowledge and experience in this field will be an obstacle to safe sex. This
factor may explain why the young people in first factor are more infected. They
are the group if subjects early approaching this behavior so don’t have much
knowledge and experience. According the authors of the Hanoi Medical
College and Hanoi Medical University conducted in 2014 showed that most
students knew about condom contraception, but still more than 10% did not
know anything. Among the students surveyed, over 16% had sex but only about
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 one third of them used condoms when having sex for the first time. The reason
given is the first time it happened unexpectedly, it was not prepared in advance,
it was not determined before the relationship. About the time of using condoms,
nearly two thirds of the students surveyed said that they used it first. When
there is intrusion behavior. 10% misunderstand that condoms are used after sex
or before ejaculation and more than 23% do not know when to use. Research
also shows that 25% of young people feel embarrassed if they have to buy
condom. [16]
It will be a challenge if we can’t educate people about STIs because Vietnam is
changing and many of these changes will make HIV and STDs transmission
easier. People are increasingly mobile and premarital sex is more common.
2.3.3. Living area
Following the problem of knowledge, Living area or social factors always plays
an important role in the formation of the development, knowledge of a person.
That is the third element we mention here. A study Comparison of Sexual
Knowledge between Female Chinese College Students from Urban Areas and
Rural Areas, among 2669 students, the proportion of the students from urban
areas with sexual awareness prior to the age of 15 years (16.1%, 334/2071) was
significantly higher than the proportion of students from rural areas in China
(10.0%, 60/598) . Additionally, the proportion of students that predicted
themselves to be at a high risk of suffering from HIV/AIDS infection from
urban areas (1.4%, 28/2071) was significantly lower than that of students from
rural areas in China (2.5%, 15/598). Although the Sexual attitudes and
behaviors have become increasingly open, it is still having different knowledge
grades of each population. [17]
2.3.4. Relationship status & Frequency of sex
Last but not least, we guess this could be the key factor to change the using
condoms among most couples if we understand the type of relationship.
Because knowing the condoms is not all, they decided to use it or not are that
the final result. And this belongs to the communication between couples. It
means that belongs to both their relationship status and way they have sex with
each other. In a study total 2,144 men and women who visited a sexually
transmitted infections (STIs) clinic in Amsterdam. It was found that couples in
casual relationships regularly used condoms only 33.5% of the time, and only
14% of the time in serious relationships. These numbers can approve that when
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 partners are more familiar with each other and when they are more alike,
inconsistent condom use becomes more prevalent. However, they also see that
irregular condom use was more common as relationships progressed and people
were together for longer periods. Interestingly, the more highly-sexed couples
were, the less likely they were to use condoms, whether in serious or casual
relationship. [18]
So we wonder that frequency of sex may be a more affecting factor. And we see
the next study; they described that Condom use is related to the frequency of
sex between partners when partner type is controlled. The investigate in
Washington, DC finally conclude the association between frequency of sex and
condom use is independent of partner type, suggesting that partner type may
become less influential in determining condom use as the frequency of sex
increased. It can be the determined that using condoms significantly depends on
the way each couple react to each other. [19]

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III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
This chapter explains the research methodology that was used to attain the
objectives of this research. It comprises of the site description, study design, study
population, selection, data collection techniques, ethical consideration, pre-testing
and data analysis.
3.2. Subjects
3.2.1. Include criteria
The research will be conducted with full-time students from 1st year to 6th year
students in Hanoi Medical University (HMU) who have following criteria:
 Regardless of gender, education, ethnicity, religion, etc.
 Having ability to understand and answer questions posed by researchers.
There are no signs of mental and cognitive impairment that affect the
completion of the questionnaire
 Agree to participate in the study.
3.2.2. Exclude criteria
 students who didn’t meet the above criteria
 students who cannot participate in entire research process
 don’t agree to join for any reason
3.3. Time and site description
The research will conduct between September and October 2019 at HMU which is
a professional medical training for all students from all over the country. They
come from many different areas, ethnic with different cultures. Each year HMU
receives more than 1000 students and total students is about more than 6000.
3.4. Methodology
This study is a part of comprehensive cross-sectional survey conducted in form of
a survey to collect data directly at a time with each student who according the
criteria above, concrete: 
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3.4.1. Sample size
We use this following formula:
p (1  p )
n  z12 /2 
2

When n= sample size

z1 /2 = statistics for a level of confidence (z= 1.96 for 95% confidence
interval)
p= estimated proportion of students who have good knowledge, attitude
about condom. We choose p=0.5 to get a maximum of sample size
  ∆ : Standard error (∆ =0.05)

Therefore:
0.5  (1  0.5)
n  1.962   384
0.052

3.4.2. Sampling procedure 

The study consist of 384 full time students in HMU. They are selected
randomly from 6 grades of HMU (from 1st year to 6th year) and each grade we
choose 64 students include both male and female who have enough criteria above.
3.4.3. Data collection
Data was collected from participants selected from Hanoi Medical University
using self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire has 4 sections include
socio-demographic characteristic, knowledge, attitudes and behavior of condom
use. 
The first section age, sex, grade, specialist, hometown, relationship status, living
with, religion, ethic. The second section captured their knowledge of condom. The
participants will be asked to tick (X) into the answers they choose if they heard
about condom, source of knowledge, and type of condom they know. Next
participant will give Yes/No answer to 10 question about the correct use of
condoms in physical appearance, correct ways to put on a condom and condoms
regarding protection/ prevention. The information about their attitude formed the

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third section, this is to gauge whether they are in favor or against condoms. The
Likert scale with 4 points levels of agreement: strongly disagree, disagree, agree,
strongly agree is used in this section to assess their attitude. The fourth stage was
formed by behavior to determine the age which they start sexual life, the number of
partners they have and whether they use condoms with them and the frequency of
use. Moreover, information about their risky sexual behavior was assessed by
finding out if they had sex when drunk or in exchange of gifts and money and
whether condoms were used. 
3.4.5. Validity and reliability
Validity is the level to which findings acquired from the investigation of the data
basically characterizes the occurrence under study (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003).
If a research instrument is reliable and steady, and therefore conventional and
precise, it is said to be dependable/ reliable (Kumar, 2005). The researcher
ascertained the validity and reliability of the questionnaire through pre-testing by
conducting a pilot study, which was done in Y3P class. A sample of 20 people was
chosen to test the questionnaire and there after modified and completed.
 3.4.6. Ethical consideration
Before participating in the study, all research subject were explained about the
purpose and the content of the study clearly. Each participant signs an informed
consent before completing the questionnaire. The information is only used for
research purpose without any others. Participant can stop to participating or
withdrawing from the study at any time. 
3.4.7. Data analysis
Questionnaires will code after arrangement of information. We use statistical
packages for sciences (SPSS, version 18) to enter and analyze the data. Two
approaches will be used: descriptive and analytic. The descriptive approach will be
used to calculate the frequencies, percentages, table and chart. Chi-square test and
Fisher’s exact test will be used to test the association between categorical variable.
3.4.8. Variables
3.4.8.1. Variables in study

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 Variable Definition Source of
information

1. Socio-demographic characteristic of population

1.1  Age In calendar year

1.2 Sex Male/ female/ other

1.3 Class/ grade y1-y6

1.4  Specialist  nursing

 general practitioner
 dentistry
 traditional medicine
 preventive healthcare
 ophthalmology
 nutrition and dietetics
 public health
 medical tests

1.5 Description of hometown  city

 rural area

1.6 Relationship status  have a boyfriend/ girlfriend

 have more than one
boyfriend/ girlfriend
 single

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  married/ engaged
 separated/ divorced
 widowed

1.7 Living with  parents

 friend
 dorm
 alone
 girlfriend/ boyfriend
 others

1.8 Religion  none

 Buddhism
 catholic
 protestant
 others

1.9 Ethnic  kinh

 others

2 Student knowledge about condom

2.1  From what source did you  friends

learn about condoms?
 media
 health center
 parents/ relative
 partner

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  school
 NGOs
 internet

2.2 State the types of condom that  male 

you know
 female
 both

2.3 What is the effect of  prevent get pregnant

condoms?
 protect against STDs
 protect against HIV

2.4 Use of condom in physical  expiry date of condom

appearance
 condom can not be reused
 check the hole and leak
before use

2.5 What is the correct way to put  It‘s okay to put on a

the condom? condom on right before
ejaculation
 Can condoms disappear in
woman‘s vagina
 The right way to put on a
condom is on a soft penis

3. Attitude of condom use

Proportion of attitude about  strongly agree

condom
 agree
 I am confident I can

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 talk to my partner about  disagree
using condoms
 strongly disagree
 Using a condom means
that I don’t trust my
partner
 Do you think condoms
make sex
uncomfortable?
 Do you think sex with a
condom feels good as
without a condom
 Do you think because
of condoms people are
unfaithful to their
partners?
 Condoms are
expensive 
 Do you think If
someone finds me
With a condom they will
think I have loose morals
 Using a condom is like
eating a candy with the
paper on
 I would to refuse to
have sex if my partner
refused to use a
condom
 I am likely to get HIV-
infected if I have sex
without using condom

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  Do you think condoms
reduce pleasure during
sex

3.4.9. Error and error control

  Sampling error is controlled by the object selection criteria already defined above.
  Error in self-filling: the self-filling is tested before used, participants will be 
IV. EXPECTED OUTCOME
 4.1. Introduction
We will conduct the research on 384 HMU students by using research
administered questionnaires. 
 Descriptive statistics analysis will be used to ascertain relationship between
dependent and independent variables to answer queries in the questionnaire.
Frequency statistical analysis will be used to identify the characteristics of the
respondents. 
4.2. Demographic characteristics information
Table 4.2: The demographic characteristics of participants.

Variable Characteristic n p (%)

Sex Male

Female

other

Grade 1st year

2nd year

3rd year

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 4th year

5th year

6th year

Specialist nursing

general practitioner

dentistry

traditional medicine

preventive healthcare

ophthalmology

Nutrition and dietetics

public health

medical tests

Hometown city

rural area

Relationship have a boyfriend /girlfriend

status
have more than one boyfriend/girlfriend

single

married/engaged

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 separated/divorced

widowed

Living with parents

friend

dorm

alone

Religion none

Buddhism

catholic

protestant

other

Ethnic kinh

other

Subject reject to take part in the study

4.3. Knowledge related to condom

Table 4.3.1. Respondents source of information about condoms

n p (%)

Friend

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 Media

Health centre

Parent/relative

Partner

School

NGOs

Table 4.3.2. Respondents awareness on type of condom

Type of condom Frequencies Percentage (%)

Male condom

Female condom

Both

Total 384 100

Table 4.3.3. Respondents knowledge on condoms regarding protection/prevention

Respons Condom offer Condoms offer Condoms prevent

e protection protection
pregnancy
options against HIV against STIs

f p (%) f p (%) f p (%)

Yes 

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 No

Total 100 100 100

Table 4.3.4. Respondents knowledge on correct use of condoms in physical

appearance

Respons Condoms have expiry Male Condoms can be Check for holes and
e date? reused leaks before condom
use
options
f p (%) f p (%) f p (%)

Yes

No

Total 100 100 100

Table 4.3.5. Respondents knowledge on correct ways to put on a condom

Respons It‘s okay to put on a Can condoms The right way to put
e options condom on right disappear in woman‘s on a condom is on a
before ejaculation vagina soft penis

f p (%) f p (%) f p (%)

Yes

No

Total 100 100 100

25 | P a g e
4.4. Respondents Attitude towards Condoms
Table 4.4: Respondents attitude towards condom

Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Total

agree disagree

f p f p f p f p f p
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

I am confident I can talk to 100

my partner about using
condoms

Using a condom means that 100

I don‘t trust my partner

Do you think condoms make 100

sex uncomfortable?

Do you think sex with a 100

condom feels good as
without a condom

Do you think because of 100

condoms people are
unfaithful to their partners?

Condoms are expensive 100

Do you think If someone 100

finds me with a condom
they will think I have loose
morals

26 | P a g e
 Using a condom is like 100
eating a candy with the
paper on

I would to refuse to have sex 100

if my partner refused to use
a condom

I am likely to get HIV- 100

infected if I have sex
without using condom

Do you think condoms 100

reduce pleasure during sex

4.5. Respondents sexual practice and condom use

Table 4.5.1. Respondents ever had sex (N=...)

Yes No

Do you have ever had sex

Percentage (%)

Table 4.5.2. Respondents ever use of condoms

Yes No

Have you ever used condom?

Percentage (%)

Table 4.5.3. Commonly used type of condom by the respondents (N = …..)

27 | P a g e
 Male Female Total

p (%)

Table 4.5.4: Respondents response for number of sexual partners had within one
year (N = ….)

n p (%)

One

Two

More than two

Total 100

Table 4.5.5. Respondents relationship with current sexual partner

n p (%)

Spouse

Boyfriend/ girlfriend

Casual friend

Other

Total 100

Table 4.5.6. Respondents frequency of condom use with partner

n p (%)

Always

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 Sometime

Never

Total 100

Table 4.5.7. Respondents reason for always using a condom

Frequency Percentage (%)

for family plan

prevent pregnancy

I do not trust my partner

Partner insisted

To prevent HIV/STIs

Not a regular partner

Total 100

Table 4.5.8. Reasons for respondents never using a condom (N = …..)

Frequency Percentage (%)

Reduce pleasure during sex

I do not like it

to get pregnancy

Caught in the heat of moment

29 | P a g e
 Partner does not like using condoms

Total 100

Table 4.5.9. Respondents reasons for sometimes using a condom

f p (%)

It was sex with a casual partner

I do not trust my partner

To prevent pregnancy

To prevent HIV/STIs

Total 100

Table 4.5.10. Respondents decision made on use of condoms

n p (%)

partner

Self

Total 100

V. FUNDINGS

30 | P a g e
 Type of cost Price Quantity Money

1/ manpower
- Investigator 200,000vnd/day 2 people x 2 days= 4 800,000vnd
days

Total 800,000vnd
2/ Transferring
- motorbike 3000vnd/ km 2 motorbikes x 2 days x 36,000vnd
3 km = 12 km

Total 36,000vnd

3/ implement
- biro 4000vnd/ a biro 4 biros 16,000vnd
- The 3000vnd/ paper 378 papers 1,134,000vnd
questionnaire

Total 1,150,000vnd
Total 1,986,000vnd

31 | P a g e
 REFERENCES

1. who, Report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance 2018.

2018: p. 63.
2. Nguyen, S.H., et al., Lack of Knowledge about Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (STDs): Implications for STDs Prevention and Care among Dermatology
Patients in an Urban City in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019.
16(6).
3. hà, l.t., QUAN HỆ TÌNH DỤC TRƯỚC HÔN NHÂN CỦA SINH VIÊN
ĐẠI HỌC Y HÀ NỘI NĂM 2015 VÀ MỘT SỐ YẾU TỐ LIÊN QUAN. 2015: p.
85.
4. WHO (2019). More than 1 million new curable sexually transmitted infections
every day. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/06-06-
2019-more-than-1-million-new-curable-sexually-transmitted-infections-every-day
[Accessed 2 October2019].
5. faq, how to prevent sexually transmited infections( STIs).
6. Jodie D. and Kimberly W. (2019). Sexually transmitted infections, CDC
Yellow Book 2020, Oxford University Press, NewYork
7. who, Report on global sexually transmitted infection surveillance, 2018.
2018: Switzerland. p. 63.
8. Health, U.S., Selected nationally notifiable disease rates and number of
new cases: United States, selected years 1950–2016. 2017: United States.
9. NHDV(2015). Tổng quan về nhiễm trùng LTQĐTD và HIV/AIDS tại
Việt Nam. [online] Available at:
http://www.nhdv.vn/chuyen_mon/chia_se_chuyen_mon_cung_dong_nghiep/article
type/articleview/articleid/23751/tongquanvenhiemtrungltqdtdvahivaidstaivietnam
[Accessed 1October 2019].
10. Organization, W.H., STATUS AND TRENDS OF STI, HIV AND AIDS AT
THE END OF
THE MILLENNIUM. 1999: Regional Office for the Western Pacific. p. 104.

32 | P a g e
11. William C.S (2018). Medical Definition of Condom. [online] Available
at: https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9757
[Accessed 1October 2019].
12. Rekart, M.L., Sex in the city: sexual behaviour, societal change, and
STDs in Saigon. 2019: p. 47-54.
13. Cates, W., How much do condoms protect against sexually transmitted
diseases? IPPF Med Bull, 1997. 31(1): p. 3 p.
14. Satterwhite, C.L., et al., Sexually transmitted infections among US women
and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex Transm Dis, 2013. 40(3):
p. 187-93.
15. K.B.A., N., Knowledge, Attitude and Practice factors associated with
condom use among
undergraduate Students of a Public University in Kenya (A case of Jomo
Kenyatta
University of Agriculture and Technology). p. 41-52.
16. PHONG, N.T., NGHIÊN CỨU KIẾN THỨC, THÁI ĐỘ, THỰC HÀNH VỀ
CÁC BIỆN PHÁP TRÁNH THAI CỦA SINH VIÊN MỘT SỐ TRƢỜNG ĐẠI
HỌC/CAO ĐẲNG THÀNH PHỐ HÀ NỘI VÀ HIỆU QUẢ GIẢI PHÁP CAN
THIỆP. 2017.
17. Chen, M., et al., Comparison of Sexual Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior
between Female Chinese College Students from Urban Areas and Rural Areas: A
Hidden Challenge for HIV/AIDS Control in China. Biomed Res Int, 2016. 2016: p.
8175921.
18. Matser, A., et al., The importance of partnership factors and individual
factors associated with absent or inconsistent condom use in heterosexuals: a cross-
sectional study. Sex Transm Infect, 2014. 90(4): p. 325-31.
19. Mark Williams, M.W.R., Anne M Bowen, Sandra Timpson, H Virginia
McCoy, and L.S. Katherine Perkins, Paul Young, An investigation of condom use
by frequency of
sex. 2019: p. 433-435.

33 | P a g e
APPENDIX 1: INFORMED CONSENT:
RESEARCH OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES & PRACTICE ABOUT
CONDOM IN HMU’S STUDENTS
I. Introduction

You are being invited to take part in a sectional research study. It is your
choice if you want to help this study or not. Research study is very easy
to do and takes about 30 minutes for you to complete the form we have
prepared for you. The tablets of questionnaire are clearly to understand
with the instruction in each part. It tells you what will happen during the
studies. It also tells about any inconveniences, discomforts, benefit with
this study. You will provide us useful information to assess the condition
of people’s awareness with the problem and we can give them
recommendation and other programs to help their future. This
information below will help you to decide whether you want to be a part
of this study.
II. Objectives

This topic is to explore the knowledge of HMU’s students in every

grades about condom. We want to know different aspects of their
awareness about this sensitive problem which is thought that is really
familiar with medical staff-to-be. We collect the data by using Personal
Information Form . The variables are : gender, grade ( education level ) ,
class, age, hometown, relationship status, knowledge & attitude toward
condom, condom practice.
III. Procedures of the study

- You can ask any questions when you fill the form
- The personal identification will be in security
- You can have private space and unlimited time to complete the study
- Some questions can make you uncomfortable, shy
- You participation is voluntary :
+ You can withdraw the study any time you want.
+ You can have break at any time

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Who Can Take Part In This Study?

You must in the good condition regarding conscious conditon, not any extreme
emotion, dont have any mental illness. It is important that you are completely
honest with the investigator with your information & history. You should not take
part in this study if you don’t meet all requirements.

Participant’s signature : .......................................... Date : ...../...../.........

35 | P a g e
APPENDIX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE

You are invited to participate in a study investigating HMU students’ knowledge,

attitude and behavior about using of condom to prevent sexual transmitted
diseases. You will be asked to fill in a form of question about your demographic
information, what you know about condom and STDs, your feelings about condom
and your sexual history. Some question will make you uncomfortable or shy. At
any time you can break and withdraw. The survey last about 10-15 minutes to
complete. 
There is no benefit as well as any risks to you, but you will help the researcher to
have better understands of the knowledge, attitude and behavior among HMU
student, which is helpful for future research or any intervention/ education if need.
SECTION 1: Demographic Information

1.Age

2.Sex 1. male
2. female
3. others

3. Grade 1. 1st years

2. 2nd year
3. 3rd year
4. 4th year
5. 5th year
6. 6th year

4. Specialist 1. nursing
2. general practice
3. dentistry

36 | P a g e
 4. traditional medication
5. preventive healthcare
6. ophthalmology
7. nutrition and dietetics
8. public health
9. medical test

5. Hometown 1. city
2. rural area

6. Relationship 1. have a boyfriend /girlfriend

status
2. have more than one boyfriend/ girlfriend
3. single
4. married/ engaged
5. separated/ divorced
6. widowed

7. Living with 1. parents

2. friends
3. boyfriend/girlfriend
4. dorm
5. alone

8. Religion 1. none
2. Buddhism
3. catholic
4. protestant

37 | P a g e
 5. other

9. Ethnic 1. Kinh
2. others

SECTION 2: Knowledge on Condoms

10. Have you ever heard of condoms? 1. Yes

2. No (If No skip to Q.35)

11. From what source did you learn about 1. Friends

condoms? You can tick more than one
2.  Media (Television/radio)
3.  Health Centre
4.  Parents/relatives
5. Partner
6.  School
7. NGO workers
8.  Other (Specify)

12. State the types of condoms 1. .Male condom

that you know 2. Female condom
3.  Both
4.  None

TICK (X) a yes or no answer to the following questions

Yes No Don’t

38 | P a g e
 know

13. Condoms have an expiry date?

14. Condoms Provide protection against HIV?

15. Condoms should be worn before contact with the

vagina/penis

16. A condom can be reused

17. One should check for leaks and holes on a condom

before used

18. Is it okay to put a condom on right before ejaculation?

19. Condoms offer protection against STIS

20. Condoms prevent pregnancy

21. Can condoms disappear in a woman‘s vagina?

22. The right way to put on a condom is on a soft penis?

Please answer to the questions below and response with Strongly Agree=SA,
Agree=A Strongly
Disagree=SD, Disagree=D. TICK (x) in which you choose
SECTION 3: Attitude

SA A SD D

23. I am confident I can talk to my partner about using condoms

24. Using a condom means that I don‘t trust my partner

39 | P a g e
 25. Do you think condoms makes sex uncomfortable?

26. Do you think condoms don‘t prevent HIV/AIDS so there‘s

no point using them

27. Do you think sex with a condom feels good as without a

condom

28. Do you think because of condoms people are unfaithful to

their partners?

29. Condoms are expensive

30. Do you think If someone finds me with condom they will

think I have loose morals

31. Using a condom is like eating a candy with the paper on

32. I would to refuse to have sex if my partner refused to use a

condom

33. I am likely to get HIV-infected if  I have sex without using

condom

34. Do you think condoms reduce pleasure during sex

SECTION 4: Behavior
35. Have you ever had sex? (If No skip to Q. 54)
A. Yes B. No
36. How old were you when you first had sex? ............................
37. Have you ever used a condom? (If No skip to Q.46)
A. Yes B. No

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38. If yes which type of condom have you used before?
A. Male B. Female C. Both
39. Which is the common type of condom that you have used before?
A. Male B. Female
40. Did you use a condom when you had sex for the first time?
A. Yes B. No C. Don‘t remember
41. Do you have a current sexual partner?
A. Yes B. No
42. How many sexual partners have you had in the past one year?
A. One B. Two C. More than two
43. What is the relationship with your current sexual partner?
A. Spouse/Husband
B.  Boyfriend
C.  Casual friend
D. Client
E. Other
44. How often have you use a condom with your sexual partner?
A.  Sometimes
B. Always
C. Never
45. If yes what are the reasons for always using a condom?
A.  For family planning
B. To prevent pregnancy
C.  I do not trust my partner
D.  Partner insisted

41 | P a g e
 E. To prevent HIV/STIs
F.  Not a regular partner
G.  Other
46. If no what are the reasons for not/never using a condom
A. Reduces pleasure during sex\
B. I do not like it
C. To get pregnant
D. Caught in the heat of the moment?
E.  Partner does not like using condoms
F. Other................
47. What are the reasons for sometimes using a condom?
A.  It was sex with a casual partner
B. I don‘t trust my partner
C. To prevent pregnancy
D. Other
48. Who decided when to use a condom when you used it?
A. Partner B. Self
49. Have you ever received money or gifts in exchange for sex? (If No skip to Q.
48)
A. Yes B. No
50. The last time you had sex and exchanged money for sex or gifts did you use a
condom?
A. Yes B. No
51. Do you think you are at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS by not using condoms?
A. Yes B. No
If yes why?

42 | P a g e
 A.  I do not trust my partner
B.  I have many sexual partners
C. I have never used a condom
D.  I do not know my partners HIV status
E. Other...................................................................
If no why?
A.  I always use a condom with my partner
B. I trust my partner
C.  I am committed to my partner
D. I know my partners and my HIV status
E.  Other................................................................
52. Have you ever had sex under the influence of alcohol/drugs? (If No sip to Q.
51)
A. Yes B. No
53. If yes did you use a condom?
A. Yes B. No
54. Do you know your HIV status.
A. Yes B. No
55. Do you know your partners HIV Status?
A.  Yes B. No

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