COLLEGE/DEPARTMENT: DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBJECT: AR 421 Architectural Design 9

TIME SCHEDULE: Lect. 7:30 – 9:30 Wednesday, Studio 9:30 – 6:30 Wed., 7:30 – 6:30 Sat., Room:
ODL

RESEARCH WORK NO.: RESEARCH WORK No. M-1

RESEARCH WORK TITLE: “JOURNAL ARTICLES”
RESEARCH WORK DUE: September 4, 2021 (Sat)

STUDENT: Lovelyn R. Sotelo

INSTRUCTOR: Ar. Jerico Jordan A. Bernardo
Title: A Multi-Functional Disaster Resilient Model of a Community Shelter in Response to Post-
Pandemic in Aringay La Union
A. Urban resources selection and allocation for emergency shelters in a multi-hazard environment
In the study of (Chen et al., 2018) entitled “Urban resources selection and allocation for
emergency shelters in a multi-hazard environment,” it was stated that with the rapid expansion of Chinese
cities over the years and the high concentration of population in urban areas, the entire society is
becoming vulnerable to disasters, making it absolutely necessary to build a disaster prevention system
represented by the construction of emergency shelters. The paper explored the methods of urban resource
selection, estimation of the affected area and population, and shelter demand prediction in GIS for a
multi-hazard environment. The analysis of the Guangzhou case provides an enlightening reference for
future study, planning and construction of emergency shelters in other cities in response to various
disasters.

(Chen et al., 2018) therefore concluded that their analysis shows that areas with a high population
density and a high number of old buildings have a large demand for shelters due to earthquakes and a
high demand in areas with low altitudes, close to estuaries, and the low-lying region along the Pearl River
when facing floods and storm surges. Lastly, according to the results of resource assessment and demand
prediction, the allocation of emergency shelters was done for the entire city, in order to cover the affected
population. In addition, spare shelters are selected and marked in order to be flexible and withstand
possible extreme disasters. However, unavoidable issues discussed such as social suitability in resource
assessment, population distribution during typical time periods, and accessibility of shelters will have an
impact on the results of the study, and need to be further studied in medium-scale or small-scale areas.

B. Planning emergency shelter locations based on evacuation behavior

The study entitled “Planning emergency shelter locations based on evacuation behavior,” (Chang
& Liao, 2015) discussed that local disaster preparedness may be the most effective method for promoting
adaptation to climate change. People at risk evacuate to emergency shelters, such as schools and
churches, because of community-based initiatives. The evacuation behavior of these vulnerable people
has made the spatial accessibility of emergency shelters an important issue in many cities. The current
study develops GIS-based spatial analytical techniques to create an SCRNI that can be used to determine
the optimal placement of emergency shelters. This study also explores the spatial accessibility of
emergency shelters in mountainous regions with the formulation of GIS-based spatial analytical
techniques to create an SCRNI that can be used to determine the optimal placement of emergency
shelters.

(Chang & Liao, 2015) concluded that using the new model described in this study, the differences
in regional evacuation situations, such as isolated island phenomena, deliberate evacuation areas,
temporary settlements, and local disaster preparedness areas, can be identified in each district by studying
evacuation behavior. The results for these four emergency shelter situations can help governmental
agencies clearly categorize the spatial accessibility levels of emergency shelters and the levels of mobility
for refugees in different villages. This study focuses on the spatial accessibility of emergency shelters and
evacuation behavior to determine the influence of emergency shelters’ safety and mobility.
This study analyzes the common behavior or pattern of evacuation when a disaster occurs. Such
analyzations were utilized in order to come up with a model that is believe to be applicable to
constructing a new evacuation center and promotes solutions to imposed accessibility and safety
measures. Selecting for a proper site in constructing evacuation center has a vital role in communities
because it involves the people in the situation.

C. Planning Emergency Shelters for Urban Disasters: A Multi-Level Location–Allocation Modeling

Approach

In the study of (Shi et al., 2019), it was mentioned that the emergency shelter is an important
place to deal with emergency incidents. Moreover, it is a safe place for citizens. Facing the interacted
pressures of both urban land restrictions and insufficient local finance, layout planning for an emergency
shelter system is more prominent. Traditional location models cannot simultaneously meet all the
problems encountered in the process of emergency facility location. Thus, in this paper, in view of multi-
level of the different types of emergency shelters, different models are taken into account through
building multi-level location models of emergency shelters, aiming to minimize the travel and
construction costs and maximize the coverage range. For the fixed emergency shelters, we used the MPM
model and the MIM model to fulfil the requirements of full coverage of the demand points in the
coverage area and minimize the total cost. For the central emergency shelters, we used the MCM model
to fulfil the requirements of maximizing the coverage of the facility points when the site is selected to
meet the established travel distance criteria.
The proposed research methods and models are applied in the Jianchuan county seat, a traditional
small mountain city in China, and provide theoretical guidance and model reference for location selection
at emergency shelters in other small mountain cities. In practice, however, the layout of emergency
shelters is also affected by several other factors. It is difficult to simulate the scope of actual service only
by selecting seven factors. In addition, the distribution of population density is also affected by many
factors, e.g., commuting in day-and-night and equity cost of urban resource (Shi et al., 2019).

D. An Overview of the Design of Disaster Relief Shelters

In the event of a disaster, shelters need to be provided as quickly as possible for displaced
populations, as losing a house means more than just physical deprivation. Losing a house also implies
losing one’s dignity, identity, and privacy, which in turn increase illness and pollution. It appears that
certain guidelines for DR shelters need to better deal with environmental, economic, technical, and
sociocultural issues related to such shelters in order to improve the living quality and needs of displaced
people. Therefore, before considering providing shelters for survivors, stakeholders should consider and
analyze the design factors of DR shelters to ensure that they are fit for their intended purpose (Bashawri
et al., 2014).

In his study, various types of temporary shelters for refugees such as emergency shelter,
temporary shelter, temporary housing, transitional shelters, progressive shelters, core shelters/one – room
shelters and permanent housing and their respective functions were also discussed. His study has shown
gaps in the design of existing relief shelters where in safety and protection of the affected individuals are
far reaching and so, he reiterated that there is a need for improving a relief shelter that will provide
comfort for people after recovering from a tragic event in their lives.
E. Problems and implications of shelter planning focusing on habitability: A case study of a
temporary disaster shelter after the pohang earthquake in south korea
The study entitled “Problems and implications of shelter planning focusing on habitability: A
case study of a temporary disaster shelter after the pohang earthquake in south korea” by (Kim et al.,
2021) was based on a case in South Korea in which a gymnasium was converted into a temporary shelter.
The problems within the temporary shelter set up in an indoor gymnasium in Pohang revealed the need to
improve the space planning and operation in terms of safety, health, sociality, and comfort to better
support victims’ needs. As a result, there are some recommendations that was based on the main research
results.
First, to better support the survivors’ shelter stay, daily living activities must be performed with
ease. Therefore, in preparation for various disaster situations, rather than simply switching the gym to a
temporary shelter, it is necessary to review the designation and use of various types of temporary shelters
carefully, such as mobile homes, welfare facilities, and lodging facilities in addition to public facilities
such as gymnasiums and town halls.
Second, most of the disaster survivors staying in the temporary shelter in Pohang were older
adults, and accordingly, problems such as reduced accessibility due to lack of parking spaces and frequent
use of stairs to access the shelter were observed. There was also insufficient consideration for the
disabled. When planning a temporary shelter, facilities and space plans for older adults and the disabled
must meet the necessary standards with barrier-free access.
Third, the temporary shelter in Pohang was originally a gymnasium that was prepared for a
temporary stay of one month. However, from the second field study, it was confirmed that the survivors
stayed in the shelter for more than 4 months on average. Therefore, in the future, various types of disaster
shelters should be developed considering the possible evacuation period, such as an emergency shelter for
2–3 days or a temporary shelter capable of supporting daily activities for a long evacuation period.
Fourth, in terms of habitability, the most important thing when planning a temporary shelter is to
provide sufficient space by demarcating appropriate areas and in- dependent spaces for each function.
When spaces are shared for multiple functions, secondary problems such as accessibility, privacy,
sanitation, indoor quality, and lack of protection may arise. Therefore, priority should be given to
necessary functions and secure independent areas for each accordingly. Additionally, the composition and
arrange- ment of space should consider different people’s needs based on sex, age, and user type
(staff/volunteers/survivors). By ensuring concepts of habitability such as safety, health, sociality, and
comfort, the temporary shelter can provide survivors with both physical health and psychological stability
during a disaster.

F. A method for determining the suitability of schools as evacuation shelters and aid distribution
hubs following disasters: case study from Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
Expert opinions were amalgamated using the analytical hierarchy process to create relative
weights of criteria for consideration in determining the relative suitability of different school buildings for
use as evacuation shelters and distribution hubs. A scoring system for the criteria was applied to
individual school buildings in the case study city of Cagayan De Oro, Philippines, which can be adapted
for other regions and types of building usage. Once combined, this can be used to inform the optimal
selection of school buildings to be used as shelters and hubs before and after a disaster, prioritize the
retrofitting of buildings, identify areas of improvement and adopt a multi-hazard emergency shelter
strategy (Tsioulou et al., 2021).

Still, (Tsioulou et al., 2021) stated that it is necessary to further recommend the use of alternative
shelter options next to the schools so that education is not disrupted when there is not capacity to
accommodate evacuees.
It only proves that schools are not 100 percent suitable for utilizing it as a temporary evacuation
area. Also, educational sectors will be greatly affected because of the delay due to situations like disasters
as schools are being used as temporary shelters.

Reference/s:

Bashawri, A., Garrity, S., & Moodley, K. (2014). An Overview of the Design of Disaster Relief Shelters.
Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 924–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)01019-3
Chang, H. S., & Liao, C. H. (2015). Planning emergency shelter locations based on evacuation behavior.
Natural Hazards, 76(3), 1551–1571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1557-x
Chen, W., Zhai, G., Ren, C., Shi, Y., & Zhang, J. (2018). Urban resources selection and allocation for
emergency shelters: In a multi-hazard environment. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061261
Kim, M., Kim, K., & Kim, E. (2021). Problems and implications of shelter planning focusing on
habitability: A case study of a temporary disaster shelter after the pohang earthquake in south korea.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062868
Shi, Y., Zhai, G., Xu, L., Zhu, Q., & Deng, J. (2019). Planning Emergency Shelters for Urban Disasters:
A Multi-Level Location–Allocation Modeling Approach. Sustainability 2019, Vol. 11, Page 4285,
11(16), 4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11164285
Tsioulou, A., Faure Walker, J., Lo, D. S., & Yore, R. (2021). A method for determining the suitability of
schools as evacuation shelters and aid distribution hubs following disasters: case study from
Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. Natural Hazards, 105(2), 1835–1859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-
020-04380-3