WEEK 2

VALUES are implicitly to a degree of behavioral freedom or autonomy by human beings;

Values steer or guide the person, on the basis of internally chosen options. It imply the (conscious)
prioritizing of different behavioral alternatives which are perceived to the possible for the
individual .It can apply to groups (such as “Filipino Values’)or individual (religious values), and can
be both processes or goals.

Example: Democracy is both a process and a goal.

Moral character or characters is an evaluation of a person’s moral and mental qualities. Such an
evaluation of a person’s moral and mental qualities . Such an evaluation is subjective- one person
may evaluate someone’s character on the basis of their virtue, another may consider their
fortitude , courage, loyalty, honesty, or piety.

Values may be defined and characterized by the following:

- The quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable;

the Shakespearan Shylock is of dubious value in the modern world.
- “ An ideal accepted by some individual or groups; he has old-fashioned values.”
- Principles, standard or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the
person who holds them.
- Abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, right and desirable
- Those qualities to behavior, thought and character that society regards as being
intrinsically , good having desirable result , and worthy of emulation by others.
- Assumptions, convictions or beliefs about the manner in which people should
behave and the principles that should govern behaviour.

Values are our subjective reactions to the world around us. They guide and mold our
options and behavior.

Three important characteristics of value

1. Values are develop early in life and very resistant to change, values develop out of our
direct experiences with people who are important to us, particularly our parents. Values
rise not what people tell us , but as a result how they have behave toward us and
others
2. Values defined what is right and what is wrong rather . Notice that values do not involve
external outside standards to tell right or wrong ; rather , wrong, good or bad are intrinsic
3. Values themselves cannot be proved correct or incorrect, valid or invalid , right or
wrong. If a statement can be proven true or false, then it cannot be a value . Values tell
what we should believe , regardless of any evidence or lack thereof.

Believes of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment

(either for or against something) “ he has very conservative values”

Values are those ideas and concepts within each of us that we deem significant and
essential.

People are guided with a set of values , which help determine their behaviors as they live
their lives , interact with others and aid in their decision making. Values help human beings
resolve and determine right from wrong, and help define their identity and choose what they
advocate and stand for values stem from and derives from one’s family, custom , tradition,
religion , elder and friends. They are formed early in life and are reinforced by our life
experiences. Once established values are very hard to change.

Categories of Values

A value system is the ordered and prioritized set of ethical and doctrinal values that an
individual’s culture upholds.

A value is a part of core value system from which one operates or reacts. These values can
be grouped into six categories.

- Ethics ( good-bad, virtue- vice, moral-immoral-amoral-right-wrong, permissible-

impermissible)
- Aesthetic (beautiful, ugly, unbalanced, pleasing)
- Doctrinal (politics, ideological, religious or social beliefs and values)
- Innate ( inborn values such as a reproduction and survival , a controversial category)
- Non-use/passive- includes the value based on something left for the next generation.
- Potential/option – the value of something that’s known to be only potentially valuable ,
such as a plant that might be found to have medicinal value in the future . A value
system than an individual’s culture upholds

Group or Organizational Values - may be formal or informal . Since every organization has
values that are influential to group , values help the group or the organization endure and carry out
its objectives.

Note: If the members do not accept as true and subscribe in their organizational value system, the
organization would not function properly. Without good values the organization may completely
cease to exist . An example of the organization that function on a value system could be a
commercial enterprise or business or any services established to deliver products and/ or
services, as well as a government body such as the police.

ORGANIZATION – develops values similar process undertaken by each individual value progress
and maturity .

ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES- are driven by the people who embody and epitomize the group ,
the leaders, the personnel, workers, and employees.

RESPECTABLE and VIRTUOUS ORGANIZATION – are formed by favorable reception of good

values.

Those organizations that fail or are viewed negatively by the people they serve are made up
of poor values. Emanating from unscrupulous employees.

A law enforcement organization such as the Philippine National Police will be an effective
organization only if it develops good values.

An ideal value system for police agency would include

 - Honesty
- Integrity
- Respect for Human Rights
- Professionalism
- Desire to help and serve others
- Patriotism
- Selflessness

CARDINAL VALUES:

Prudence - refers to the ability to govern and discipline one self by means or logical
reasoning and sound discretion.
-it is a habit which inclines man to act in a way that harmonizes with nature (virtue) ,
which attracts the intellect to prefer the most effective means for accomplishing what is morally
good and avoid moral evils.

Temperance – refers to the ability to avoid something and act with moderation, regulating
one’s carnal appetite for sensual pleasure.
Fortitude-denotes firmness of mind, the courage to endure without yielding . It is a
combination patience( calmness and composure), perseverance ( the ability to continue despite of
obstacle or opposition) and endurance ( the ability to survive).

Justice – refers to a virtue that inclines the will to give every person his/her accorded rights.

Fundamental Law of Human Society : Justice which is composed of three division namely:

- Commutative Justice – regulates actions which involve the rights that exist among
individuals, violation of which calls for reparation and restitution
- Distributive Justice –which standardize those actions that have to do with the rights an
individual may claim from society.
- Legal Justice – puts into order those actions which society may justly require of the
individual for the common good.

 Charity - refers to kindness, compassion, altruism , humanity and goodwill. It is the

obligation of giving under certain conditions whatever assistance and aid which our
fellowmen needs.

 Virtue - is a character trait which is evaluated as being good .

Note: Societies have values (norms) that are largely shared among many of the participants .
participants share a culture , even when an individual participant’s cultural values might not
entirely agree with some normative values sanctioned in the larger society.

The following are values recognized as virtues in various culture:

Acceptance Accountability Adventure Altruism

Agape Appreciation Assertiveness Autonomy
Awareness Balance Beauty Being beautiful in spirit
Calm Care for others Charity Chastity
Cleanliness Commitment Confidence Consciousness
Continence Cooperation Courage Creativity
 Critical Thinking Curiosity Democracy Dependability
Detachment Determination Diligence Discipline
Education Effort Empathy Endurance
Enthusiasm Equality Etiquette Excellence
Fairness Faith Fantasy Fidelity
Focus Foresight Forgiveness Fortitude Freedom
Freewill Generosity Gentleness Happiness Helpfulness
Honesty Honor
Hope Hospitality Humility Humanism
Humor Idealism Individualism Independence
Innocence Integrity Intuition Inventiveness Justice
Kindness Love Loyalty Magnanimity
Mercy Moderation Manners
Modesty Morality Non-violence Nurture
Obedience Openness Optimism Patience
Perspective Peace Perfection Perseverance
Piety Potential Prudence Purpose
Respect Responsibility Restraint Satisfaction
Self-awareness Self-discipline
Self-esteem Self-interest
Self-reliance Self-respect Sensitivity Service Sharing
Sincerity Socialism Spirituality
Sympathy Tact Temperance Tenacity
Tolerance Tradition Trust Truth
Truthfulness Understanding Unpretentiousness Unselfishness
Utility Wealth Well-being Wisdom
Zeal

Clash of different Values:

If a person expresses a value which is in conflict with their society may carry out various ways
of redressing, stigmatizing or confronting the individual. Imprisonment is a result of conflict with
social norms that have been established by law.