Professional Documents
Culture Documents
?.cgsgknofm ?.cgsgknofm: O O B B O O B B
?.cgsgknofm ?.cgsgknofm: O O B B O O B B
?.CGSGKNOFM
XRMBACIO 4.2
4.2 Cg ng`cgncréo quéinko, ams rcoktmrcs fc jaulm tnpm topûg (cs fcknr, oqucaams cg quc ca jaunfm vo fc ug
cxtrcim oa mtrm kmg ugo iczkao iégnio o am aor`m fca clc amg`ntufngoa) sc usog poro kmgvcrtnr rcoktogtcs
cg prmfuktms. [c do fctcringofm quc ao cjnkncgkno fc ao kmgvcrsnûg oa`ugos vckcs sc iclmro rcknrkuaogfm
ugo pmrknûg fc ao kmrrncgtc fca prmfuktm, fc toa jmrio quc rc`rcsc o ao cgtrofo poro ug posm ofnknmgoa o
trovîs fca rcoktmr (jn`uro X4.2). Ao rozûg fc rcknrkuaogfm sc fcjngc kmim
( )
9
( ) U ( )Y
fmgfc T Oƒ cs ao jrokknûg fca rcoktogtc O quî sc kmgvncrtc cg ca prmfuktm B. Ao rozûg ûptnio fc
rcknrkuaoknûg kmrrcspmgfc o ug rcoktmr fc toioÿm iégnim gckcsornm poro oakogzor ca gnvca
fcscofm fc kmgvcrsnûg. Stnankc ug iîtmfm guiîrnkm poro fctcringor ao rozûg fc rcknrkuaoknûg gckcsorno,
fc iogcro quc sc ingninkc ca toioÿm fca rcoktmr poro ugo kmgvcrsnûg jrokknmgoa fc T Oƒ 9 8.>3
Jn`uro X4.2
Rcprcscgtoknûg csquciïtnko fc ug rcoktmr fc jaulm tnpm topûg kmg rcknrkuaoknûg.
2. OA@MRNVIM
Gcwtmg Ropdsmg
(+)
+) ( −)
′ 9
∐
6.- Doaaoims 9 ( )
R? cs smauknûg
;. FNO@ROIO FC JASLM
NGNKNM
TO , R
? R ( ? TO ) R?
j 9 ag
R(?TO ) R? R(? TO )
Crrmr928
d98,8888?
tma98,88?
Crrmr 7 tma
j 9 j ()
j ( +) j (
+) ( −)
f j 9
2∐d
j
R 9 R
fj
9 |R
Crrmr 9 | R R |
R 9 R
R
JNG
6. KMFNJNKOKNMG CG IOVAOB
3. RC[SAVOFM[ FC AO CLCKSKNMG