1

Q INTRODUCTION

Mosquitoes are the most important single group of insects well- known

for their public health importance, since they act as a vector for many

tropical and sub-tropical diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever,

malaria, filariasis and encephalitis of different types including, Japanese

encephalitis. Mosquitoes transmit some of the world’s worst life threatening

and debilitating parasitic and viral diseases including malaria, filariasis and

dengue fever.

Mosquitoes cause annoyance to man and other animals and affect health

for centuries which calls for the search of natural larvicides. Plant materials

are essential since they are non-toxic to non-target animals and have no

phytotoxic properties and leave no residues in the environment. They do not

have any ill effects on the non-target population and are easily degradable so

the larvicide that will be produced from plants can be used in controlling

mosquito larvae.

Bougainvillea spectabilis is a genus of thorny ornamental vines, bushes or

trees. It is not known in the Philippines for any medicinal use. Traditional

practitioners in South and Central America use the leaves for a variety of

disorders, for diarrhea, and to reduce stomach acidity.

 2

Figure 1. Bougainvillea spectabilis plant

The rationale of the study is to test the effectiveness of Bougainvillea

spectabilis leaf extracts as a larvicide against mosquito larvae. Mosquito

control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their damage to

human health. The use of environment friendly least-toxic larval control is

essential due to their reduced toxicity that can work synergistically to

prevent the proliferation of mosquito in the environment.

The hypothesis to be tested is: There is no significant difference between

the larvicidal properties of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts and

commercial larvicide in terms of effectiveness in killing mosquito larvae.

Generally, the study aims to test the effectiveness of the leaf extracts of

Bougainvillea spectabilis in preventing the proliferations of mosquito larvae.

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. determine the larvicidal properties of the leaf extracts of Bougainvillea

spectabilis,

2. determine the effectiveness of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts in

terms of :

a. pH level

b. persistence / residual time

3. determine the significant difference among:

a. Treatment I: 20 mL of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts

b. Treatment II: 40 mL of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts

c. Treatment III: 60 mL of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts

 3

d. Treatment IV: 20 mL of commercial larvicide

e. Treatment V: 40 mL of commercial larvicide

f. Treatment VI: 60 mL of commercial larvicide

4. compare the mortality rate of mosquito larvae using Bougainvillea

spectabilis leaf extracts with the commercial larvicide, and

5. determine the best treatment in terms of mortality.

The focus of this study is to produce a larvicide from Bougainvillea

spectabilis leaf extracts in preventing the proliferation of mosquito larvae. It

will test the effectiveness of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts in killing

larvae. It will also differentiate the effectiveness of Bougainvillea spectabilis

leaf extracts larvicide from the commercial larvicide.

The study will focus on the following variables: number of mosquito

larvae and the amount of larvicide per treatment.

The research study is only limited to the larval stage of mosquito. The

mosquito in adult stage will not be treated.

This study will be conducted at Fame Academy of Science and Technology

(FAST) in January 2020. For the ethanolic extraction and phytochemical

analysis of the Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis) leaves, the samples

will be examined at CAFS-ASI Analytical Services Laboratory in the University

of the Philippines, Los Banos, Laguna.

The findings of this study will provide an in-depth understanding on how

to address the proliferation of mosquito larvae. This study is beneficial to the

following:
 4

Parents. The results of this study may provide information and sufficient

understanding on how they can protect their family from mosquito by using

the larvicide from Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts.

Institution. This research project may serve as a tool for the school

administration to share the concept and give knowledge about the

Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts as larvicide to the members of the

institution for mosquito prevention and control.

Community. This study may give knowledge on the efficiency of leaf

extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis as larvicide so that they will raise

awareness and action to use it to mitigate the growth of mosquito larvae in

the environment. Moreover, the larvicide that will be produced is a better

alternative to the commercial larvicides that are mass circulated in today’s

market.

Future Researchers. This research may serve as a source of another

research problem and can be replicated using additional variables, different

proportions of treatments, or a different plant material. The findings of the

study may also serve as research literature and basis for future conceptual

frameworks for further studies.

For better understanding of the study, the following terms were defined:

 Bougainvillea spectabilis - a woody perennial vine, native to Brazil

and introduced as a cultivated plant to many Pacific and

Indian Ocean islands.

 5

 Ethanolic Extraction – a way to separate ethanol and other

substances from plant materials.

 Larvae – a very young form of an insect that looks like a worm.

 Larvicide – a substance used to kill larvae.

 Mortality – the state of a person of a thing that is alive and therefore

certain to die.

 Mosquito – a small flying insect that bites the skin of people and

animals and sucks their blood.

 pH Level – a measure of acidity and alkalinity of a substance.

 Phytochemical Analysis/Screening - the extraction, screening and

identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants.

 Phytochemicals - are plant-derived nonnutritional chemicals that

have disease preventive properties such as saponins, tannins,

alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids and

phlobotannins.

 Phytotoxic – poisonous to plants.

 Residual Time – how long a substance lasts.

In conducting this study, the following assumptions are expected:

a. The Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts will produce larvicide.

b. The larvicide will be a better alternative to commercial larvicide.

 6

The conceptual framework of the proposed study is shown in the figure

below:

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Gathering of  Analysis of data  Produce larvicide

plant material through from
 Extraction of arithmetic Bougainvillea
Bougainvillea mean, variance spectabilis
spectabilis (ANOVA), and  Improve
leaves t-test. larvicide
 Applying the production
larvicide  Prevent pollution
 Applying the and the bad
commercial health effects
larvicide from commercial
 Determining larvicide
the mortality
rate of
mosquito
larvae

Feedback

Figure 2. The Conceptual Framework of Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea

(Bougainvillea Spectabilis) Leaf Extracts Against Mosquito Larvae

 7

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Ayuningtyas (2018) in his article “Health Benefits of Bougainvillea

Flowers” said that the vibrant color of bougainvillea flowers may beautify

home and garden but they also possess medicinal properties for some health

problems. The phytochemical components of the bougainvillea such as the

bougainvinones A – H, pintol, beta cyanine, flavonoids, and alkanoids play an

essential role in treating some health issues such as diarrhea, respiratory

problems, joint aches and also used as antiseptic and body detoxifier.

Based on the study of Zinedine (2017) “Benefits, Facts, and Myths of

Bougainvillea Flowers’’, the flowers of bougainvillea as a drug was discovered

in the Philippines then spread to several countries in Europe, America and

Asia. It is often associated with compounds found in all parts of the flower

bougainvillea and provides benefits including: source of natural antioxidant,

regulates blood pressure, prevents inflammation of the stomach, maintains

the balance of cholesterol, treats coughs, overcomes digestive problems, and

kills bacteria.

Mao Bao Jin (2017) in his online article “Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd”,

the leaf extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis exhibit mosquitocidal activity

against Ae. aegypti. A relationship between plant extract dose and

percentage of egg hatchability, and larval and pupal mortality was observed.

His studies shown antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifertility,

 8

amylase inhibitory, antihyperlipidemic, radical scavenging, anti-atherogenic,

thrombolytic, analgesic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, antiulcer properties of the

leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis.

According to Hopkins (2016) in his journal article “Mosquito Diseases”,

the growth of mosquito larvae is an important factor for diseases that contain

infections such as malaria, but some studies showed incomplete information

of the total growth or presence of larval behavior due to factors like

environmental influences. As different studies continue, people need to be

aware of the environmental factors that cause limitations and are sometimes

used to connect with larval presence in different conditions.

White (2016) in his article “Mosquitoes: Life and Habits” in The Mosquito-

Borne Diseases Journal, mosquitoes need only a short season of warmth and

moisture to carry out their life cycle. A mosquito has four life stages- egg,

larva, pupa, and imago (adult). In cold climates, fertile females survive in

holes in barns, houses, and other buildings. The entire development from egg

to adult takes three to ten days. The period of time varies according to the

species and climate. Some species of mosquitoes act as a vector or carriers

of serious diseases. People have tried to control populations of mosquitoes.

One of the simplest and most effective methods is to remove water where a

mosquito larva develops by draining swamps and puddles.

In the study of Edwards (2015) “Bougainvillea”, he found out that

bougainvillea has medicinal values to regulate menstruation, vaginal (white)

 9

discharge, treatment of hepatitis and cough. The flowers and stems are

dried, boiled in water and drank as tea.

According to Williams (2014) in his book “Mosquito: Diseases and

Prevention Control”, the most effective control methods target the larval

stage of the mosquito life cycle. There are nearly 200 species of mosquitoes,

each with its own preferred habitat for laying eggs. Culex mosquitoes lay

hundreds of eggs that stick together to form a raft on the surface of still

water; some species will lay only a single egg. Floodwater mosquito species

prefer moist soil where their eggs can patiently wait for water to pool,

months or even years later.  Mosquito eggs will hatch in water within 48

hours, and the larvae transform into airborne adults within two weeks.

Female mosquitoes need protein from mammalian blood to breed and are the

ones responsible for all those painful bites. The best way to avoid mosquito

bites is to locate and remove standing water where mosquitoes can lay eggs.

Larvae are usually found on the surface of stagnant water.

Logankumary (2012) on his study “Bougainvillea spectabilis Against the

Growth and Development of Mosquito” found out that Bougainvillea

spectabilis is more toxic in the larval stage of mosquito than the other

developmental stages mosquitoes which could be used in controlling the

proliferation of mosquito. The control of mosquito borne diseases can be

achieved either by killing or preventing mosquitoes from biting human beings

(by using repellents) or by causing larval mortality in a large scale at the

breeding centers of the vectors in the environment.

 10

Based on the study of Rajmohan (2012) “Mosquitocidal Property of Leaf

Extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis”, mosquitoes are vector for many

tropical and sub-tropical diseases and cause annoyance to man and other

animals and affect their health for centuries. Control of such mosquito borne

diseases is becoming more and difficult, because of the increasing resistance

to pesticides, lack of effective vaccines and drugs against disease causing

mosquitoes. Hence, an alternative approach for mosquito control is the use

of extract of plant origin for natural larvicides, which do not have any ill

effects on the non-target population and are easily degradable, and plants

such as Bougainvillea spectabilis could be used in the control of insects,

offering a safer alternative to the conventional use of larvicides.

According to Beyer (2011) in his book “Vector Control: Environmental

Science”, the breeding sites of mosquitoes must be targeted to control the

growth of its larvae. A larvicide must be applied greater on bigger areas than

smaller areas which only needs specific amount of larvicide. Some

mosquitoes need water in order to complete their cycle but some do not

because they live on much isolated and polluted area.

According to Durham (2010) in his book “Emerging Infectious Diseases

and Trends”, there are some ways to prevent the growth of mosquito and its

larvae which are: applying proper screens and ventilations for buildings and

houses, proper waste disposal, changing water in birdbaths regularly,

eliminating place of breeding of mosquitoes like contaminated water,

covering water containers. Insecticides and larvicides can also be used that

are most common in certain community like urban. If applicable, you can
 11

also use potential insecticides/ larvicides especially those in rural

communities. But the most common and primary way to prevent this

condition is proper hygiene.

Sukumar (2010) said in his online article “Phytochemicals of

Bougainvillea spectabilis”, the assessment of the efficacy of different

phytochemicals obtained from Bougainvillea spectabilis exhibited more

pronounced inhibition over the developmental stages of mosquito. Despite

many plants of mosquitocidal property, very few plant products only have

shown practical utility for mosquito control in an effective manner such as

the Bougainvillea spectabilis. Development of larvicides from plant origin is

essential because of their biodegradable, non-toxic quality and also safe for

the public health which can be used in the control of the mosquitoes.
 12

METHODOLOGY

A. Gathering of Materials

Collection of Mosquito Larvae

A one-liter container will be filled with water and will be placed in a shady

area. After a week, mosquitoes will lay egg and then will be hatched after 48

hours. Three hundred sixty mosquito larvae will be collected using a small

net. Then, the collected mosquito larvae will be brought to the Chemistry

Laboratory of Fame Academy of Science and Technology in Taal, Batangas.

Collection of Plant Samples

The leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis to be used in this study will be

collected. The bougainvillea leaves will be rinsed to remove any dirt, pebbles

or insects, and then will be chopped into small pieces. Then, the chopped

leaves will be pounded using mortar and pestle to obtain the leaf extracts.

This will be repeated until the amount of extracts needed is achieved by

using graduated cylinder. The extracts will be stored in six plastic bottles

according to the different treatments. This will be done in the Chemistry

Laboratory of Fame Academy of Science and Technology in Taal, Batangas.

Testing of pH level and Persistence of Leaf Extracts of Bougainvillea

To determine the pH level of the leaf extracts, the pH meter will be used.
 13

To determine the time of how long the leaf extracts will last, temperature

and moisture will be considered using thermometer and Weight Loss on

Drying (LOD) method.

B. Preparation and Treatment Set Ups

Table 1. Amount of Larvicides

Treatment Treatmen Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment

1 (mL) t 2 (mL) 3 (mL) 4 (mL) 5 (mL) 6 (mL)
Bougainvillea
spectabilis 20 40 60 0 0 0
Leaf Extracts
Commercial
Larvicide 0 0 0 20 40 60
(control)

Eighteen empty plastic containers will be filled with 50 mL water. These

containers will be placed in a dry and cool area in the laboratory. Each plastic

container will contain 20 mosquito larvae.

C. Application of Treatments

The eighteen plastic containers will be sterilized and placed in the

laboratory at room temperature to ensure that no other factor aside from the

larvicide will affect the mosquito larvae. Eighteen plastic containers will be

put with different amounts of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts: first

three will be sprayed with 20 mL of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts

each, the other three with 40 mL of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts

 14

each, the other three with 60 mL Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extracts each,

the other three with 20 mL of commercial larvicide each, the other three with

60 mL of commercial larvicide each, and the last three with 40 mL of

commercial larvicide each. Observations will be three times for one day at

9:50 A.M., 12:20 P.M., and 2:50 P.M.

D. Measurement of Mortality Rate in Each Treatment

The mortality rate of the mosquito larvae in each treatment will be

computed with the use of the formula:

number of dead mosquito larvae

Mortality Rate= x 100
number of mosquito larvae

E. Statistical Treatment

Simple arithmetic mean will be used to determine which extract is the

most effective in terms of the mortality rate of the mosquito larvae per

treatment.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to determine if there will be

significant difference among the four (4) treatments and which of these

treatments will be the most effective in killing the mosquito larvae.

T-test will be used to determine if there will be a significant difference

between the most effective treatment and the commercial larvicide.

 15

Preparation of Mosquito Larvae

Gathering, washing, and cutting of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves

Pounding of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves using mortar and pestle

Separation of extracts from Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves using cheesecloth

Measuring of 360
mL extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves

Measurement of pH Level and persistence of Bougainvillea spectabilis leaves

Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment

1 2 3 4 5 6
(20 mL of (40 mL of (60 mL of (20 mL of (40 mL of (60 mL of
Bougainville Bougainville Bougainville commercial commercial commercial
a spectabilis a spectabilis a spectabilis larvicide) larvicide) larvicide)
leaf extracts) leaf extracts) leaf extracts) (control) (control) (control)

R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2
R3 R3 R3 R3 R3 R3

Observation period

Data gathering

Analysis of data through statistical treatments: Simple Arithmetic Mean,

ANOVA, and t-test

Results and Discussion

Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

 16

Figure 2. Flow chart of the Methodology

REFERENCE LIST

Books
Beyer, M. (2011). Vector Control: Environmental Science. New Jersey: Tres
Printing Press.
Durham J. D. (2010). Emerging Infectious Diseases: Trends and Issues.
New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Williams, E. W. (2014). Mosquito: Diseases and Prevention Control. Canada:
ABY Publishing House.

Journals
Ayuningtyas, D. P. (2018). Health Benefits of Bougainvillea Flowers. Herbal
Plant, 2(no. 1), 2.
Hopkins, L. A. (2016). Mosquitoes Diseases. The Malaria Journal, 1(no.2),
25.
Mao Bao Jin, A. M. (2017). Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Flowering
Plants, 2(no.4), 6.
White, W. J. (2016). Mosquitoes: Life and Habits. Animals, 3(no.2), 42.

Unpublished Dissertations
Logankumary, J. F. (2012). Bougainvillea spectabilis Against the Growth
and Development of Mosquito (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Fieus
Publishers, Tamihadu, India.
Rajmohan, P. Y. (2012). Mosquitocidal Property of Leaf Extracts of
Bougainvillea spectabilis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Fieus
Publishers, Tamihadu, India.
Zinedine, K. L. (2017). Benefits, Facts, and Myths of Bougainvillea Flowers
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Steemit, USA.
 17

Electronic
Edwards, B. M. (2015). Bougainvillea. Retrieved from
https://www.gonutrio.com/herb/explore/bougainvillea
Sukumar, G. A. (2010). Phytochemicals of Bougainvillea spectabilis.
Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/researchanimalsciences/mosquitocidal-pro
perty-of-leaf-extract-of-bougainvillea-spectabilis-nictaginaceae-agains t-
the-growth-and-development-of-the-mosquito-aedes-aegypti-l-dipte ra-
culicidae-51168417
 18

APPENDIX A-1

Parent’s Permit

TO WHOM THIS MAY CONCERN:

I'm allowing my child Isabel Joy G. Macalintal, to go to Batangas State University

(BSU) Main I in Rizal Ave. Extension, Batangas City, Batangas on Saturday, October
19,2019 from 12:00 P.M. to 2:00 P.M. to search for possible literature studies which
are related to their current study “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf Extracts against Mosquito Larvae.”

However, I would not hold the school, Fame Academy of Science and Technology, or
the Research I Instruction Specialist responsible for any fortuitous event that may
happen beyond control. However, I am assured that all precautions will be observed
for the safety of my child.

Truly yours,

Rhodora G. Macalintal
Mother
 19

APPENDIX A-2

Parent’s Permit

TO WHOM THIS MAY CONCERN:

I'm allowing my child Lennie Marie C. Manalo, to go to Batangas State University

(BSU) Main I in Rizal Ave. Extension, Batangas City, Batangas on Saturday, October
19,2019 from 12:00 P.M. to 2:00 P.M. to search for possible literature studies which
are related to their current study “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf Extracts against Mosquito Larvae.”

However, I would not hold the school, Fame Academy of Science and Technology, or
the Research I Instruction Specialist responsible for any fortuitous event that may
happen beyond control. However, I am assured that all precautions will be observed
for the safety of my child.

Truly yours,

Minerba C. Manalo
Mother
 20

APPENDIX A-3

Parent’s Permit

TO WHOM THIS MAY CONCERN:

I'm allowing my child Christine Joy A. Ragas, to go to Batangas State University

(BSU) Main I in Rizal Ave. Extension, Batangas City, Batangas on Saturday, October
19,2019 from 12:00 P.M. to 2:00 P.M. to search for possible literature studies which
are related to their current study “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf Extracts against Mosquito Larvae.”

However, I would not hold the school, Fame Academy of Science and Technology, or
the Research I Instruction Specialist responsible for any fortuitous event that may
happen beyond control. However, I am assured that all precautions will be observed
for the safety of my child.

Truly yours,

Elvira A. Ragas
Mother
 21

APPENDIX A-4

Parent’s Permit

TO WHOM THIS MAY CONCERN:

I'm allowing my child Ashley Anne R. Razon, to go to Batangas State University

(BSU) Main I in Rizal Ave. Extension, Batangas City, Batangas on Saturday, October
19,2019 from 12:00 P.M. to 2:00 P.M. to search for possible literature studies which
are related to their current study “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf Extracts against Mosquito Larvae.”

However, I would not hold the school, Fame Academy of Science and Technology, or
the Research I Instruction Specialist responsible for any fortuitous event that may
happen beyond control. However, I am assured that all precautions will be observed
for the safety of my child.

Truly yours,

Carmela R. Razon
Mother
 22

APPENDIX A-5

Parent’s Permit

TO WHOM THIS MAY CONCERN:

I'm allowing my child Geneana Claire D. Umali, to go to Batangas State University

(BSU) Main I in Rizal Ave. Extension, Batangas City, Batangas on Saturday, October
19,2019 from 12:00 P.M. to 2:00 P.M. to search for possible literature studies which
are related to their current study “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf Extracts against Mosquito Larvae.”

However, I would not hold the school, Fame Academy of Science and Technology, or
the Research I Instruction Specialist responsible for any fortuitous event that may
happen beyond control. However, I am assured that all precautions will be observed
for the safety of my child.

Truly yours,

Giselle P. Umali
Mother
 23

APPENDIX A-6

Parent’s Permit

TO WHOM THIS MAY CONCERN:

I'm allowing my child Ralph Andrew V. Villalobos, to go to Batangas State University

(BSU) Main I in Rizal Ave. Extension, Batangas City, Batangas on Saturday, October
19,2019 from 12:00 P.M. to 2:00 P.M. to search for possible literature studies which
are related to their current study “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf Extracts against Mosquito Larvae.”

However, I would not hold the school, Fame Academy of Science and Technology, or
the Research I Instruction Specialist responsible for any fortuitous event that may
happen beyond control. However, I am assured that all precautions will be observed
for the safety of my child.

Truly yours,

Teodora V. Villalobos
Mother
 24

APPENDIX B-1
Letter of Request
Fame Academy of Science and Technology (FAST)

Calle A. Delas Alas, Taal, Batangas

October 19, 2019

Dr. AGNES D. ARELLANO

OIC, Batangas State University Librarian
Batangas City

Dear Dr. Arellano:

We would like to request permission to use the Batangas State University library to
search for possible literature studies which are related to our current study entitled
“Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf Extracts
against Mosquito Larvae”, on Saturday, October 19, 2019. We will be accompanied
by Teodora V. Villalobos, mother of Ralph Andrew V. Villalobos.

We hope for your favorable response to our request.

Truly yours,

ISABEL JOY G. MACALINTAL LENNIE MARIE C. MANALO

CHRISTINE JOY A. RAGAS ASHLEY ANNE R. RAZON

GENEANA CLAIRE D. UMALI RALPH ANDREW V. VILLALOBOS

Learner Researchers, 12-Rutherford of FAST

NOTED:

LERMA M. DIMAANDAL
Instruction Specialist, Research II
 25

APPENDIX B-2
Letter of Request
Fame Academy of Science and Technology (FAST)

Calle A. Delas Alas, Taal, Batangas

October 19, 2019

Dr. PETER P. LAUREL

President, Lyceum of the Philippines University
Batangas City

Dear Dr. Laurel:

We would like to request permission to use the Lyceum of the Philippines

University library to search for possible literature studies which are related to
our current study entitled “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea
(Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf Extracts against Mosquito Larvae”, on
Saturday, October 19, 2019. We will be accompanied by Teodora V. Villalobos,
mother of Ralph Andrew V. Villalobos.

We hope for your favorable response to our request.

Truly yours,

ISABEL JOY G. MACALINTAL LENNIE MARIE C. MANALO

CHRISTINE JOY A. RAGAS ASHLEY ANNE R. RAZON

GENEANA CLAIRE D. UMALI RALPH ANDREW V. VILLALOBOS

Learner Researchers, 12-Rutherford of FAST

NOTED:

LERMA M. DIMAANDAL
Instruction Specialist, Research II
 26

APPENDIX C-1
Letter to the Panelist
Fame Academy of Science and Technology (FAST)
Calle A. Delas Alas, Taal, Batangas

November 8, 2019

DARYL C. BAUTISTA
Instruction Specialist, Economics 9,Basic Calculus,Number Theory
Fame Academy of Science and Technology
Calle A. Delas Alas, Taal, Batangas

Dear Mr. Bautista:

In fulfillment of the requirements in Research II, our group will defend our research
proposal, “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf
Extracts Against Mosquito Larvae” at Rutherford Room on November 12,2019, from
6:55 A.M. to 7:55 A.M.

In this connection, may we request you to be one of the panelists in this defense.

We believe that your insights and viewpoints will be very valuable.

Your positive response will be highly appreciated.

Thank you!
Truly yours,

ISABEL JOY G. MACALINTAL LENNIE MARIE C. MANALO

CHRISTINE JOY A. RAGAS ASHLEY ANNE R. RAZON

GENEANA CLAIRE D. UMALI RALPH ANDREW V. VILLALOBOS

Learner Researchers, 12-Rutherford of FAST

NOTED:

LERMA M. DIMAANDAL
Instruction Specialist, Research II
 27

APPENDIX C-1
Letter to the Panelist
Fame Academy of Science and Technology (FAST)
Calle A. Delas Alas, Taal, Batangas

November 8, 2019

ANNALYN DIGNO
Instruction Specialist, TLE 7, Asian History,TLE 9,
Fame Academy of Science and Technology
Calle A. Delas Alas, Taal, Batangas

Dear Ms. Digno:

In fulfillment of the requirements in Research II, our group will defend our research
proposal, “Larvicidal Properties of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis) Leaf
Extracts Against Mosquito Larvae” at Rutherford Room on November 12,2019, from
6:55 A.M. to 7:55 A.M.

In this connection, may we request you to be one of the panelists in this defense.

We believe that your insights and viewpoints will be very valuable.

Your positive response will be highly appreciated.

Thank you!
Truly yours,

ISABEL JOY G. MACALINTAL LENNIE MARIE C. MANALO

CHRISTINE JOY A. RAGAS ASHLEY ANNE R. RAZON

GENEANA CLAIRE D. UMALI RALPH ANDREW V. VILLALOBOS

Learner Researchers, 12-Rutherford of FAST

NOTED:

LERMA M. DIMAANDAL
Instruction Specialist, Research II