R- Ike D4 ircier:4s-1098 HILL ROAD MANUAL Published by THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS Jamnagar House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi-110011 1998 Price Priee@/-Rs, 440/- (plus packing & postage)Sy IRC:SP:48-1998 First Published July, 1998 (Rights of Publication and Translation are Reserved) Printed at Sagar Printers & Publishers, New Delh! (1000 copies)10, 11 12, 13 14, 15. 16, 17, 18. 19. 20, IRC:SP:48-1908 MEMBERS OF THE HIGHWAYS SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE (As on 31.3, 96) AD. Narain* 0G (RO), Ministry of Surtace Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi (Convenor) S.C. Sharma Ghiet Engineer (A) Stds/R, Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), (Momber-Secretary) New Delhi GC. Garg Engineer-in-Chief, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Town Hall, Deihi-t 10006 Dr. M.P. Dhir Director, CSIR (Retd,),A-1/133, Safdarjang Enclave, New Delhi-1 10029 ALN, Malik Chiet Engineer (Mech.), Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi G.S. Tawarmalani ‘Addl, Director General (S&P), CPWD, Nirman Bhawan, New Dethi-110011 Dr. AK. Gupta Professor & Coordinator, Centre of Transport Engg., University of Roorkee, Roorkee HP. Jamdar ‘Secretary to the Govt. of Gujarat, R & B Deptt, Block No.14, Sachivalaya Complex, Gandhinagar-382010 M.B. Jayawant ‘Synthetic Asphalts, 103, Pooja Mahul Road, Chembur, Bombay-400074 KS. Narayanan (Chief Engineer (CCU), Mio, Environment & Forests (Retd), 28, Central Govt. Qtrs., St Martin Marg, New Delhi-1 10621 P.D. Agarwal Chief Engineer (NH), U.P. PWD, Lucknow-226001 ‘Maj. C.R. Ramesh Engineer-in-Chiet, Public Health Engg., Ananda Rao Circle, Bangalore-560009 Or. LR. Kadiyati Chief Consultant, Dr. LR. Kadiyali & Associates, 8-487, lind Floor, Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi-110048 Ninan Koshi 9G(AD), MOST (Retd), 56, Nalanda Apartment, Vikaspur, New Delhi-t Toote: The Director General, National Council for Cement & Building Materials, P-21, South Extn. 1, Ring Road, New Delhi-1 10043 Or. S. Raghava Chari, Transport Engg. Section, Deptt. of Civil Engg,, Regional Engg. College, Warangal Vinod Kumar Director & Head (Civil Engg.), Bureau of Indian Standards, ‘Manak Bhawan, 9, Bahadurshah Jafar Marg, New Delhi-110002 PJ. Rao Dy. Director & Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, Central Road Research Institute, Delhi Mathura Road, New Delhi-1 10020 Prot. G.V. Rao Prot. of Civil Engg. I.T., Hauz Khas, New Dethi-1 10016 Prot. C.G. Swaminathan ‘Badr’, 60, Thirwvankadam Street, R.A. Puram, Madras-600028 ‘ADGA boing notin poston, tho meeiing was presided by Sh AD, Narain, BG(AD), Govt of India, MOST wIRC:SP:48-1998 a 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 21. 28. 29. 30. at. 34. 36. 37. 38. 39, 8, Megu MK. Saxena Prof. D.V. Singh The Director ASen A.D. Mehta LL Koul Prof. C.E.G. Justo OP. Goet MAR. Kachhwaha Maj, Gon. C.T. Chati Prof. N. Ranganathan BN, Srivastava AK. Mishra HS. Bhatia RK. Jain President, Indian Roads Congress Hon, Treasurer, Indian Roads Congress Secretary, Indian Roads Congress LN. Narendra Singh RS. Shukla Chiof Engineer (Zone-!), Arunachal Pradesh, PWD, Itanagar-701111 Director, National Institute for Training of Highway Engineers, 174, Jor Bagh, New Delhi-1 10003, Director, Central Road Research Institute, Delhi-Mathura Road, P.O.CRRI, Okhla, New Delhi-110023, Highway Research Station, Guindy, Madras-600025 CChiof Engineer (Civil), Indian Roads Construction Corpn. Lid., 6, Core, 6th Floor, Scope Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi Chit Engineer (T&T), Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), Now Delhi Cot Engineer Panning), Mistry of Sutace Transpo. (Roads Wing), (ew Delhi Prof. of Civil Engg., Faculty of Engg. - Civil, Bangalore University, Bangalore B-11/6164, Vasant Kurj, New Delhi-110030 Chief Engineer (B) Std/R Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi-110001 D.G.W., E-in-Chief's Branch, Army Hqrs., Kashmir House, DHQ PO, New Deihi-110011, Prot. & Head, Deptt. of Transport Planning, School of Planning & Architecture, 4, Block-B, Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi Chief Engineer, Dy. Director General/DS Die. General Border Roads, Kashmir House, DHQ PO, New Delhi-110011 Director (Technical), Oil Coordination Committee, 2nd Floor, Core-8, ‘Scope Complex, 7, institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003 Chief Consultant, Engineers & Management Associates, 3/5, Kalkal Extn., New Delhi Project Director, ADB Project, Kothi No.1, Nitman Kurj, Sector-16A, Fandabad M.S. Guram, Chief Engineer, Punjab PWD, - Ex-orticie B&R Branch, Patiala AD. Narain, Director General (Road Dev.) & = Ex-Officio ‘Addi, Secy. to the Govt. of india, Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi S.C. Sharma, Chief Engineer (R) S&R, = Ex-Officio Ministry of Surface Transport (Roads Wing), New Delhi CORRESPONDING MEMBERS B-36, Plot 86, Kakatesya Apartments, Patpargan}, Delhi-110092 18-190, Sector 55, Noida-201301 aS.No, 2 3. 4 CONTENTS Chapter INTRODUCTION SCOPE DEFINITIONS OF TERMS RELATING TO HILL ROADS: 3.1 General 3.2 Classification 3.3 Reconnaissance, Survey and Trace Cutting 34 — Geometries 3.5 Formation 3.6 Protective and Drainage Works 3.7 Pavement Works 38 Bridges 3.9 Miscellaneous PLANNING CRITERIA 4.1 Transportation Needs 42 Traffic Surveys 43 Capacity of Roads 44 Planning of Roads in Hill Areas 45 Priority Strategies 46 Ecological Considerations ‘SURVEY AND ALIGNMENT OF HILL ROADS 5.1 General 52 Sequence of Survey and Survey Methods 5.3 Reconnaissance 5.4 Ground Survey 5.5 Final Location Survey GEOMETRIC DESIGN 6.1 General 6.2 Basic Principles of Geometric Design 63 Design Speed 64 Sight Distance 65 Width of Road Land, Roadway, Carriageway and Shoulders 6 — Cambericross fall 67 Clearance 6.8 Horizontal Alignment 69 Vertical Alignment 6.10 Design Criteria for Hair. 6.11 Passing Places 6.12 Co-ordination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignments 6.13 Bridle Road and Bridle Path FORMATION WORKS in Bonds. 7.1 General 72 — Trace-cut qu IRC:8P:48-1998 Page NosIRC:SP:48-1908 7.3 Jungle Clearance 74 Earthwork-Excavation 7.5 Rock Cutting 7.6 — Embankment 77 Profile Finishing 7:8 — Expedients 7.9 Special Points 740 Ecological Aspects 8 DRAINAGE AND CROSS-DRAINAGE 8.1 General 8.2 Hydrological Study of Rain and Snowfall 83 Snow 84 — Roadside Drains 85. Catch-Water Drains/Intercepting Drains 86 Chutes 87 Pavement Drainage 88 — Sub-surface Drainage 8.9 Application of Sub-surface Drains 8.10 Cross-Drainage-Hydrological Considerations 9. STRUCTURES AND PROTECTIVE WORKS 81 General 92 Reataining Walls 93 Breast Walls 9.4 Parapets, Railing and Edge Stones 9.5 Toe and Check Walls 9.6 River Training Structures 8.7 Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls 9.8 Other Structures 10, PAVEMENT DESIGN 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 108 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 General ‘Type of Pavement Composition of Road Pavement Factors Governing Design of Pavement Traffic Design Life Distribution of Traffic Road Capacity and Pavement Width Vehicle Damage Factor (VOF) Traffic Growth Traffic Used in Design Soil Parameters (Sub-Grade Strength) Climatic Conditions, Terrain Conditions and Other Special Problems Pavement Design Methods Design of Pavement Based on Commercial Vehicles/Day Design of Pavement: CSA Method Design Method for Strengthening of Existing Pavement Stage Construction of Pavement Change of Pavement Composition Along the Road Length ‘Component Layers of Road Pavement Heavy Rainfall Areas - Provisions Pavement for Snow Fall, High Altitude/Snow Bound Areas Rigid Pavement Composite Pavement Design ww) 49 57 57 57 61 64 65, 65 68 69 69 69 74 5 76 96 96 103 103 107 108 109 109 1 11 14 411 113 114 114 114, 115, 116 116 "7 118 119 119 119 120 124 124 124 124 180 131 139 139". 12. 13, 14. 10.25 Drainage 10.26 Strengthening of Flexible Pavements ‘SLOPE STABILITY, EROSION CONTROL AND LANDSLIDE CORRECTION 41.1 Introduction 11.2 Classification of Slope Movement 11.3 Causes of Slope Movements 11.4 Landslide investigations 11.5 Stability Analysis 11.6 Corrective Measures and Design Considerations 11.7 Control of Erosion of Hill Slopes 14.8 Rock Slope Protection 14.9 Instrumentation and Monitoring 44.10 Proforma for Data Collection 41.11 Simple Guidelines on Prevention and Correction of Landslides 41.12 illustrations 41.13 Final Analysis ‘SNOW CLEARANCE AND AVALANCHE TREATMENT 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Terrain, Geology and Climatic Conditions 12.3 Properties of Snow and its Effects on Snow Clearance 12.4 Design Parameters 12.5 Advance Planning Action for Snow Clearance 12.6 Snow Clearance Equipment 12.7 Snow Clearance Operation 12.8 Road Maintenance Subsequent to Snow Clearance 12.9 Avalanche Control 12.10 Treatment of Icy Pavements 12.11 Present State of Art ROAD CONSTRUCTION TOOLS, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENTS 13.1 General 432 Construction Methods and Tools 133 Selection of Machines 18.4 Output Factors of Earth Moving Equipment 13.5 Optimum Output MAINTENANCE OF HILL ROADS 14.1 General 14.2 Basic Maintenance Objectives and Policies 14.3 Performance of a Hill Fload - Governing Factors 14.4 Component of Maintenance Activities: 14.5 Planning and Financing 146 Inspection 14.7 Maintenance Criteria 14.8 Execution of Maintenance Operation 14.9 Organising Maintenance Operations in the Field 14.10 Monitoring 14.11. Training in Maintenance Operation and Management 14.12 Formats for Various Data ™ IRC:8P:48-1098 139 141 142 142 143, 144 148 151 153 165 168 170 172 175 176 v7 178 178 178 178 183 184 185 186 188 188 199 200 201 201 202 208 209 210 ant an ant 212 212 213 217 218 224 241 244 241 242