PHYSICS

GRADE 10
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT(CHAPTER 13)
NCERT BOOK PAGES 223 - 241
INSTRUCTIONS
1)MAINTAIN THE ORDER WHILE WRITING NOTES AS PER THE
HEADINGS IN THE NCERT BOOK.NOTES HAVE BEEN SENT IN
THE SAME ORDER
2)DIAGRAMS HAVE BEEN DRAWN IN THE CLASS. CHECK IF PROPER
LABELLING IS DONE
3)NOTE BOOKS TO BE MAINTAINED NEATLY.MARKS ARE AWARDED FOR
THE SAME
4)THE NOTES ARE FOR REFERENCE.
WEEK WISE NOTES WAS SENT AND CERTAIN PART OF THE NOTES WAS
WRITTEN IN THE CLASS ITSELF.
OERSTEDS EXPERIMENT(NCERT FIG 13.4)

The term ‘magnetic effect of electric current’ means that ‘an

electric current flowing in a wire produces a magnetic field
around it’. In other words electric current can produce
magnetism.

MAGNET

An object which show the property of attracting magnetic

material towards it and rests in the north-south direction
when suspended freely.

MAGNETIC FIELD

The space surrounding magnet where a magnetic force is

experienced
 PROPERTIES OFMAGNETIC FIELD LINES
1. Magnetic field has both magnitude and direction
A magnetic field line is a continuous curve in a magnetic field such that
tangent at any point on it gives the direction of magnetic field at that
point. These lines can be drawn by a compass needle and iron filings.

2. The direction of magnetic field is taken to be the direction in which a

north pole of the compass needle moves inside it.
The field lines emerge from north pole and merge at south pole outside
the magnet.
Inside the magnet the direction of field lines is from its south pole to
north pole. Thus magnetic field lines are closed curves.

3. The number of field lines per unit area is the measure of strength of
magnetic field.It is indicated by closeness of the field lines.
The field is stronger where field lines are crowded.
It is stronger near the poles and decreases as we move away from it

4. Two magnetic field lines do not intersect each other .If they intersect then at point of
intersection there would be two direction for the same magnetic
field ,which is not possible.(the needle would point towards two
directions)
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR

SNOW Rule (ACTIVITY 13.5 NCERT )

The directional deflection of a magnetic compass is given by the rule called SNOW rule based on
Oersted’s experiment. It states that if
*current flows from south to north direction ,the north pole of compass needle would
move towards west direction.
* current flows from north to south direction in a wire kept over a magnetic compass
the north pole of compass needle would move towards east direction.
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT THROUGH A
STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR (FIG 13.6)

*Current carrying straight

conductor is a source of magnetic
field.

*The magnetic field is in the form

of concentric circles whose centre
lies on the wire.

*Direction of the field line is

obtained by tracing the path of the
FACTORS AFFECTING MAGNITUDE OF north pole of the compass needle
FACTORS AFFECTING MAGNITUDE
MAGNETIC FIELD OF
MAGNETIC FIELD1)(Denoted by ‘B’) over any circle.
B α I (current)
1.B α I 2) B α 1/r (Distance of compass
from the wire) *The direction of magnetic field
lines get reversed if the direction of
current is reversed.
MAXWELLS RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE
STATEMENT
Imagine that you are
holding a current carrying
straight conductor in your
right hand such that
thumb points towards
direction of current..
Then your fingers will
wrap around the
conductor in the direction
of magnetic field lines.

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO
CURRENT THROUGH
A CIRCULAR LOOP(circular wire)
FACTORS AFFECTING
MAGNITUDE OF MAGNETIC
FIELD
1)B α I (2)B α n(no of turns
of the coil) (3) B α
1/r(radius of circular coil)
*At every point of a current -carrying circular
loop, the concentric circles representing the
magnetic field around it would become larger and
larger as we move away from the wire.
*The direction of the field lines can be obtained
by Right-Hand Thumb rule as the portion of the
loop in contact with the board are almost like
straight conductors
*At the centre of the circular loop ,the arcs of
these big circles would appear as straight and
parallel(uniform).
*The direction of magnetic field at the centre is
perpendicular to the plane of the loop and
magnetic field strength is maximum.As we move
towards the centre of the coil magnetic field
strength increases because the two magnetic
fields through portions(in contact with the board)
assist each other.
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO Solenoid A coil of many circular turns of
CURRENT IN A SOLENOID insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the
shape of a cylinder such that its length is greater
than its diameter (Fig 13.10)
 CLOCK FACE RULE

The polarity of a current carrying solenoid

depends on the direction of current flowing
through it and is given by clock face rule

If the current flows clockwise when the coil is seen

from one end ,then that end of the solenoid acts as
south pole and if the current flows anticlockwise it
acts as northpole
*One end of such a solenoid behaves like the north pole
and the other as a south pole.
FACTORS
AFFECTING
*Therefore magnetic field due to current in the MAGNETIC FIELD
solenoid is similar to a bar magnet. The fields 1)B α I (2) B α
always emerge out of the North pole and always merge n(no of turns of
into the South pole. the coil)
3)B can be
*The field inside the solenoid are in the form of increased by
parallel straight lines.This indicates that the magnetic introducing a
field is the same at all points inside the solenoid.ie field core material
is uniform inside the solenoid.
NOTE: To find the polarity of the ends of the solenoid we bring
north pole of a bar magnet near one end of the solenoid .If
there is repulsion between the end and north pole of the
magnet then that end of solenoid acts as north pole.
 ELECTROMAGNET: A strong magnetic field produced inside a solenoid can be used to magnetise a
piece of magnetic material like soft iron ,when placed inside the coil. The magnet so formed is called an
electromagnet

Generally soft iron core is used to make electromagnets as it looses all its magnetic property as soon as
current stops flowing through it .Whereas steel does not demagnetise completely when current stops
flowing through it.

ELECTROMAGNET PERMANENT MAGNET

1) Made of soft iron
2) It produces magnetic field so long as current flows
in the coil.ie it produces temporary magnetic field
3) The magnetic field strength is strong and can be
changed by passing more current.
4) The polarity can be reversed
Uses:In electric bells,motor,generator
1)Made of steel, alloys like ALNICO( alloy
ofAluminium,nickel and cobalt),Nipermag
2)It produces permanent magnetic field
3)The magnetic field strength is weak and cannot
be changed
4)The polarity cannot be reversed
Uses:Used in glavanometer,voltmeter,ammeters
 Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current (Fig 13.12)
Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field

An electric current flowing through a conductor

produces a magnetic field. The field so produced exerts
a force on a magnet placed in the vicinity of the
conductor.

The magnet also exerts an equal and opposite force on

the current carrying conductor (Aluminium rod AB).

The force on a current carrying conductor in a

magnetic field is
due to interaction between
a)magnetic field due to current carrying conductor
b)external magnetic field in which the conductor is
placed
 FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE

According to this rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger(first) and central

finger(second) of your left hand such that they are mutually
perpendicular.
If the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic Field, and the central
finger in the direction of the current, then the thumb will point in the
direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.

Note: Force on the conductor is maximum when direction of current is at

right angles to the direction of magnetic field
 ELECTRIC MOTOR
Electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy. (Fig 13.15)

Principle : When a current carrying conductor is placed perpendicular in a

magnetic field ,it experiences a force.

Video Link for motor

https://youtu.be/9hIx36P2_JY
 Parts of an Electric Motor
1) Armature coil : It is a rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire.
(The soft iron core on which coil is wound , plus the coil is called an armature ).
It enhances the power of the motor

2) Magnet : Armature coil is placed between two poles of a strong magnet which
provides strong magnetic field.

3) Split Rings: It consist of two halves of a metallic ring made of copper. It acts as a
commutator.
Commutator reverses the direction of current in armature coil

4) Axle: The split rings are placed on the axle which can rotate freely.

5) Carbon Brushes: The outside of the split rings are connected to conducting carbon
brushes X and Y.
The brushes makes contact with the rotating rings of the commutator and through
them supply current to the armature coil from the battery.

Working of electric motor-Marked in the text book –NCERT page

232/233 paragraph 3 (STUDY FROM THE TEXT BOOK)
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 METHOD 1 (SELF INDUCTION)

The galvanometer shows a deflection when there is a relative motion between the magnet and
the coil

When a magnet moves towards the the coil, the magnetic field lines passing through the coil
increases or the magnetic flux linked with coil increases.This induces a potential difference
across the ends of the coil which sets up an induced current (magnetic flux-magnetic field lines
per unit area)

When a magnet moves away from the coil, the magnetic field lines passing through the coil
decreases or the magnetic flux linked with coil decreases.This induces a potential difference
across the ends of the coil which sets up an induced current in the opposite direction.

The induced p.d and current can be increased by

1)Using a stronger magnet
2)Moving the magnet faster
3)Increasing the no of turns of the coil
4)Introducing a core material inside the coil
METHOD 2 (MUTUAL INDUCTION)
When current is allowed to flow in the coil -1,there is
a momentary deflection in the galvanometer needle
in coil-2,indicating a momentary current in coil 2.
Disconnection of coil-1 from the battery brings
momentary deflection in the galvanometer needle in
the opposite direction.

Conclusion: Whenever there is a change in the

current flowing through coil-1(primary coil), the
magnetic field associated with it changes.
Thus the magnetic field lines around the coil-
2(secondary coil) also change. Hence change in
magnetic field lines associated with secondary coil is
the cause of induced current in it.

The process by which a changing magnetic field in a

conductor induces a current in another conductor , is
called electromagnetic induction.
FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE

Stretch the thumb,forefinger and

central finger of the right hand so
that they are perpendicular to
each other.
If the forefinger indicates the
direction of the magnetic field
and the thumb shows the
direction of motion of the
conductor, then the central finger
will show the direction of induced
current.
Video link for generator
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ylgb8FFMgd4
PARTS OF A GENERATOR
1)Armature 2)Battery – function same as the motor
3)Slip rings rotate with the armature and are connected to the ends of the
armature
4)Brushes act as sliding contact. It provides path for induced current to
flow from armature and the slip rings to the external circuit
WORKING PAGE 236 NCERT BOOK (STUDY FROM THE
BOOK)
Note:
1)To get a direct current(DC) a split -ring type commutator is used in place of
slip rings.
2)In India , AC changes direction after every 1/100 second thus frequency of
AC is 50Hz
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AC AND DC
ALTERNATING CURRENT(A.C)
1)The current which reverses its
direction after equal intervals of time.
2) It has no fixed terminals as the current
reverses its direction after every half
cycle.
3)Sources of a.c are ac generators,car
alternators,bicycle dynamos
4) The current-time graph is generally
represented by a sinusoidal curve.
DIRECT CURRENT(D.C)
1)The current which flows only in one
direction.
2) It is derived from a cell or a battery
and the positive and negative terminals
are fixed.
3)Sources of d.c are dry cell,car
battery,dc generator
4)The current-time graph is represented
by a straight line parallel to x-axis. Thus
the value of voltage or current remains
constant with time.
ADVANTAGES of A.C. over D.C.
1. Electric power can be transmitted over long distances without much loss
of energy. The cost of such transmission is low.
2. Wide range of voltages is obtained by the use of transformers.
3. A.C. can easily be converted into D.C. with the help of rectifiers.
4.AC equipments are highly efficient, more durable and less expensive .

DISADVANTAGES of A.C. over D.C.

1. Peak value of A.C. is high and it is dangerous to use so better insulation is
required. AC gives a serious shock to a person compared to DC.
2.Any electrical equipment which needs DC cannot run on AC.
3.AC cannot be used for electroplating and other such electrolytic processes.
DOMESTIC ELECTRIC CIRCUITS (FIG 13.20)

COLOUR CODING OF WIRES

Red or Brown ------ → Live wire
Black or light blue ---→ Neutral wire
Green or yellow ---- → Earth wire
House hold electrical problems and safety measures in domestic electric circuits

1)Electric shock:
In appliances with metallic body(electric iron,heater,refrigerator ) ,due to wear and
tear or due to excessive heating,the plastic covering(insulation) of the live wire inside
iron burns, then the live wire may touch the metallic body of the appliance.If we
accidentally come in contact with such a metallic body we are sure to get an electric
shock.

Safety measure:Earthing
To avoid the risk of shock, the metallic body of the appliance is earthed.
Earthing means to connect the metal case of the appliance to the earth (at zero
potential) by means of earth wire.
The earth wire is connected to a metal plate deep in the earth near the house.

It offers a low resistance path to the current. Any leakage of current in the metallic
body is immediately transferred to the earth through the earth wire.

It keeps the potential of metallic body of an appliance at zero.

2)Short-circuit: Whenever live and neutral wires come in contact with each other,
the incident is called short circuit. This occurs when the insulation of the wires is
damaged or there is a fault in the appliance.In this case, resistance of a circuit
decreases to a very small value. The decreasing of resistance increases the
current. Due to this increased current, the wires get heated. This extreme heat
may cause fire in the building.

Safety measure: The use of an electric fuse .

3)Overloading:
If too many appliances of high power rating are switched on at the same time,
they draw an extremely large current from the circuit. This is known as
overloading .
It can also occur
*If too many electrical appliances(high power rating)are connected to a single
socket.
*there is an accidental hike in the supply voltage
In this situation, wires of the supply get heated due to extremely large current

flowing through them and the circuit may catch fire.

Safety measure: To avoid this fire, we use an electric fuse in the circuit.