Managing earthquake

Seismic zoning map of India

Effect of earthquake
Effect within a building
Effect within a building
If the roof has a mass
=Mxa ‘M’ and experiences an
Relative acceleration ‘a,’ then
Mass ‘M’
displacement
from Newton's Second
between top
Law of Motion, the
and bottom of
inertia force ‘F’, is mass
a column
‘M’ times acceleration
‘a’, and its direction is
opposite to that of the
acceleration. Hence, the
lighter buildings
=a
sustain the
earthquake shaking
better.
Behaviour of building during earthquake
Every building has a number of natural frequencies, at which it offers
minimum resistance to shaking induced by external effects.

Natural Period Tn of a building is the time taken by it to undergo one

complete cycle of oscillation. It is an inherent property of a building
controlled by its mass m and stiffness k (an ability of a building to
resist deformation)
Behaviour of building during earthquake
The reciprocal (1/Tn) of natural period of a building is called the Natural
Frequency fn.

Since, shorter frequency earthquake can create more damage, larger the
frequency or shorter the natural period of a building ensures better
performance during the earthquake.

Natural periods of buildings :

• reduce with increase in stiffness (increase in column size) and
reduce in mass
• depend on amount and extent of spatial distribution of unreinforced
masonry infill walls.
• Taller buildings have larger fundamental translational natural periods.
 Behaviour of building during earthquake
The behaviour of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its
overall shape, size and geometry, in addition to how the earthquake forces
are carried to the ground.
Size of Buildings:
• In tall buildings with large height-to-base size ratio the horizontal
movement of the floors during ground shaking is large.

• In short but very long buildings

the damaging effects during
earthquake shaking are many.
• In buildings with large plan area
the horizontal seismic forces can
be excessive to be carried by
columns and walls.
Behaviour of building during earthquake
Horizontal Layout of
Buildings: buildings with
simple geometry in plan have
performed well during strong
earthquakes.
Buildings with U, V, H
and + shaped in plan have
sustained significant damage.
Many times, the bad effects of
these interior corners in the
plan of buildings are
avoided by making the
buildings in two parts.
Behaviour of building during earthquake

Convex shape

Concave shape
Behaviour of building during earthquake

Vulnerable zone

Vulnerable zone
 Behaviour of building during earthquake
• Buildings with vertical setbacks (a
few storeys wider than the rest) cause
a sudden jump in earthquake forces
at the level of discontinuity
• Buildings that have fewer columns
or walls in a particular storey or
with unusually tall storey tend to
damage or collapse which is initiated
in that storey.
• Many buildings with an open ground
storey intended for parking
collapsed or were severely damaged
in Gujarat during the 2001 Bhuj
earthquake.
Behaviour of building during earthquake
Buildings on slopy ground
have unequal height
columns along the slope,
which causes ill effects like
twisting and damage in shorter
columns.
Buildings with columns that
hang or float on beams at an
intermediate storey and do not
go all the way to the
foundation, have
discontinuities in the load
transfer path.
.
Behaviour of building during earthquake
Adjacency of Buildings:
• When two buildings are too
close to each other, they may
pound on each other during
strong shaking.
• When building heights do not
match, the roof of the shorter
building may pound at the mid-
height of the column of the
taller one; this can be very
dangerous.
Behaviour of building during earthquake
Behaviour of building during earthquake
Hinged column base performs better than fixed column base

Lateral deformation profiles

Behaviour of building during earthquake
Large bending moment demand on beams of lower storeys
buildings with large slenderness ratio (height and width ratio)
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

Common structural systems employed in buildings: (a) Moment frames,

(b) Moment frames with structural walls, and (c) Braced moment
frames. Walls and braces shown are shown only along one direction in
plan; but designers can choose to provide them along both directions.
 Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

Moment frames consist of a grid of vertical (i.e., columns) and horizontal (i.e.,
beams) members. They resist lateral loads through axial forces, bending moment
and shear force generated in both beams and columns. It is best to have near
uniform spans and loading in each direction of buildings to ensure uniform
distribution of both bending moment and shear force in all frame members.
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

When lateral displacement is large in a

building with moment frames only,
structural walls, often commonly called
shear walls, can be introduced to help
reduce overall displacement of buildings,
because these vertical plate-like structural
elements have large in-plane stiffness and
strength. Structural walls should be provided
throughout the height of buildings for best
earthquake performance.
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
• structural walls
are most effective
when placed at the
periphery of
buildings.
• it is useful to have
one long
structural wall
than two short
ones separated by
interconnecting
beams.
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Braced Frame Systems

The structural system consists of moment frames with specific bays

provided with braces throughout the height of the building. Braces are
provided in both plan directions such that no twisting is induced in the
building owing to unsymmetrical stiffness in plan. X bracing is most common
type. K bracing can cause shear failure, hence it is not very effective.
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Braced Frame Systems
global braces are effective in reducing the force demands on main frame
members, sometimes even more than structural walls. Consider two 20-
storey buildings, the reduction in force demands on frame members (i.e.,
beams and columns) in the building with global bracing is significant.
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

DEFORMATION PROFILES
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Tube System
For tall buildings, use of braced
frames and structural walls alone
may be insufficient to control their
overall lateral displacement as well
as the force demands on various
structural members. In such cases,
more rigid structural systems are
required,
Structural Elements in a Tube
System: Some columns (called
Gravity Columns) are not necessarily
connected with beams to either the
Core or the Tube
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Tube System
Closely-spaced heavy columns forming a closed loop inter-connected with
beams, together called the tube, forms the first part of the lateral load resisting
system. Heavy reinforced concrete structural walls together creating a closed
shaft, called as the core, form the other part.

Possible systems of beams in a Tube system: Connection between the core and
tube through (a) only primary grid of beams, (b) primary and secondary grid of
beams, and (c) primary, secondary and tertiary grid of beams
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Tube-in-Tube
When the building plan is large, sometimes, many columns may be required
to support the gravity loads. Then, it may be beneficial to create a second tube
of columns interconnected with beams inside the perimeter tube of columns
interconnected with beams. This system is called the Tube-in-Tube System
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Tube-in-Tube
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Bundled Tube Systems
two major actions improve the lateral stiffness of the building and even reduces
the demand on the closely spaced columns. These actions are:
(1) Multiple tubes with many planes of large depths (in plan) of the closely
spaced columns (almost making them act like walls of the full length); and
(2) RC cores connected with stiff horizontal sub-systems at distinct levels
along the height of the building.
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

It is important to maintain proper grid in framing system

Non-uniform distribution of forces can cause localized failures in members
thereby affecting the structural integrity of the building
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Asymmetry of mass in plan: Concentrated mass at one corner of building
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Irregularity in stiffness in plan occurs due to presence of staircase or
elevator core at one corner of buildings
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Reducing the stiffness irregularity by adding a new stiff lateral load
resisting system in the building, whose lateral stiffness is much larger
than that of the original system of the building that has irregularity, e.g.,
RC structural wall in a RC moment frame building with unreinforced
masonry infills.
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

R.C.C Walls of full-height provide a reasonably uniform stiffness and strength

along the height: (a) Moment-frame building, and (b) Moment-frame building
with Structural Walls
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

Discontinuing structural wall in upper storeys: Large deformation

demand in storey immediately above structural wall
Large openings should not be provided in structural walls.
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

Masonry infilled frame: Infill helps transfer lateral loads through diagonal
strut action and reduces demand on columns
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

Masonry infilled frame: Infill helps transfer lateral loads through diagonal
strut action and reduces demand on columns
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake

Addressing pounding when adequate separation joints cannot be provided:

Beams needs to stitched of adjoining units
Structural systems for better performance during
earthquake
Short Column Effect

With the shear wall placed in the

inclined portion of the foundation of the
building, the short column effect is
eliminated
Earthquake resistant buildings
Earthquake resistant buildings

General principles
• Try to make building as light as possible
• All parts of the building should be tied together
• Avoid projecting and suspending parts like long chajjas, suspending
sun shades and so on.
• Try to make building in any regular symmetrical pattern
Earthquake resistant buildings

Essential elements of earthquake safety

• Plinth Band
• Lintel Bands
• Roof Floor Band
• Vertical reinforcing bar at corners
• Door/Window/Opening Band
Earthquake resistant buildings

The step by step method for constructing

a typical masonry structure
Method for construction

Step 1 Reinforcement for

columns raised and grouted
while laying the foundation.
Carry out Brick masonry as
usual up to plinth level except
for leaving the spaces for RCC
columns.
The brick masonry must be left
near column joints
 Method for construction

Step 2 Provide shuttering at the outer Step 3 Provide plinth band with
two sides or one side as the case may required reinforcement
be and fill the space with required
grade of concrete
Method for construction

Step 4: Raise brick masonry

further up to a height of lintel or
top of openings. Also, provide RCC
bands with minimum
reinforcement along the sides of
the openings
Provide lapping in the
reinforcement bars of the columns
Method for construction
Step 5: Carry out the concreting of the
pillars

Step 6: Provide a lintel band above all

the openings, preferably a continuous
band on all the walls, main walls as
well as cross walls.
The reinforcement in bands must be
tied to the reinforcement in pillars or
columns
Method for construction
Step 7: Raise the brick masonry
to desired storey height
following the same procedure
and steps as explained

Step 8: Fill the space for RCC

pillars/columns with concrete as
explained earlier
Method for construction
Step 9: Provide RCC slab as
usual with required
reinforcement as shown in figure
below

Step 10: The same process may

be repeated for constructing
second floor as well
Earthquake resistant buildings

Vernacular architecture
“seismic culture,” of Kashmir and Assam
Vernacular architecture
Taq timber-laced construction: thick
masonry piers (span of 900-1200
mm) supporting wooden floor beams.
The walls have timber embedded in
them to increase elasticity
Vernacular architecture
Dhajji-dewari is the name given to a
traditional timber-braced frame with
random rubble masonry infill
construction practiced mainly in
Kashmir
Vernacular architecture

The earthquake resistance of a dhajji building is developed in the

following ways.
• The mortar, masonry infill panels quickly crack in-plane thereby
absorbing seismic energy through friction against the timber framing, and
between the cracks in the fill material.
• The timber frame and closely spaced bracing, which essentially
remains elastic, prevents large cracks from propagating through the
infill walls. Thus, the possibility of out-of-plane collapse of masonry
panels is reduced considerably.
• The masonry walls are kept relatively thin. This helps to reduce the
mass of the building.
Vernacular architecture

Four and five story residential buildings in the Indian Kashmir city of
Baramulla showing how the unreinforced masonry collapsed, leaving
the dhajji dewari bridging over the gap, while a tall rubble stone
building reinforced with taq timber ring beams survived the 2005
earthquake undamaged.
Vernacular architecture

• Ikra houses are single-storey structures consisting of brick or stone masonry

walls up to about 1 m above the plinth. This masonry supports the walls
consisting of bamboo woven together with a wooden frame, and plastered
with cement or mud plaster
• Bamboo superstructure is connected to the masonry foundation walls using
steel angles, and flats with bolts and nails.
Cyclone resistance architecture
Effects of cyclone

• Due to the high wind pressure and

improper connection of the house to the
footings it can be blown away.

• Roofing materials not anchored can be

blown away.
Effects of cyclone

• Light weight verandah roofs are more susceptible to damage due to

high wind speed.

• When cyclones are accompanied with heavy rain for a long duration,
the buildings can be damaged due to flooding also. Building
contents are spoiled due to rain when roofing sheets fly away
Effects of cyclone
Effects of cyclone
Wind forces on the walls of the
house may produce failure. Wind
striking a building produces
pressure which pushes against
the building, on the windward
side, and suction which pulls the
building on the leeward side and
the roof. If no air enters the
building, then there is pressure
inside which is pushing against
the walls and the roof.
Effects of cyclone

• Wind generating opening on

the windward side during a
cyclone will increase the
pressure on the internal
surfaces. This pressure, in
combination with the external
suction, may be sufficient to
cause the roof to blow off and
the walls to explode.
Effects of cyclone

Another mode of failure occurs when the windward side of the house
collapses under the pressure of the wind.
Effects of cyclone

During a cyclone an opening may suddenly occur on the windward side

of the house. The internal pressure which builds up as a result may be
relieved by providing a corresponding opening on the leeward side.
Managing wind speed
The basic wind speed is reduced or enhanced for design of buildings and
structures due to following factors:
(i) The risk level of the structure measured in terms of adopted return
period and life of structures.
(ii) Terrain roughness determined by the surrounding buildings or trees and,
height and size of the structure.
(iii) Local topography like hills, valleys, cliffs, or ridges, etc.
Considerations for site
Site considerations

The influence of such a shield will be over a limited distance, only for 8 – 10
times the height of the trees. A tree broken close to the house may
damage the house also hence distance of tree from the house may be kept
1.5 times the height of the tree.
Site considerations

In cyclonic regions close to the coast, a site above the likely inundation
(flood) level should be chosen.
Site considerations

In hilly regions
Design of house
Design of house

In case of construction of group of buildings, a cluster arrangement can be

followed in preference to row type.
Design of house
Simple, compact, symmetrical shapes are best.
If other shapes are desired, efforts should be made to strengthen the
corners.
If longer shapes are used, they must be designed to withstand the forces of
the wind. Most houses are rectangular and the best layout is when the
length is not more than three (3) times the width
Design of house
In case of rectangular plan, the length of an individual wall should be
kept less than 3.65 m (12‟) which can be achieved by provision of
intervening cross walls or pilasters.
Design of house

• The roof pitch should not be less than

22º.
• Hip roofs are best, else a high pitched
gable roof.
Design of house

Ferro-Cement (FC) has the

advantages of reduced dead
weight compared to an R C roof, as
well as better corrosion resistance.
This new material could be used for
flat or sloping roofs provided that
the ferro-cement sheets are
adequately anchored to the
supporting walls/beams against the
wind-uplift forces
Design of house

Because of lower dead weight, clay

tiles may be unable to resist the
uplifting force and thus experience
heavy damage, particularly during
cyclones. Anchoring of roof tiles into
R.C. strap beams is recommended
for improved cyclone resistance
Design of house
Design of house

• Provide Plan bracing at the bottom chord level of trusses to avoid

bottom chord buckling due to uplift force as well as to distribute the
horizontal loading from gable ends
• Provide a continuous R.C.C bond beam over the walls to improve the
lateral resistance of the supporting brick walls
Design of house
Design of house
• Improvement for thatch roofs and mud walls to reduce damages due to
cyclones
Design of house
• Improvement for thatch roofs and mud walls to reduce damages due to
cyclones
Design of house
• Overhangs should not be more than 18 inches at verges or eaves.
• Build verandah and patio roofs as separate structures rather than
extensions of the main building.
• The roof of separate structure may blow off without damaging the rest of
the house.
Design of house
The overhang at eaves shall not exceed 450 mm. In case it exceeds this
value, the projected portion of the roof may be properly tied back to the
wall frame work
Design of house
• The entire foundation of a house should be constructed on the same
soil and not on made up-soil.
Design of house
• Where a building is constructed on stilts it is necessary that stilts are
properly braced in both the principal directions.
• Knee bracings will be preferable to full diagonal bracing so as not to
obstruct the passage of floating debris during storm surge
Design of house
• All posts be properly anchored into the ground or in reinforced cement
footing. Alternatively, the posts with cross members connected at the lower
end be embedded in ground by a minimum depth of 750 mm.
• Walls be raised from a well compacted lean concrete bed or well
compacted ground from a minimum depth of 450 mm below the ground
level.
Design of house
• For high winds in cyclone prone areas it is found necessary to reinforce
the walls by means of reinforced concrete bands and vertical
reinforcing bars as for earthquake resistance.
Design of house
For the continuity of the
load path from the roof to
the foundation in case of
hollow concrete block
masonry.

High Strength Deformed Bars

Design of house
Design of house
Design of house

Cladding panels may be

made using meshes of
bamboo strips, cane other
suitable fibrous agro
waste, and plastering In Situ.
Design of house

The opening near to the edge of a wall should be positioned with a

minimum distance as shown
Design of house

The opening near to the edge of a wall should be positioned with a

minimum distance as shown
Design of house
Design of house
• Glass panes can be strengthened by pasting thin film or paper strips.
This will help in holding the debris of glass panes from flying in case of
breakage. It will also introduce some damping in the glass panels and
reduce their vibrations.
Design of house
House in Bangladesh
• Design in flood prone area and on river bank
• For the post, 1:2:4 concrete reinforced with mild steel bars is selected,
whereas timber from locally available rain tree or Mehagani is used for
beams and roof rafters
House in Bangladesh
• A stepped high earth plinth is chosen for better protection, as the area is
flood prone. Two parts of the bamboo fences are considered for better
maintenance of the lower part fence. A loft is provided to save valuables
during flood.
Housing affordability
 Background

Urban area houses 30% of the countries entire population (2011 Census)
which is estimated to increase to 40% by 2030.

Reasons of rapid urbanisation:

• employment opportunities,
• Improved health and education,
• and better access to basic services (safe drinking water, electricity, septic
tank, toilet etc.)
 Background

The Ministry
of Housing
estimated a housing
shortage of 18.78
million houses
during the 12th plan
period.
Poverty
It is measured in terms of consumption or spending per individual over a
certain period for a basket of essential goods, ₹ 26 a day ($0.43) in rural
areas and about ₹ 32 per day ($0.53) in urban areas.

Economically Weaker section(EWS)

Households with annual income below 3 lakh.

Low Income Group (LIG)

Households with annual income between 3-6 lakh.

Middle Income Group (MIG)

Households with annual income between 6-18 lakh
 Need of Affordable Housing

• Housing that can be afforded by the median wage-earner is a pre-

requisite for the city to attract and retain the labour force required to
ensure its economic success. AH is one of the indicators of balanced
growth in the country.
• Affordable housing has multiple linkages to other aspects of the
individual’s well-being.
 Affordable housing: Ministry in India

The rural housing sector falls within the purview of the Ministry of Rural
Development, while housing and human settlements in urban areas is the
jurisdiction of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

Each state has a Housing department

 Housing Affordability

• The principle indicators of housing affordability are house cost as a

multiplier of annual household income and rent to income ratio.

“Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of

affordability criterion, which could be income level of the family, size of
the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of EMI size or ratio of house
price to annual income”– Government of India
 Housing Affordability

Minimum of 269 sq ft (25 sq m) carpet area

Maximum of 517 sq ft (48 sq m) carpet area

Maximum of 861 sq ft (80 sq m)carpet area

• Cost of house: EMI < 30% of gross monthly income of the buyer.

• Reasonable maintenance cost

 Affordable housing

Supply side Market price

Gap

Demand side
Affordability

Can be fulfilled by reducing market price or improving the affordability

 Affordable housing: Interventions

Supply side interventions

• Supply of land
• Technology: better method with reduced time of construction
• Institutional: government policies, managing land price

Demand side interventions

• Housing finance
• Reservation: for EWS, LIG etc.
• Interest subsidy
 Affordable housing: best practices
• Canada, Malaysia, USA and most of the EU, wherein weaker sections are
the focus
• Both supply side (public housing or assistance to developers) and
demand side subsidies (periodic cash allowances or capital grants to
support housing costs) are common practice; ranging from subsidized
rentals in the Netherlands to subsidized ownership in Spain
• Private participation is encouraged in various ways: density bonuses
are provided in the US, mixed use housing in the UK
• Malaysia has established public-private partnerships (PPPs) with role
definitions for the public (land and procedures) and private players (finance
and execution).
• Singapore and Hong Kong have experimented successfully with cross
subsidization.
 Affordable housing: Govt. of India

1. In-situ slum redevelopment (ISSR): using land as resource, the

scheme aims to provide houses to eligible slum dwellers by redeveloping
the existing slums on public/ private land. Under this scheme, a grant of `1
lakh per house is provided by the central government to the planning
and implementing authorities of the states/UTs.

Urban local body provides the land

 Affordable housing: In-situ slum redevelopment
Slum Redevelopment Scheme (SRS)
• The SRS, as envisaged in Mumbai, worked on the principle of giving
additional Floor Space Index (FSI) to the developers
• All residing households in the slum are given a free DU of the size about 225
sq. ft (approximately 21 sq. m)
• Additional FSI generating additional space available for commercial sale
so as to make the project financially viable for the developer. The additional
FSI could be made available through Transfer of Development Rights
(TDR) on another parcel of land that the developer holds so that through
the sale of the latter, the profits are accrued to the developer
Transferable Development Right (TDR)

It is a compensation in form of FAR or development right, which shall

entitle the owner for construction of built up area as per applicable
regulation.

Eligibility:
Road widening (public purpose)
Maintaining heritage structure
Housing construction for slum dwellers
Development Right Certificate (DRC)

It gives the built up area or FAR credit to the eligible owner mentioning
the plot and other details of development right transferred.
 Affordable housing: In-situ slum redevelopment
Slum Redevelopment Scheme (SRS) in Ahmedabad, 2010 regulations offered

• a fully serviced DU, minimum 36 sq. m built-up area (excluding common

areas) to all eligible slum dwellers
• social infrastructure depending on the size of the slum.
• The developer could develop the additional unutilized land (if remaining)
for commercial purposes after acquiring it from the local authority in case
the slum is situated on public land (Government of Gujarat, 2010).
• The beneficiaries could transfer/sell DUs only after 20 years from the date
of possession.
 Affordable housing: In-situ slum redevelopment

Slum Redevelopment Scheme (SRS) in Ahmedabad

• The eligibility of the slum dweller is based on a minimum occupancy

period of 10 years in the slum hutment and having state domicile of 25
years.

• Documents proving occupancy include ration card, electricity bill, proof of

being in the electoral rolls etc. Although the residents were occupants of
hutments since 10 years, some of them did not possess the requisite formal
documents.
 Affordable housing: In-situ slum redevelopment
Slum Redevelopment Scheme (SRS) in Ahmedabad

• It was mandatory for the developer to obtain the consent of at least 75 per
cent of the occupants of the slum being considered under the scheme.

• The developer had to form a registered cooperative housing society

(CHSG) consisting of 11–12 members of the settlement to whom the SRS
project would be handed over for future maintenance,
 Affordable housing: In-situ slum redevelopment
Slum Redevelopment Scheme (SRS) in Ahmedabad in May 2012. The revised
regulations provided more incentives to the developers

• after the rehabilitation of slum dwellers, if additional FSI was available, it

could be utilized on the same slum plot or any other plot in a zone having
permissible FSI of 1.2 or more. It could also be utilized on other lands in the
city for projects granted under the Regulation of Hotel, 2011, and Regulation
for Hospitals, 2011. The remaining FSI had to be consumed within a
period of five years from the date of granting permission for slum
rehabilitation.
 Affordable housing: In-situ slum redevelopment
The SRS approach has advantages :

1. It is based upon the concept of land-sharing. By granting higher FSI to

slum areas, it has the potential of freeing lands for ‘development’ while not
harming the interests of the slum dwellers.
2. It attempts to address the issue of lack of resources for housing the poor by
bringing in private and market initiatives. Higher FSI and TDR are
incentives offered to developers.
 Affordable housing: In-situ slum redevelopment
Problems

• Land management tools, FSI and TDR are the incentives for developers.
Hence work only for highly priced land. The regulations have to be
location specific rather than general for the city and/or for the state.
• The developers are not attuned to work with low-income households, NGO
can work as mediator. to establish the eligibility of households as
beneficiaries in the project
• Limited role of the primary stakeholders ( the slum dwellers), in the
process except firstly providing consent and then forming CHSG for post-
project management
 Affordable housing: Govt. of India
2. Credit-linked subsidy scheme (CLSS): under this scheme, easy
institutional credit is provided to EWS, LIG and MIG households for
purchase of homes with interest subsidy credited upfront to the
borrower’s account through primary lending institutions (PLIs), effectively
reducing housing loan and equated monthly instalments (EMI)
 Affordable housing: CLSS

Affordability Measure (AM): AM is defined as the ratio of housing cost

equated monthly instalments (EMI) to monthly income of the household. A
house is considered to be affordable if AM < 30 per cent.
 Affordable housing: Govt. of India

3. Affordable housing in partnership (AHP): it aims to provide financial

assistance to private developers to boost private participation in
affordable housing projects; central assistance is provided at the rate of
`1.5 lakh per EWS house in private projects where at least 35 per cent
of the houses are constructed for the EWS category (carpet area 30
sq.m.).
 Affordable housing: Govt. of India

4. Beneficiary-led construction or enhancement (BLC): this scheme

involves central assistance of `1.5 lakh per family for new construction
or extension of existing houses for the EWS/ LIG.
 Affordable housing: Challenges

(i) lack of suitable low cost land within the city limits;
(ii) lengthy statutory clearance and approval process;
(iii) shortcomings in development norms, planning and project design;
(iv) lack of participation of large organised real estate players due to low
profit margins;
(v) high cost of funds for construction finance making the projects unviable;
(vi) lack of suitable mechanism for maintenance;
(vii) challenges in beneficiary selection
(viii) capacity constraint or inadequate capacity of the implementing agencies
 Affordable housing: suggestions from World
Bank

• Houses are affordable in countries where property rights are protected

• Rental housing should hold a larger share of urban tenure choices
• Prospective and innovative urban planning and housing finance tools
can improve affordable housing options for low and middle income group.