Human environment interaction system

Person
Any condition of
• Individuals
influence from outside
• Families
the organism
• Community

Environment

• Physical- all natural

and man-made Levels of environment
features • Personal
• Social- social norms • Household
and institutions • Neighbourhood
• Perceived – ways of • Community
experiencing
1. Interactive model
Presence of props and

Person Environment their arrangements

Behaviour

The characteristics of the person and the environment are considered to

be discrete and can easily be measured

Person-environment fit can be measured by etic (outsider’s view) or

emic (insider’s view) through self reported questionnaire
2. Transactional model
Presence of props and
their arrangements
Behaviour Person Environment

Behaviour cannot be separated from contextual influences, temporal

factors, physical and psychological characteristics.

Hence, disability is caused by the characteristics of a person and his/her

relationship with the environment
3. Occupation model

Person Environment

Person Environment
Occupational
performance

Occupation

Occupation is the purposeful activities to meet a person’s intrinsic

needs for self-maintenance, expression and fulfilment
3. Occupation model

Occupational
performance is the
outcome of the
transaction of the
person, environment
and occupation
3. Occupation model

Maximizes fit Minimizes fit

3. Occupation model

Man-environment interaction includes three aspects:

• Cognitive: perceiving, knowing, thinking etc.

• Affective: feelings and emotions about environment
• Conative: acting, doing etc. (response to cognitive and affective
aspects)
3. Occupation model
Occupational performance across the lifespan
3. Occupation model
Intervention and evaluation of performance
Social functions of space
human behaviour
Human behaviour
1. Territorial behaviour
2. Privacy behaviour
3. Identity behaviour

Barrier protects assets from being taken by another animal, helps

organize social relationships, and communicates important rules
of behavior within a group or species.

Example : building of fences and walls, no-trespassing signs

1. Territorial behaviour
A pattern of behaviour and attitudes held by an individual or group perceived,
attempted or actual ownership or control of a definable physical space,
object or idea that may involve habitual occupation, defence,
personalisation and marking of it.

• Body territory is physical self

• Primary territory are the spaces

owned by individuals or primary
groups, controlled on a relatively
permanent basis by them and
central to their daily lives
 1. Territorial behaviour
• Secondary territory is shared with
strangers and its control is less
essential
• Public territory is open to anyone
• Interactional territory is temporarily
controlled by a group of interacting
individuals
2. Privacy behaviour

Privacy is the process of adjusting control over information about

the self to desirable levels. The reasons of privacy behaviours are the
following:
• preventing negative information
• maintaining security
• free from the need of social relations

Example : The design of space, through physical boundaries,

distance, and spatial organization, are used extensively to control the
flow of information.
Closing and opening doors, gates, and curtains and other flexible
boundaries
2. Privacy behaviour

Personal space

“Personal space refers to an area with invisible boundaries

surrounding a person’s body into which intruders may not come.”
(Sommer, 1969)

Dynamic spatial component of interpersonal relations.

60cm
2. Privacy behaviour

Interpersonal distance

(Hall, 1959)

Intimate Personal Social Public

Near phase 0-15 cm 45-75 cm 1.2-2m 3.5-7m

Behaviours Wrestling/ Distance to talk Buying Speaking to a

showing between good something in group of 30-40
negative friends a store people
emotion

Far phase 15-45 cm 75-120 cm 2-3.5m >7m

Behaviours Loving, Interactions Formal Meeting
whispering between business important
friends and transactions public figure
acquaintances
3. Identity behaviour

A type of behaviour through which people communicate important

information to each other during social relations

Territorial behaviour and privacy are two spatial practices that

we use to manage identity

Example : Use of territorial marker (trees, nameplates etc.)

Influence on territorial behaviour
and privacy

• Personal factor (age, gender etc.) Bar

• Social factor (context and activity, socio-economic

level etc.)

• Culture and ethnic factor

Restaurant
Social functions of space
Socio-spatial order
 Socio-spatial order
Physical barrier, visual connection

Prison, a machine
for changing
behaviour

Panopticon (prison, desined by Jeremy Bentham, an English natural philosopher)

Socio-spatial order
Defining territories
Socio-spatial order

Defensible space, as defined by Oscar Newman(1973), is a living

residential environment which reduces crime and gives security to its
inhabitants with the help of the physical fabric within it.

Public
Private
Socio-spatial order
Defensible space, as defined by Oscar Newman(1973)
Design of spaces: entrance, door, window
Human abilities and design
Physical abilities

Walking
Balance
Handling Mental abilities
Strength
Lifting
Reaching

Sensory abilities

Speech
Hearing
Sight
Touch
1. Entrance

A clearly visible and

accessible entrance
with clear access
routes and doors that
are sufficiently wide
and easy to operate
1. Entrance

The position of an entrance may be

highlighted with architectural
features such as a canopy or a
door recess
1. Entrance

• Audio clues, such as a small fountain or rustling plants,

and olfactory features such as fragrant plants can also
assist.

• Artificial lighting can highlight the entrance to a building and

make it more obvious at night for everyone.

• In new buildings, all entrances – whether they are the

principal entrance or any other entrance such as a staff
entrance – must be universally designed.
1. Entrance

An access route, connecting major entrances

2. Door
• Automatic door shall be provided to one of the main entrances, which
is commonly used by the public,

• Microwave Radar has a conical detection area, only covers a

restricted area in front of door and is direction-sensitive.
 2. Door

• Digital or Key Selector

Mounted on walls or
columns in the vicinity
of a door. This allow
access to authorised
people only.

• Push buttons for the

disabled

• Have a guardrail where

it opens into a route of
travel.
2. Door

• Adequate space should be provided outside all

entrance doors

The recommended clear area for a landing or turning space

immediately outside an entrance is 1800mm x 1800mm.
Leave a clear space of 600mm adjacent to handle-side of door

600
2. Door

• Entrance doors should visually contrast

with adjacent surfaces, A minimum luminous
contrast of 30% should clearly define
between wall, floor and door surfaces.

• The edges of frameless glass doors

should be made apparent (with contrasting
colour frame, decorative feature)
2. Door

This has raised small dots (23mm in

This has parallel raised bars
diameter) placed in staggered
for guiding the users along
positions for indication of possible
an intended safe path.
Thickness for tiles= 8 - 20mm change in walking directions.
 2. Door

This has raised big dots (35mm in

diameter) arranged in square grid parallel to
the sides of the slab for indication of potential
hazards ahead.
2. Door
600mm

Positional tile

Directional tile

For sliding door

2. Door
2. Door
2. Door
 2. Door
Measuring clear width
Entrance doors should have clear opening
of 900mm-1000mm Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3
2. Door

• Maneuvering space needed for access door

2. Door

• The
unobstructed
area adjacent to
the door handle
on the leading
face of a single
door shall not be
less than 330
mm in width.
2. Door
 2. Door
Maneuvering space needed for access door
2. Door

• Maneuvering space needed for access door

2. Door

• Vision panels should be provided in all entrance and

entrance lobby doors.
2. Door
 2. Door

The marking shall be

placed across on the
glass door such that
at least a portion of
the marking is placed
between 900 mm
and 1500 mm above
the finished floor.
2. Door
2. Door

Door handle of manually operated doors and control switch or button of

door with powered open devices should have a minimum luminous
contrast of 30% with the background finishes.
2. Door
3. Window
Design of spaces: for vertical circulation
Ramp

Knowledge of making
ramp in limited space

Slope miscalculation
Ramp

This ramp was located to take advantage of topography to

reduce its length
Ramp

This ramp was designed as an extension of deck

Ramp

This ramp was designed as part of the landscape

Ramp
Ramp
The minimum clear width of a ramp should
be 1200 mm.
Ramp
Ramp

The surface of the ramp should be slip resistant with contrasting

wooden handrails
The ramp slope should contrast visually with landing surfaces
Ramp
Ramp

12 mm (max)
12 mm (max)
Long dimension
perpendicular to the
route of travel

Grating
Stepped approach

For stepped approach

size of tread shall not
be less than 300 mm.
and maximum riser
shall be 150 mm.
Provision of 900 mm
high hand rail on both
sides of the stepped
approach similar to the
ramped approach.
Ramp and steps
Stairs
Avoid single steps on an access route.
Stairs
 Stairs

• There should be no more than 12 risers in one flight run

• open stairs should not be provided to minimize the risk of
stumbling
Stairs
• Projecting nosing
should not be
provided to minimize
the risk of stumbling
• Permissible nosing =
38mm (one and half
inch) maximum
• stairs with non-slip
applied nosing.
• Step edges must
contrast in colour to
the risers
Stairs
Stairs
Stairs

Placements of warning blocks for steps

Stairs

Max
Use of guard rail
 Stairs

All steps should be uniform.

Circular stair should be avoided.
Stairs
Lift
Every floor of a building
shall be accessible
by at least one
passenger lift
The lift should have a
voice announcement
system along with a
visual display

The gap between the

lift door and building
floor should not be
more than 12 mm.
13 passenger lift
Lift Mirror above
the handrail
to rear wall

A space of
30 mm - 50 mm
between the
handrails and
wall.

mirror should extend from 900mm above floor level to ceiling level
Lift
If more than three lifts in a
building, access shall be provided
to every floor by at least one lift
having minimum internal car
dimensions of 2000 mm x 1100
mm

A detection device shall be

provided to reopen the lift doors in
the event of hitting any
obstacle.(at a height of between
500 mm to 600 mm above the
floor of the lift car.)
 Lift

An emergency alarm push button together with a buzzer, an indication

light for acknowledgement and an intercom shall be provided in each lift
car and be connected to the building management office or the caretaker’s
office.
Lift
Vertical platform Lift

Gates and
barriers should
be at least
800mm high
and incorporate
a horizontal rail
(safety guard)
300mm above
platform level.
 Lift
Vertical platform Lift

an alternative means of access

between two or more floors in an
existing building (for maximum
level changes of 2500). Minimum
size should be 1200 X 1000 mm.

Occupy less amount of space

because of absence of a structural
shaft and motor room, and the
requirement for only a shallow lift pit
.
Lift
Vertical platform Lift

Shaft: Self-
supporting
enclosure.
No need for
conventional shaft

Travel: max 15 m
Lift
a) Vertical platform lift b) Hydraulic lift c) Traction lift
Lift

• Hydraulic lifts are

cheaper, but for
buildings of much over
seven storey‟s, traction
lifts must be employed
instead.
• Hydraulic lifts are usually
slower than traction lifts
Lift
Inclined platform stair-lift

Inclined movement
platform lifts consist of
three elements a railing,
an electric generator and
a moving platform or
seat.
Platform lifts can be
installed on all types of
stairs
The minimum space
requirement is 1050 mm
wide x 1250 mm travel.
Lift
shortest cost for installation
Inclined platform stair-lift
procedure as compared to other
lifts. In future we can incorporate
the following:

• Using monorail
• Automation / timer unit
which will ease the use of
device.
• Seatbelt for future safety.
• Rack and carrier
arrangement for using the
device for curved stair case.
• Folding seat arrangement.
 4. Corridor
• Minimum width 1500mm (to
accommodate a wheelchair and a walking
person)

• Travel distances should be minimised

• Resting spaces at an interval of 30

meters

• Windows should not open into circulation

routes in a manner that would cause
obstruction or reduce corridor width

• Minimum illumination level is 150 lux