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a Thermodynamics
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‘5.1 Introduction
a The Thermodynarnics is that branch of Engineering — science which deals with the
energies
" . possessed by gases and vapours. It also includes the conversion of these
energies in terms of heat
and mechanical work and their relationship with properties of the system.
4 . §.2. Thermodynamic System |
q E The thermodynamic system may be defined as a definite area or a space where
some
@® *thermodynamic process takes place. It may be noted that a thermodynamic system
has its
@® boundaries, and anything outside the boundaries is called its surroundings. The
thermodynamic
' 4 system may be classifiec into the following three groups : :
{ : 1. Closed system. This is a system of fixed mass whose boundaries are
determined by the
@@ space of the working substance occupied in it. Ina closed system, heat and work
cross the boundary
@e ofthe system, but there is no addition or loss of the originial mass of the
working substance. Thus the
@& mass of the working substance which comprises the system, ts fixed.
; 2. Opensystem. In this system, the working substance crosses the boundary of the
system.
@e The heat and woik may also cross the boundary. :
j 3. Isolated system. It is asystem of fixed mass and no heat or work cross its
boundary.
@ 5.3 Properties of a System
§ The state of a system may be identified by certain observable quantities such as
volume,
me temperature, pressure and density etc. All the quantities which identify the
state of a system are called
@ properties. The thermodynamic properties are divided into the following two
classes :
a 1. Extensive properties. The properties of the system, whose value for the entire
system is
me. equal to the sum of their values for the individual parts of the system, are
called extensive properties.
me For example, total volume, total mass and total energy of a system are extensive
properties.
, 2. Intensive properties. The properties of the system, whose value for the entire
system is
f not equal to the sum of their values for the individual parts of the system, are
called intensive
f properties. For example, temperature, pressure and density of a system are
intensive properties.
. §.4 Thermal Equilibrium
. When there are vazjations in temperature from point to point of an isolated
system, the
|. temperature at every point first changes with time. This rate of change
decreases and eventually
s stops. When no further changes are observed, the system is said to be in thermal
equilibrium.
f 5.5 Lawsof Thermodynamics "
: Following are the three laws of thermodynamics :
p |. Zeroth law of thermodynamics. This law states that when two bodies are in
thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other
E *See Art. 5.14.
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