Draft Measure Information Template - Chiller Min Efficiency

CODES AND STANDARDS ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVE (CASE)
Draft Measure Information Template –

Chiller Minimum Efficiency
2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards
California Utilities Statewide Codes and Standards Team, April 2011
This report was prepared by the California Statewide Utility Codes and Standards Program and funded by the California utility customers under
the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission.
Copyright 2011 Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Southern California Edison, SoCalGas, SDG&E.
All rights reserved, except that this document may be used, copied, and distributed without modification.
Neither PG&E, SCE, SoCalGas, SDG&E, nor any of its employees makes any warranty, express of implied; or assumes any legal liability or
responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any data, information, method, product, policy or process disclosed in this
document; or represents that its use will not infringe any privately-owned rights including, but not limited to, patents, trademarks or copyrights
Chiller Minimum Efficiency Page 2
CONTENTS
1. Overview ................................................................................................................................. 3
2 Methodology............................................................................................................................ 6
3 Analysis and Results.............................................................................................................. 13
4 Stakeholder Input................................................................................................................... 26
5 Recommended Language for the Standards Document, ACM Manuals, and the Reference
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 27
6 Bibliography and Other Research.......................................................................................... 32
7 Appendices ............................................................................................................................ 33
2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

1. Overview
1.1 Measure Title
Chiller Minimum Efficiency
1.2 Description
This measure proposes to update Title 24-2013 to adopt and build on the changes to the chiller
efficiency measures new in ASHRAE 90.1-2010. In particular this includes the new chiller
efficiencies in 90.1-2007 Addendum M and the increase in coverage of centrifugal chillers in
90.1-2007 Addenda BL and BT (K-factor adjustment). Addendum M introduced two paths to
compliance Path A for fixed speed chillers and Path B for variable speed chillers. This measure
proposes to go beyond 90.1 2010 in that it seeks to choose only one path per chiller category
based on life-cycle cost.
This report also proposes changes to the existing limitations for air cooled chillers 144(i) (new
constructions) and 149(c) (plant expansions). These provisions have been gamed in the field and
we are proposing changes to close loopholes.
1.3 Type of Change

This proposes changes to the mandatory requirements, prescriptive requirements and the
prescriptive requirements.
1.4 Energy Benefits

This measure proposes to increase the minimum energy efficiency requirements of both air-
cooled and water-cooled chillers in California. Increased energy efficiency reduces the amount
of cooling energy required to maintain the same cooling output.
A summary of the energy savings results are given below in Table 1 for the prototype building in
Climate Zone 3 with medium-sized (200 tons each), water-cooled centrifugal, Path B chillers.
See Section 2 for details of the assumptions and Section 3.1 for detailed results.
Electricity Demand Natural Gas TDV TDV Gas

Savings Savings Savings Electricity Savings
(kwh/yr) (kw) (Therms/yr) Savings
Per ton of cooling 415.41 0.187 0 $894.75 0
capacity
Per Prototype 73,389 33.13 0 $158,074 0
Building
Savings per 7.3389 0.000331 0 $1.58 0
square foot
Table 1. Summary of energy savings from proposed measure, Climate Zone 3

1.5 Non-Energy Benefits

This measure has no non-energy benefits.
1.6 Environmental Impact

There are no significant potential adverse environmental impacts of this measure.
1.7 Technology Measures

This measure as written provides a preference for variable speed chillers.
1.8 Performance Verification of the Proposed Measure

This measure requires the performance verification and commissioning that already exists for
chillers. There are no new proposed acceptance requirements.
1.9 Cost Effectiveness

The details of the cost-effectiveness calculations are given in Section 3.3. The results are
summarized in
a b c D e f g
1 2 3 4
Measure Measure Additional Costs – Additional Cost – Post- PV of Additional PV of LCC Per Prototype
Name Life Current Measure Adoption Measure Maintenance Costs Energy Building
(Years) Costs (Relative to Costs (Relative to (Savings) (Relative to Cost
Basecase) Basecase) Basecase) Savings –
Per Proto
($) ($) (PV$) Building ($)
(PV$)
Per ton Per Proto Per ton of Per Per ton of Per (c+e)-f (d+e)-f
of Building cooling Proto cooling Proto
cooling capacity Building capacity Building Based on Based on
capacity Current Post-
Costs Adoption
Costs
AC,
<150 15 $33.01 $5,831 $33.01 $5,831 $33 $5,831 $175,594 -$163,932 -$163,932
tons
AC,
>150 15 $17.18 $3,035 $17.18 $3,035 $17 $3,035 $202,928 -$196,858 -$196,858
tons
WC PD,
15 $52.98 $9,361 $52.98 $9,361 $53 $9,361 $86,466 -$67,745 -$67,745
<75 tons
WC PD,
>75 and 15 $39.23 $6,931 $39.23 $6,931 $39 $6,931 $87,702 -$73,840 -$73,840
<150
WC PD,
>150 and 15 $36.31 $6,415 $36.31 $6,415 $36 $6,415 $80,250 -$67,419 -$67,419
<300
WC PD,
>300 15 $26.07 $4,605 $26.07 $4,605 $26 $4,605 $73,172 -$63,962 -$63,962
tons
WC
Cent,
15 $47.60 $8,409 $47.60 $8,409 $48 $8,409 $208,040 -$191,221 -$191,221
<150
tons

WC
Cent,
15 $57.28 $10,119 $57.28 $10,119 $57 $10,119 $147,955 -$127,717 -$127,717
>150 and
<300
WC
Cent,
15 $52.80 $9,328 $52.80 $9,328 $53 $9,328 $143,555 -$124,899 -$124,899
>300 and
<600
WC
Cent,
15 $44.83 $7,920 $44.83 $7,920 $45 $7,920 $145,937 -$130,097 -$130,097
>600
tons
Table 2 for Path B chillers in Climate Zone 3.
a b c D e f g
1 2 3 4
Measure Measure Additional Costs – Additional Cost – Post- PV of Additional PV of LCC Per Prototype
Name Life Current Measure Adoption Measure Maintenance Costs Energy Building
(Years) Costs (Relative to Costs (Relative to (Savings) (Relative to Cost
Basecase) Basecase) Basecase) Savings –
Per Proto
($) ($) (PV$) Building ($)
(PV$)
Per ton Per Proto Per ton of Per Per ton of Per (c+e)-f (d+e)-f
of Building cooling Proto cooling Proto
cooling capacity Building capacity Building Based on Based on
capacity Current Post-
Costs Adoption
Costs
AC,
<150 15 $33.01 $5,831 $33.01 $5,831 $33 $5,831 $175,594 -$163,932 -$163,932
tons
AC,
>150 15 $17.18 $3,035 $17.18 $3,035 $17 $3,035 $202,928 -$196,858 -$196,858
tons
WC PD,
15 $52.98 $9,361 $52.98 $9,361 $53 $9,361 $86,466 -$67,745 -$67,745
<75 tons
WC PD,
>75 and 15 $39.23 $6,931 $39.23 $6,931 $39 $6,931 $87,702 -$73,840 -$73,840
<150
WC PD,
>150 and 15 $36.31 $6,415 $36.31 $6,415 $36 $6,415 $80,250 -$67,419 -$67,419
<300
WC PD,
>300 15 $26.07 $4,605 $26.07 $4,605 $26 $4,605 $73,172 -$63,962 -$63,962
tons
WC
Cent,
15 $47.60 $8,409 $47.60 $8,409 $48 $8,409 $208,040 -$191,221 -$191,221
<150
tons
WC
Cent,
15 $57.28 $10,119 $57.28 $10,119 $57 $10,119 $147,955 -$127,717 -$127,717
>150 and
<300
WC
Cent,
15 $52.80 $9,328 $52.80 $9,328 $53 $9,328 $143,555 -$124,899 -$124,899
>300 and
<600
WC
Cent,
15 $44.83 $7,920 $44.83 $7,920 $45 $7,920 $145,937 -$130,097 -$130,097
>600
tons
Table 2. Life-cycle cost results for Path B chillers in Climate Zone 3

1.10 Analysis Tools

Currently available simulation programs such as eQuest are capable of modeling the
requirements of this measure.
1.11 Relationship to Other Measures

This measure has no relation to other measures.

2 Methodology
Chiller minimum efficiency is not federally pre-empted and therefore California is free to set
minimum efficiency requirements as it sees fit. In the past, however, the chiller efficiencies in
Title 24 have been identical to ASHRAE 90.1. For example, the Title 24-2001 chiller
efficiencies were updated to be consistent with ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and the Title 24-2005 chiller
efficiencies were updated to be consistent with ASHRAE 90.1-2001. Chiller efficiency levels
did not change in 90.1-2004 or 90.1-2007, i.e ASHRAE chiller efficiencies have not changed
since 2001. There are a number of reasons why Title 24 has historically followed ASHRAE’s
lead on chiller efficiencies. One reason is that chiller manufacturers have generally not been
willing to provide efficiency versus cost data, which makes it difficult to perform lifecycle cost
analyses to determine the efficiency level at which lifecycle cost is minimized. In 2005 Title 24
went beyond 90.1 by adding a prescriptive restriction to air-cooled chillers in 144(h) and 149(c).
As mentioned in the overview, ASHRAE has recently completed three chiller addenda to 90.1-
2007 which were adopted in 90.1-2010 (see Section 7.1).
 Addendum M increased both full load efficiency (COP) and integrated part load
efficiency (IPLV) for all chillers and added two alternative paths of compliance: Path A
for fixed speed machines and Path B for variable speed machines. Path A has a lower
COP but higher IPLV than Path B. Addendum M also reorganized all chillers into
positive displacement and centrifugal. Finally Addendum M eliminated the ratings for
chillers without a condenser.
 Addenda BL and BT greatly increased the range of non-standard operating conditions
over which the chiller efficiency requirements apply for centrifugal chilers.
The values in Addendum M were negotiated between chiller manufacturers, and manufacturers
provided a limited amount of cost data which allowed ASHRAE to compute a scalar for
Addendum M. ASHRAE also projected a total annual energy savings attributed to adoption of
Addendum M of 457 GWh/yr.
Under Addenda BL and BT, AHRI calculated that 52% more centrifugal chillers will now be
covered by 90.1-2010 compared to 90.1-2007. In other words there are now minimum efficiency
requirements for many chillers which previously had no requirements at all. Addenda BL and
BT are estimated to save over 24 GWh annually worldwide, with estimated savings of 12 GWh
per year in the U.S.
The energy savings for both Path A and Path B presented in the 90.1 addenda were estimated
using energy models. A generic large office building was modeled with a chiller plant. Chillers
that comply with the existing standard were modeled, as well as chillers that comply with the
proposed measure. The details of the model are given below.

2.1 Envelope
The building has 10 floors, totaling 100,000 ft2. Each floor has four perimeter zones (each 1,275
ft2) and one interior zone (4,900 ft2). The floor to floor height is 12 feet, and the plenum height
is 3 feet. Each floor has a continuous strip of 4.8-ft tall glazing on all exterior walls.
2.2 Internal loads

The undiversified internal loads for each of the zones are given in the table below. The
schedules of the internal loading are given in Figure 1 through Figure 3 below. All zones have
the same schedules.
Lighting Equipment Occupancy

(W/sqft) (W/sqft) (sqft/person)
1st floor perimeter zones 1.00 0.52 100
1st floor interior zone 0.76 0.34 215
2nd - 8th floor perimeter
zones 1.31 1.48 85
2nd - 8th floor interior zones 1.05 0.98 80
Table 3. Undiversified internal loads
Occupancy Schedule
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
2-3am
3-4am
4-5am
5-6am
6-7am
7-8am
8-9am
1-2pm
2-3pm
3-4pm
4-5pm
5-6pm
6-7pm
7-8pm
8-9pm
9-10am
10-11am
11-noon
9-10pm
10-11pm
midnight -1am
noon-1pm
1- 2am
11-midnight
Figure 1. Occupancy schedule

Lighting Schedule
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
2-3am
3-4am
4-5am
5-6am
6-7am
7-8am
8-9am
1-2pm
2-3pm
3-4pm
4-5pm
5-6pm
6-7pm
7-8pm
8-9pm
9-10am
10-11am
9-10pm
10-11pm
11-noon
midnight -1am
noon-1pm
1- 2am
11-midnight
Figure 2. Lighting schedule
Equipment Schedule
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
2-3am
3-4am
4-5am
5-6am
6-7am
7-8am
8-9am
1-2pm
2-3pm
3-4pm
4-5pm
5-6pm
6-7pm
7-8pm
8-9pm
9-10am
10-11am
9-10pm
10-11pm
11-noon
midnight -1am
noon-1pm
11-midnight
1- 2am
Figure 3. Equipment schedule
2.3 Mechanical system

The mechanical system consists of a large VAV air handler with chilled water and hot water
coils. Local reheating is done at the zone terminal VAV boxes. Hot water is provided by a
single atmospheric boiler. Water-cooled and air-cooled chillers are both modeled, the details of
which are given below. The system fans run from 5am to 8pm, Monday through Friday, and
5am to 3pm on Saturdays. The fans do not run on Sundays and holidays. The thermostat
setpoints in all zones are 74°F for cooling and 70°F for heating.

2.3.1 Air handler

There is one large variable air volume air handler serving the building. The air handler has
plenum return and outdoor air economizers. The cooling coils in the air handler were sized for
each climate zone based on the peak building load, as calculated with eQuest. The cooling
supply air temperature is 55°F and is allowed to reset. The heating supply air temperature is
95°F, and has a 35°F delta T.
2.3.2 Circulation loops

The details on the circulation loops are given in Table 4 below. The circulation loops are
identical in all models except for the air-cooled chiller models, which do not have condenser
water loops.
Hot water loop Chilled water loop Condenser water loop

Loop subtype Primary Primary Primary
Sizing option Secondary Secondary Secondary
Design temp 180⁰F 44⁰F 85⁰F
Loop design delta T 30⁰F 10⁰F 18⁰F
Fluid volume (blank) (blank) (blank)
Average circ time 1.5 1.5 1.5
Loop recirc flow (blank) (blank) (blank)
Pipe head 21.6 ft (blank) 21.6 ft
Static head (blank) (blank) (blank)
Loop pump HW loop pump CHW loop pump CW loop pump
Loop min flow 0.05 ratio 0.20 ratio 0.05 ratio
Loop size ratio 1.0 ratio 1.3 ratio 1.0 ratio
Process loads None None None
Supply UA (blank) (blank) (blank)
Supply loss DT (blank) (blank) (blank)
Assign losses to Space heat/cool Space heat/cool (blank)
Head setpoint control Fixed Fixed Fixed
Head sensor location Entering loop Entering loop Entering loop
Head setpoint (blank) (blank) (blank)
Head setpoint range 2.0 ft 2.0 ft 2.0 ft
Head setpoint ratio 1.0 ratio 1.0 ratio 1.0 ratio
Loop operation Demand Demand Demand
Loop flow reset n/a 0.700 n/a
Loop setpoint range 2.0⁰F 2.0⁰F 2.0°F
Setpoint control Fixed Loads reset Fixed
Setpoint temperature 180⁰F 44⁰F 65°F
Max reset temperature n/a 47⁰F 95°F
Min reset temperature n/a 44⁰F 70°F
Loop auxiliary kW 0 kW 0 kW 0 kW
Table 4. Details on circulation loops

2.4 Chilled water plant

The chilled water plant consists of two equally-sized chillers. The chillers were sized based on
the load calculation done by eQuest. The table below shows the building peak cooling load and
the total chiller capacity for each climate zone.
Climate Building peak cooling Total chiller capacity

zone City load (kbtu/h) (tons)
1 Arcata 1,057 110
2 Santa Rosa 2,410 251
3 Oakland 1,696 177
4 San Jose 2,163 225
5 Santa Maria 1,468 153
6 Torrance 2,645 276
7 San Diego 2,698 281
8 Fullerton 2,424 252
9 Burbank 2,931 305
10 Riverside 2,749 286
11 Red Bluff 3,069 320
12 Sacramento 2,688 280
13 Fresno 3,063 319
14 Palmdale 3,085 321
15 Palm Springs 3,796 395
16 Blue Canyon 1,804 188
Table 5. Peak cooling coil load and chiller capacity
The chilled water setpoint was set to 44°F and allowed to reset up to 47°F. If one chiller is
sufficient to meet the load, then only one chiller runs. When the load increases beyond the
capacity of one chiller, the second chiller turns on and the two chillers share the load equally.
The chillers stage down similarly. Figure 4 shows the number of run hours that each chiller
operates at each part-load ratio in Climate Zone 3. As expected, the chiller spends the majority
of the hours at very low loads. The second chiller only turns on when the load gets to be more
than one chiller can handle.

2500
2000
Chiller 1
Number of run hours
Chiller 2
1500
1000
500
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 +1.0
Part‐load ratio
Figure 4. Number of run hours at each part-load ratio in Climate Zone 3
The chillers were modeled in eQuest by specifying curves for how the chiller performs under
different operating conditions. A nominal electric-input ratio (EIR) for each chiller is set. One
performance curve corrects the nominal EIR as a function of the leaving chilled water
temperature and the entering condenser water temperature. One performance curve corrects the
EIR for part load ratio and the temperature difference between leaving chilled water and entering
condenser water. The third performance curve corrects the chiller capacity as a function of
leaving chilled water temperature and entering condenser water temperature. In eQuest each of
these performance curves is a bi-quadratic, meaning that it is independent in two variables and
takes the form: f(r1,r2) = c1 + c2*r1 + c3*r12 + c4*r2 + c5*r22 + c6*r1*r2, where c1, c2, c3, c4,
c5, and c6 are coefficients and r1 and r2 are dimensionless variables.
The chillers were modeled to meet the performance criteria of the basecase and proposed chillers
(Path A and Path B). Coefficients for the above mentioned performance curves were based on
chiller bids received from manufacturers for real jobs. These coefficients are given in Section
7.2. The nominal EIR for each chiller is given in Table 6.
Basecase Path A Path B

<150 tons 0.357 0.357 -
Air Cooled
>150 tons 0.357 0.357 -
<75 tons 0.238 0.222 0.228
Water Cooled >75 and <150 0.225 0.220 0.225
Positive >150 and
Displacement <300 0.204 0.193 0.204
>300 tons 0.182 0.176 0.182
<150 tons 0.200 0.180 0.182
Water Cooled
Centrifugal >150 and
<300 0.180 0.180 0.182

>300 and
<600 0.164 0.164 0.171
>600 tons 0.164 0.162 0.168
Table 6. Nominal EIR for chillers
Sample of plots of the chiller curves are given in 7.3.
All of the centrifugal chillers were modeled as hermetic centrifugal chillers in eQuest. All of the
positive displacement chillers were modeled as hermetic screw chillers in eQuest, and all of the
air-cooled chillers were modeled as hermetic screw chillers in eQuest.
The condenser water loop has a fixed setpoint of 65°F. The cooling tower is a one two-cell
tower that operates the maximum number of cells for a given load. The tower fan has an EIR of
0.0100, and is variable speed. The design approach is 7°F, and the design wetbulb temperature
of the tower varies with climate zone according to Table 7.
Climate
zone City Design Wet Bulb (0.5%)
1 Arcata 59⁰F
2 Santa Rosa 68⁰F
3 Oakland 65⁰F
4 San Jose 68⁰F
5 Santa Maria 64⁰F
6 Torrance 68⁰F
7 San Diego 69⁰F
8 Fullerton 69⁰F
9 Burbank 69⁰F
10 Riverside 69⁰F
11 Red Bluff 69⁰F
12 Sacramento 71⁰F
13 Fresno 71⁰F
14 Palmdale 67⁰F
15 Palm Springs 73⁰F
16 Blue Canyon 59⁰F
Table 7. Cooling tower design wetbulb by climate zone.

3 Analysis and Results

The analysis presented here was done using the same chiller curves that AHRI and the SSPC
90.1 used to estimate their savings. The curves used were developed by AHRI to just fit the
COP and IPLV in each chiller category and path. Unfortunately it was recently discovered that
these curves were flawed. This analysis is currently being rerun. What is presented here is
indicative of the potential savings but will be updated with the new results when they are
completed.
3.1 Energy savings

The energy savings were calculated using the methodology described above in Section 2, and are
tabulated below in
Path A Path B
Climate Annual Annual
City
Zone Chiller kWh TDV kWh TDV
Chiller Type Size savings/ton savings/ton savings/ton savings/ton
<150 tons 303 $791 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 349 $906 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 66 $179 209 $497
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 83 $211 204 $487
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 59 $155 170 $418
1 Arcata
>300 tons 39 $99 157 $383
<150 tons 101 $265 383 $1,003
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 290 $757
centrifugal >300 and
<600 ‐ ‐ 277 $725
>600 tons 25 $60 279 $728
<150 tons 451 $935 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 515 $1,045 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 99 $276 252 $520
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 114 $288 247 $510
positive
2 Santa Rosa >150 and
displacement
<300 86 $231 216 $474
>300 tons 54 $140 197 $424
<150 tons 142 $347 523 $1,114
Water‐cooled
<300 ‐ ‐ 390 $792

>300 and
<600 ‐ ‐ 376 $787
>600 tons 31 $61 378 $793
<150 tons 472 $1,027 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 542 $1,166 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 98 $261 267 $542
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 114 $279 262 $536
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 85 $224 226 $491
3 Oakland
>300 tons 54 $132 207 $440
<150 tons 146 $354 551 $1,225
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 415 $895
<600 ‐ ‐ 397 $865
>600 tons 33 $73 399 $871
<150 tons 507 $1,070 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 578 $1,195 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 114 $305 277 $555
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 129 $317 272 $546
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 98 $255 240 $513
4 San Jose
>300 tons 61 $152 218 $455
<150 tons 162 $387 588 $1,232
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 437 $873
<600 ‐ ‐ 421 $861
>600 tons 34 $66 423 $868
<150 tons 425 $934 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 484 $1,048 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 102 $262 262 $527
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 116 $277 258 $522
Santa positive
5 >150 and
Maria displacement
<300 87 $221 226 $483
>300 tons 55 $130 206 $434
<150 tons 149 $356 562 $1,230
Water‐cooled
<300 ‐ ‐ 423 $896

>300 and
<600 ‐ ‐ 405 $859
>600 tons 32 $63 407 $864
<150 tons 598 $1,181 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 684 $1,340 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 126 $298 303 $562
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 141 $317 299 $558
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 108 $260 265 $522
6 Torrance
>300 tons 67 $149 240 $462
<150 tons 216 $445 824 $1,600
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 622 $1,184
<600 ‐ ‐ 596 $1,138
>600 tons 47 $83 599 $1,144
<150 tons 632 $1,270 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 725 $1,448 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 133 $303 347 $624
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 153 $329 340 $613
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 114 $258 296 $559
7 San Diego
>300 tons 72 $155 270 $502
<150 tons 199 $425 748 $1,500
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 562 $1,104
<600 ‐ ‐ 540 $1,070
>600 tons 44 $81 542 $1,076
<150 tons 572 $1,183 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 652 $1,325 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 133 $346 291 $594
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 144 $347 286 $581
positive
8 Fullerton >150 and
displacement
<300 112 $282 259 $552
>300 tons 69 $173 234 $491
<150 tons 183 $420 652 $1,301
Water‐cooled
<300 ‐ ‐ 481 $911

>300 and
<600 ‐ ‐ 463 $893
>600 tons 36 $72 466 $901
<150 tons 541 $1,109 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 613 $1,226 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 124 $347 285 $576
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 137 $334 278 $542
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 106 $278 247 $506
9 Burbank
>300 tons 66 $175 224 $449
<150 tons 177 $427 637 $1,262
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 473 $874
<600 ‐ ‐ 455 $854
>600 tons 36 $72 458 $869
<150 tons 551 $1,063 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 619 $1,166 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 132 $348 277 $539
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 141 $340 273 $516
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 111 $282 249 $494
10 Riverside
>300 tons 67 $172 224 $436
<150 tons 184 $417 666 $1,264
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 493 $878
<600 ‐ ‐ 477 $870
>600 tons 35 $67 479 $880
<150 tons 432 $885 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 484 $962 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 110 $297 236 $489
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 120 $300 232 $478
positive
11 Red Bluff >150 and
displacement
<300 94 $245 210 $457
>300 tons 57 $146 189 $404
<150 tons 152 $359 536 $1,097
Water‐cooled
<300 ‐ ‐ 394 $764

>300 and
<600 ‐ ‐ 381 $759
>600 tons 30 $58 383 $767
<150 tons 434 $905 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 490 $991 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 107 $311 248 $534
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 120 $307 243 $511
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 92 $249 216 $481
12 Sacramento
>300 tons 57 $153 195 $426
<150 tons 149 $363 530 $1,097
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 391 $762
<600 ‐ ‐ 377 $747
>600 tons ‐70 $13 279 $707
<150 tons 434 $939 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 487 $1,021 ‐ ‐
<75 tons ‐1190 $321 ‐1060 $537
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 124 $323 239 $527
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 96 $260 215 $499
13 Fresno
>300 tons 58 $156 194 $441
<150 tons 153 $380 525 $1,090
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 382 $740
<600 ‐ ‐ 370 $737
>600 tons 29 $60 373 $746
<150 tons 447 $960 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 502 $1,047 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 111 $301 249 $534
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 124 $309 246 $530
positive
14 Palmdale >150 and
displacement
<300 96 $252 221 $504
>300 tons 58 $147 200 $448
<150 tons 152 $350 533 $1,031
Water‐cooled
<300 ‐ ‐ 390 $706

>300 and
<600 ‐ ‐ 376 $694
>600 tons 30 $58 378 $700
<150 tons 473 $1,012 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 517 $1,077 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 147 $394 228 $511
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 138 $333 218 $458
positive
>150 and
displacement
Palm <300 118 $301 211 $459
15
Springs >300 tons 71 $190 187 $395
<150 tons 182 $432 563 $1,104
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 394 $706
<600 ‐ ‐ 387 $711
>600 tons 28 $62 392 $729
<150 tons 378 $887 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 430 $987 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 92 $274 210 $447
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 102 $274 207 $440
positive
>150 and
displacement
Blue <300 78 $225 185 $426
16
Canyon >300 tons 48 $131 167 $377
<150 tons 128 $344 450 $1,045
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 331 $723
<600 ‐ ‐ 319 $715
>600 tons 25 $53 321 $724
Table 8 for both Path A and Path B compared to the basecase.
Path A Path B
Climate Annual Annual
City
Zone Chiller kWh TDV kWh TDV
Chiller Type Size savings/ton savings/ton savings/ton savings/ton
<150 tons 303 $791 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 349 $906 ‐ ‐
1 Arcata Water‐cooled <75 tons 66 $179 209 $497
positive >75 and
displacement <150 83 $211 204 $487

>150 and
<300 59 $155 170 $418
>300 tons 39 $99 157 $383
<150 tons 101 $265 383 $1,003
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 290 $757
<600 ‐ ‐ 277 $725
>600 tons 25 $60 279 $728
<150 tons 451 $935 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 515 $1,045 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 99 $276 252 $520
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 114 $288 247 $510
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 86 $231 216 $474
2 Santa Rosa
>300 tons 54 $140 197 $424
<150 tons 142 $347 523 $1,114
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 390 $792
<600 ‐ ‐ 376 $787
>600 tons 31 $61 378 $793
<150 tons 472 $1,027 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 542 $1,166 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 98 $261 267 $542
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 114 $279 262 $536
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 85 $224 226 $491
3 Oakland
>300 tons 54 $132 207 $440
<150 tons 146 $354 551 $1,225
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 415 $895
<600 ‐ ‐ 397 $865
>600 tons 33 $73 399 $871
<150 tons 507 $1,070 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 578 $1,195 ‐ ‐
4 San Jose Water‐cooled <75 tons 114 $305 277 $555
positive >75 and
displacement <150 129 $317 272 $546

>150 and
<300 98 $255 240 $513
>300 tons 61 $152 218 $455
<150 tons 162 $387 588 $1,232
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 437 $873
<600 ‐ ‐ 421 $861
>600 tons 34 $66 423 $868
<150 tons 425 $934 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 484 $1,048 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 102 $262 262 $527
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 116 $277 258 $522
positive
>150 and
displacement
Santa <300 87 $221 226 $483
5
Maria >300 tons 55 $130 206 $434
<150 tons 149 $356 562 $1,230
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 423 $896
<600 ‐ ‐ 405 $859
>600 tons 32 $63 407 $864
<150 tons 598 $1,181 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 684 $1,340 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 126 $298 303 $562
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 141 $317 299 $558
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 108 $260 265 $522
6 Torrance
>300 tons 67 $149 240 $462
<150 tons 216 $445 824 $1,600
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 622 $1,184
<600 ‐ ‐ 596 $1,138
>600 tons 47 $83 599 $1,144
<150 tons 632 $1,270 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 725 $1,448 ‐ ‐
7 San Diego Water‐cooled <75 tons 133 $303 347 $624
positive >75 and
displacement <150 153 $329 340 $613

>150 and
<300 114 $258 296 $559
>300 tons 72 $155 270 $502
<150 tons 199 $425 748 $1,500
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 562 $1,104
<600 ‐ ‐ 540 $1,070
>600 tons 44 $81 542 $1,076
<150 tons 572 $1,183 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 652 $1,325 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 133 $346 291 $594
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 144 $347 286 $581
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 112 $282 259 $552
8 Fullerton
>300 tons 69 $173 234 $491
<150 tons 183 $420 652 $1,301
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 481 $911
<600 ‐ ‐ 463 $893
>600 tons 36 $72 466 $901
<150 tons 541 $1,109 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 613 $1,226 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 124 $347 285 $576
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 137 $334 278 $542
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 106 $278 247 $506
9 Burbank
>300 tons 66 $175 224 $449
<150 tons 177 $427 637 $1,262
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 473 $874
<600 ‐ ‐ 455 $854
>600 tons 36 $72 458 $869
<150 tons 551 $1,063 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 619 $1,166 ‐ ‐
10 Riverside Water‐cooled <75 tons 132 $348 277 $539
positive >75 and
displacement <150 141 $340 273 $516

>150 and
<300 111 $282 249 $494
>300 tons 67 $172 224 $436
<150 tons 184 $417 666 $1,264
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 493 $878
<600 ‐ ‐ 477 $870
>600 tons 35 $67 479 $880
<150 tons 432 $885 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 484 $962 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 110 $297 236 $489
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 120 $300 232 $478
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 94 $245 210 $457
11 Red Bluff
>300 tons 57 $146 189 $404
<150 tons 152 $359 536 $1,097
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 394 $764
<600 ‐ ‐ 381 $759
>600 tons 30 $58 383 $767
<150 tons 434 $905 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 490 $991 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 107 $311 248 $534
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 120 $307 243 $511
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 92 $249 216 $481
12 Sacramento
>300 tons 57 $153 195 $426
<150 tons 149 $363 530 $1,097
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 391 $762
<600 ‐ ‐ 377 $747
>600 tons ‐70 $13 279 $707
<150 tons 434 $939 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 487 $1,021 ‐ ‐
13 Fresno Water‐cooled <75 tons ‐1190 $321 ‐1060 $537
positive >75 and
displacement <150 124 $323 239 $527

>150 and
<300 96 $260 215 $499
>300 tons 58 $156 194 $441
<150 tons 153 $380 525 $1,090
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 382 $740
<600 ‐ ‐ 370 $737
>600 tons 29 $60 373 $746
<150 tons 447 $960 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 502 $1,047 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 111 $301 249 $534
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 124 $309 246 $530
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 96 $252 221 $504
14 Palmdale
>300 tons 58 $147 200 $448
<150 tons 152 $350 533 $1,031
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 390 $706
<600 ‐ ‐ 376 $694
>600 tons 30 $58 378 $700
<150 tons 473 $1,012 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 517 $1,077 ‐ ‐
<75 tons 147 $394 228 $511
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 138 $333 218 $458
positive
>150 and
displacement
Palm <300 118 $301 211 $459
15
Springs >300 tons 71 $190 187 $395
<150 tons 182 $432 563 $1,104
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 394 $706
<600 ‐ ‐ 387 $711
>600 tons 28 $62 392 $729
<150 tons 378 $887 ‐ ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons 430 $987 ‐ ‐
Blue
16 Water‐cooled <75 tons 92 $274 210 $447
Canyon
positive >75 and
displacement <150 102 $274 207 $440

>150 and
<300 78 $225 185 $426
>300 tons 48 $131 167 $377
<150 tons 128 $344 450 $1,045
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 ‐ ‐ 331 $723
<600 ‐ ‐ 319 $715
>600 tons 25 $53 321 $724
Table 8. Energy savings in all climate zones
Path B chillers save between 55% and 1200% more energy than Path A chillers over the
basecase across all chiller types and sizes and across all climate zones. Path B chillers are more
efficient than Path A chillers at part load, but are less efficient than Path A chillers at full load.
Both Path A and Path B have both higher part load and full load efficiencies compared to the
basecase in all proposed cases. Because in most buildings chillers are loaded below their full-
load for the majority of the time, it is not surprising that Path B chillers save more energy than
Path B.
3.2 Costs
Incremental cost data of each chiller over the basecase chillers is given in Table 9. These costs
were received from AHRI. This is the costs that they used in the 90.1 analysis.
Path A Path B
Type Size
$/ton $/ton
<150 tons $33.01 -
Air Cooled
>150 tons $17.18 -
<75 tons $47.34 $52.98
Water
>75 and <150 $35.45 $39.23
Cooled
>150 and
Positive
<300 $30.74 $36.31
Displacement
>300 tons $13.38 $26.07
<150 tons $31.56 $47.60
>150 and
Water
<300 - $57.28
Cooled
>300 and
Centrifugal
<600 - $52.80
>600 tons $5.77 $44.83
Table 9. Incremental costs for Path A and Path B chillers
These costs do not include maintenance because it is unlikely that these chillers will require any
additional maintenance over basecase chillers. However, one concern brought up by a
stakeholder (see Section Error! Reference source not found.) is that because Path B chillers

have VFDs, the VFDs will require replacement sooner than the chiller. To factor in the potential
additional cost of these VFD replacements, a very conservative estimate was made about the cost
of VFD replacement in the life-cycle cost calculations.
3.3 Life-cycle cost calculations

The annual energy use of the Basecase, Path A, and Path B chillers were calculated from the
eQuest model described above. The 15-year energy costs were calculated using the results of the
energy model and the given TDV rates. The incremental measure costs are pre-adaption costs.
The total 15-year life-cycle cost of the Basecase, Path A, and Path B chillers were calculated for
each chiller-type and size category for each climate zone. See
Climate Chiller
City
Zone Chiller Type Size Baseline Path A Path B
<150 tons $3,860 $3,102 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $3,860 $2,971 ‐
<75 tons $2,377 $2,246 $1,933
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $2,317 $2,142 $1,870
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $2,135 $2,011 $1,753
1 Arcata
>300 tons $1,957 $1,871 $1,599
<150 tons $2,416 $2,182 $1,460
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,169 ‐ $1,470
<600 $1,986 ‐ $1,314
>600 tons $1,986 $1,931 $1,302
<150 tons $5,329 $4,427 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,329 $4,300 ‐
<75 tons $3,376 $3,147 $2,910
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,293 $3,040 $2,822
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,058 $2,858 $2,620
2 Santa Rosa
>300 tons $2,792 $2,665 $2,394
<150 tons $3,231 $2,916 $2,165
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,909 ‐ $2,174
<600 $2,660 ‐ $1,926
>600 tons $2,660 $2,604 $1,911
3 Oakland Air‐cooled <150 tons $5,401 $4,407 ‐

>150 tons $5,401 $4,253 ‐

<75 tons $3,245 $3,031 $2,755
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,167 $2,923 $2,671
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $2,936 $2,743 $2,482
>300 tons $2,680 $2,561 $2,266
<150 tons $3,288 $2,966 $2,111
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,958 ‐ $2,120
<600 $2,703 ‐ $1,891
>600 tons $2,703 $2,636 $1,877
<150 tons $6,373 $5,336 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,373 $5,195 ‐
<75 tons $3,711 $3,453 $3,209
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,620 $3,339 $3,113
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,364 $3,139 $2,887
4 San Jose
>300 tons $3,066 $2,927 $2,636
<150 tons $3,601 $3,246 $2,417
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,242 ‐ $2,426
<600 $2,964 ‐ $2,156
>600 tons $2,964 $2,903 $2,141
<150 tons $5,750 $4,849 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,750 $4,719 ‐
<75 tons $3,232 $3,018 $2,758
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,155 $2,914 $2,673
positive
>150 and
displacement
Santa <300 $2,925 $2,735 $2,479
5
Maria >300 tons $2,674 $2,557 $2,266
<150 tons $3,268 $2,943 $2,085
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,934 ‐ $2,095
<600 $2,677 ‐ $1,871
>600 tons $2,677 $2,619 $1,858
6 Torrance Air‐cooled <150 tons $6,278 $5,130 ‐

>150 tons $6,278 $4,955 ‐

<75 tons $3,685 $3,435 $3,176
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,599 $3,317 $3,081
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,340 $3,111 $2,855
>300 tons $3,042 $2,907 $2,606
<150 tons $4,150 $3,736 $2,597
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,733 ‐ $2,607
<600 $3,414 ‐ $2,329
>600 tons $3,414 $3,337 $2,315
<150 tons $6,704 $5,467 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,704 $5,273 ‐
<75 tons $3,798 $3,542 $3,227
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,704 $3,410 $3,130
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,433 $3,206 $2,910
7 San Diego
>300 tons $3,137 $2,995 $2,662
<150 tons $3,929 $3,536 $2,477
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,533 ‐ $2,487
<600 $3,234 ‐ $2,217
>600 tons $3,234 $3,159 $2,202
<150 tons $6,997 $5,847 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,997 $5,689 ‐
<75 tons $4,099 $3,801 $3,559
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,997 $3,686 $3,455
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,718 $3,466 $3,202
8 Fullerton
>300 tons $3,392 $3,232 $2,927
<150 tons $3,896 $3,507 $2,643
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,506 ‐ $2,652
<600 $3,196 ‐ $2,356
>600 tons $3,196 $3,130 $2,340
9 Burbank Air‐cooled <150 tons $6,719 $5,643 ‐

>150 tons $6,719 $5,510 ‐

<75 tons $4,083 $3,784 $3,561
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,966 $3,667 $3,463
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,683 $3,436 $3,214
>300 tons $3,349 $3,187 $2,926
<150 tons $3,941 $3,546 $2,727
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,553 ‐ $2,737
<600 $3,230 ‐ $2,428
>600 tons $3,230 $3,163 $2,405
<150 tons $6,864 $5,834 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,864 $5,715 ‐
<75 tons $4,099 $3,798 $3,613
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,988 $3,683 $3,511
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,706 $3,455 $3,248
10 Riverside
>300 tons $3,374 $3,215 $2,964
<150 tons $3,913 $3,527 $2,697
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,527 ‐ $2,706
<600 $3,222 ‐ $2,404
>600 tons $3,222 $3,160 $2,386
<150 tons $5,966 $5,113 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,966 $5,021 ‐
<75 tons $3,542 $3,292 $3,106
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,453 $3,189 $3,014
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,206 $2,991 $2,785
11 Red Bluff
>300 tons $2,923 $2,791 $2,546
<150 tons $3,347 $3,020 $2,298
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,014 ‐ $2,308
<600 $2,755 ‐ $2,049
>600 tons $2,755 $2,703 $2,033
12 Sacramento Air‐cooled <150 tons $5,835 $4,963 ‐

>150 tons $5,835 $4,861 ‐

<75 tons $3,641 $3,377 $3,160
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,539 $3,267 $3,067
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,291 $3,073 $2,847
>300 tons $2,998 $2,859 $2,598
<150 tons $3,362 $3,030 $2,312
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,026 ‐ $2,322
<600 $2,758 ‐ $2,064
>600 tons $2,710 $2,703 $2,048
<150 tons $6,285 $5,380 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,285 $5,282 ‐
<75 tons $3,769 $3,495 $3,284
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,676 $3,388 $3,188
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,412 $3,183 $2,949
13 Fresno
>300 tons $3,108 $2,965 $2,693
<150 tons $3,462 $3,114 $2,420
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,112 ‐ $2,430
<600 $2,838 ‐ $2,153
>600 tons $2,838 $2,783 $2,137
<150 tons $6,337 $5,411 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,337 $5,307 ‐
<75 tons $3,649 $3,396 $3,169
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,564 $3,290 $3,073
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,309 $3,087 $2,841
14 Palmdale
>300 tons $3,021 $2,888 $2,600
<150 tons $3,211 $2,892 $2,227
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,886 ‐ $2,237
<600 $2,636 ‐ $1,995
>600 tons $2,636 $2,584 $1,981
15 Palm Air‐cooled <150 tons $7,498 $6,519 ‐

Springs >150 tons $7,498 $6,438 ‐

<75 tons $4,362 $4,015 $3,904
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $4,222 $3,925 $3,803
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,937 $3,666 $3,514
>300 tons $3,562 $3,385 $3,193
<150 tons $4,029 $3,629 $2,973
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,632 ‐ $2,983
<600 $3,306 ‐ $2,647
>600 tons $3,306 $3,250 $2,622
<150 tons $5,734 $4,880 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,734 $4,765 ‐
<75 tons $3,230 $3,004 $2,835
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,150 $2,911 $2,749
positive
>150 and
displacement
Blue <300 $2,929 $2,735 $2,540
16
Canyon >300 tons $2,671 $2,553 $2,319
<150 tons $3,179 $2,866 $2,182
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,858 ‐ $2,192
<600 $2,611 ‐ $1,948
>600 tons $2,611 $2,563 $1,932
Table 10 below for the results.
Climate Chiller
City
Zone Chiller Type Size Baseline Path A Path B
<150 tons $3,860 $3,102 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $3,860 $2,971 ‐
<75 tons $2,377 $2,246 $1,933
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $2,317 $2,142 $1,870
positive
1 Arcata >150 and
displacement
<300 $2,135 $2,011 $1,753
>300 tons $1,957 $1,871 $1,599
<150 tons $2,416 $2,182 $1,460
Water‐cooled
<300 $2,169 ‐ $1,470

>300 and
<600 $1,986 ‐ $1,314
>600 tons $1,986 $1,931 $1,302
<150 tons $5,329 $4,427 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,329 $4,300 ‐
<75 tons $3,376 $3,147 $2,910
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,293 $3,040 $2,822
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,058 $2,858 $2,620
2 Santa Rosa
>300 tons $2,792 $2,665 $2,394
<150 tons $3,231 $2,916 $2,165
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,909 ‐ $2,174
<600 $2,660 ‐ $1,926
>600 tons $2,660 $2,604 $1,911
<150 tons $5,401 $4,407 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,401 $4,253 ‐
<75 tons $3,245 $3,031 $2,755
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,167 $2,923 $2,671
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $2,936 $2,743 $2,482
3 Oakland
>300 tons $2,680 $2,561 $2,266
<150 tons $3,288 $2,966 $2,111
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,958 ‐ $2,120
<600 $2,703 ‐ $1,891
>600 tons $2,703 $2,636 $1,877
<150 tons $6,373 $5,336 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,373 $5,195 ‐
<75 tons $3,711 $3,453 $3,209
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,620 $3,339 $3,113
positive
4 San Jose >150 and
displacement
<300 $3,364 $3,139 $2,887
>300 tons $3,066 $2,927 $2,636
<150 tons $3,601 $3,246 $2,417
Water‐cooled
<300 $3,242 ‐ $2,426

>300 and
<600 $2,964 ‐ $2,156
>600 tons $2,964 $2,903 $2,141
<150 tons $5,750 $4,849 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,750 $4,719 ‐
<75 tons $3,232 $3,018 $2,758
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,155 $2,914 $2,673
positive
>150 and
displacement
Santa <300 $2,925 $2,735 $2,479
5
Maria >300 tons $2,674 $2,557 $2,266
<150 tons $3,268 $2,943 $2,085
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,934 ‐ $2,095
<600 $2,677 ‐ $1,871
>600 tons $2,677 $2,619 $1,858
<150 tons $6,278 $5,130 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,278 $4,955 ‐
<75 tons $3,685 $3,435 $3,176
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,599 $3,317 $3,081
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,340 $3,111 $2,855
6 Torrance
>300 tons $3,042 $2,907 $2,606
<150 tons $4,150 $3,736 $2,597
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,733 ‐ $2,607
<600 $3,414 ‐ $2,329
>600 tons $3,414 $3,337 $2,315
<150 tons $6,704 $5,467 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,704 $5,273 ‐
<75 tons $3,798 $3,542 $3,227
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,704 $3,410 $3,130
positive
7 San Diego >150 and
displacement
<300 $3,433 $3,206 $2,910
>300 tons $3,137 $2,995 $2,662
<150 tons $3,929 $3,536 $2,477
Water‐cooled
<300 $3,533 ‐ $2,487

>300 and
<600 $3,234 ‐ $2,217
>600 tons $3,234 $3,159 $2,202
<150 tons $6,997 $5,847 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,997 $5,689 ‐
<75 tons $4,099 $3,801 $3,559
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,997 $3,686 $3,455
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,718 $3,466 $3,202
8 Fullerton
>300 tons $3,392 $3,232 $2,927
<150 tons $3,896 $3,507 $2,643
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,506 ‐ $2,652
<600 $3,196 ‐ $2,356
>600 tons $3,196 $3,130 $2,340
<150 tons $6,719 $5,643 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,719 $5,510 ‐
<75 tons $4,083 $3,784 $3,561
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,966 $3,667 $3,463
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,683 $3,436 $3,214
9 Burbank
>300 tons $3,349 $3,187 $2,926
<150 tons $3,941 $3,546 $2,727
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,553 ‐ $2,737
<600 $3,230 ‐ $2,428
>600 tons $3,230 $3,163 $2,405
<150 tons $6,864 $5,834 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,864 $5,715 ‐
<75 tons $4,099 $3,798 $3,613
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,988 $3,683 $3,511
positive
10 Riverside >150 and
displacement
<300 $3,706 $3,455 $3,248
>300 tons $3,374 $3,215 $2,964
<150 tons $3,913 $3,527 $2,697
Water‐cooled
<300 $3,527 ‐ $2,706

>300 and
<600 $3,222 ‐ $2,404
>600 tons $3,222 $3,160 $2,386
<150 tons $5,966 $5,113 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,966 $5,021 ‐
<75 tons $3,542 $3,292 $3,106
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,453 $3,189 $3,014
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,206 $2,991 $2,785
11 Red Bluff
>300 tons $2,923 $2,791 $2,546
<150 tons $3,347 $3,020 $2,298
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,014 ‐ $2,308
<600 $2,755 ‐ $2,049
>600 tons $2,755 $2,703 $2,033
<150 tons $5,835 $4,963 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,835 $4,861 ‐
<75 tons $3,641 $3,377 $3,160
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,539 $3,267 $3,067
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,291 $3,073 $2,847
12 Sacramento
>300 tons $2,998 $2,859 $2,598
<150 tons $3,362 $3,030 $2,312
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,026 ‐ $2,322
<600 $2,758 ‐ $2,064
>600 tons $2,710 $2,703 $2,048
<150 tons $6,285 $5,380 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,285 $5,282 ‐
<75 tons $3,769 $3,495 $3,284
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,676 $3,388 $3,188
positive
13 Fresno >150 and
displacement
<300 $3,412 $3,183 $2,949
>300 tons $3,108 $2,965 $2,693
<150 tons $3,462 $3,114 $2,420
Water‐cooled
<300 $3,112 ‐ $2,430

>300 and
<600 $2,838 ‐ $2,153
>600 tons $2,838 $2,783 $2,137
<150 tons $6,337 $5,411 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $6,337 $5,307 ‐
<75 tons $3,649 $3,396 $3,169
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,564 $3,290 $3,073
positive
>150 and
displacement
<300 $3,309 $3,087 $2,841
14 Palmdale
>300 tons $3,021 $2,888 $2,600
<150 tons $3,211 $2,892 $2,227
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $2,886 ‐ $2,237
<600 $2,636 ‐ $1,995
>600 tons $2,636 $2,584 $1,981
<150 tons $7,498 $6,519 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $7,498 $6,438 ‐
<75 tons $4,362 $4,015 $3,904
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $4,222 $3,925 $3,803
positive
>150 and
displacement
Palm <300 $3,937 $3,666 $3,514
15
Springs >300 tons $3,562 $3,385 $3,193
<150 tons $4,029 $3,629 $2,973
>150 and
Water‐cooled <300 $3,632 ‐ $2,983
<600 $3,306 ‐ $2,647
>600 tons $3,306 $3,250 $2,622
<150 tons $5,734 $4,880 ‐
Air‐cooled
>150 tons $5,734 $4,765 ‐
<75 tons $3,230 $3,004 $2,835
>75 and
Water‐cooled
<150 $3,150 $2,911 $2,749
Blue positive
16 >150 and
Canyon displacement
<300 $2,929 $2,735 $2,540
>300 tons $2,671 $2,553 $2,319
<150 tons $3,179 $2,866 $2,182
Water‐cooled
<300 $2,858 ‐ $2,192

>300 and
<600 $2,611 ‐ $1,948
>600 tons $2,611 $2,563 $1,932
Table 10. Life-cycle cost, $/ton cooling capacity
From the results above, it was determined that over a 15-year life, the proposed Path B chillers
had the lowest life-cycle cost and used the least amount of energy compared to both the basecase
and Path A chillers. Though Path B chillers are more expensive than Path A chillers, they save
significantly more energy and pay back quickly, making them cost effective even when
considering a very short life.
To address a concern that VFDs on Path B chillers may require replacement before the life of the
chiller is over, the life-cycle costs were also calculated taking into account a very conservative
cost estimate. Even if the incremental cost of Path B chillers is doubled, the life-cycle cost of
Path B chillers is still lower than Path A and the baseline for every chiller type and size across all
climate zones.
Therefore the proposed code measure is to require that all chillers meet the Path B requirements.

4 Stakeholder Input
In December of 2010 we received a letter from the Trane Company that raised a number of
issues with our proposal to only adopt either the Path A or Path B requirements for the
mandatory tables. In particular they listed a number of items of concern:
 Chillers with voltages over 600V where the incremental costs of variable speed drives is
much larger than the cost curves presented by AHRI.
 Chillers that use heat recovery. High lift, fixed speed machines can used efficiently if the
recover heat for reheat or other uses.
 Chillers serving TES systems. Again this often requires a chiller designed for high lift.
As a response to these concerns we changed our proposal to repeat the ASHRAE Addendum M
tables in the mandatory section of the standard and provide a prescriptive requirement for the
lowest LCC requirement for each chiller type and size (Path A or B). In addition we are
proposing exceptions for each of the items listed above.

Chiller Minimum
M Effficiency Pagge 39
5 Recomm
R mended Langua
L ge for th
he Stand
dards D
Documen
nt,
ACM
M Manua
als, and the Refeerence AAppendices
5.1 Sta
andard
5.1.1 Definitions
D
ARI 550//590 is the Air-condition
A ning and Reffrigeration Innstitute docuument entitleed “Standardd for
Water Ch
hilling Packaages Using the
t Vapor Co ompression Cycle,” 1998 2003 (ARI 550/590 – 98
03).
5.1.2 New
N Table 112D
2013 Callifornia Buillding Energyy Efficiency Standards

S April 26, 2011
Chiller Minimum
M Effficiency Pagge 40
Table Foo
otnotes:
a. No requiremen nts for:
● Centriffugal chillers with Tchws_d des<36F
● Positivve displaceme ent chillers with Tchws_dees<32F
● Absorp ption chillers with Tchws_des<40F
b. Must meet bot
M th COP and IPPLV of either Path A or B
c. Seee Section 10
01 Definitionss
d. NA means not applicable
e. NR means no m minimum req quirement in tthis field
5.1.3 Kadj,
K Excepttion to 112((a)
EXCEPT TION to Section 112(a)): Water-cooled centrifuugal water-cchilling packkages that aree not
designed
d for
operation
n at ARI Stanndard 550 teest condition
ns of 44°F leaving chilledd water tempperature andd
85°F enteering condennser water teemperature shall
s have a m
minimum fuull load COP P rating as shhown
in TABLLE 112-H, TA ABLE 112-II, and TABL LE 112-J, andd a minimum m NPLV ratiing as shownn in
TABLE 112-K, TAB BLE 112-L, anda TABLE 112-M Thee table valuess are only appplicable oveer the
following
g full load deesign rangess:
Leaving Chiller Wateer Temp. 40

0 to 48°F
2013 Callifornia Buillding Energyy Efficiency Standards

S April 26, 2011

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CODES AND STANDARDS ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVE (CASE)

Draft Measure Information Template –

1. Overview ................................................................................................................................. 3

3 Analysis and Results.............................................................................................................. 13

4 Stakeholder Input................................................................................................................... 26

6 Bibliography and Other Research.......................................................................................... 32

7 Appendices ............................................................................................................................ 33

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

1.3 Type of Change

1.4 Energy Benefits

Electricity Demand Natural Gas TDV TDV Gas

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

1.5 Non-Energy Benefits

1.6 Environmental Impact

1.7 Technology Measures

1.8 Performance Verification of the Proposed Measure

1.9 Cost Effectiveness

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

1.10 Analysis Tools

1.11 Relationship to Other Measures

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2.2 Internal loads

Lighting Equipment Occupancy

Figure 1. Occupancy schedule

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

Figure 3. Equipment schedule

2.3 Mechanical system

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2.3.1 Air handler

2.3.2 Circulation loops

Hot water loop Chilled water loop Condenser water loop

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2.4 Chilled water plant

Climate Building peak cooling Total chiller capacity

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

Figure 4. Number of run hours at each part-load ratio in Climate Zone 3

Basecase Path A Path B

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

Sample of plots of the chiller curves are given in 7.3.

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

3 Analysis and Results

3.1 Energy savings

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

3.3 Life-cycle cost calculations

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

>150 tons $5,401 $4,253 ‐

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

>150 tons $6,278 $4,955 ‐

2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards April 26, 2011

>150 tons $6,719 $5,510 ‐