دراسة سابقة

DEVELOPMENT OF A WEARABLE DEVICE TO DETECT EPILEPSY
by
Pradeepkumar Khandnor Bakappa
A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of
The College of Engineering and Computer Science
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master Science
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, FL
August 2017
Copyright by Pradeepkumar Khandnor Bakappa 2017
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author first of all wants to thank parents and professors for the opportunities
he has been given and the love he has been shown. The author would also like to express
his thanks and love to his parents for their tireless support and encouragement for his
master’s education in USA. The author would especially like to thank Dr. Ankur Agarwal,
Dr. Bassem Alhalabi and Dr. Hari Kalva for their guidance and advisement.
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ABSTRACT
Author: Pradeepkumar Khandnor Bakappa
Title: Development of a Wearable Device to Detect Epilepsy
Institution: Florida Atlantic University
Thesis Advisor: Dr. Ankur Agarwal
Degree: Master of Science
Year: 2017
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a wearable device, developed by the
author, to detect different types of epileptic seizures and monitor epileptic patients. The
device uses GSR, Pulse, EMG, body temperature and 3-axis accelerometer sensors to
detect epilepsy. The device first learns the signal patterns of the epileptic patient in ideal
condition. The signal pattern generated during the epileptic seizure, which are distinct from
other signal patterns, are detected and analyzed by the algorithms developed by the author.
Based on an analysis, the device successfully detected different types of epileptic seizures.
The author conducted an experiment on himself to determine the effectiveness of the device
and the algorithms. Based on the simulation results, the algorithms are 100 percent accurate
in detecting different types of epileptic seizures.
Keywords — Epilepsy, Activity Analysis, Seizure detection.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A WEARABLE DEVICE TO DETECT EPILEPSY
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiv
1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1
1.1. Motivation ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Government’s spending on epilepsy .................................................................... 3
1.3. Types of Epilepsy and Their Incidence ................................................................ 4
1.4. Problem Statements .............................................................................................. 6
1.5. Contributions ........................................................................................................ 7
1.6. Thesis Organization.............................................................................................. 7
2. RELATED WORK ....................................................................................................8
2.1 Wearable technologies ......................................................................................... 8
2.1.1. Pain Relief wearable sensors ........................................................................ 8
2.1.1.1. Quell Relief............................................................................................ 9
2.1.1.2. iTENS .................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1.3. CUR ..................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2. Wearable devices for women ...................................................................... 10
2.1.2.1. Livia ..................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2.2. StimElation .......................................................................................... 10
2.1.2.3. iTBra .................................................................................................... 11
2.1.3. Sleep Wearables .......................................................................................... 11
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2.1.3.1. Neuroon ............................................................................................... 12
2.1.3.2. Luciding ............................................................................................... 12
2.1.4. Wearables for newborn ............................................................................... 12
2.1.4.1. Sprouting Baby Monitor ...................................................................... 13
2.1.4.2. Owlet ................................................................................................... 13
2.1.4.3. Smart Diapers ...................................................................................... 14
2.1.5. Wearable for fetal monitoring ..................................................................... 14
2.1.5.1. PreVue ................................................................................................. 14
2.1.5.2. Huggies ................................................................................................ 14
2.1.6. Wearable patches ........................................................................................ 15
2.1.6.1. Gentag .................................................................................................. 15
2.1.6.2. Proteus discover ................................................................................... 15
2.1.7. Wearables for construction workers. .......................................................... 16
2.1.7.1. DAQRI Smart Helmet ......................................................................... 16
2.1.7.2. Redpoint Safety Vests ......................................................................... 16
2.1.8. Wearable sensors in clothing. ..................................................................... 17
2.1.8.1. Lumo Run ............................................................................................ 17
2.1.8.2. Athos .................................................................................................... 17
2.1.8.3. Heddoko............................................................................................... 17
2.1.9. Smart glasses ............................................................................................... 18
2.1.9.1. Vuzix M300 ......................................................................................... 18
2.1.10. Wearable sensors in Animals ...................................................................... 19
2.1.11. Smart Watch................................................................................................ 19
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2.1.11.1. Apple watches...................................................................................... 19
2.1.11.2. Android smart watch Huawei .............................................................. 20
2.1.11.3. Samsung Gear S2................................................................................. 21
2.1.11.4. Sony SmartWatch 3 ............................................................................. 21
2.1.11.5. Garmin Vivoactive HR ........................................................................ 22
2.1.11.6. Polar M600 .......................................................................................... 22
2.1.11.7. Vector Luna Smartwatch ..................................................................... 23
2.1.11.8. Pebble Time ......................................................................................... 24
2.1.11.9. Microsoft Band .................................................................................... 24
2.1.11.10. Embrace ............................................................................................... 25
2.2. Applications of Wearable Technologies ............................................................ 30
2.2.1. Clinical Applications .................................................................................. 30
2.2.1.1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ................................ 30
2.2.1.2. Parkinson’s disease .............................................................................. 30
2.2.1.3. Stroke ................................................................................................... 31
2.2.1.4. Epilepsy ............................................................................................... 31
2.2.1.5. Autism ................................................................................................. 32
2.2.2. Health & Wellness monitoring ................................................................... 36
2.2.3. Safety Monitoring ....................................................................................... 36
2.2.4. Applications in Military and space ............................................................. 37
2.3. Smartwatches available in the market for epileptic patients .............................. 38
2.3.1. Empatica ..................................................................................................... 38
2.3.2. Mercury ....................................................................................................... 39
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2.3.3. Biolert ......................................................................................................... 39
2.3.4. Smart-monitor ............................................................................................. 39
2.3.5. RNS system ................................................................................................. 39
2.3.6. Emfit ........................................................................................................... 39
3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE ..................................................................................40
3.1. Components used in designing the system ......................................................... 40
3.1.1. NodeMCU: .................................................................................................. 40
3.1.2. MCP3008 8 Channel ADC ......................................................................... 41
3.1.3. Biosensors ................................................................................................... 42
3.1.3.1. Electromyography (EMG) ................................................................... 42
3.1.3.2. Electro dermal Activity (EDA)............................................................ 42
3.1.3.3. Pulse Sensor ......................................................................................... 43
3.1.3.4. 3-Axis Accelerometer .......................................................................... 44
3.1.3.5. Temperature Sensor ............................................................................. 44
3.2. Block Diagram ................................................................................................... 45
3.2.1. Human Body ............................................................................................... 46
3.2.2. Data Sensing and Acquisition ..................................................................... 47
3.2.3. Data Processing:.......................................................................................... 47
3.2.3.1. Learn Algorithms ................................................................................. 47
3.2.3.2. Data Preprocessing .............................................................................. 48
3.2.3.2.1. Data Preprocessing for Pulse Sensor ................................................ 48
3.2.3.2.2. Data Preprocessing for accelerometer .............................................. 49
3.2.3.2.3. Data Preprocessing for Temperature Sensor .................................... 50
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3.2.3.2.4. Data Preprocessing for GSR Sensor ................................................. 51
3.3. Epileptic Seizure Algorithms: ............................................................................ 52
3.3.1. Algorithm 1: GSR and Accelerometer. ....................................................... 53
3.3.1.1. Complex partial Seizure ...................................................................... 55
3.3.1.2. Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure ....................................................... 55
3.3.2. Algorithm 2: GSR, body temperature and Accelerometer.......................... 56
3.3.3. Algorithm 3: GSR, Muscle sensor and Accelerometer ............................... 57
3.3.4. Algorithm 4: Heart Rate, GSR, and Accelerometer ................................... 59
3.3.4.1. Complex Partial Seizure ...................................................................... 60
3.3.4.2. Simple Partial Seizure ......................................................................... 60
3.3.4.3. Generalized Complex Partial Seizure .................................................. 60
3.3.5. Algorithm 5: GSR, Heart Rate, EMG, and Accelerometer......................... 62
3.3.5.1. Simple Partial Epileptic Seizure .......................................................... 63
3.3.5.2. Complex Partial Epileptic Seizure ....................................................... 63
3.3.5.3. Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure ....................................................... 63
3.4. Data Storage: ...................................................................................................... 64
3.4.1. Webserver ................................................................................................... 64
3.4.2. Database ...................................................................................................... 66
4. IMPLEMENTATION, RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ............................................69
4.1. Algorithm Results .............................................................................................. 70
4.2. GSR Results during seizure ............................................................................... 75
4.2.1. GSR Results Analysis ................................................................................. 75
4.2.2. GSR Plot during seizure (Skin Conductance) ............................................. 76
x
4.3. EMG Results during seizure .............................................................................. 76
4.4. Epilepsy Simulation model: ............................................................................... 77
4.4.1. Algorithm 1: Simulation Results: ............................................................... 78
4.4.1.1. Complex Partial Seizure ...................................................................... 78
4.4.1.2. Tonic Clonic Seizure: .......................................................................... 79
4.4.2. Algorithm 2: Simulation Results. ............................................................... 80
4.4.3. Algorithm 3 Simulation: ............................................................................. 80
4.4.3.1. Simple and Complex Partial Seizure: .................................................. 80
4.4.3.2. Tonic Clonic Seizure: .......................................................................... 81
4.5. Accuracy and performance................................................................................. 83
5. CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................84
5.1. Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 84
5.2. Future work ........................................................................................................ 84
6. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................86
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Research Spending on Epilepsy. ...................................................................... 4
Figure 1.2. NIH Spending on Research for Epilepsy.......................................................... 4
Figure 1.3. Classification of epileptic seizures. .................................................................. 4
Figure 1.4. Picture taken from clinical gate epilepsy. [10] ................................................. 5
Figure 1.5. Incidence of Seizure Types. ............................................................................. 6
Figure 3.1. NodeMCU ...................................................................................................... 40
Figure 3.2. MCP3008 8 Channel ADC ............................................................................. 41
Figure 3.3. EMG Sensor Analog Output Signal. .............................................................. 42
Figure 3.4. GSR/EDA Sensor Analog Output Signal. ...................................................... 43
Figure 3.5. Pulse Sensor Analog Output Signal. .............................................................. 44
Figure 3.6. Block diagram of epileptic seizure detection model. ..................................... 45
Figure 3.7. Pictorial Representation of Sensor Placement. ............................................... 47
Figure 3.8. G-force output wave form of all the three axis............................................... 49
Figure 3.9. Graph representing standard deviation and mean. ......................................... 50
Figure 3.10. Main algorithm flow chart to detect epileptic seizure. ................................. 53
Figure 3.11. Algorithm 1 to Detect Epileptic Seizure ...................................................... 56
Figure 3.12. Algorithm 2 to Detect Epileptic Seizure ...................................................... 57
Figure 3.13. Algorithm 3 to Detect Epileptic Seizure. ..................................................... 59
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Figure 3.16. Web-server of epileptic patient. ................................................................... 65
Figure 3.17. Learn the epileptic patient. ........................................................................... 66
Figure 3.18. List of Feeds Created for Each Sensor on the Dashboard. ........................... 67
Figure 3.19. Dashboard of the Epileptic Patient. .............................................................. 68
Figure 4.1. Plot of Algorithm 1 Result. ............................................................................ 73
Figure 4.2. Plot of Algorithm 2 Result. ............................................................................ 73
Figure 4.3. Plot of Algorithm 5 result. .............................................................................. 74
Figure 4.4. Standard Deviation during Experiment. ......................................................... 74
Figure 4.5. Plot of Standard Deviation during tonic-clonic seizure ................................. 75
Figure 4.6. GSR Plot during Epileptic Seizure ................................................................. 76
Figure 4.7. EMG Plot during Experiment ......................................................................... 77
Figure 4.8. Epilepsy Simulation Model ............................................................................ 78
Figure 4.9. Algorithm 1 Simulation Graph of Tonic Clonic Seizure................................ 79
Figure 4.10. Algorithm 2 Simulation Graph of Tonic Clonic Seizure.............................. 80
Figure 4.11. Algorithm 3 Simulation Graph of SPS and CPS Seizures. .......................... 81
Figure 4.12. Algorithm 3 Tonic Clonic Seizures Graph. .................................................. 81
Figure 4.13. Algorithm 4 SPS, CPS, Tonic Clonic Seizure Graph ................................... 82
Figure 4.14. Algorithm 5 SPS, CPS, Tonic Clonic Seizure Graph ................................... 83
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. Symptoms of Generalized Epileptic Seizures. ................................................... 1
Table 1.2. Symptoms of Partial Epileptic Seizures............................................................. 2
Table 2.1. Comparison of different smart watches ........................................................... 25
Table 2.2. Uses of smartwatches in clinical applications ................................................. 33
Table 3.1. Sensors connected to different channels of MCP3008 8 Channel ADC. ........ 41
Table 3.2. Bio Sensor Specifications: ............................................................................... 44
Table 3.3. Sensor values for Complex Partial Seizure...................................................... 55
Table 3.4. Sensor values for Tonic Clonic Seizure. .......................................................... 55
Table 3.5. EMG Sensor values for different Seizures. ..................................................... 58
Table 3.6. Different Sensor values to detect different types of Seizures. ......................... 58
Table 3.7. Ictal Heart Rate changes during different types of Seizure. ............................ 60
Table 4.1. Results of Algorithms in Experiment 1 during Seizure. .................................. 71
Table 4.2. Results of Algorithms in Experiment 2 during seizure.................................... 71
Table 4.3. GSR Results for Experiment............................................................................ 75
Table 4.4. EMG Results Analysis ..................................................................................... 76
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Motivation
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory
disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical
activity in the brain [1]. An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or
symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Epilepsy is a disease characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic
seizures and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of
this condition. In simple words, seizure is an event and epilepsy is the disease involving
recurrent unprovoked seizures [2].
A person with epilepsy, depending on where in the brain the seizure starts, has
symptoms like abnormal muscle contractions, such as abnormal head movements, hand
movements, staring spells, sometimes with repetitive movements such as lip smacking.
Abnormal sensations, such as numbness, sensations like ants crawling on the skin,
abdominal pain, sweating, increase in heart rate/pulse, changes in mood or emotion and
temporary inability to speak [3]. Table 1.1 explains the symptoms of different types of
epileptic seizures.
Table 1.1. Symptoms of Generalized Epileptic Seizures.
Generalized Seizures Symptoms
(Produced by the entire brain)Symptoms
1
1. "Grand Mal" or Generalized tonic- Unconsciousness, convulsions, muscle
clonic rigidity
2. Absence Brief loss of consciousness
3. Myoclonic Sporadic (isolated), jerking movements
4. Clonic Repetitive, jerking movements
5. Tonic Muscle stiffness, rigidity
6. Atonic Loss of muscle tone
Table 1.2. Symptoms of Partial Epileptic Seizures.
Partial Seizures Symptoms
(Produced by a small area of the brain)
1. Simple (awareness is retained) a. Jerking, muscle rigidity, spasms, head-

turning
a. Simple Motor
b. Unusual sensations affecting either the
b. Simple Sensory
vision, hearing, smell taste, or touch
c. Simple Psychological
c. Memory or emotional disturbances
2. Complex Automatisms such as lip smacking,

chewing, fidgeting, walking and other
(Impairment of awareness)
repetitive, involuntary but coordinated
movements.
3. Partial seizure with secondary Symptoms that are initially associated

generalization with a preservation of consciousness that
then evolves into a loss of consciousness
and convulsions.
2
Anyone can develop epilepsy, at any time of life. It happens in people of all ages,
races and social classes. Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological problem.
Epilepsy is most commonly diagnosed in children and in people over 65 [4].
Approximately 50 million people are affected by epilepsy globally and 80% of the people
live in low and middle income countries. About 70% of the people with epilepsy respond
to treatment [5]. One in 26 Americans will develop epilepsy in their lifetime. An
estimated 3 million Americans and 65 million people worldwide currently live with
epilepsy. Even after taking medication for a long duration to prevent epilepsy, 20% of
people with epilepsy will develop seizures that are resistance to drugs [6].
1.2. Government’s spending on epilepsy
The United States spends approximately $15.5 billion each year for epilepsy
treatment [7]. Among government and nonprofit organizations, NIH spends around 82%
of the total amount spent on epilepsy. Around 32% of the NIH epilepsy budget is spent to
improve treatment options for epilepsy. Over half of this research money is spent towards
identifying new ways to detect, predict, prevent, or terminate seizures [8]. The figure below
explains the spending by government on epilepsy and its research.
3
Figure 1.1. Research Spending on Figure 1.2. NIH Spending on Research for
Epilepsy. Epilepsy.
1.3. Types of Epilepsy and Their Incidence
Epileptic seizures are classified in to three groups, Generalized Onset seizures
(Absence seizure, Tonic-conic seizures), Focal Onset seizures (simple focal seizures,
complex focal seizure) and Unknown Onset seizures as shown in the figure 1.3 [9].
Figure 1.3. Classification of epileptic seizures.
4
Partial seizures arise from a discrete focus, such as a cortical malformation or
tumor, without loss of consciousness. Primary Generalized seizures appear to originate
from abnormal oscillations in thalamocortical loops [10]. Figure 1.4 clearly differentiates
the origins of seizures.
Figure 1.4. Picture taken from clinical gate epilepsy. [10]
Figure 1.5 shows the incidence of different seizure types [11]. Partial or focal
seizure is the most common seizure and its incidence covers around 50% of seizure types.
The percentage incidence of Generalized Tonic-Clonic seizure is around 23%. We
designed an algorithm to detect simple and complex partial seizures and Generalized Tonic
Clonic Seizure.
5
Figure 1.5. Incidence of Seizure Types.
1.4. Problem Statements
A key challenge in developing a wearable device was to find a platform where all
the required sensors were available. We used individual wearable sensors that were suitable
for the experiment and developed a device to detect epilepsy. The next big challenge was
to process all the sensors’ raw data and get the output in the required format or standard.
This defines our goals for this thesis:
x Convert the analog output of each sensor to the required standards, for example,
analog output of temperature sensor is converted to Fahrenheit.
x Develop different algorithms based on the use of different sensors to detect
different types of epilepsy.
x Publish all the sensors data on to the webserver/cloud in the standard format.
x Store the data onto the database.
x Analyze the data to get results.
6
1.5. Contributions
The major contributions of this research work are as follows:
x Developed a wearable device that has different wearable sensors to detect different
types of epileptic seizures.
x Interfaced this device with the cloud platform and stored all the sensor data on to
the cloud.
x The data stored on the cloud was downloaded and each sensor’s data was analyzed.
1.6. Thesis Organization
Chapter 2 of this thesis evaluates the related research in the use of wearable devices
to detect seizures. Chapter 3 discusses the algorithms to detect epileptic seizure. Chapter 4
details our specific implementation, results and analysis. Finally, Chapter 5 concludes the
research work while presenting directions for potential future research.
7
2. RELATED WORK
There many types of research going on or completed to monitor and detect the
epileptic seizure. Seizure detection methods can be based on a different methods with
different sensors, including EEG signal analysis of movement patterns in a digital video.
Accelerometer, GSR, body temperature, pulse sensor and EMG sensors are used to detect
epileptic seizure. An Analysis of Daily Living (ADL) helps in differentiating ADL events
and Seizure events. The smart watch which has miniature three-dimensional accelerometer
sensor worn on wrist or ankle helps in detecting movements of the body. A pattern
recognition algorithm embedded in the smart watch is used to check whether the body
movements are representative to seizure. The patients were monitored in standard fashion
using continuous video/EEG monitoring. Both the results are compared and analyzed to
detect the seizure [12].
2.1 Wearable technologies
2.1.1. Pain Relief wearable sensors
This innovation helps in the quick treatment of incessant pain without the
requirement for medications, and it might cure totally if utilized for long haul. Regardless
of whether the specialist recommends the medication or taken over the counter, can bring
about genuine changes to cerebrum and body of the client [13]. Lungs, stomach, small
intestine, liver, kidneys, and muscles are the parts of the body may be severely damaged
by painkiller abuse [14]. Painkillers have shown to be more dangerous than heroin and
8
cocaine. In 2010 there were 16,651 deaths in the United States due to prescription opioid
pain relievers [15].
2.1.1.1. Quell Relief

One of the new healthcare wearables is the product by Quell Relief. It works
through TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) technology. The TENS
technology is a clinically proven, 100% drug-free option, which provides therapy
automatically to ensure optimal pain relief for the patient [16]. It is Bluetooth perfect with
both iOS and Android working frameworks, and the data can be gotten to through the local
versatile application. The rechargeable battery can provide 40 hours of continual use. There
is a dispensable cathode put inside the support that the patient straps to the site of pain. The
electrodes must be replaced every couple of weeks based on the wear. A simple button
push activates the electrodes. During a clinical study, it was clinically proven that 80.7%
reported improvement in their chronic pain using TENS [39]. Quell Relief is the only FDA
cleared OTC device that can manage chronic pain both at night while the patient sleeps and
during the day when active [17].
2.1.1.2. iTENS
iTENS is another example of a wearable electrotherapy device which is effective
in delivering lasting pain relief. This treatment gadget is controlled and communicated with
an iOS or Android application. This OTC device requires no prescription. iTENS has large
wings to cover a bigger area of pain relief for back, shoulder and it uses gel pads for topical
adhesion is good for 10 to 12 applications [18].
9
2.1.1.3. CUR
CUR senses muscle vibrations from the body to provide accurate TENS therapy.
CUR works by sending painless electrical signals through the nervous system to the brain
which reaches before the original pain signal. This technique confuses neurological pain
signal and redirects the patient providing relief from the pain. Using the mobile application,
the user can set a customized therapy [19].
2.1.2. Wearable devices for women
To appeal to women style has been incorporated. The health care industry is not
lagging in wearable devices. The health industry is more concentrated on women’s
menstrual pain, breast related diseases and pregnant caretaking. Period pain is very
common in most girls and women. The torment is bad to the point that 10 in 100 ladies
they can't do their day by day exercises for one to three days of each menstruation cycle
[20].
2.1.2.1. Livia
Livia is a new pain management device designed for women which help to take out
menstrual pain. Women who suffer from menstrual cramps typically consume pain killers.
Livia uses a drugless pain relief method. It blocks the menstrual pain from reaching the
brain by adjusting the wavelength frequency of the menstrual pain. It’s as easy as clipping
the device onto pants turn it on. The person will feel relief [21].
2.1.2.2. StimElation
StimElation is a product designed to protect baby from invisible radiations.
Radiation-shielding textile will protect the abdomen. The radiations like electromagnetic
10
frequencies (microwaves, wireless connections, Wi-Fi hotspots, Bluetooth, mobile
radiations, etc.) will be protected from a baby. The mobile application records stories,
melodies by the loved one to the child. It has launderable speakers which are wellbeing
and infant begins learning in utero. The electronic sensors that are fit into the garment
collect vital health statistics like heart rate and display the data on the mobile application
[22].
2.1.2.3. iTBra
iTBra is known as smart bra which detects the early signs of breast cancer without
the need for mammograms or ultrasound screenings. The associated patches designed are
worn inside the bra to identify early signs of breast cancer. Among breast cancer is the
second leading cause of cancer death in women and the chance of women die from Breast
cancer is about 1 in 36 which is about 3% [23]. The women’s circadian temperature
changes within the breast cells is measured using heat sensors. The information is then
breaking down using algorithm and neural systems to distinguish the strange temperatures.
The data is sent to the mobile application or personal computer. This bra is still in prototype
stage and is tested on 500 patients in which it proved to be 87% which is slightly higher
when compared to mammograms accuracy at 83% [24].
2.1.3. Sleep Wearables
The sleeping disorder that is characterized by an inability to sleep is called
Insomnia. More than one-quarter of the U.S. population report of not getting sleep and
nearly 10% experience chronic insomnia [25]. However, wearable technology will help
such people who are not having sufficient sleep.
11
2.1.3.1. Neuroon
Neuroon is an intelligent and smart mask device which helps and guides the client
to have most ideal and agreeable rest. It employs light therapy by gathered data and helps
stimulate sleeping. It measures the eye movement, sleep patterns, muscle movements and
heart rate. The device is designed in such a way that when a person wakes up, it will reduce
fatigue, as well as jetlag and eliminate the weakness. It also helps to beat jet lag. The mask
automatically adjusts the light therapy and offer a lot of recommendations to make the
sleep better. Jet Lag Blocker feature helps to beat jet lag a few days before the scheduled
trip [26].
2.1.3.2. Luciding
Luciding device optimizes users dream experience. This device tunes into the user
dream and makes user feel in control of their dream. User can launch a Lucid Catcher app
to check if the device is in the perfect place. It has electrodes which transmit the neuro-
signals on the determined frequency at 40Hz to monitor the dream phases. The electrodes
will come into contact with the skin. It has a waterproof fabric and silicone layer that holds
the electronics parts together [27].
2.1.4. Wearables for newborn
The newborn baby should always be monitored and should take care of it. Heart
rate, body temperature, breathing, room temperature, baby’s sleep pattern, etc. all these are
important factors to be monitored for newborn babies. If anything, unusual is found it
should be reported to the family physician.
12
2.1.4.1. Sprouting Baby Monitor
Sprouting Baby Monitoring is an adjustable anklet specially designed for babies which
monitor heart rate, motion, and position while sleeping. It gathers the infants sleep
examples and situations to figure out how to help the children to rest better. An app is
available to see all of the sleep data in real time. It will alarm the guardians if the infant is
wakeful and it will take in the child mind-set and illuminates the guardians through a
mobile application. The anklet is adjustable, and it expands as the baby grows [28].
2.1.4.2. Owlet
Owlet [29] is smart socks designed for little babies, made to wear the smart socks and these
smart socks communicate via Bluetooth to the base station near the parents or
communicates with a mobile application. It uses Hospital technology pulse oximeter and
is designed to alert if the baby stops breathing and monitors baby’s heart rate and oxygen
levels while they sleep. In the hospitals, pulse oximeter is applied to the finger and which
has a small light on it and this light passes through the skin to determine the amount of
blood flow and oxygen levels. The oximeter works in view of the attributes of red and
infrared light retention of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Oxygenated
hemoglobin assimilates more infrared light and permits more red light to go through.
Deoxygenated hemoglobin assimilates more red light and permits more infrared light to go
through Based on the readings of the photodetector which is placed opposite to light emitter
heart beats and blood oxygen levels are calculated [30].
13
2.1.4.3. Smart Diapers
Smart Diapers by Pixie Scientific [31] alerts the parents that require immediate attention
and track child's health for months. By taking useful data on the solutes from the urine and
bacterial activity from a wet Smart Diaper, it alerts the parents of developing problems.
The algorithms on smart diaper mobile app will analyze the data and alerts the parents
about developing problems.
2.1.5. Wearable for fetal monitoring
2.1.5.1. PreVue
PreVue [32] is a wearable fatal visualization device. The mother will get to know about the
fatal movements and help them to less worry over reduced fatal movement when
everything is normal. The adaptive learning starts in utero through the mounted speakers
where the mother can talk, sing a song to the baby. The device produces a fixed frequency
of 7 MHz and maximum scanning time of 20 minutes for every 24 hours; all these are
following the regulations outlined by British Medical Ultrasound Society. This will help
the parent to understand the health and development of unborn. This technology will help
for diagnosis and treatment of patients in remote areas using telecommunication
technology. Babypod [33] is also another wearable device for fetal monitoring.
2.1.5.2. Huggies
Huggies [34] permits accomplice or father to feel what mother feels. It is a framework has
two belts that transmit a child's kick from mother to father. The non-pregnant partner wears
the belt and when the baby or fetus kicks inside of the womb, both pregnant women and
14
the non-pregnant partner who is wearing the belt feel it. It effectively sends out empathy
kicks.
2.1.6. Wearable patches
Wearable patches are playing an important role in wearable devices. It’s because most of
the wearable patches don’t use the external battery as a source of energy for the sensors.
They are easy to use and light weight. These patches can be hidden inside the dress and
easy to patch all over the body wherever necessary.
2.1.6.1. Gentag
Gentag [35] has sensors embedded into the patches. It doesn’t use any needle instead,
produces local electric current to inject the medicinal compounds through the skin into the
body. It uses NFC to transfer the data, and sensor data can be obtained with NFC device or
smartphone. It helps to measure the body temperature, fitness tracking, Diabetes
monitoring, measures UV exposure and drug delivery for a variety of medications. It uses
Radar Responsive tags to provide geolocation of athletes at major sporting events and
medical equipment in large hospitals. The best thing about Gentag patches is that they are
entirely passive (battery-less).
2.1.6.2. Proteus discover
Proteus discover [36] consist of a digestible sensor, a small wearable sensor patch, an
application on the mobile device and a provider portal. The sensor pill gets activated once
it reaches the stomach. The embedded pill after activating it sends signal to the patch. The
patch collects all the data and then transmits the data to the mobile application and then to
the Proteus Cloud (Portal). From the portal patient's personal physician and caregivers can
15
access the data with his permission. The patch tracks various activities like steps, rest, heart
rate and medication.
2.1.7. Wearables for construction workers.
Wearable sensors for construction workers is very important. 4,821 workers lost their life
at work in 2014. If we average, it is approximately 13 deaths every day. That’s nearly 1,100
workers die, and 50,000 are injured each year in the work zone area on roadside
construction [37].
2.1.7.1. DAQRI Smart Helmet
DAQRI Smart Helmet [38] is an augmented reality helmet built using computer vision
technology. It has an Intel core m7-6Y75 processor which allows for multimedia and AR
application. For construction workers. It will help the workers with visible instruction right
on their visor and worker will understand what needs to be done on the visible workspace.
This technology also allows experts to assist workers remotely. The issues will be resolved
very fast by a discussion in real time. The helmet supports 360 navigation cameras, HD
video recording, photography and 3D mapping.
2.1.7.2. Redpoint Safety Vests
Redpoint Safety Vests are designed to help the workers stay away from danger zones. The
GPS is integrated on the vests helps to track locations across job sites. The worker can be
alerted if entering the danger zone. The worker performance can be monitored based on
the GPS location and relative job at the job site. In 2013, 67523 crashes were estimated to
have occurred in work zone nationwide in the USA [39]. In future, the worker may be
alerted if any vehicle is approaching near.
16
2.1.8. Wearable sensors in clothing.
Smart clothing is the technology where electronics fit with textiles to create functional,
fashionable, and comfortable to meet every day needs in different activities like sports,
shopping, home, and healthcare. Smart clothing can replace strapping devices to the wrist,
ears, face, legs, etc.
2.1.8.1. Lumo Run
Lumo Run is the smart running short that can monitor ground contact time, pelvic rotation
and stride length. It also supports real-time coaching with the techniques sent through
headphone to improve and reduce the chances of injury. The sensor is washing machine
friendly, and the battery lasts for one month for a complete charge. [40].
2.1.8.2. Athos
Athos is a smart dress designed for gym. The training clothes are woven with micro-EMG
sensors that detect which muscles are working and transfer this workout data to a
smartphone via a Bluetooth. Muscle effort, heart rate, and breathing are all tracked, and the
app provides insights to help the user to exercise correctly and avoid injury. This could be
the personal trainer in user’s pocket which they have been waiting for [41].
2.1.8.3. Heddoko
Heddoko is the smart shirt and garment which is mainly designed for sports and working
people and helps the people to know their efficiency in the working environment. It keeps
track of the performance of the athlete and helps to achieve goals. This smart shirt keeps
track of the user body movements and collects full-body biomechanics information and
model that information in 3D technology to help the user to view in real time. 3D
17
technology will help the user to know if there is too much pressure on any body part. The
application will analyze and helps in making immediate adjustments to reduce the
probability of injury [42]
2.1.9. Smart glasses
Google Glass 2 has a 5 MP and videos can be recorded in 720p quality. It has adjustable
nose pads and frame which fits almost any face. Very high-resolution display which is
equivalent to 25 inch HD screen from eight feet away. It had a built-in memory of 12 GB
and synced with Google cloud storage. It has both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi for connectivity.
The battery lasts for one day on normal use. This device is compatible with both Android
and iOS operating system [43].
2.1.9.1. Vuzix M300
Vuzix M300 is a smart glass which has an HD color display on it. It has Intel Atom CPU
built-in GPS for navigation and the processor runs on Android 6.0 operating system. The
storage capacity of this device is 64 GB internal flash memory and has 2 GB of RAM. This
smart glass can be controlled using voice commands which are available in multiple
languages, 4 Android control buttons, gesture control up to 2 axes, touch pad and remote
control using M300 manager app which runs on Android and iOS devices. The
accelerometer and gyro sensor helps in tracking the head movements. It has a 13-megapixel
camera, and videos can be recorded in 1080p quality. It supports both Android and iOS
operating system [44].
18
2.1.10. Wearable sensors in Animals
The use of biosensors and wearable sensors is becoming important for animal health
analysis and management. These devices can help in providing a timely diagnosis for
diseases in animals. Biosensors and wearable technologies are particularly useful for dairy
cattle and poultry farms [45]. Wearable sensors and wearable technologies can be
implanted on animals to detect their sweat constituents like sodium [46], potassium,
glucose [47], e-tags measure body temperature [48], e-pills to track health data and Cow
collars to detect estrus [49]. Observe behavior and movement, detect stress, analyze sound,
detect pH, prevent disease, and detect the presence of virus. Wearable sensors help farmers
catch the disease early in animals and thereby prevent deaths of animals. It is estimated
that the global market will grow from $0.91 billion in 2014 to $2.6 billion in 2025 [50].
2.1.11. Smart Watch
A smartwatch is a wearable computing device with a touch screen display worn on user’s
wrist which has functionalities similar to a smartphone. It’s essentially a mini-computer on
user’s wrist. The smartwatch, when connected to the smartphone via Bluetooth, will have
features like internet connection, making calls, running mobile application, listening music,
reading text messages and more.
2.1.11.1. Apple watches
Apple watches has features like Wi-Fi connection, Bluetooth 4.0 to connect with the Apple
phone, heart rate sensor to measure the heart rate of the user and show it to the user using
a Heart Rate app built by Apple. Accelerometer and gyroscope reading are used to measure
the motion of the user. The apple watch runs on the watchOS3 operating system. Ambient
19
light sensor is used to adjust the brightness of the watch automatically. The latest released
Apple watch series two has shifted focus to health and fitness. It has a Dual-core processor
with built-in GPS. The built-in GPS keeps the user free from iPhone and will give an
accurate reading of running track. The series two Apple smart watch is water-resistant up
to 50 meters in the water and helps for swim tracking. Apple watch has built-in
rechargeable lithium-ion battery which lasts up to 18 hours after a complete charge. Apple
watch series 2 has a special feature to recharge the battery using USB power adapter. The
previous Apple watches have Aluminum and stainless steel cases. The Apple watch series
two watch comes with a ceramic case with sports band [51] [52].
2.1.11.2. Android smart watch Huawei
Android smart watch Huawei has a display of size 1.4 inch AMOLED circular display with
400x400 screen resolution and 286 pixels per inch. This watch has 1.2 GHz Qualcomm
Snapdragon 400 process and runs on Android Wear operating system. It has 4 GB of Read
Only Memory (ROM) and 412 MB of RAM. The weight of the watch is 60.5 grams. The
battery lasts up to 2 days after it is completely charged. This smart watch tracks user
movements and activities, recognizes exercises pattern using Accelerometer, Gyroscope,
Heart rate sensor and Barometer sensors. It is compatible with both Android and iOS
operating systems and has built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.1 for connectivity and uses
google now voice commands. This feature helps the user to know who is calling, read texts
and receive emails without reaching the phone [53].
20
2.1.11.3. Samsung Gear S2
Samsung Gear S2 are available in two type, Bluetooth connectivity, and 3G/4G
connectivity. The Bluetooth connectivity doesn’t have in-built GPS sensor and Voice call
feature. The Samsung Gear S2 has first certified electronic SIM card (eSIM) feature. These
are programmable SIMs that will allow the user to switch carrier without the physical card.
Remaining all other features are very much similar in both. Both these watches have NFC
and Wi-Fi for connectivity. It has a 1.2-inch circular sAMOLED display with 360x360
dots per index resolution. It has MSM8x26 dual core 1.0 GHz processor with an internal
memory of 4GB and 512 MB of Ram and runs on Tizen Operating system. The weight of
this watch is 51 gram. The user can listen to their favorite music with audio support on it.
A built-in speaker on the side is for standalone phone calls. The battery used is 300mAh
Li-Ion and charged wirelessly. Similar to other smart watches this smart watch also tracks
user movements and activities, recognizes exercises pattern using Accelerometer,
Gyroscope, Heart rate sensor and Barometer sensors [54].
2.1.11.4. Sony SmartWatch 3
Sony SmartWatch 3 has a 1.6 inch transflective LCD with a resolution of 320x320 pixel.
It’s surprising that Sony still using LCD displays on smart watches whereas other smart
smartwatch manufacturers started using AMOLED displays. The weight of the core unit
of the smartwatch is around 45 grams which is better than other smartphone manufacturers.
It has quad ARM A7, 1.2 GHz processor which runs on Android operating system. 4 GB
of eMMC memory and 512 MB of RAM. The eMMC memory technology is slower and
cheaper compared to SSD technology. It has inbuilt microphone to recognize the voice
21
commands and to talk over the call. We can use voice commands, touch, and gesture input
to control the smartwatch. This smart watch also tracks user movements and activities,
recognizes exercises pattern using Accelerometer, Gyroscope. The inbuilt Wi-Fi feature
helps the user to interact with the apps, get notifications on the smart watch without the
smartphone nearby. Other than Wi-Fi it has Bluetooth and NFC to connect and
communicate with the smartphone. The battery lasts up to 2 days with normal use after a
complete recharge. The battery can be charged using a Micro USB [55].
2.1.11.5. Garmin Vivoactive HR
Garmin Vivoactive HR [56] smart watch has a display resolution of 205 x 184 pixels and
displays size of 20.7 x 28.6 mm. It has a touch screen with color display, and weight is 48.2
grams for large bands. It uses rechargeable lithium battery which lasts up to 8 days in
smartwatch mode i.e. with 24/7 heart rate monitoring and up to 13 hours in GPS mode. It
has built in GPS and built-in sports apps like running, biking which is GPS enabled. The
user can save location to his/her favorite list. The user would receive smart notifications
like email, text messages when connected to the smartphone. This smart watch has a heart
rate sensor on it which tracks the heart rate activity for 24/7 and give an accurate value of
calorie burn throughout the day and night. It has accelerometer and cadence sensor (Bike
speed) to measure the distance traveled. The Garmin ConnectTM is an online community
which helps the user to share the data with friends and family and compete with them.
2.1.11.6. Polar M600
Polar M600 [57] is an Android smart watch which has smart coaching features on it. Smart
coaching features like training benefit, running index, smart calories lets the user to know
22
how many calories they burnt, activity benefit which gives daily, weekly and monthly
feedback based on the activity. It tracks different activities of the user, like sleep running
and helps the user to achieve individual daily activity goal. The size of the display is 1.30
inch with a resolution of 240 x 240 and has 260 pixel to pixel index. It has optical hear rate
sensor with 6 LEDs to measure the heart rate. It has MediaTek MT2601, ARM Cortex-A7
dual core 1.2 GHz processor. The internal memory is 4BG and has 512 MB of RAM.
Tracks user movements and activities, recognizes exercises pattern using Accelerometer,
Gyroscope. This smart watch is water resistance up to 10 meters and suitable for
swimming. The weight of this watch is 63 grams little more compared to other smart
watches. It has built-in Bluetooth and Wi-Fi for connectivity, two buttons on the watch;(
one is for power control, and the other one is a front button which is used for quick training
control). It supports different global languages being: English, Spanish, Portuguese,
French, Dutch, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Chinese and more.
2.1.11.7. Vector Luna Smartwatch
Vector Luna Smartwatch [58] is a smart and stylish sports watch best known for its battery
life. The battery life of this smart watch is around 30 days. It is compatible with almost all
android, iOS and windows phones. The user can download the social media apps, sleep
tracker apps from Vector app store. This watch is water-resistant up to 50 meters. It keeps
track of all activities like steps, calories are burnt, distance traveled, sleep quality and
duration.
23
2.1.11.8. Pebble Time
Pebble Time [59] is most affordable price watch. The battery life of this watch is very
impressive up to 7 days after complete recharge. The water resistance is up to 30 meters;
can use it in the pool, shower, and rain. This watch monitors heart rate 24/7 and tracks
sleep quality, are shown in summaries and mobile graphs. It has a speaker on it and can be
controlled by voice commands. It had Crisp ePaper LCD which consumes 99% less energy
than the LCD [60]. This watch also smartly tracks the steps, calories, runs and long walks.
The user can receive notifications of the call, texts, and events.
2.1.11.9. Microsoft Band
Microsoft Band [61] is an open source smart watch which has features like continuous
heart rate monitoring, sleep quality tracking, tracking calories burnt and activity tracking
of fitness goals (running, biking, golfing, and workout). It has built-in GPS; The user can
keep the phone away when they run or bike. The sensors like accelerometer, gyro meter
will measure the movement activities, barometer counts the number of floors user climb.
It has skin temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the skin, UV Sensor,
Capacitive sensor, the microphone is used for voice commands. Galvanic Skin Response
sensors measure the change in the electrical resistance of the skin. It has Bluetooth for
connectivity and communicates with Microsoft health application. This device is
compatible with devices running on Android, iOS, and Microsoft operating system. The
battery used is Li-Polymer and lasts up to 2days on normal use. Use of GPS will affect the
battery life. The band has AMOLED display with 320x128 pixels. Band has haptic
vibration motors which are used as actuators for haptic feedback.
24
2.1.11.10. Embrace
Embrace is a smart watch which monitors physiological stress, sleep, nervous system
monitoring. This device or smart watch is designed mainly to improve the lives of people
who has epilepsy. It has Accelerometer and Gyroscope to measure the physical movements
of the body, Peripheral sensor which measures the skin temperature and EDA
(Electrodermal Activity) sensor measure the electrical conductance of the skin (measure
sweat released by sweat glands). The vibration motors help for alerts when an epileptic
seizure is detected. It has a flash memory of 8MB and uses Bluetooth for communication
with the mobile app. This device is compatible with devices running iOS and Android
operating system [62].
Table 2.1. Comparison of different smart watches
Smartwa Display Sensors Activities Connecti GPS Processo Operatin

tch vity r g
System
Apple The Acceler Swimmin Wi-Fi Built- Dual- watchO
Series2 second- ometer g, Bluetooth in core S3
generati Gyrosco 4.0 GPS processo
Coaching,
on pe r
OLED Activity
Heartrat
Retina Sharing,
e
Display
with Steps
Ambient
Force Count,
light
Touch App
2X Notificatio
brighter ns
(1000
nits) Make call,
Messages,
25
Huawei 1.4 inch Acceler built-in 1.2 GHz Android
Watch AMOL ometer Wi-Fi Qualco Wear
ED Gyrosco Bluetooth mm operatin
circular pe 4.1 Snapdra g
display gon 400
Heartrat
system.
e
Baromet
er
Samsun 1.2- Acceler Bluetooth Built- MSM8x Tizen
g Gear inch ometer 3G/4G in 26 dual
S2 sAMO Gyrosco (eSIM) GPS core 1.0
LED pe for GHz
NFC
3G/4
circular Heartrat
Wi-Fi G
display e
Baromet
er
Sony 1.6 inch Acceler Bluetooth ARM Android
Smart Transfl ometer, A7, 1.2
NFC
Watch 3 ective Gyrosco GHz
LCD pe Wi-Fi
display
Garmin 20.7 x Acceler Calories Garmin built
Vivoacti 28.6 ometer burnt ConnectT in
ve HR mm Gyrosco M GPS
pe
Heartrat
e 24/7
Polar 1.30 Hear Training Wi-Fi MediaT Android

M600 inch Rate benefit, ek Wear
Bluetooth
sensor Running MT2601
with 6 Index, , ARM
LEDs. Smart Cortex-
calories, A7 dual
Sleep,
26
swimming core 1.2
GHz.
Vector monoch Steps, Bluetooth
Luna rme distance,
Smartwa screen calories
tch display burned,
s quality of
sleep.
Pebble Crisp heart sleep Bluetooth Pebble
Time ePaper rate 24/7 quality, OS
LCD
steps,
calories,
runs, long
walks,
Microso AMOL Optical Sleep Bluetooth Built-
ft Band ED heart Quality, 4.0 in
rate, Heart rate, GPS
3-axis Calories
accelero burnt
meter, running,
biking,
Gyro
golfing.
meter,
GPS,
Ambient
light,
Skin
temperat
ure,
UV,
Capaciti
ve,
Galvani
c skin,
27
Microph
one,
Baromet
er,
Haptic
Vibratio
n Motor.
Smart Weigh Water Battery Batter Control Memor Compatibi

t Resist y Life y lity
watch
(grams (meter
) s)
Apple 38 mm 50 lithium- 18 Voice iOS
cerami ion hours Command
c battery (Siri)
case=
Gesture
39.6g
control to
and
end call
44mm
cerami
c case
=45.6g
Huawei 60.5 BT 2days Voice RAM =
Watch 250mA Command 4 GB
h (google
ROM =
now)
3G 412
300mA MB
h
Samsung 51 IP68 300mA Built-in RAM = Android
Gear S2 h Li- Speaker for 4 GB and iOS
Ion standalone
ROM =
charged phone calls
512
wireles
MB
sly
28
Sony 45 IP68 420mA 2 days in-built RAM(e Android
SmartWat on microphon MMC) 4.3 and
ch 3 normal e onwards,
= 4 GB
use
Android
ROM=
Wear
512MB
Garmin 48.2 5 lithium 8days Music iOS and
Vivoactiv ATM battery on Control, Android
e HR normal
Touch
use
Screen,
13
hours
in
GPS
mode
Polar 63 10 Rechar RAM =

M600 geable 4 GB
Battery
ROM=
512MB
Vector 50 30 Android.
Luna meter days
iOS,
Smartwatc
h Windows
Pebble 30 7 days Voice
Time meters Actions,
Microsoft Not Li- 2days Voice Android
Band waterp Polyme on Commands
iOS
roof r normal using
use. Cortana Windows
from
windows
phone 8.1
or later
29
2.2. Applications of Wearable Technologies
2.2.1. Clinical Applications
2.2.1.1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease which gets worst over
the time and makes it hard to breathe [63]. It is the fourth leading cause of death in the
world as revenues lost, and health expenditure accounts for 15 billion dollars annually [64].
When COPD gets severe (FEV1 stage), it’s hard to monitor the patient through
intervention. The smart watches which have accelerometer will help to identify motor tasks
like walking on thread mill, cycling. The measure of physical activity along with heart rate,
respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation of the patient helps in improved monitoring of
COPD patient. An ear sensor with sophisticated machine learning algorithms helped to
identify several different types of physical activities and the intensity of those activities in
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [65].
2.2.1.2. Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease affects about 3% of the population over the age of 65 years and more
than 500,000 US residents. The disease is marked by characteristics motors symptoms such
as tremor, bradykinesia. Stiffness, trouble, Non-motor symptoms are changes in mood,
constipation, sleep disorders, etc. [66]. The smart watch which has accelerometer and gyro
on it can help in monitoring motor symptoms. A detailed analysis of the data collected
from the accelerometer can help in improving patient’s condition. For non-motor
symptoms like changes in mood, sleep disorders like daytime sleepiness, early awakening,
nightmares, or restless sleep can be monitored and treated using sleep wearables. The
30
accelerometer readings are recorded using of WIMM One model to differentiate postural
re-emergent tremor of Parkinson disease from essential tremor [67]. EcoWeare [68] Smart
Watch is developed using Asus ZenWatch for speech therapy monitoring for Parkinson’s
disease.
2.2.1.3. Stroke
Stroke is a neurological disorder, and approximately 15 million people suffer from stroke
every year around the world. Six million people die from stroke, and another 5 million
people are permanently disabled [69]. Approximately 795000 individuals in the United
States have a stroke every year [70]. Stroke motor symptoms are face drops, muscle
weakness, speech difficulties. Wearable sensors can be used to provide accurate measures
of motor symptoms. The wearable sensors and their data will help in telerehabilitation. By
collecting and processing accelerometer data during performance of the Wolf Motor
Performance Test [71] it is possible to predict Wolf Functional Ability Score (FAS). The
selected motor tasks could be reaching to close to the distant objects, placing the hand or
forearm from lap onto a table, Pushing and pulling a weight across a table, lifting a pencil,
flipping a card, drinking from a beverage can and turning a key. These features are detected
using accelerometer data, and Wolf performance test is conducted. Lower-limb wearable
technology [72] is used for improving activity in adult stroke survivors.
2.2.1.4. Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder occurs due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Approximately 50 million people are affected by epilepsy globally, and 80% of the people
live in low and middle-income countries. 70% of the people with epilepsy respond to the
31
treatment [73]. Approximately 1 in 26 Americans will develop epilepsy. An estimated 3
million Americans and 65 million people worldwide currently live with epilepsy. United
States spends approximately $15.5 billion each year [74]. Even after taking medication for
a long duration to prevent epilepsy, 20% of the people with epilepsy will develop seizure
that is resistance to the drug [6]. The wearable sensors could help in detecting and
monitoring epilepsy. It is explained above about Embrace smart watch which monitors
physiological stress, sleep, nervous system monitoring. This device or smart watch is
designed mainly to improve the lives of people who has epilepsy. It has Accelerometer and
Gyroscope to measure the physical movements of the body, Peripheral sensor which
measures the skin temperature and EDA (Electrodermal Activity) sensor measure the
electrical conductance eplof the skin (measure sweat released by sweat glands). The
vibration motors help for alerts when an epileptic seizure is detected [62].
2.2.1.5. Autism
Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder which is characterized by impaired social
interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication and restricted repetitive behavior. 1 in 6
children has autism spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorder begins in childhood but
tend to persist into adolescence and adulthood [75]. When patients do the repetitive
behavior, we should handle that physical changes by the sensory break. Normal activities
like standing, lying, sitting, walking and so on, and are characterized by smaller changes
in angular rate, acceleration, and direction. Activities like jumping, banging head against
the wall, hand flapping, and rocking are the examples of repetitive motion. Based on the
accelerometer and gyro sensor data, an analysis is done to distinguish between normal
32
activities and repetitive motion and if repetitive motions are found then patient or a
caretaker can be alerted [76]. A smart watch by SmartMonitor [77] is designed to detect
the epileptic seizure and can be used in hospitals to detect seizure in patients.
Smart watches are an emerging technology and their applications in clinical study is at a
nascent stage. A systematic review of smart watch studies are listed below in Table 2.2
[64].
Table 2.2. Uses of smartwatches in clinical applications
Study Focus Study Details
Detection of Smart Monitor Smartwatch The device detects rhythmic,
seizure-like repetitive movement. On detection, the watch sends a signal via a
movements using a Bluetooth link to a computer, alarm device, or smart phone Smart
wrist Monitor Smartwatch was used on 40 patients with epilepsy ages:
accelerometer[78] 3–85
Activity-based Recognized eating moments using pebble Classic smartwatch in
detection of eating two free-living condition studies (7 participants, 1 day; 1
behavior [79] participant, 31 days), with Fscores of 76.1% (66.7% Precision,
88.8% Recall), and 71.3% (65.2% Precision, 78.6% Recall).
Heart Rate Data Healthy State (Watching movie and sleep), Doing Final project,
Collecting Using Cooking, Eating, Praying are are distinguished based on heart rate
Smart Watch [80] data collection.
33
Detection of After installation of PRISM application on the Samsung Gear S
emotional state smart watch, application starts to collect light, heart rate,
[81] accelerometer and pedometer data passively. Wearable data is
automatically uploaded via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi to database.
Individuals can authenticate with web application and report their
mood in free text format and their happiness number of
individuals or participants = 13; ages: 19–37 years
Diabetes Pebble smart watch & Diabetes Diary app tested on 4 people. 2
monitoring [82] with diabetes and 2 non-diabetes
Nursing work Motorola 360 Smartwatch system provides real-time vital-sign
(Intensive Care monitoring, threshold alarms, and to-do reminders and
Unit) [83] experiment conducted on seven nurses.
Audio-based Signal-processing techniques for identification of chews and
detection of eating swallows using a smartwatch Samsung Galaxy Gear device’s
behavior [84] built-in microphone. The weighted average precision, recall, and
F-Measure from the experimental results were 94.7%, 94.4%, and
94.4% for apples, chips, water, speaking, and ambient noise
respectively.
Activity-based Samsung Galaxy Gear n = 3; “healthy” participants
detection of
34
scratching
behavior [85]
Posture detection An algorithm was trained to classify sitting, standing and lying
[86] using Samsung Galaxy Gear. 20 volunteers within the age bracket
of 19–30 years in a supervised study. Each of the participants
performed multiple activities while wearing a smartwatch placed
on the participant’s left wrist and smartphone in their left pocket.
Detection of A smartwatch-based system for detecting several motions that
Gestures may be predictors of medication adherence, using built-in triaxle
Associated With accelerometers and gyroscopes Samsung Galaxy Gear was used
Medication for the study. The results indicate that while accuracy of wrist
rotation detection is good, the false-positive rate of pill cap

Adherence Using
opening detection is very high.
Smartwatch-Based
Inertial Sensors
[87]
Activity-based Recognized eating moments using pebble Classic smartwatch in
detection of eating two free-living condition studies (7 participants, 1 day; 1
behavior [88] participant, 31 days), with Fscores of 76.1% (66.7% Precision,
88.8% Recall), and 71.3% (65.2% Precision, 78.6% Recall).
35
2.2.2. Health & Wellness monitoring
The world population is accelerating at an unprecedented rate. Till March 2016, 8.5 percent
of people (617 million) around the world are aged 65 and above and is expected to jump
17 percent of world’s population by 2050 [89]. As the world population is aging, the
patients need to be monitored remotely using wearable sensors/technology fitted on them.
The wearable watches (mentioned above) can monitor and distinguish between different
daily activities like sitting, standing, walking, numbers of steps, swimming, sleep quality,
heart rate, calories burnt running, biking, golfing, etc. Long-term monitoring of
physiological data can lead to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment, for instance,
of cardiovascular diseases. LiveNet, a system developed at the MIT Media Laboratory
which is composed of a PDA, sensor hub and physiological sensors. Livenet is
instrumented with several non-invasive sensors like polar chest strap for heart rate, throat
microphone for audio features, finger electrodes to measure skin conductance, and health
monitoring armband for movement/temperature/heat flux. These sensors help in
monitoring detecting physiological statistics is used to detect stress level. [90]. CORDIS
(Community Research and Development Information service) of European researchers
developed smart clothing projects MyHeart [91], WEALTHY [92] are helping for general
health monitoring.
2.2.3. Safety Monitoring
Safety monitoring mainly includes emergency alerts, fall detection of patients or older
adults. Falls are the second leading cause of accidental or unintentional injury deaths
worldwide. Every year approximately 424000 individuals die globally from falls. Adults
36
older than 65 suffer the greatest number of fatal falls [93]. The caretaker or the relatives
must be immediately alerted if fall is detected. Wearable sensors like accelerometer can be
used to detect fall of a person. Accelerometer along with GPS will give the exact location
of a person fell [94]. Fall accounts for 90 % of hip and wrist fractures and 60 % of traumatic
brain injuries in older adults. A total of seven triaxle accelerometers which are mounted on
ankles, thighs, sternum, head and at the anterior aspect of the waist. Machine learning
algorithms were used for the study, and it provided greater overall sensitivity and
specificity when compared to threshold algorithms in distinguishing fall from non-fall.
Among machine learning algorithms, SVM provided the highest sensitivity and specificity
of 96 % in identifying falls from non-falls [95]. The accelerometers available in
smartphones incorporated in different algorithms can be used to detect robust fall. The
airbag technology which depends upon wearable accelerometers and gyroscopes to trigger
the inflation of the airbag when a fall is detected. These systems provided the airbag small
enough to place at a proper place on our body can potentially help to prevent fall-related
injuries.
2.2.4. Applications in Military and space
The US Military is one of the largest investor in wearable computing and wearable
technologies. US secretary of defense Ashton Carter has awarded $ 75 million for hybrid
electronic manufacturing companies which include a long range of wearable devices in
military applications and medical health monitoring [96]. The Naval Air Technical
Training Center’s (NATICK) Future Force Warrior program is developing fully bionic
warrior suits that it hopes to introduce by 2020. This suit would include intelligent armor,
37
bio-monitoring, weaponry, communications and exoskeleton [97]. The smart watches help
the soldier to know his/her heart rate, skin temperature, sleep quality, current position, the
barometric will contribute to knowing the atmospheric pressure and altitude of the location
from sea level. BioHarness is a Smart Fabric Sensor technology captures and transmits
comprehensive physiological data of the solder via mobile and fixed data networks.
BioHarness is capable of measuring stress levels of soldiers, fireman, and even astronauts
[98]. Astroskin monitors the astronauts in space from earth. It is a bio-monitoring system
that will keep a watchful eye on the astronaut. The system will continuously record
astronaut’s heart and breathing rates, breathing volume, blood pressure, blood oxygen
levels, skin temperatures and physical activity levels during astronaut’s missions aboard
on the International Space Station (ISS) [99]. TALOS Exosuit (Tactical Assault Light
Operator Suit) is similar to an Iron Man suit [100] involves biosensors for monitoring body
temperature, heart rate, body hydration and body position; full-body bulletproof armor;
360-degree cameras with built-in in night vision and a powered exoskeleton.
2.3. Smartwatches available in the market for epileptic patients
2.3.1. Empatica
Empatica is a company which designs wristband to detect epilepsy. They used GSR and
ECG sensors to detect the epileptic seizures. The increase in sympathetic arousal is
detected by monitoring the electrical changes on the surface of the skin. By analysis of
both changes in the heart rate and electrical changes on the skin or skin conductance
epileptic seizure is detected [62].
38
2.3.2. Mercury
The basic approach is to capture data from upper and lower arms and legs data using
wearable sensors like triaxle accelerometer and gyroscope. The collected data is stored in
the laptop and then transferred via internet to clinics where is it further analyzed by
physicians [101].
2.3.3. Biolert
Biolert combines commonly available and stylish smartwatch technology, a smartphone,
and a patented algorithm to continually monitor for, and detect, a seizure event [102].
2.3.4. Smart-monitor
This watch uses an accelerometer to detect the rhythmic, repetitive limb or arm movements
and updates the data to an online database. Whenever epileptic seizure is detected the watch
starts vibrating and there will be a button/switch given on the watch to turn off vibration in
case of false epileptic seizure detection [103].
2.3.5. RNS system
The RNS system which is placed inside the skull by the neurosurgeon. The system
continuously monitors the brainwaves, if unusual activity that may lead to seizure is found
the device sends a pulses to disturb activity and normalizes the brainwaves [104].
2.3.6. Emfit
Emfit has two main components, bed sensor placed under the mattress and a bed side
monitor. The sensors used Emfit are L-series, R-series, S-series sensors. Emfit detects and
notifies the care taker when the person is having continuous faster movements over a period
of time (seizure) [105].
39
3. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
3.1. Components used in designing the system
3.1.1. NodeMCU:
Figure 3.1. NodeMCU
NodeMCU as shown in the figure 3.1 is an interactive, open-source, programmable,
simple, low cost, smart, WI-FI enabled microcontroller. It’s an Arduino-like hardware and
can use Arduino IDE libraries to program. This helps to use some of advanced Arduino
API for hardware IO, which dramatically reduces the redundant work for configuring and
manipulating hardware. We can also use Lua Scripting to program the NodeMCU. But in
this project, we have used Arduino programming. The cost of this NodeMCU is less than
$2 with WI-FI MCU ESP8266 integrated in it. NodeMCU provides the best platform for
40
IOT application development at low cost. 10 GPIOs D0-D10, PWM functionality, IIC and
SPI communication, 1-Wire and ADC A0 etc. all in one board [106]. Since NodeMCU has
only one analog input, we have used MCP3008 8 Channel ADC.
3.1.2. MCP3008 8 Channel ADC
Figure 3.2. MCP3008 8 Channel ADC

The MCP3008 is programmable to provide four or eight single-ended inputs. The device
can communicate using SPI (simple serial interface) protocol. The devices are capable of
conversion rates of up to 200 ksps. The operating voltage range of MCP3008 devices is
2.7V - 5.5V. MCP3008 consumes typical standby currents of only 5 nA and typical active
currents of 320 μA [107].
Table 3.1. Sensors connected to different channels of MCP3008 8 Channel ADC.
Channel Sensor
0 EDA
1 EMG
2 Pulse sensor
3 Temperature
4 Accelerometer’s
X-Axis
41
5 Accelerometer’s
Y-Axis
6 Accelerometer’s
Z-Axis
3.1.3. Biosensors
3.1.3.1. Electromyography (EMG)
Electromyography (EMG) enables the translation of bioelectrical signals which are
triggered by muscle activation of very low amplitude sent from motor control neurons on
the brain to the muscles into analog or numerical values [108]. The analog signals from the
EMG are converted to measure in mV. Figure 3.3 shows the plot of analog output signal
from the EMG sensor.
Figure 3.3. EMG Sensor Analog Output Signal.
3.1.3.2. Electro dermal Activity (EDA)
Sweat glands secrete and release sweat to regulate body temperature, and is also
associated with sympathetic nervous system activity. When a person become nervous or
relaxed, sweat glands release sweat at the glands on our hands palms and feet. This changes
42
the resistance of our skin. Electro dermal Activity (EDA) or Galvanic skin response
biosensors have the capacity to monitor these changes, and enables the translation of these
resistance changes into analog or numerical values. These biosensors are used in emotional
mapping, the polygraph test or lie detector test, and also stress / relaxation biofeedback
[109]. Figure 3.4 shows the analog output signal of the GSR sensor when you take a deep
breath continuously for few seconds.
Figure 3.4. GSR/EDA Sensor Analog Output Signal.
3.1.3.3. Pulse Sensor
To detect the pulse, an LED light is passed from one side of the finger and the
intensity of light received on the other side is measured using an LDR. Whenever the heart
pumps blood, blood cells density increases at the finger and more light is absorbed by the
blood cells. The intensity of the passed light from the finger decreases which is detected
by LDR. Thus, the resistance value of the LDR increases. This variation in resistance is
converted into analog output signal and is then converted into voltage [110].
43
Figure 3.5. Pulse Sensor Analog Output Signal.
3.1.3.4. 3-Axis Accelerometer
3-Axial Accelerometer (ACC) has a limited bandwidth, especially designed to
acquire data from kinematic and biomechanical events. The analog output of X, Y and Z
axis can be accessed individually [111].
3.1.3.5. Temperature Sensor
We are using Lily Pad temperature sensor which is a wearable temperature sensor.
Lily Pad has MCP9700, a small thermistor type temperature sensor. This sensor will output
0.5V at 0 degrees C, 0.75V at 25 C, and 10mV per degree C. Analog to digital conversion
is required to measure the temperature in Fahrenheit [112].
Table 3.2. Bio Sensor Specifications:
Sensor Specifications
EMG Wearable Design
Single Supply +2.9V to +5.7V
Polarity reversal protection
Two Output Modes
EMG Envelope
44
Raw EMG
Adjustable Gain
GSR Input Voltage: 5V/3.3V
Sensitivity adjustable via a potentiometer
External measuring finger cots
Pulse sensor Single Supply 3V to +5V
Dimensions: 0.625" Diameter and 0.125"
Thick
Accelerometer Range: ±3G
Bandwidth: 0-50Hz
Consumption: ~0.35mA
Lilly Pad Temperature Sensor Operating Voltage range: 2.3V to 5.5V.
Low Operating Current: 6μA (typical).
Temperature measurement range: -40°C
to +125°C.
0.5V at 0 degrees C, 0.75V at 25 C, and
10mV per degree C.
3.2. Block Diagram
Figure 3.6. Block diagram of epileptic seizure detection model.
45
3.2.1. Human Body
The symptoms of an epileptic patient need to be sensed to detect an epileptic
seizure, so different sensors are placed in a proper place on the body to read the data. For
example, the pulse sensor is placed on the tip of the fore finger to detect the heart rate.
GSR electrodes (Biopac) were placed on the index and middle fingers of the right hand
with 1.0-cm-wide [113]. EMG electrode location is described as a point on a line between
2 anatomical landmarks. These are many locations in the body where electrodes can be
placed. We have used the Biceps Bracchi location to detect the muscle activity [114]. A
temperature sensor is placed on the wrist and measures the body temperature. The
accelerometer is placed on the wrist to measure the body movements. Figure 3.7 shows the
pictorial representation of the sensor placement on the body.
46
Figure 3.7. Pictorial Representation of Sensor Placement.
3.2.2. Data Sensing and Acquisition
The device has different analog sensors like Accelerometer, Galvanic Skin
Response/ Electro dermal Activity (GSR/EDA) Sensor, Electromyography (EMG)
Sensor, Pulse Sensor to detect epilepsy. These sensors are lightweight, small and can be
worn on the body. Sensors when attached to an epileptic patient’s body read the
respective body details and are processed further as per the required standards.
3.2.3. Data Processing:
3.2.3.1. Learn Algorithms
The patient-health parameters like sweat (skin conductance) [115], body
temperature [116], heart rate [117], and muscle activation signal [118] varies from person
to person. Therefore, it’s always better to learn the particular patient-health parameters and
47
set them as a threshold value. It is very important that parameter learning should take place
when the patient is in normal condition; here, normal condition is the patient sitting in a
chair. The learn functions are designed for GSR, Heart Rate, Temperature and EMG
sensors to read respective parameters for a few seconds, and the average of the analog data
read is taken as the threshold value. When you press on any LEARN button on the
webserver, the device will learn the respective health details based on the button you
pressed. For example, GSR LEARN button when pressed will learn the sweating of the
patient for few seconds when the patient is in normal condition, and measures that as a
threshold value. TEMP LEARN will learn the body temperature of the patient when the
patient is in normal condition. HEART RATE LEARN will learn the heart beats of the
person for few seconds and measure the beats per minute. EMG LEARN will learn the
muscle activity for few seconds when the patient is in normal condition and sets that as a
threshold value.
3.2.3.2. Data Preprocessing
Here in this model: the analog data from different sensors like Pulse, EMG,
Accelerometer, GSR/EDA, temperature sensor are read from the respective sensors and
preprocessed to measure the required standard data.
3.2.3.2.1. Data Preprocessing for Pulse Sensor
The analog data from Pulse sensor is read and is preprocessed to detect the heart
beats, and measure the number of heart beats per minute (BPM). We have to set a threshold
value to measure the beats. If the analog value from the sensor exceeds the threshold value
it is counted as a beat. We are counting the number of heart beats in 15 seconds and the
48
number of counts are multiplied by 4 to get heart beats per minute. The heart rate value is
then used in the algorithm to detect epilepsy.
3.2.3.2.2. Data Preprocessing for accelerometer
The analog data from the accelerometer is processed to calculate G-force. G-force
is calculated from the accelerometer using the formula [31]
‫ ܥܦܣ‬െ ‫݊݅݉ܥ‬
‫ܥܥܣ‬ሺ݃ሻ ൌ Ǥʹ െ ͳ
‫ ݔܽ݉ܥ‬െ ‫݊݅݉ܥ‬
Where ACC (g) is the Accelerometer value in g-force (g). Cmin is the minimum calibration
value which is 195.0, Cmax is the maximum calibration value which is 335.0. We must
calculate g-force for all the 3-axis. Below figure shows the output of g-force output wave
form of all the 3-axis and the net g-force is calculated using root mean square formula
Figure 3.8. G-force output wave form of all the 3-axis.

root mean square formula
ൌ ඥܺ݃ଶ ൅ ܻ݃ଶ ൅ ܼ݃ଶ
49
RMS value is further used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the signal. When
there is any movement then the output signal deviates from the mean. Figure 3.9 shows the
mean and standard deviation plot. The blue line in the graph represents the calculated
standard deviation and orange line in the graph represents the calculated mean value from
the RMS value. The standard deviation is used in the algorithm to calculate movement.
Figure 3.9. Graph representing standard deviation and mean.
3.2.3.2.3. Data Preprocessing for Temperature Sensor
The analog data from the temperature sensor is read and preprocessed using below
procedure
͵͵ͲͲ
ܸ‫݁݃ܽݐ݈݋‬ሺܸ݉ሻ ൌ ሺሻ ‫ כ‬൬ ൰Ǥ
ͳͲʹͶ
‫ ܥ݁݁ݎ݃݁ܦ‬ൌ ሺ݈‫ ݁݃ܽݐ‬െ ͷͲͲሻȀͳͲ
‫ ܨ݁݁ݎ݃݁ܦ‬ൌ ‫ͻ כ ܥ݁݁ݎ݃݁ܦ‬ǤͲȀͷǤͲሻ ൅ ͵ʹǤͲǤ
50
The above formula converts the number 0-1023 from the ADC into 0-3300mV (=
3.3V). Centigrade temperature = [(analog voltage in mV) - 500] / 10, converts millivolts
into temperature. This centigrade temperature is then converted to Fahrenheit to measure
the temperature of the body in Fahrenheit. Fahrenheit temperature = (Centigrade * 9.0 /
5.0) + 32.0.
3.2.3.2.4. Data Preprocessing for GSR Sensor
The GSR measures the skin conductance level and is measured in microSiemens (μS). The
analog GSR output is compared with the threshold analog value which we obtain during
GSR LEARN. If the GSR output is below the threshold value then the skin conductance is
increasing, and there is a sweat secretion in the body. Now the analog value of the GSR is
then converted to standard output in micro Siemens. The output voltage and output current
of the GSR sensor are measured when the patient is in normal condition to obtain the
resistance used in the GSR. Usually variable resistor of 0.5 Mega ohm is used in the GSR.
Micro Siemens calculation [119].
‫ܥܦܣ‬
ܴሺ‫ݏ݄ܱ݉ܯ‬ሻ ൌ ͲǤͷ െ
ʹ௡
ͳ
‫ܣܦܧ‬ሺɊܵሻ ൌ
ܴሺ‫ݏ݄ܱ݉ܯ‬ሻ
Where
ܴሺ‫ݏ݄ܱ݉ܯ‬ሻ – Sensor resistance value mega-Ohm (MOhm)
‫ܣܦܧ‬ሺɊܵሻ– EDA value in micro-Siemens (μS)
ADC – Analog value from the sensor
51
݊- Number of bits of the channel.
3.2.3.2.5. Data Preprocessing for EMG Sensor
EMG signals vary from person to person and produce patterns over different channels that
are hard to compare. Therefore, we first learn the patient EMG signals when the patient is
in normal condition using EMG LEARN function and calculate the threshold value. The
analog output of the EMG sensor compared with the threshold and is converted to mV
using the formula
ሺሻ ൌ ‫ כ‬ሺ ‫ͲͲͲͳ כ‬ȀͳͲʹ͵ሻ
Voltage (mV) = ADC * (VCC / 1023), where and VCC is 3.3V which is the operating
voltage. Multiply the result by 1000 to get the result in millivolt.
3.3. Epileptic Seizure Algorithms:
We have developed different algorithms to detect different epileptic seizures. The
algorithms are based on the combination of different sensors. Figure 3.10 shows the main
algorithm flow chart to detected epileptic seizure.
Algorithm 1: GSR and Accelerometer.
Algorithm 2: GSR, body temperature and Accelerometer.
Algorithm 3: GSR, EMG, Accelerometer
Algorithm 4: GSR, Pulse, body temperature and Accelerometer.
Algorithm 5: GSR, Hear Rate, EMG and Accelerometer.
52
Figure 3.10. Main algorithm flow chart to detect epileptic seizure.
3.3.1. Algorithm 1: GSR and Accelerometer.
A Galvanic Skin Response Sensor (GSR), also known as an Electro Dermal
Activity Sensor (EDA), is mainly used to measure stress levels. GSR is one of the primary
components in detecting epileptic seizures. If the person is under stress or afraid, sweat is
produced at the glands on our hands, palms and feet. Sweat changes the resistance of our
skin, and this change in resistance is converted to analog value by GSR. When the person
has a seizure, the stress level increases and sweat is produced. A study conducted on seven
epileptic patients (four boys and three girls) age’s 15.1±4.2 years for 18 days, showed that
skin conductance during complex partial seizure increased from 0.3 μS to 0.7 μS, and
during generalized tonic clonic seizure, skin conductance increased up to 20 μS [120]. Our
device will learn the normal sweat production on the patient’s hand when the patient is in
53
normal condition using learn function and the result is taken as the threshold value for
further calculations. If the sweat production is above the threshold then the algorithm
monitors the sweat production i.e. the algorithm monitors the GSR sensor output for 10
seconds. In the meantime, it checks for the movement of the hand. The analog data from
all the 3-axes of the accelerometer are read and G-force is calculated for each axis. Root
Mean Square (RMS) is calculated for every set of G-force value. For General tonic clonic
seizure standard deviation is observed and lies between 0.1g and below 0.8g. Any standard
deviation greater than 0.8 is considered as normal motion [121]. If the standard deviation
is within the range and it is measured again after 10 seconds to check if the movement or
standard deviation still lies in the range. If the result is positive, then the movement is
detected. If the results of both accelerometer and EDA/GSR are positive after watching for
10 seconds, then an epileptic seizure is detected. This algorithm is very helpful in detecting
simple motor seizures. The rhythmic movements such as brushing teeth, shaking a bottle,
or raising and lowering the hand may give false positive results by the accelerometer [121].
But when accelerometer and GSR results are combined theses false positive results can be
avoided. If the patient is doing some exercise which has lot of rhythmic movements, these
values are discarded by the algorithm because this algorithm considers standard deviation
in the range of 0.1 to 0.8. Standard deviation greater than 0.8 are discarded. According to
research, the accelerometer placed on the wrist, the standard deviation of x-axis of body
for walk, run, stairs up, stairs down, slope up, slope down are 2.17, 4.59, 1.98, 1.28, 2.42,
1.79 respectively and the standard deviation of y-axis of body for walk, run, stairs up, stairs
down, slope up, slope down are 3.12, 10.47, 2.29, 3.08, 2.81, 3.02 [122]. If you calculate
the mean of the standard deviation of x- and y-axis for walk, it is 2.645, which is out of
54
range when compared to general tonic clonic seizure standard deviation. Therefore this
algorithm produces a smaller window for false positive results. Figure 3.11 shows the
Algorithm 1 flow chart to detect an epileptic seizure.
3.3.1.1. Complex partial Seizure
If the EDA increases to 0.7 μS from the threshold value, then the standard deviation of
accelerometer is within the range and a Complex partial seizure is detected.
Table 3.3. Sensor values for Complex Partial Seizure.
Seizure Type Increase in EDA (Skin Standard deviation of

Conductance) measured in accelerometer
micro Siemens
Complex Partial Seizure 0.7 μS 0.1-0.8
3.3.1.2. Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure
If the EDA increases to 0.7 μS from the threshold value, then standard deviation of
accelerometer is within the range 0.1 to 0.8 then a generalized tonic clonic seizure is
detected.
Table 3.4. Sensor values for Tonic Clonic Seizure.
Seizure Type Increase in EDA (Skin Standard deviation of

Conductance) measured in accelerometer
micro Siemens
Generalized Tonic 20 μS 0.1 - 0.8

Clonic Seizure
55
Figure 3.11. Algorithm 1 to Detect Epileptic Seizure
3.3.2. Algorithm 2: GSR, body temperature and Accelerometer
Processed analog data from the temperature sensor along with GSR and
Accelerometer data is used in the algorithm to detect epilepsy. We considered an extra
parameter, body temperature, in this algorithm. The body temperature of the person
increases by a few degrees Fahrenheit when the person is walking, running or doing
exercise [123]. A temperature over 100.4 Fahrenheit means the person is having a fever
[124]. Therefore, the body temperature of the patient doesn’t increase beyond 100 degrees
Fahrenheit during exercise; there is an exception only in case the patient is having a fever
56
during exercise. During General Tonic Clonic Seizure, the average body temperature of
the patients is above 100 degree Fahrenheit [125]. The maximum body temperature
recorded was 102.56 degree Fahrenheit, and patient was dead at this temperature during
temporal seizure [126]. Thus, if the body temperature of the patient is above 100 degree
Fahrenheit, and if GSR and accelerometer crossing the threshold and are within in the range
then an epileptic seizure is detected.
Figure 3.12. Algorithm 2 to Detect Epileptic Seizure
3.3.3. Algorithm 3: GSR, Muscle sensor and Accelerometer
In this algorithm three main sensors are considered: GSR, EMG and Accelerometer.
As explained in algorithm 1, GSR increases by 0.7μS in complex partial seizure, and 20μS
during tonic clonic seizure. Research conducted on 20 patients with 63 epileptic seizures
(10 with generalized tonic and 10 with tonic-clonic seizures) [127] provided information
57
so that seizures can be classified into different types like epileptic, tonic, tonic-clonic. The
RMS of the output signal of the EMG is calculated and based on the RMS output the
seizures are classified. Table 3.4 explains different types of seizure and RMS range.
Table 3.5. EMG Sensor values for different Seizures.
RMS Epileptic Tonic Tonic-Clonic Simulated

Median (Range 0.636 (0.055- 0.251 (0.053 – 1.16 (0.356 – 0.440 (0.170 –
of EMG signal) 2.20) 0.784) 2.46) 1.10)
By looking at the table 3.1 the EMG output during Epileptic Seizure varies from 0.055mV
to 2.20mV and during tonic clonic seizure the EMG output varies from 0.356mV to
2.46mV. Therefore, by combining all the three sensors, different types of seizures such as
Simple Partial Seizure, Complex Partial Seizure and Tonic Clonic Seizure can be detected.
Table 3.6. Different Sensor values to detect different types of Seizures.
Seizure Increase in EDA(μS) StdDev(g) EMG output range

(mV)
Simple Partial EDA(μS)<0.7 μS 0.636 (0.055-2.20)
Seizure
Complex Partial 0.3<=EDA(μS)<=0.7 0.636 (0.055-2.20)
Seizure
Tonic Clonic 2<=EDA(μS)<=20μS 0.1 to 0.8 1.16 (0.356 – 2.46)
Seizure
Through analysis of table 3.5 we can conclude that, if EDA output increase by 20μS,
standard deviation is within the range of 0.1 to 0.8, and EMG output is within the range of
1.16 (0.356mV – 2.46mV), then tonic clonic seizure can be detected. If the EDA increased
to 0.7μS and EMG output is in the range of 0.636 (0.055mV-2.20mV) then Complex Partial
Seizure can be detected. If the EMG output is in the range of 0.636 (0.055mV-2.20mV)
and increase in EDA output is less than 0.7μS then Simple Partial Seizure is detected.
58
Figure 3.13. Algorithm 3 to Detect Epileptic Seizure.
3.3.4. Algorithm 4: Heart Rate, GSR, and Accelerometer
In this algorithm, new parameters such as the Pulse sensor is introduced along with
GSR, and Accelerometer. Heart rate also plays an important role in detecting epilepsy.
According to research on epileptic patients, in 73% of seizures (93% of patients) there was
increase in heart rate of at least 10 beats per minute. 55% of the seizures (80% of patients)
had an increase of more than 20 beats per minute. In the remaining 7% of seizures (15% of
the patients), heart rate decreased more than 10 beats per minute [128]. According to the
study conducted on 81 epileptic patients, a total of 181 seizures were detected. The standard
deviation of heart rate is measured and different seizures are classified accordingly, for
59
Simple Partial Seizures the maximum ictal heart rate is 105.7±14.9 and minimum ictal
heart rate is 72.9±14.9. For Complex Partial Seizure maximum ictal heart rate is
124.8±21.1 and minimum ictal heart rate is 77.0±14.3. For Complex Partial Generalized
Seizure maximum ictal heart rate is 156.5±26.7 and minimum ictal heart rate is 77.2±11.5
[129]. The algorithm will continuously monitor the heart rate, and checks for the increase
or decrease in heart rate. Only with Heart Rate it is difficult to differentiate different types
of seizures as the heart rate may overlap with different seizure-types.
3.3.4.1. Complex Partial Seizure
Therefore, if we combine GSR, accelerometer signals, and heart rate it will be easy
to differentiate different types of seizures. As explained above in algorithm 1, if the skin
conductance increases by 0.7μS and standard deviation of accelerometer is within the range
of 0.1 to 0.8, and heart rate increased or decreased by 20 BPM then we can classify that
seizure as Complex Partial Seizure.
3.3.4.2. Simple Partial Seizure
After differentiating Complex Partial Seizure, it will be easy to differentiate other
seizures. Therefore, if the Heart Rate Increases or decreases by 10 BPM those seizures are
classified as Simple Partial Seizures.
3.3.4.3. Generalized Complex Partial Seizure
If the Heart Rate increases or decreases by 40 BPM, the seizure-type is classified
as Generalized Complex Partial Seizure.
Table 3.7. Ictal Heart Rate changes during different types of Seizure.
60
Seizure Number of Maximum Minimum HR GSR
Category Seizures ictal HR ictal HR difference
mean±S.D mean±S.D mean±S.D
Simple 27 105.7±14.9 72.9±14.9 32.8±24.4

Partial
Seizure
(SPS)
Complex 110 124.8±21.1 77.0±14.3 47.7±20.6 Increased

Partial to 0.7μS
Seizure
(CPS)
Generalized 44 156.5±26.7 77.2±11.5 79.3±22.4

Complex
Partial
Seizure
(CPS-G)
61
3.3.5. Algorithm 5: GSR, Heart Rate, EMG, and Accelerometer.
During tonic and tonic phase of tonic clonic seizures the muscles stiffen, the
person may lose consciousness and falls to the floor. The arms and the legs begin to jerk
rapidly and rhythmically [130]. EMG sensor detects these muscle activities and EMG
sensors placed on the bicep or on the limbs help in detecting epilepsy. As EMG signals
vary from person to person it is difficult to recognize the pattern.
By looking at the table 3.1, during common epileptic seizures like Partial seizure, muscle
activation values are less compared to generalized tonic clonic seizure. By combining
62
other sensors along with the muscle sensor it would be easy to detect different types of
seizure.
3.3.5.1. Simple Partial Epileptic Seizure
If the muscle sensor output in mV is within the range and Heart Rate of the
patient is increased or decreased by 10 BPM, then these sensor output is monitored for
the next 10 seconds to check if the output remains positive. If the output is positive after
10 seconds, then Simple Partial epileptic seizure is detected.
3.3.5.2. Complex Partial Epileptic Seizure
As explained in the algorithm1, during complex partial seizure the EDA output
increases to 0.7μS. The heart Rate increases or decreases by 20 BPM. If the EMG output
in mV is within the range as mentioned in table 1, then these sensors are monitored for
the next 10 seconds; if found positive then Complex Epileptic Seizure is detected.
3.3.5.3. Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure
During Generalized tonic clonic seizure, the EDA will increase to 20μS, Standard
deviation of accelerometer will be in the range of 0.1 to 0.8. The EMG sensor output
during tonic clonic seizure varies in the range 0.356mV to 2.46mV with median of
1.16mV. If all the sensor outputs are found in the positive range for the next 10 seconds,
then generalized tonic clonic seizure is detected.
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3.4. Data Storage:
3.4.1. Webserver
The NodeMCU having a built-in wifi chip, esp8266, is used to connect with the
webserver. The server refreshes every 5 seconds, and displays new data from all the
sensors. The analog data from the sensors is preprocessed and sent to the server in standard
format. Figure 3.16 represents the details of sensor data sent to the server.
Learn buttons are created on the server to learn health parameters of the patient for
the sensor. When the patient presses on that button, the sensor will read the respective
health detail and the program will calculate the average of that and make it as a threshold
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value. Figure 3.17 represents the details of the design of the learn button and possible
threshold values on the server. Heart Beats and Temperature values are taken as a constant
for the experimental purpose.
Figure 3.16. Web-server of epileptic patient.
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Figure 3.17. Learn the epileptic patient.
3.4.2. Database
We have interfaced the device with adafruit.io cloud platform, and created feeds
for each sensor to display the data in a graphical way. We can create a total of 10 feeds in
adafruit.io and we have created one feed for each sensor. Figure 3.18 shows the feeds that
are created. Patient_SD, Patient_GSR, Patient_EMG, Patient_Temp and Heart Rate
represents Standard deviation of accelerometer, increase in skin conductance (GSR) from
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threshold in μS, EMG output in mV, Temperature sensor output in degree Fahrenheit
respectively. For pulse sensor, Accelerometer, GSR, temperature sensor and EMG sensor
we have created a gauge-type feed, and set minimum and maximum values for that. When
a patient is in the ideal condition, the learn button may be activated to learn the patient’s
body. We have created two sliders SimTemp and Sim_HR to set constant values for body
temperature and Heart Rate during the experiment. Figure 1.18 represents different feeders
created on the dashboard. Adafruit.io maintains the database of all the sensor data in the
cloud and the downloaded is stored in excel in .CSV or JSON format. Figure 3.19
represents the dashboard of the epileptic patient.
Figure 3.18. List of Feeds Created for Each Sensor on the Dashboard.
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Figure 3.19. Dashboard of the Epileptic Patient.
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4. IMPLEMENTATION, RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The device sensors are placed on my body to measure the body parameters. I am not
an epileptic patient but inhabited myself as an epileptic patient to test the algorithms. The
sensors will sense the body and read the body parameters in analog form, and then they
will be converted to standard form. As it is difficult to vary the body temperature and heart
rate naturally, for this experiment we have kept body temperature and heart rate as constant
parameters and can be varied using “Simtemp” and “Sim_HR” slider feeds created on the
dashboard. We could have used external sources to increase the temperature but that could
drastically increase the temperature. To test these algorithms, we have calculated the
threshold of each sensor using learn algorithm. The algorithms are designed using Arduino
programming based on the flow charts that are designed. The standard output from sensors
are used in the respective algorithm to detect epilepsy. For the EMG sensor we didn’t use
any limit conditions according to the algorithm flow charts because the EMG sensor
threshold value in millivolt was much greater than 2.46 millivolts. Therefore we have
considered if the EMG sensor output exceeds the threshold then the output value of EMG
sensor in millivolts is used in the algorithm to detect epilepsy. GRS sensor output will
change if you keep taking a deep breath for few seconds, and the EMG sensor measures
the muscle movements when we tighten the hand muscles. To measure the standard
deviation of the accelerometer, the accelerometer is moved forth and back. The slider feeds
“Simtemp” and “Sim_HR” are used to vary the body temperature and Heart Rate,
respectively, to conduct the experiment. The Herat Rate threshold is calculated using learn
69
function. The difference between the normal heart rate of the patient and the changed heart
rate of the patient is calculated and the difference in the heart rate is used in the algorithm
to detect epilepsy. We did the above-mentioned body movements until we get a fruitful
result from the algorithms that are designed.
4.1. Algorithm Results
All the algorithms are put together to detect different types of epileptic seizures.
The differentiations of the algorithms are shown in plots and tables. Algorithm 1 considers
only GSR and Accelerometer sensor outputs. Row 1 of Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 has the
details of output of both sensors during a seizure. Algorithm 2 considers GSR,
Accelerometer and Body temperature sensors to measure the epileptic seizure. Here the
body temperature is taken as constant of 100.3 F and is set using the feeder “Simtemp” that
is designed in the dashboard. The outputs of algorithm 2 are mentioned in row 2 of Table
4.1 and Table 4. The 3rd algorithm considers the GSR, EMG and Accelerometer Sensors
to detect epileptic seizures. The heart rate is varied using the slider “Sim_HR” designed on
the dashboard. GSR and Accelerometer sensors are varied by taking deep breaths and
making some movements with the accelerometer. The output results of the 3rd algorithm
are mentioned in row 3 of Table 4.1, 4.2. The algorithm 4 considers Pulse sensor, GSR and
Accelerometer sensors. The 5th algorithm considers sensors, GSR, Accelerometer, pulse
sensor and EMG sensor in the algorithm. Again the Heart Rate is varied using the slider
“Sim_HR”and all other sensors are activated. Muscle sensors placed on the hands are
varied to measure the muscle movements. The output result of the algorithm 4 and 5 are
mentioned 4th and 5th row of Table 4.1, 4.2.
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If you look at the results, all the algorithms detected tonic clonic seizures because I found
it difficult to control my breath to limit the increase in GSR near to or below 0.7μS and
greater than zero. You can notice it in figure 4.5.
Table 4.1. Results of Algorithms in Experiment 1 during Seizure.
Algorithm Seizure Increase Standard Body Heart Rate EMG (mV)

in GSR Deviatio Temperat
Detected Increased/
(μS) n ure (F)
Decreased
1 Tonic 5.78 0.45
clonic
2 Strong 10.43 0.46 100.3
Tonic
Clonic
3 Strong 9.22 0.38 245.16
Tonic
Clonic
4 Tonic 8.33 0.33 32
clonic
5 Tonic 11.83 0.33 32 319.35
clonic
Table 4.2. Results of Algorithms in Experiment 2 during seizure.
Algorithm Seizure Increase Standard Body Heart Rate EMG (mV)

in GSR Deviatio Temperat
Detected Increased/
(μS) n ure (F)
Decreased
1 Tonic 3.86 0.26
clonic
2 Strong 8.78 0.46 100.3
Tonic
Clonic
71
3 Strong 9.22 0.38 125.81
Tonic
Clonic
4 Tonic 7.36 0.41 32
clonic
5 Tonic 7.36 0.41 32 800
clonic
The experiment was conducted for 90 seconds. Initially I took deep breaths too
many times, therefore the skin conductance increased drastically from 0μS to 500μS from
30th second to 45th second. I stopped taking breath for few seconds and Skin conductance
came to zero. Although GSR usually takes some time to decrease to zero, it was especially
difficult to reach zero in this experiment because of excess noise. The solution to this was
to increase my breath slowly and steady to increase the skin conductance. Finally from
76th to 90th second the GSR increased very slow and steady, and I maintained my breath
to keep skin conductance between 0μS to 20μS. The GSR or skin conductance during the
seizure is shown in figure 4.5. The accelerometer standard deviation is maintained between
0.1 and 0.9 most of the time during the experiment but there are few cases where standard
deviation jumped above 1 and below 5. The plot of Standard deviation during the
experiment and during the tonic clonic seizure is shown in the figure 4.4 and figure 4.5
respectively. Soon after algorithm 1 detects the seizure, the feeder slider “Simtemp”
designed on the dashboard is varied to set the body temperature above 100 F and is set to
100.3 F during the experiment to detect the tonic clonic seizure in algorithm 2. Hand
movements are made to detect the epileptic seizure during the experiment for algorithm 3.
The feeder slider “Sim_HR” is varied in steps of 5 to from 78 BPM to 145 BPM to detect
72
different epileptic seizures in algorithm 4. Since the GSR value is always above 2μS, the
algorithm failed to detect any other seizures and detected only tonic clonic seizure.
Algorithm 5 uses most of the sensors to detect epileptic seizures and the result of algorithm
5 is differentiated for different algorithms and shown in figures 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.
Figure 4.1. Plot of Algorithm 1 Result.
Figure 4.2. Plot of Algorithm 2 Result.
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Figure 4.3. Plot of Algorithm 5 result.
Figure 4.4. Standard Deviation during Experiment.
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Figure 4.5. Plot of Standard Deviation during tonic-clonic seizure
4.2. GSR Results during seizure
The galvanic skin response sensor measures the resistance of the skin. As
sweating increases, the resistance of the skin decreases and skin conductance increases.
Therefore, the GSR analog output will be higher when there is no seizure and output
decreases during seizure. Table 4.3 explains the details of GSR output during seizure.
4.2.1. GSR Results Analysis
Table 4.3. GSR Results for Experiment
Threshold Value GSR Output(uS) Difference in GSR

(uS) output and
Threshold (uS)
30.12 33.03 2.91
30.12 32.00 1.88
30.12 37.93 7.81
30.12 24.98 5.14
30.12 19.69 10.43
30.12 21.33 8.78
30.12 11.52 18.6
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30.12 10.12 20
4.2.2. GSR Plot during seizure (Skin Conductance)
The Figure 4.6 represent the plot of skin conductance during seizure. The skin
conductance increase gradually during seizure but takes time to decrease after seizure.
Figure 4.6. GSR Plot during Epileptic Seizure
4.3. EMG Results during seizure
Algorithm 4 uses the EMG sensor to detect the epileptic seizure. Table 4.7 lists
the output of EMG sensor during epileptic seizure experiments.
Table 4.4. EMG Results Analysis
Threshold Value (mV) EMG During Seizure (mV) Increase in EMG value (mV)
67.74 159.6 91.86
67.74 200 132.26
67.74 641.39 573.65
67.74 474.42 406.68
67.74 183.35 115.61
67.74 529.71 461.97
76
67.74 535.00 467.26
67.74 800 732.26
Figure 4.7. EMG Plot during Experiment
4.4. Epilepsy Simulation model:
Epilepsy simulation model is used to test the algorithm manually. Here we can
manually vary all the required parameters using sliders on the webserver. I have created a
webserver with sliders for each sensor to test the algorithm. The set value is then sent to
the algorithm. The algorithm then process these values to detect epilepsy. Each slider
represents each sensor. The slider minimum and maximum values are set based on the
results obtained through the experiment and also based on the requirement to detect
epilepsy. The server will send set values to the client and the epilepsy detection algorithm
will process these values to detect epilepsy. Figure 4.6 shows the epileptic simulation
model and each senor value is set based on the algorithm requirement and results are
obtained for each algorithm.
77
Figure 4.8. Epilepsy Simulation Model
4.4.1. Algorithm 1: Simulation Results:
4.4.1.1. Complex Partial Seizure
In Complex Partial Seizure Simulation, The GSR value increased to 0.7μS and
standard deviation value is maintained in the range 0.1 to 0.8. After 50 seconds the standard
deviation increases drastically but the algorithm rejects those movements that are out of
range.
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Figure 4.8 Algorithm 1 Complex Partial Seizure graph.
4.4.1.2. Tonic Clonic Seizure:
In Tonic Clonic Seizure Simulation, The GSR value increased to 20μS and standard
deviation value is maintained in the range 0.1 to 0.8. After 47 seconds the standard
deviation increases drastically but the algorithm rejects those movements that are out of
range.
Figure 4.9. Algorithm 1 Simulation Graph of Tonic Clonic Seizure.
79
4.4.2. Algorithm 2: Simulation Results.
During the simulation of Algorithm 2, GSR, Accelerometer standard deviation are
varied and within the range i.e. GSR sensor is increased to 20μS and standard deviation is
varied between 0.1 and 0.8. But the body temperature of the patient is kept normal for few
seconds and seizure was not detected. When the body temperature goes above 100 F, tonic
clonic seizure is detected.
Figure 4.10. Algorithm 2 Simulation Graph of Tonic Clonic Seizure.
4.4.3. Algorithm 3 Simulation:
4.4.3.1. Simple and Complex Partial Seizure:
At the start of the simulation of algorithm 3, GSR is kept less than 0.7μS and the
EMG sensor output is increased greater than 0.055mV and set to 0.1mV. At that time,
Simple Partial Seizure is detected. When the GSR reaches up to 0.7μS and EMG output is
increased to greater than 1mV and Standard deviation is within the range “Complex partial
Seizure is detected”. Standard deviation greater than 0.8 are not considered for seizure.
80
Figure 4.11. Algorithm 3 Simulation Graph of SPS and CPS Seizures.
4.4.3.2. Tonic Clonic Seizure:
In this simulation, all the other values are kept same as previous simulation and
GSR output is increased to 20μS. If the GSR is greater than 2μS and increased up to 20μS,
Tonic clonic seizure is detected.
Figure 4.12. Algorithm 3 Tonic Clonic Seizures Graph.
81
In this simulation, the heart rate difference is varied to detect different types of
epileptic seizures. If the heart rate difference is 10 BPM and GSR is less than 0.7μS, then
Simple Partial Seizure is detected. If HR difference is between 10 BMP and 20 BPM and
GSR increased to 0.7μS, then Complex Partial Seizure is detected. If the HR difference
greater than 20BPM and GSR increased to 20μS, then Tonic Clonic Seizure is detected.
Figure 4.13. Algorithm 4 SPS, CPS, Tonic Clonic Seizure Graph
The heart rate difference is around 10 BPM, 20BPM and 40BPM for Simple Partial
Seizure, Complex Partial Seizure and Tonic Clonic Seizure respectively. So the HR
Difference is varied accordingly along with GSR, EMG sensor and Standard Deviation to
detect different types of seizures.
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Figure 4.14. Algorithm 5 SPS, CPS, Tonic Clonic Seizure Graph
4.5. Accuracy and performance
These algorithms are designed based on the data collected from the research. These
algorithms are static, detect seizure if certain conditions are met. We tested these
algorithms by generating random numbers within the range for each sensor variable. The
accuracy and performance of these algorithms are 100% during simulation. The
performance of these algorithms depends on the research work from which the required
information is collected. To measure the actual performance, these algorithms needs to be
tested on an epileptic patient.
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5. CONCLUSION
5.1. Conclusion
Epilepsy is a situation with high emotional and financial expenses. To enhance
the general administration of epilepsy, all the experts like doctors, engineers and
individuals with epilepsy should be considered. Many individuals with epilepsy lead
profitable and ostensibly typical lives. Research in medical field and engineering have
prompted an in-depth understanding of epilepsy and seizures. Advance brain scanners
and different methods permit more prominent exactness in diagnosing epilepsy and
deciding when a patient might be aided by surgery.
The device will help in detecting different types of epileptic seizures. The algorithms
developed are efficient enough to detect different types of seizures. Since most of the
smart watches have pulse sensor, GSR, body temperature and Accelerometer, Algorithm
3 and 4 can be implemented in the smart watches to detect epilepsy. Algorithm 5 which
considers Pulse, EMG, Accelerometer and GSR has the potential to find the seizure
accurately.
5.2. Future work
Improve the design: The design of the device has to improve and should be
comfortable for the user to wear it on the body. Use of EEG sensor: EEG sensors will
help in detecting simple partial seizure, because there are no much motor movements
84
involved in the simple partial seizures. Therefore, EEG will help in detecting dysfunction
of the brain to detect epileptic seizure.
Finding Repetitive Movements: We need to improve the algorithm to find the repetitive
movements of the body. For example, turning head, jerking of legs and hands etc. This
will improve accuracy of the algorithms to find the epileptic seizure.
Development of mobile Application: Mobile application interfaced with the device will
help the patients to know their health details and can be alert if there are any indications
of seizure
85
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DEVELOPMENT OF A WEARABLE DEVICE TO DETECT EPILEPSY

Pradeepkumar Khandnor Bakappa

A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of

The College of Engineering and Computer Science

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Florida Atlantic University

Author: Pradeepkumar Khandnor Bakappa

Title: Development of a Wearable Device to Detect Epilepsy

Institution: Florida Atlantic University

Thesis Advisor: Dr. Ankur Agarwal

Degree: Master of Science

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a wearable device, developed by the

in detecting different types of epileptic seizures.

Keywords — Epilepsy, Activity Analysis, Seizure detection.

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiv

1.1. Motivation ............................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Government’s spending on epilepsy .................................................................... 3

1.3. Types of Epilepsy and Their Incidence ................................................................ 4

1.4. Problem Statements .............................................................................................. 6

1.5. Contributions ........................................................................................................ 7

1.6. Thesis Organization.............................................................................................. 7

2. RELATED WORK ....................................................................................................8

2.1 Wearable technologies ......................................................................................... 8

2.1.1. Pain Relief wearable sensors ........................................................................ 8

2.1.1.1. Quell Relief............................................................................................ 9

2.1.1.2. iTENS .................................................................................................... 9

2.1.1.3. CUR ..................................................................................................... 10

2.1.2. Wearable devices for women ...................................................................... 10

2.1.2.1. Livia ..................................................................................................... 10

2.1.2.2. StimElation .......................................................................................... 10

2.1.2.3. iTBra .................................................................................................... 11

2.1.3. Sleep Wearables .......................................................................................... 11

2.1.3.2. Luciding ............................................................................................... 12

2.1.4. Wearables for newborn ............................................................................... 12

2.1.4.1. Sprouting Baby Monitor ...................................................................... 13

2.1.4.2. Owlet ................................................................................................... 13

2.1.4.3. Smart Diapers ...................................................................................... 14

2.1.5. Wearable for fetal monitoring ..................................................................... 14

2.1.5.1. PreVue ................................................................................................. 14

2.1.5.2. Huggies ................................................................................................ 14

2.1.6. Wearable patches ........................................................................................ 15

2.1.6.1. Gentag .................................................................................................. 15

2.1.6.2. Proteus discover ................................................................................... 15

2.1.7. Wearables for construction workers. .......................................................... 16

2.1.7.1. DAQRI Smart Helmet ......................................................................... 16

2.1.7.2. Redpoint Safety Vests ......................................................................... 16

2.1.8. Wearable sensors in clothing. ..................................................................... 17

2.1.8.1. Lumo Run ............................................................................................ 17

2.1.8.2. Athos .................................................................................................... 17

2.1.9. Smart glasses ............................................................................................... 18

2.1.9.1. Vuzix M300 ......................................................................................... 18

2.1.10. Wearable sensors in Animals ...................................................................... 19

2.1.11. Smart Watch................................................................................................ 19

2.1.11.2. Android smart watch Huawei .............................................................. 20

2.1.11.3. Samsung Gear S2................................................................................. 21

2.1.11.4. Sony SmartWatch 3 ............................................................................. 21

2.1.11.5. Garmin Vivoactive HR ........................................................................ 22

2.1.11.6. Polar M600 .......................................................................................... 22

2.1.11.7. Vector Luna Smartwatch ..................................................................... 23

2.1.11.8. Pebble Time ......................................................................................... 24

2.1.11.9. Microsoft Band .................................................................................... 24

2.1.11.10. Embrace ............................................................................................... 25

2.2. Applications of Wearable Technologies ............................................................ 30