i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e6

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he

Gasification of biomass to hydrogen-rich gas in

fluidized beds using porous medium as bed
material

Yang Sun, Rundong Li*, Tianhua Yang, Xingping Kai, Yeguang He

Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Liaoning Province, College of Energy and Environmental, Shenyang Aerospace
University, No. 37, South Daoyi Street, Daoyi Development District, Shenyang 110136, Liaoning, P.R. China

article info abstract

Article history: Experiments were carried out to study the characteristics of biomass gasification in a
Received 17 May 2013 fluidized bed using industrial sand and porous medium as bed materials. Analysis was
Received in revised form conducted to investigate the effects of different operation parameters, including bed ma-
27 July 2013 terial, gasification temperature (600
Ce900
C), oxygen enrichment in the gasifying agent
Accepted 15 August 2013 (21 vol.% to 50 vol.%), and steam flow rate (1.08 kg/h to 2.10 kg/h), on product yields and gas
Available online xxx composition. The results of gas chromatography show that the main generated gas species
were H2, CO, CO2, CH4, and C2H4. Compared with industrial sand as bed material, porous
Keywords: medium as bed material was more suitable for gasifying biomass to hydrogen-rich gas. The
Biomass physical characteristics of porous structure are more favorable to heat transfer, producing
Gasification the secondary crack of heavy hydrocarbons and generating more hydrogen and other
Fluidized bed permanent gases. The product yields of hydrogen-rich gas increased with increasing
Porous medium gasification temperature. The hydrogen concentration improved from 22.52 vol.% to
Hydrogen-rich gas 36.06 vol.%, but the CO concentration decreased from 37.53 vol.% to 28.37 vol.% with
increasing temperature from 600
C to 900
C under the operation parameters of porous
bed material at a steam flow rate of 1.56 kg/h. With increasing oxygen concentration, H2
concentration increased from 12.36% to 20.21%. Over the ranges of the examined experi-
mental conditions, the actual steam flux value (e.g., 1.56 kg/h) was found to be the opti-
mum value for gasification.
Copyright ª 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.

1. Introduction biofuels. Biomass, which is derived from solar energy, is the

The pressures caused by growing global energy consumption
and concerns on the pollution caused by continuously
increasing energy demands motivate researchers to develop
more advantageous alternative energy resources and tech-
nologies [1e4]. Particular interest has been given to the utili-
zation of biomass for the production of environment-friendly
world’s fourth largest source of energy and chemicals. Wood,
municipal solid wastes, and agricultural residues are exam-
ples of biomass energy source [5]. Biomass is a significant
source of renewable energy and is relatively cleaner compared
with other sources of energy. It can reduce CO2 greenhouse
effect and SO2 and NOx atmospheric pollution when carefully
managed because of its characterizations of neutral carbon

* Corresponding authorTel.: þ86 (0) 24 89728889; fax: þ86 (0) 24 89724558.

E-mail addresses: rdlee@163.com, leerd@sau.edu.cn (R. Li).
0360-3199/$ e see front matter Copyright ª 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.096

Please cite this article in press as: Sun Y, et al., Gasification of biomass to hydrogen-rich gas in fluidized beds using porous
medium as bed material, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.096
2 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e6
fixed by photosynthesis during biomass growth and less sul-
fur and nitrogen contents [5,6]. As a fuel, it can be used for
various tasks, including biomass gasification, which produces
energy and chemicals from renewable resources. This process
is a more environment-friendly way of using biomass for en-
ergy purposes because it produces low pollutant emissions.
Biomass gasification is a thermo-chemical process that
converts solid organic material to high-energy density gases
containing hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and Carbon
dioxide. This process usually involves partial oxidation of the
feedstock in a reducing atmosphere in the presence of air,
oxygen, and/or steam [7]. Fixed bed (updraft and downdraft)
and fluidized bed are two types of basic gasification reactor
used in the gasifier design. The latter is more general. Thus
far, numerous studies focused on biomass gasification using
air or oxygen as the gasifying agent in a fluidized bed [7e10].
However, these studies yielded a gas with low hydrogen
content (e.g., 8 vol.% to 16 vol.%). The gasification of biomass
into hydrogen-rich gas or syngas has received considerable
attention worldwide because of its applications in the chem-
ical industry, particularly in methanol or dimethyl ether
synthesis and in fuel cells. Forcing the biomass gasification
process to shift towards the maximum hydrogen-rich end
product is becoming a priority topic [11]. Generally, hydrogen
content elevation can be achieved by two methods. One is by
steam gasification [12e15], and the other is by catalytic gasi-
fication [16e19]. The former involves the addition of steam as
a gasifying agent in the gasification process, which promotes
the water-gas-shift reaction to generate hydrogen and reduce
carbon dioxide. Lv et al. [12] and Wu et al. [13] studied the
characteristics of waste wood gasification and reforming to
hydrogen-rich gas under air and steam in a fluidized bed and
produced a gaseous fuel with a relatively higher H2 content
(above 30 vol.%). The latter generally uses catalysts to catalyze
tar and macromolecular hydrocarbons from the biomass
gasification process to decompose further into gases. Delgado
et al. [17] explored the effectiveness and life span of calcined
dolomite, magnesite, and calcite for tar decomposition in a
fluidized bed biomass gasifier with steam as a gasification
agent. Moghtaderi et al. [18] studied the gas yields and effi-
ciency of biomass gasification under low-temperature water
steam using a catalyst in a fluidized bed.
However, they studied the properties of biomass gasifica-
tion under different working conditions, including gasification
agent, temperature range, and equivalent proportion, using
non-porous media, such as general industrial sand, as fluid-
ized bed material. The use of new porous media for bed ma-
terial to study biomass gasification is still rare in China and
abroad.
Table 1 e Proximate and ultimate analysis of corn stalk.
Proximate analysis (w/w%) air dry basis
Volatile Fixed Moisture Ash
carbon content
81.55 6.62 5.63 6.20
a Calculated by difference.
Please cite this article in press as: Sun Y, et al., Gasification of biomass to hydrogen-rich gas in fluidized beds using porous
medium as bed material, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.096
Porous medium is a substance composed of solid skeleton
and large dense groups of small gaps posed by this skeleton. Its
main physical characteristic is extremely small gap size and
large surface area. Small voids within the porous medium may
be connected, sub-connected, or unconnected. The heat
transfer in fluidized bed material is mediated by three forms:
conduction, convection, and radiation [20,21]. Porous medium
is more advantageous for heat transfer because of its larger
specific surface area than non-porous medium at the same
volume. As bed material, porous medium increases gasifica-
tion gas production rate, decreases tar, and promotes degra-
dation of hydrocarbons for gasification [21,22]. The present
study aims to examine the thermo-chemical conversion of
biomass gasification in a pilot fluidized bed using oxygen-rich
air or steam as the gasifying agent and porous medium as the
bed material. The effect of porous medium on biomass gasifi-
cation under different gasification agents, gasification tem-
peratures, and agent flux was also determined. The results
are compared with the baseline case of gasification under the
same conditions using general industrial sand as bed material.
2. Experimental
2.1. Raw materials and bed material
Agricultural waste (i.e., corn stalk from Shenyang City,
Liaoning Province) of the common biomass species in North-
east China was used for the experiments. Air-dried biomass
was milled with a Retsch SM2000 crusher and then screened.
Particle size ranged from 0.83 mm to 1.65 mm. The results of
proximate and ultimate analysis of the sample are summa-
rized in Table 1. Using industrial sand as bed material, particle
size ranged from 0.35 mm to 0.5 mm. Porous bed material
mixed with silica gel, zeolite, and activated alumina according
to a certain percentage resulted in a particle size range of
0.35 mme0.5 mm.
2.2. Experimental facility, methods and gas analysis
As presented in Fig. 1, the experiment was carried out at an
atmospheric pressure on a bench-scale fluidized bed gasifier
following a previously described method [21]. The reactor
composed of a quartz tube was externally heated by a 2.5 kW
electric furnace. The fluidized-bed gasifier was 500 mm in
height and 50 mm in inner diameter. A K-type thermocouple
was used to measure and control temperature. The furnace
wall was covered with a high-temperature insulation blanket.
A fabric wind plate was placed at the bottom of the furnace to
Ultimate analysis (w/w%) dry and ash free basis
C H Oa N S
51.44 5.41 42.17 0.84 0.14
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e6 3

The produced gas was periodically collected with an

aluminum foil gas bag and analyzed offline by gas chroma-
tography (GC). The gas fraction composition, mainly H2, CO,
CH4, CO2, and C2, was identified on a gas chromatograph
(model GC-14B, SHIMADZU, Japan) using a thermal conduc-
tivity detector (TCD) and double packed columns (TDX-01and
GDX-102) with nitrogen and helium as carrier gases.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Effect of bed material species on biomass

gasification

Fig. 1 e Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up
used for gasification: (1) bed material, (2) fluidized bed
reactor, (3) electric furnace, (4) inlet of material, (5) gas
sample point, (6) temperature controller, (7) thermocouple,
(8) flow controller, (9) inlet of gas, (10) blower, (11) steam
generator, (12) gasifier support.
prevent the leakage of the bed material and smooth gasifica-
tion agent. Water steam from a steam generator was used in
the experiments. Steam temperature was 120
C, and the
pressure was 0.2 MPa.
A typical experiment run consisted of the following steps.
When the desired temperature was reached, the gasification
agent entered the furnace from the bottom under the control
of a flow meter. The maximum superficial velocities of
oxygen-rich air and steam in the gasifier were 1.2 and 1.5 m/s
(900
C), respectively, with residence times of 0.42 and 0.33 s,
respectively. System stability was achieved in 30 min. The
biomass was fed into the reactor from the top of the gasifier by
a continuous feeder driven by a variable speed metering
motor. The feed rate was 1.2 kg/h. The produced gas flow
exited the reactor at the top, and part of the flow was collected
as a gas sample and analyzed. The remaining part was com-
busted in the atmosphere.
The contrast experiments were studied under different
experimental parameters to investigate the influence of bed
material on biomass gasification to hydrogen-rich gas. Typical
operation parameters and results are listed in Table 2.
As shown in Table 2, the main components of gasification
gas are H2, CO, CH4, CO2, and C2H4. Under the same operation
parameters, the porous medium generated higher H2 con-
centration of gasification gas and gas yield, lower concentra-
tion of C2 hydrocarbon, and higher quality of gasification gas
than the ordinary bed material. This finding may be attributed
to the fact that the porous medium is composed of solid
skeleton and large dense groups of small gaps posed by the
skeleton. At the same volume, the surface area of the porous
medium was larger and more conducive to heat transfer than
that of the general industrial sand bed material, making the
reaction more complete. The results may also be ascribed to
the catalytic effect of activated alumina and zeolite, which
made the heavier hydrocarbon generate H2 and other per-
manent gases. Thus, porous medium can promote biomass
gasification to hydrogen-rich gas.
3.2. Effect of temperature on biomass gasification
Gasification temperature is an important parameter. It in-
fluences the reaction rate of the material and simultaneously
controls some endothermic or exothermic reversible reactions

Table 2 e Experimental results under typical operation conditions.

Operation conditions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Feed rate (kg/h) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Bed material S P S P S P S P
Oxygen concentration (%) 40 40 30 30 0 0 0 0
Temperature (
C) 700 700 800 800 800 800 900 900
Equivalence ratio (%) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0 0 0 0
Steam flow (kg/h) 0 0 0 0 1.86 1.86 1.56 1.56
Gas composition (v%)
H2 8.03 15.41 10.92 18.52 17.90 24.87 20.74 36.06
CO 33.20 38.00 36.23 37.48 38.52 30.84 34.85 28.37
CH4 11.46 12.79 13.20 13.68 14.91 15.13 15.52 10.18
CO2 35.33 25.60 32.56 24.41 20.54 21.33 21.25 22.15
C2H4 9.90 6.85 5.16 5.53 6.92 6.91 6.71 2.57
C2H6 2.08 1.35 1.93 0.38 1.21 0.92 0.93 0.67
Gas yield (Nm3/kg) 0.72 1.08 1.04 1.38 1.19 1.63 1.37 1.84
Higher heating value (MJ/Nm3) 17.52 17.15 15.86 16.31 18.32 18.11 18.13 14.33

Note: S is general industrial sand, and P is porous media.

Please cite this article in press as: Sun Y, et al., Gasification of biomass to hydrogen-rich gas in fluidized beds using porous
medium as bed material, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.096
4 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e6
and, therefore, affects the distribution of the final gas pro-
duction, improves gas yield conversion, and promotes a low
tar level in the gasification progress [10,11]. The effect of
temperature on gas composition was studied under the con-
ditions of the porous bed material to verify hydrogen forma-
tion rates corresponding to different operation temperatures,
with the steam flow rate at 1.56 kg/h and the reaction tem-
perature ranging from 600
C to 900
C. The gas composition is
plotted in Fig. 2.
With increasing temperature, H2 and CO2 concentration
increased from 22.52 to 18.33 vol.% to 36.06 and 22.15 vol.%,
respectively, whereas CO decreased from 37.53 vol.% to 28.37
vol.% (Fig. 2). CH4 and C2H4 also decreased, whereas no sig-
nificant changes were detected in the formation of C2H6
whose concentration was much lower than that of the other
permanent gases. Increasing the temperature clearly had a
positive effect on hydrogen formation. According to Le Cha-
telier’s principle, high temperatures favor endothermic re-
actions. Therefore, Reactions (1)e(3) were promoted with high
temperatures, and more H2 and other permanent gases can be
produced. Our experimental results were similar to those of
Turn et al. [23]. That is, high temperatures made more tar
produced by gasification gas and heavier hydrocarbons
through pyrolysis and favored steam reforming and water-
gas-shift reactions. Simultaneously, high temperatures
accelerated the moisture precipitation of the internal and
crush materials, and increased the surface area, thereby
facilitating the gasification reaction and tar cracking.
C (s) þ H2O (g) ¼ CO (g) þ H2 (g)  131 kJ/mol (1)
CO (g) þ H2O (g) ¼ CO2 (g) þ H2 (g)  41.2 kJ/mol (2)
CH4 (g) þ H2O (g) ¼ CO (g) þ 3H2 (g)  206 kJ/mol (3)
As shown in Fig. 2, the increase in the potential of H2 yield
decreased when the temperature was higher than 800
C. High
H2
CO
Gas composition v/v%
CH4
CO2
C2H4
C2H6
Fig. 2 e Effect of temperature on biomass gasification (with
porous bed material biomass feed rate [ 1.2 kg/h, steam
flow rate [ 1.56 kg/h).
Please cite this article in press as: Sun Y, et al., Gasification of biomass to hydrogen-rich gas in fluidized beds using porous
medium as bed material, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.096
temperatures were found to be uneconomical when applied in
gasification. Thus, 800
C was considered as the optimum
gasification temperature because the gas obtained at this
temperature had greater hydrogen content and less hydro-
carbons and tars.
3.3. Effect of oxygen concentration on biomass
gasification
Using porous material as bed material, gasification experi-
ments were conducted at 800
C to investigate the effect of
different oxygen concentrations on biomass gasification to
hydrogen-rich gas, especially when the quantity of oxygen
was fixed and the concentration of oxygen varied from 0.21 to
0.50. The results are shown in Fig. 3.
Usually, oxygen addition leads to oxidation and combus-
tion reactions. As oxygen concentration increased from
21 vol.% to 50 vol.%, the CO concentration of hydrogen-rich
gas showed the most obvious change, followed by H2,
whereas CH4, C2H4, and C2H6 did not show significant changes
(Fig. 3). In addition, CO2 showed a slight increase. As oxygen
concentration increased, H2 concentration increased from
12.36 vol.% to 20.21 vol.%, whereas oxygen concentration
changed from 21 vol.% to 30 vol.%. H2 concentration signifi-
cantly increased, whereas CO showed an opposite result. As
oxygen concentration further increased from 30 vol.% to
50 vol.%, H2 content did not show any significant change,
whereas CO concentration remained stable at approximately
35%. Similar trends were described in a report by Zhao [24],
which indicated that the nitrogen content of the gasification
agent decreases as oxygen concentration increases, leading to
the increase in the combustion reaction of gasification at the
gasifier bottom layer and to the improvement of the gasifier
temperature. Temperature elicited a positive effect on the
formation of H2, and large hydrocarbon molecules exhibited
cracking to produce more H2. The increase in oxygen con-
centration caused the production of CO from the carbon sur-
face by pyrolysis and reaction with CO2. As a result, CO2 and
reduction reactions with carbon simultaneously increased.
H2
CO
CH4
CO2
Gas composition v/v %
C2H4
C2H6
Oxygen concentration /%
Fig. 3 e Effect of fraction of oxygen on corn stalk
gasification (with porous bed material, biomass feed
rate [ 1.2 kg/h, Equivalence ratio [ 0.4,
temperature [ 800
C).
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e6 5

Thus, CO2 content is the result of the combined action of two Previous reports revealed that steam is advantageous to
aspects. biomass gasification for hydrogen formation [12e14,26].
The above analysis suggests that the increased concen- However, the present study showed that steam does not al-
tration of oxygen in the gasification agent can improve the ways improve biomass gasification for hydrogen production.
reaction temperature, facilitate gasification to hydrogen-rich Hydrogen production is favored when the amount of steam
gas, and increase the heating value of syngas. However, in entering the gasifier is less than the amount of reaction bal-
actual oxygen applications, increasing the concentration of ance requirement; otherwise, due to more steam reducing
oxygen also increases operational costs because of oxygen the furnace temperature, the steam negatively affects gasi-
production [25]. In addition, test results indicate that oxygen fication. Using porous bed material, H2 yield initially
concentrations more than 30 vol.% did not elicit a significant increased from 18.74 vol.% to 34.64 vol.% as steam flow rate
effect on the gas. Hence, selecting the optimum oxygen con- increased to approximately 1.56 kg/h and then decreased to
centration range is important. In these tests, 30 vol.% oxygen 20.14 vol.% as steam flux continuously increased to 2.10 kg/h
concentration was found to be the optimum value. (Fig. 3a). The variation trend of CO concentration was oppo-
site with that of H2. A significant decrease in CO concentra-
3.4. Effect of steam flow rate on biomass gasification tion was found at a steam flow rate of approximately 1.56 kg/
h, whereas a gradual increase was noted at higher steam flow
The influence of steam flow rate on biomass gasification was rates. A similar situation was observed with CH4, C2H4, and
also studied. In this test, steam flux was changed from 1.08 kg/ C2H6 release, although the concentration variation was much
h to 2.10 kg/h while all other conditions were kept constant smaller. CO2 content progressively decreased from
(temperature, 800
C; feed rate, 1.2 kg/h; porous bed material). 26.66 vol.% to 19.15 vol.% as steam flux increased from
The test results of gas composition are shown in Fig. 4a, 1.08 kg/h to 2.10 kg/h. These results are similar to those re-
whereas the gas product yield, high heating value, and energy ported by LV et al. [26] at similar temperature conditions. This
are shown in Fig. 4b. finding suggests that, at steam flow rates lower than 1.56 kg/
h, the amount of steam that reacts with all the biomass added
to gasification is insufficient. Consequently, wateregas re-
a actions (2) and (3), steam reforming, and water-gas-shift re-
40 action were not completed. As low-temperature steam flow
rate was increased to more than 1.56 kg/h, the local temper-
35 H2
CO ature of the reactor decreased, steam reforming reaction was
Gas composition %

30 CH4 restrained and caused gas yield, and then H2 yield and energy
CO2
decreased.
25 C2H4
C2H6 With the gas yield, energy reached maximum values at a
20 steam flow rate of approximately 1.56 kg/h, whereas the high
heating value (HHV) was the lowest under the same steam
15
flow rate range because of the presence of a large volume of
10 hydrogen with lower volume calorific value (Fig. 4). The results
suggest that the steam flow rate in gasification should be
5
selected according to further application to achieve the most
0 optimum results.
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Steam flux kg/h
b 4. Conclusions
3.0 22
Gas yield Nm3/kg-b Energy ×10 MJ/kg-b

2.8 The gas composition and yield of hydrogen-rich gas were

highly influenced by bed material, temperature, oxygen con-
2.6 20
Higher heating value MJ/Nm3

Gas yield
centration, and steam flow rate. Using porous medium as bed
2.4 Energy
Higher heating value material was more suitable in gasifying biomass to hydrogen-
2.2 18 rich gas. The physical characteristics of porous structure are
2.0 more favorable to heat transfer to generate the secondary
1.8 16 crack of heavy hydrocarbons and produce more hydrogen and
other permanent gases. Temperature was the most important
1.6
factor influencing hydrogen content. High temperatures
1.4 14
favored hydrogen formation, significantly increased H2 con-
1.2 centration (from 22.52 vol.% to 36.06 vol.%), and reduced
1.0 12 heavy hydrocarbons. Oxygen concentration and steam flow
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
rate have complex influences on gas composition. Tests with
Steam flux kg/h
30 vol.% of oxygen concentration or a steam flow rate of
Fig. 4 e Effect of steam flux on corn stalk gasification (with approximately 1.56 kg/h produced higher energy, greater gas
porous bed material, biomass feed rate [ 1.2 kg/h, yields, and gas composition favoring H2 formation. Under
Equivalence ratio [ 0, temperature [ 800
C). proper operating parameters, biomass gasification in a

Please cite this article in press as: Sun Y, et al., Gasification of biomass to hydrogen-rich gas in fluidized beds using porous
medium as bed material, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.096
6 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e6
fluidized bed with porous medium as bed material is effective
in producing hydrogen-rich gas.
Acknowledgments
The author’s would like to thank the Special Funds for Major
State Basic Research Projects of China (2011CB201506) and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51176130) for
financial support on this work.
references
[1] Ni Meng, Leung MKH, Sumathy K, Leung DYC. Potential of
renewable hydrogen production for energy supply in Hong
Kong. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2006;31:1401e12.
[2] Ni Meng, Leung DYC, Leung MKH, Sumathy K. An overview
of hydrogen production from biomass. Fuel Process Technol
2006;87:461e72.
[3] Bhattacharya Atmadeep, Bhattacharya Abhishek,
Datta Amitava. Modeling of hydrogen production process
from biomass using oxygen blown gasification. Int J
Hydrogen Energy 2012;37:18781e90.
[4] McKendry Peter. Energy production from biomass: part 1.
Overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol 2002;83:37e46.
[5] Mohammed MAA, Salmiaton A, Wan Azlina WAKG,
Mohammad Amran MS, Fakhru’l-Razi A. Air gasification of
empty fruit bunch for hydrogen-rich gas production in a
fluidized-bed reactor. Energy Conver Manage
2011;52:1555e61.
[6] Cohce MK, Dincer I, Rosen MA. Thermodynamic analysis of
hydrogen production from biomass gasification. Int J
Hydrogen Energy 2010;35:4970e80.
[7] Li XT, Grace JR, Lim CJ, Watkinson AP, Chen HP, Kim JR.
Biomass gasification in a circulating fluidized bed. Biomass
Bioenergy 2004;26:171e93.
[8] Cao Y, Wang Y, Riley JT, Pan W-P. A novel biomass air
gasification process for producing tar-free higher heating
value fuel gas. Fuel Process Technol 2006;87:343e53.
[9] Martı́nez JD, Lora EES, Andrade RV, Jaén RL. Experimental
study on biomass gasification in a double air stage downdraft
reactor. Biomass Bioenergy 2011;35:3465e80.
[10] Peng-mei LV, Chang J, Fu Y, Wang T-J, Chen Y, Zhu J-X. An
experimental investigation of hydrogen production from
biomass. Chinese J Process Engi 2003;3:464e70.
[11] Chen G, Andries J, Spliethoff H. Catalytic pyrolysis of
biomass for hydrogen rich fuel gas production. Energy
Conver Manage 2003;44:2289e96.
Please cite this article in press as: Sun Y, et al., Gasification of biomass to hydrogen-rich gas in fluidized beds using porous
medium as bed material, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.096
[12] Peng-mei LV, Chang J, Xiong Z-H, Wu C-Z, Chen Y. An
experimental research on biomass air-steam gasification in a
fluidized bed. J Fuel Chem Technol 2003;32:305e10.
[13] Wu W, Kawamoto K, Kuramochi H. Hydrogen-rich
synthesis gas production from waste wood via gasification
and reforming technology for fuel cell application. J Mater
Cycles Waste Management 2006;8:70e7.
[14] Franco C, Pinto F, Gulyurtlu I, Cabrita I. The study of
reactions influencing the biomass steam gasification
process. Fuel 2003;82:835e42.
[15] Anna P, Sylwester K, Wlodzmierz B. Effect of operating
conditions on tar and gas composition in high temperature
air/steam gasification (HTAG) of plastic containing waste.
Fuel Process Technol 2006;87:223e33.
[16] Juutilainen SJ, Simell PA, Krause AOI. Zirconia: selective
oxidation catalyst for removal of tar and ammonia from
biomass gasification gas. Appli Catal B Environ
2006;62:86e92.
[17] Delgado J, Aznar MP, Corella J. Biomass gasification with
steam in fluidized bed: effectiveness of CaO, MgO and
CaOeMgO for hot raw gas cleaning. Ind Eng Chem Res
1997;36:1535e43.
[18] Moghtaderi B. Effects of controlling parameters on
production of hydrogen by catalytic steam gasification of
biomass at low temperatures. Fuel 2007;86(15):2422e30.
[19] Gil Javier. Biomass gasification with air in a fluidized bed:
effect of the in-bed use of dolomite under different operation
conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999;38:4226e35.
[20] Jin-hua C, Le-ming C, En-yu W, Shou-xiang X, Zhong-yang L,
Ke-fa C. Combustion and heat transfer of premixed natural
gas in a porous media burner. J Fuel Chem Technol
2005;33:166e70.
[21] Sun Y, Yang T-H, Liu Y-X, Li Y-J, Li R-D. Effect of gasifying
agent on gas composition of biomass fluidized bed
gasification with porous bed material. J Fuel Chem Technol
2009;37:119e23.
[22] Heng Li. Temperature distribution of gas/solid grids and heat
transfer characteristics in a porous media combustor [Master
degree thesis]. Zhejiang University; 2006.
[23] Turn S, Kinoshita C, Zhang Z, Ishimura D, Zhou J. An
experimental investigation of hydrogen from biomass
gasification. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1998;23:641e8.
[24] Zhao X-G, Chang J, Peng-meil LV, Wang T-J. Biomass
gasification under O2-rich gas in a fluidized bed reactor. J
Fuel Chem Technol 2005;33(2):199e204.
[25] Wang L-J, Weller CL, Jones DD, Hanna MA. Contemporary
issues in thermal gasification of biomass and its application
to electricity and fuel production. Biomass Bioenergy
2008;32:573e81.
[26] Peng-mei LV, Xiong Z-H, Wang T-J, Chang J, Wu C-Z, Chen Y.
Biomass gasification in a fluidized bed to produce hydrogen
rich gas. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica 2003;24:758e64.