Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
-Kant proved the existence of the mind by defining it as the
organizing
principle that regulates the impressions that one gets from
the external world
-Defined the self as the seat of knowledge acquisition for all
humans
-Kant spoke of a unified consciousness as the central
feature of the mind. The goal of the human person is to
achieve unity between one’s inner (psychological and
intellect) and outer senses (experience of the physical
world).
I. Gilbert Ryle
-Resolved the mind-body problem by blatantly denying the
existence of an internal, non-physical self
-For Ryle the “self” is not an entity one can locate and
analyze, it is simply the name that people use to refer to all
the behaviors they make.
-Ryle instead views the mind as consisting of dispositions
based on what people know, feel, want, etc.
-The mind’s existence is made visible and evident in one’s
activities like singing, dancing, running, etc. not as a thing
existing apart from and parallel to the body (e.g. a soul).
-While Ryle acknowledges that the self is a combination of
the mind and body, he maintains that they are not separate.
He challenged the dualistic view espoused by many earlier
thinkers.
J. Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- As a phenomenologist, Merleau-Ponty believes that the
human person is embodied through lived experiences
- Merleau-Ponty problematized the mind-body problem
asserting that it is futile and invalid
- The phenomenological perspective stresses that the self
is best understood by studying experiences as they occur
and not reducing them to their elementary components
(e.g. mental vs physical states)
- He regarded the self as an embodied subjectivity, not so
much as disembodied minds (existing without a body) or
complex machines, but as living creatures whose
consciousness is actualized by their involvement with
the world.
- He opposed the Cartesian cogito stating that the “I think”
implies an “I can”
- For Merleau-Ponty, the living body, one’s thoughts,
emotions, and all experiences are one