The Greeks

- the ones who seriously questioned myths in attempting to - No historical document proves that Socrates really existed but his
understand reality and respond to questions about the nature of the students spoke eloquently and generously about his wit, intellect,
world and the self
and wisdom.

- credited for his many contributions to western philosophy.

- believes that if a person knows who he or she is, all basic issues
Pre-Socratics and di culties in life will vanish and everything will be clearer and
- Greek thinkers that preoccupied themselves with the question of the simpler.

primary substratum that explains the multiplicity of things in the - de nes Self-knowledge as knowing one's degree of understanding
world.
about the world and knowing one's capabilities and potentials.

- these men endeavored to nally locate an explanation about the - believes that the self is achieved and not just discovered,

nature of change, the seeming permanence despite change, and - For him, possession of knowledge is virtue and ignorance is vice.

the unity of the world amidst its diversity.

- believes that one must rst have the humility to acknowledge his or
her ignorance so as to acquire knowledge.

Socrates
- concerned with the problem of the self.
Plato
- he is a dualist; believe that man has soul, which is divine, immortal, - Socrates's student

intelligible, uniform, indissoluble, and ever self-consistent and - a teacher of Aristotle

invariable. He argued that the ruler of the body is the soul. The - basically took o from his master and supported the idea that man
body, according to Socrates, is human, mortal, multiform, is a dual nature of body and soul

unintelligible, dissoluble and inconsistent. Death is the release of the - added that there are three components of the soul:

soul from the body for the human soul is immortal.

- the rational soul,

- Tried for allegedly corrupting the minds of the youth and for impiety
- forged by reason and intellect has to govern the a airs of the
- According to him, most men, are really not fully aware of who they human person,

are and the virtues that they were supposed to attain in order to - he spirited soul,

preserve their souls for the afterlife.

- is in charge of controlling emotions

- was the rst philosopher who ever engaged in a systematic - and the appetitive soul.

questioning about the self.

- in charge of base desires

- believes the true task of the philosopher is to know oneself.

- in the "The Republic”, he emphasizes that justice and virtue in the
- a rmed that the unexamined life is not worth living. He thought that human person can only be attained if the three parts of the soul are
this is the worst that can happen to anyone to live but die inside.
working harmoniously with one another.

ffi
fi
ffi
fi
ff
fi
fi
ff
- he insisted that the empirical reality we experience in the - He advanced the idea that past and future could be seen as

experiential world is fundamentally unreal and is only a shadow or a equivalent entities that exist.

mere appearance while ultimate reality is real as it is eternal and

constitutes abstract universal essences of things.
Thomas Aquinas,

- Plato added that ideas are objects of the intellect known by reason - the most eminent thirteenth century scholar and stalwart of the
alone and are objective realities that exist in a world of their own.
medieval philosophy,

- was one of the rst philosophers who believed in an enduring self - said man is composed of two parts:

that is represented by the soul. He argued that the soul is eternal - matter (hyle)

and constitutes the enduring self, because even after death, the - refers to the stu that makes up everything in the universe

soul continues to exist.

- form (morphe)

- refers to the “essence of a substance or thing."

- Believes that the soul is what animates the body; it is what makes
St. Augustine us humans.

- His view of the human person re ects the entire spirit of the
medieval world when it comes to man.
Rene Descartes
- agreed that man is of a bifurcated nature. Believes that the body is - Father of Modern Philosophy,

bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally in - In his famous treatise, The Meditations of First Philosophy, he
a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God.
claims that there is so much that we should doubt. One should only
- The goal of every human person is to attain this communion and believe that since which can pass the test of doubt

bliss with the Divine by living his life on earth in virtue.

- In the end, Descartes thought that the only thing that one cannot
- He believed that the times present of things past, present, and doubt is the existence of the self,

future coexist in the soul

- his famous dictum, cogito ergo sum (I think therefore, I am)

- Believed that time is not a feature or property of the word but of the - The self then for Descartes is also a combination of two distinct
mind. Time is something that people measure within their own entities

memory.
- cogito,

- He emphasized that the memory of the past is signi cant in - the thing that thinks,

anticipation of the future and presence of the present.

- extenza

- used a method of introspection - awareness of one's own mental - the extension of the mind

processes
- The human person has a body but it is not what makes him a man;
- memory is the entity through which one can think meaningfully it is the mind.

about temporal continuity.

fi
ff
fl
fi
- believed that the self is "a thinking thing or a substance whose - Consciousness is the perception of what passes in a Man’s own
whole essence or nature is merely thinking."
mind.

- He also reassured that the self is di erent from the body.

- He rejected that brain has something to do with consciousness as
- The self is a feature of the mind and thus a mental substance rather the brain, as well, as the body may change, while consciousness
than a physical substance
remains the same.

- Filipinos have a unique term, “diskarte, a derivative of the surname - He believed that personal identity is not in the brain but in one's
of Descartes, which denotes nding way or making things possible.
consciousness.

- In his work, "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, he

Gilbert Ryle supports the idea that consciousness can be transferred from one
- a British philosopher,
substance to another.

- opposed Rene Descartes that the self is a "thinking thing.

- consciousness may be lost involuntarily through forgetfulness while
- believes that descarte’s idea is a category mistake supporting that the soul stays the same.

there is In immaterial mind in a material body.

- the same soul is unnecessary or insu cient in the formation of
- argued that the disposition to know, believe, feel, and act is called one’s personal identity over time when consciousness is lost.

the mind.
- His philosophy can be understood easily in his illustration of "The
- The self is taken as a whole with the combination of the body and Prince and the Cobbler.”

the mind.
- created the notion of tabula rasa - the concept that posits that
- posited the maxim, "I act, therefore I am." For him, the mind is not everyone started as a blank slate, and the content is provided by
the seat of self but all the behaviors that people make.
one’s experiences over time.

- solved the mind-body dichotomy that by denying the concept of an

internal, non-physical self.
David Hume
- supported the basic notions of behavioristic psychology.
- a Scottish philosopher

- His theory is called logical behaviorism or analytical behaviorism-- - an empiricist

a theory of mind which states that mental concepts can be - the soul as a product of the imagination.

understood through observable events. In his work Concept of - there is no self as a mental entity

Mind
- Any concept of the self is simply memory and imagination.

- Empiricism is the school of thought that espouses the idea that

John Locke knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed and experienced.

- his main philosophy about the self is founded on consciousness or - Men can only attain knowledge by experiencing.

memory

fi
ff
ffi
 - The self, according to Hume, is simply "a bundle or collection of - the self is not just what gives one personality. In addition, it is also
di erent perceptions, which succeed each other with an the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons.

inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual ux and movement."

- Transcendental Apperception

- He reduced personality and cognition to a machine that may be - consciousness of oneself and of one's state via acts of
activated or deactivated.
apperception

- Death, according to him, obliterates the perception one has.

- Apperception

- Hume rejected the idea that personal identity is re ected by the - is the faculty that allows for application of concepts.

association of the self with an enduring body.

- Consciousness being uni ed is the central feature of the mind

- A mind, to simplify, would be constituted by a set of private - Consciousness makes the world intelligible.

memories.
- The self is able to perform this synthesizing and unifying function
- All experience can be categorized into two:
because it transcends sense experience.

- impressions
- The self is an organizing principle that makes a coherent experience
- are the basic objects of our experience or sensation; are usually possible by using the faculties of the mind to synthesize sensations
vivid since they are a product of direct experience
into a uni ed whole. The self a product of reason.

- ideas
- He believed in the existence of God and soul.

- are copies of impressions.

- He emphasized that it is only through experience that humans can
acquire knowledge

Immanuel Kant
- German philosopher
Sigmund Freud
- theorized that consciousness is formed by:
- psychoanalytic theory, led to another understanding of the
- one’s inner
philosophy of the mind.

- comprised of one's psychological state and intellect.

- believed that the self is multi-layered and composed of three
- outer sense
structures of the human mind —

- consists of one's senses and the physical world

- id

- recognizes Hume's account that everything starts with perception - exists since birth, pertaining to instinct.

and sensation of impressions.

- adheres to the pleasure principle

- Along with the di erent apparatuses of the mind goes the "self." - it is animalistic — seeks instant grati cation

Without it, one cannot organize the di erent impressions that one - driven by libido (sexual energy)

gets in relation to his own existence.

- ego

- He suggests that it is an actively engaged intelligence in man that - operates according to the reality principle

synthesizes all knowledge and experience.

ff
fi
ff
fi
fi
ff
fl
fl
 - it’s role is to maintain equilibrium between the demands of id - argued that talk of mental states would eventually be abandoned in
and superego
favor of a radically di erent view of how the brain works not
- borrows some of the id's energy in order to deal with the identi ed with mental states.

demands of the environment.

- self is nothing else but brain

- adheres to the principles of reason and logic

- In Patricia Churchland's book Touching a Nerve,

- ensures the continuous existence and protection of the - she wrote: "My brain and I are inseparable. I am who I am
individual.
because my brain is what it is. Even so, I often think about my
- superego.
brain in terms di erent from those I use when thinking about
- It operates according to the morality principle.
myself. I think about my brain as that, and about myself as me. I
- Superego is the reservoir of moral standards.
think about my brain as having neurons, but I think of me as
- It ensures compliance with the norms, values, and standards having a memory. Still, I know that my memory is all about the
prescribed by society.
neurons in my brain. Lately, I think about my brain in more
- It is developed by means of socialization
intimate terms--as me."

- two systems:
- To understand the self, one must study the brain

- the conscience

- can sanction the ego through the feeling of guilt.

- the ideal
Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty

- an imaginary picture of one's self, is rewarded by the - a phenomenologist

superego when one conforms with the standards imposed - says that the mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be
by society.
separated from one another. His idea about the unity of both mind
and body is called the Phenomenology of Perception

Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland - Phenomenology of perception is divided into 3 divisions:

- who are both neuroscientists

- Body

- introduced eliminative materialism "a radical claim that ordinary, - both receives the experience and integrates the experiences of
common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that di erent perceptions

some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not - Perceived World

actually exist”
- are the accumulation of the perceptions as integrated by the
- believed that it’s wrong to think that folk psychology, or common experience of the body

sense psychology, is the capacity to explain mental states of - People and the World

people.
- integrate the other objects in the world, allows one to
experience the cultural aspect of the world and relate to others

ff
fi
ff
ff
 - The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all - according to him, every self has two faces:

one.
- personne

- All experience is embodied.

- is composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who
- One's body is his opening toward his existence to the world.
he is.

- For him, the Cartesian problem is nothing else but plain - moi

misunderstanding.
- refers to a person's sense of who he is, his body, and his basic
- Consciousness cannot simply be immaterial but must be embodied.
identity, his biological givenness.

- For him, consciousness is both perceiving and engaging. It

interprets the various perceptions we have in the world.
The unending terrain of metamorphosis of the self is mediated

by language.

Characteristics of the Self

- separate,
Lev Vygotsky
- self-contained,
- russian psychologist

- independent,
- suggested that human development results from a dynamic
- consistent,
interaction between individuals and society.

- unitary,
- Intellectual growth emerges out of a dialectical process in which
- private
problem-solving experiences are shared with social agents

- children acquire most of their knowledge through culture.

Sociology - Zone of proximal development - the di erence between what

- the study of the development, structure and functioning of human children can and cannot do by themselves. He insisted that not
society
respecting this zone, either by helping children on tasks they can
complete on their own, or by not helping enough on di cult tasks,
Social constructionists
impedes cognitive development.

- argue for a merged view of 'the person' and 'their social context’ - Language represents the core type of interaction which allows
where the boundaries of one cannot easily be separated from the social agents to convey information to children.

boundaries of the other”

- Children's own language becomes their principal tool of intellectual
- argue that the self is not static, it is in a constant struggle with growth, rst as speech-for-self emitted aloud (private speech) to
external reality and is malleable in its dealings with society.
guide and control their own actions and eventually as silent self-talk
(inner speech). He called this internalization – the process of using
Marcel Mauss an instrument of thought (inner speech) that was at rst located
- French Anthropologist
outside children (social speech).

fi
ff
fi
ffi
- the way that we process information is normally a form of an - self is essentially a social process going on between the I and me.

internal diague in the head.

- For Mead, all humans experience internal conversation.

- the unending terrain of metamorphosis of the self is mediated by - The internal conversations are between the phases of the self:

language
- I

- is the phase of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous.

George Herbert Mead - It is the subjective part of the self.

- argued that the self is not biological but social. It is developed as - It is the acting part of the self, an immediate response to other
one grows and ages
people.

- Self is constructed by directly engaging in the world through - me

interaction and through re ections on those interactions.

- is the self that results from the progressive stages of role
- social interaction involves the exchange of symbols and that playing or role-taking and the perspective one assumes to
understanding of symbols involves being able to take the role of viewand analyze one's own behaviors.

another.
- It is the organization of the internalized attitude of others.

- Role playing is the process in which one takes on the role of another - It represents the conventional and objective part of the self.

by putting oneself in the position of the person with whom he or she - is the organized set of attitudes of others which one assumes.

interacts. Through this, the individual develops a concept of self.

- It is the socialized aspect of the individual.

- Mead explained that self has two parts:

- It represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of
- self-awareness
others and society.

- self-image.
- It is developed through the knowledge of society and social
- we learn the meaning of other people's behavior during childhood interactions that the individual has experienced.

which comes in three stages of development:

- imitation or the preparatory stage.

- The generalized other is described as an organized community or
- In this stage, a child imitates the behavior of another
social group which gives to the individual his or her unity of self.

- play stage.
- a term for the collection of roles and attitudes that people use
- involves the child playing the role of others.
as a reference point for guring out how to behave in a given
- game stage.
situation.

- The child comes to see himself or herself from the perspective - The generalized other represents the common standpoints of
of other people.
those groups.

- In doing this, he or she sees himself or herself in terms of the

collective viewpoint of other people and the attitude of
generalized others.

fi
fl
 Charles Horton Cooley Collective self
- introduced the looking-glass self, in this view, the self is developed - is the cognition concerning a view of the self that is found in
as a result of one's perceptions of other people’s opinions.
memberships in social groups

- It is a social construction as well as a personal reality for it shows Henri Taijfel

how others in uence the image people have of themselves.
- formulated the social identity theory

- The self is built through social interaction which involves three - states that the in-group will discriminate against the out-group to
steps:
enhance its self-image

- rst, people imagine how they must appear to others;

- In this view, the world is divided into "us" and “them through the
- second, they imagine the judgment on that appearance;
process of social categorization

- and nally, they develop themselves through the judgment of - Group membership, according to the social identity theory, is an
others.
important source of pride and self-esteem. It gives a sense of social
- The self consists of a composite of the person's more or less identity — a sense of belongingness to the social world.

accurate assessments of other people's judgment.

- Social identity has been de ned as the person's sense of who he or
- this social self is the central element of society.
she is according to his or her membership to a certain group.

- He wrote, "the imaginations which people have of one another are - Identi ed three mental processes involved in evaluating others as
the solid facts of society.”
"us" or “them”:

- It should serve only as a guide for re ection

- 1. social categorization

- This is similar with how people categorize things

Private self,
- 2. social identi cation.

- also the individual self

- a person adopt the identity of the group to which they have
- is the cognition that involves traits, states, and behaviors.
categorized themselves.

- It is an assessment of the self by the self.

- 3. social comparison

- when people compare their group with other groups. They

Public self
might begin to discriminate and criticize the other groups.

- is the cognition concerning the generalized other’s view of the self.

- generally depends on the public for de nition, but is also an William Graham Sumner
individual's view of how he or she ts in and actions taken while in - further divided social groups into two:

public.
- in-group

- a social group commanding members’ loyalty.

- It is a group to which a person belongs.

- out-group

fi
fi
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
fl
fi
 - is a scorned social group to which one feels competition or Maxine Greene
opposition.
- posited that the self is "digitalized" in cyberspace.

- It is a group to which a person does not belong.

- In the essay "Email and Memory”, the consequences of
digitalization of the self appear thus: "Every little piece of
Postmodernism
information that you post on the Internet become raw data from
- Is a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skeptics, which someone out there can piece together an identity, a virtual
subjectivism, or relativism
version of who you are."

- The self is not the creator of meaning, nor the center or starting
point of sociological inquiry.
Walter Truett Anderson
- For postmodernist, there is no "I" as Mead maintained,
- gives four basic postmodernist ideas about the self, which address
the issues of change and multiple identities:

Person - Multiphrenia

- de ned by the norms, values, languages, arts, and culture of - which refers to the many di erent voices speaking about "who
society.
we are and what we are."

- Protean

Michel Foucault - a self capable of changing constantly to t the present

- French philosopher
conditions

- The self is seen as a product of modern discourse that is socially - Protean self is a manifestation that people do not have a true
and historically conditioned
stable self.

- "the self that turned into a text, a complex narrative of - De-centered

accomplishments su used with discourses."

- a belief that there is no self at all.

- We are what we are described to be.

David Lyon - Self-in-relation

- argued that the predicament of the self in postmodern societies is - which means that humans do not live their lives in isolation but
complicated by the advent of electronic-mediated virtual in relation to people and to certain cultural contexts.

interactions of cyberselves and the spread of information

technology.
Erving Go man

- The post modern social condition is dominated by 2 realities:

- introduced a theory, which he referred to as the dramaturgical
- The rise of new media technologies
model of social life.

- dominance of consumerism
- For him, social interaction may be compared to a theater and
people to actors on a stage where each plays a variety of roles

fi
ff
ff
ff
fi
 - people interact with one another they are constantly engaged in - is the region where actors perform and act in conformity with
impression management — a process in which people regulate and the expectations of the audience

control information in social interaction.

- back stage

- For him, the self is a product of the dramatic interaction between - It is a place where actors act their natural selves with no roles to
actor and audience.
portray and no audience to impress.

- The self is made up of the various parts that people play, and a key - o stage.

goal of social actors is to present their various selves in ways that - where actors meet members of the audience independently of
create and sustain particular impressions to their di erent the team performance on the front stage

audiences.

- In theater, people play the part of either an actor/performer or an Kenneth Gergen

audience.
- the saturated self is characterized by constant connection to others,
- The actor is the one who gives meaning to himself or herself, to a self that absorbs a multitude of voices (sometimes contradictory)
others, and to the situations.
and takes in a seemingly endless streams of information.

- The members of the audience are those who largely accept the - multiphrenia - the splitting of the self into multitude of options

de nition of the situation or the performance delivered or - In his book The Saturated Self, Gergen wrote: "Emerging
presented by every actor.
technologies saturate us with the voices of humankind both
- The performance refers to all the actions of the actor in a particular harmonious and alien. As we absorb their varied rhymes and
situation in front of the audience; delivers impression to others, reasons, they become part of us and we of them.

which send information con rming the identity of the actor in a - Social saturation furnishes us with a multiplicity of incoherent and
given situation.
unrelated languages of the self. This fragmentation of self-
- Common sign vehicles
conceptions corresponds to a multiplicity of incoherent and
- Settings
disconnected relationships

- refers to the place where the performance is done.

- The fully saturated self becomes no self at all.”

- may require the actor to adjust his or her performances.

- The saturated self as a multiphrenic condition also accounts for the
- The appearance
feeling of overload that results in a socially saturated condition.

- consists of xed attributes of the actor

- He explained that options are not only endless, but are no longer
- The manner
constrained by time or distance, and because of this, "the daily life
- refers to the displayed behaviors
has become a sea of drowning demands, and there is no shore in
- 3 regions where everyday interactions happen:
sight."

- front stage
- for Gergen, social saturation brings with it a general loss of true and
knowable selves.

ff
fi
fi
fi
ff
 Filipino cultural identity theory

- is de ned as belonging or relating to the Philippines, or to its people - The theory suggests a relationship between inter-cultural
and culture.
competence and cultural identity.

- it deals with the study into how individuals use communicative

Citizenship processes to construct and negotiate their cultural group identities
- means membership in a nation-state
and relationships in particular contexts.

- In the constitution, a citizen is someone who legally resides in a - According to the theory, culture is one of the many identities
country.
expressed in communication encounters.

- Cultural identity becomes evident through social comparison. 

Culture - Speakers compare the status position of their own groups to those
- is derived from the Latin word cultura or cultus meaning care or of other groups.

cultivation.
- An individual’s message during interaction will contain multiple
cultural identities because individuals enact multiple identities all
Personal identity
voices within a group do not speak in the same way or have the
- the way he or she sees himself or herself as an individual
same recognition by others.

Collective identity
Nation
- the way he or she sees himself or herself as member of a certain - is a group of people built on the premise of shared customs,
group
traditions, religion, language, art, history and more.

Identity
National identity

- refers to "who the person is," or the qualities and traits of an - refers to the identity or feeling of belongingness to one state or
individual that make him or her di erent from others.
nation.

- also refers to how a person sees and expresses oneself.

- requires the process of self-categorization.

Cultural identity
Rupert Emerson,

- refers to the identity or feeling of belongingness to a certain culture - a political scientist

group.
- de nes nation as *a body of people who feel that they are a nation.”

- National identity is in uenced and shaped by

- Material

fi
fi
fl
ff
 - objects representative of all the people who are part of a nation
another in order for an individual to become fully aware of the
di erent dimensions that constitute his or her self.

- Non-material cultures
- dialogic self approach is designed to stimulate the conversations
- embodies the shared understanding of a group of people
between the internal and external positions of the self.

- Culture can be seen as the collective voices that shape the social
Brian Morris
positions of the self.

- reiterated that the self is not an entity but a process that - The dialogical self is a relational concept of self.

orchestrates an individual's personal experience.

- As a result of this process, a person becomes self-aware and self- 3 Fundamental Selves
re ective about his or her place in the surrounding world.
- Individual Self

- The concept of "self." for him, is de ned as an individual's mental - re ects the cognitions related to traits, states, and behavior that
representation of his or her person, as kind of self-representation.
are stored in memory

- The concept of "other" in relation to the self, on the other hand, - Relational Self

refers to how one perceives the mental representations of others.

- self re ects cognitions that are related to one's relationships

- Morris stated that the most crucial form or interaction and exchange - Collective Self

takes place between the self and his or her cultural environment and - re ects cognitions that are related to one's group

is mediated by social practices

Anthony Wallace & Raymond Fogelson

Hubert Hermans - Identity struggle characterizes the discrepancy between the identity
- introduced the dialogical self theory in 1992
a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that
- The theory regarded "self" as the "Society of Mind”.
person by others.

- In this theory, an individual's sense of self is established through
how one identi es himself or herself with the di erent positions he
or she holds, internally or externally, to himself or herself.
perceiving himself or herself as opposed to how he or she thinks he
- An internal I-position refers to how one functions in himself or
herself while an external I-position refers to how one identi es
himself or herself based on particular external factors. All these
- The best possible solution to this situation is to talk to the person
and establish a mutual understanding regarding one's way of
or she is perceived by others. it has to be done as soon as possible
in order to prevent future con icts. The confrontation, however,
must be done in a calm and respectful manner.

constitute the functionality of the self.

- The dialogic self approach calls for the need for the I-positions to The Self (Psychology)

come in contact with each other-to be in a dialogue with one - the self can be de ned as a re exive psychological process that
starts when one identi es himself or herself as an object, followed
ff
fl
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fl
fl
fi
ff
fi
 by describing oneself as a self- concept or self-feeling, and ends - This self is a product of expectations and pressures from other
with saying that the self is manifested in how one acts and presents people, and arises from the need to be loved and accepted by
himself or herself to others
others.

- It is dynamic and forever changing,

Carl Rogers
- believes that the self does not exist at birth;
the discrepancy between the real self and ideal self, the greater

- it is developed gradually during childhood wherein one di erentiates the frustration and distress one will experience.

the self from non-self.

- He proposed that by means of free choice and action, one can congruence
shape himself or herself based on what he or she wants to be.
- an agreement between the selves, which happens when the ideal

- Rogers considered the self as the center of experience.

self is closer to the real self. (congruent self)

- The choices an individual makes are based on his or her set of

values.

- his theory focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that Self-concept
allow the self to freely develop
- It is a social product, developing out of interpersonal relationships
and striving for consistency

- is de ned as the totality of complex, organized, and dynamic

Real Self
system of learned beliefs, attitudes, and opinions that each person
- is who an individual actually is, intrinsically.
holds to be true about his or her personal existence

- It is the self that feels closest to how one identi es with.

- is also de ned as the organized structure of cognitions or thoughts
- It is the self that feels most natural, comfortable, and true to what that an individual has about himself or herself

and who one really is.

- Aspects of Self-concept

- The real self is one's self-image.

- existential self

- existential self begins when an individual recognizes his or her

Ideal self,
existence as a separate entity from others and realizes that he
- is the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks he or or she will continue to exist over a period of time and space.

she would be.

- categorical self.

- It is an idealized image that has developed over time based on the - starts after a child recognizes his or her existence as a separate
in uence of the environment and the people one interacts with.
entity and becomes aware that he or she is an object in the
world.

- Three Components of Self-concept (Carl Rogers)

fl
fi
fi
fi
ff
 - Self worth or self esteem
- Humanistic psychology

- is what one thinks about oneself

- is guided by the principle that "human beings, as humans,
- Self image
supersede the sum of their parts." They cannot be reduced to
- is how one sees himself or herself
components.

- Ideal self
- It posited the idea that personality should be studied from the
- is the person that one wants to be.
point of view of an individual's subjective experience.

- For humanistic psychologists, the way to understand other people

Donald W. Winnicott is better to understand one's emotions and experiences in order
- introduced the concept of the true self and false self.
to know more about one's identity.

- The true self is also known as the real self, authentic self, original
self, and vulnerable self, It is the core of who you are, the original Local Model

you, unshaped by the upbringing of society. It is one's - look into a human being through examining its parts for it is divisible
spontanous and natural
or can be broken into components.

- The false self, on the other hand, is also know, as the fake self, - Psychoanalysts Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung studied the human
ideal self, perfect self, and pseudo self. This composed of the psyche and its structure that is essential in understanding
parts of the self wherein behaviors are altered feelings are personality and identity.

repressed, and one's needs are set aside for others.

- Carl Jung, the human psyche is divided into three parts

- The false self is also called the adapted self.

- The ego is the center of consciousness;

- social mask helps one to interact properly in a larger variety of - it is the person's sense of identity and existence.

interpersonal contexts.
- It organizes thoughts, feeling, senses, and intuition.

- The personal unconscious refers to all information stored in a

Global models
person's mind that are readily accessible to consciously recall

- look into a human being in his or her totality, as an indivisible entity - The collective unconscious refers to the unconscious mind shared
that cannot be broken down into parts.
by all human beings such as instinct and archetypes

- Gestalt psychology
- For the psychoanalysists, the self is the sum total of the psyche.

- is guided by the principle that "the whole is greater than the sum
of all its parts.”

- It was asserted by Max Wertheimer

- This particular school of thought is interested in looking at the Albert Bandura

entirety of the self-the mind, body, physical attributes, behaviors, - developed the social cognitive theory which makes use of the
and more.
agentic theory of the self to make sense of the self.

 - To be an agent means to be capable of intentionally in uencing Individualism

one's own functionality and life circumstances.

- is an orientation concerned with independence and self-reliance of
- An agent recognizes his or her own ability to make life decisions.
the individual,

- He advanced the agentic theory of the self, asserted that people are - Individualistic cultures put more emphasis on promoting the
not merely passive entities molded by environmental forces or individual and the immediate family’s welfare.

driven by inner in uences.

- it gives more emphasis on freedom and choice

- The agentic theory of the self rejects the notion that selfhood is - The self is free to express itself.

culturally in uenced or controlled by urges, rather, it looks upon

every human being as capable of thinking, deciding. foreseeing, and Collectivistism
controlling his or her actions, free to decide for himself or herself. - gives more importance to loyalty to the in group, which in turn takes
This capability is termed by Bandura as human agency — It is the care of the individual's welfare

capability of an individual to exert in uence over the course of his or - The eastern conception of the self is collectivistic;

her actions.
- it gives more importance on relationships, roles, duties, obligations,
- there are four core properties of human agency
and the preservation of culture and tradition.

- Intentionality
- It prioritizes the needs and goals of society over the needs and
- is manifested in how an individual forms intentions with action desires of every individual.

plans and strategies to realize them.

- Individual behavior is guided by adjustments to social demands and
- forethought
situations.

- refers to how an individual positions his or her plans in the - An individual decides according to the interest of the group.

future.

- self reactiveness
Buddhism
- shows that agents are not only planners and forethinkers but - there is no such thing as the atman (self).

also self-regulators.
- The atman is impossible to perceive by one's senses

- An individual needs to self-regulate his or her e orts for his or - it can be seen as the pure, unchanging, uncontaminated essence
her vision to become reality.
of an individual.

- self re ection,
- It is regarded as an illusion

- signi es that people are capable of self-examining their own - refutes the idea of having an enduring self, a self that stands the
functioning.
test of time, for it implies that, something is permanent or never
- Bandura's theory views the self as a person and not as a distinct changing

entity responsible for bearing information and regulating behavior.

- In Buddhist terms, the anatta (no-self) - is a conviction that no
words can de ne the essence of this present moment of existence

fi
fl
fl
fi
fl
fl
ff
fl
 - Personal identi cation is usually hidden from awareness
- Tao is the core concept of Taoist beliefs and practices.

- From the Buddhist perspective, entities should be seen more as - It is referred to as the life force that surrounds and ows through
processes rather than as static, substantive things.
all living and non-living things, and that balances, orders, uni es,
- Buddhism tries to reject the conception of self as unchanging and and connects them.

separate unto itself.

- Tao is the ultimate creative principle of the universe.

- The path starts with the knowledge of the origin of the universe.

Confucianism - Knowledge of the universe or nature can be attained by studying

- A way of life propagated by Confucius
the self

- regards an individual as a member of a larger whole, not as a

separate being.
Hinduism
- The ethical teachings of Confucius are based on human - The Upanishads contain some of the key concepts and ideas of
relationships as re ected in his concept of Five Cardinal Hinduism.

Relationships or Five Bonds. If individuals perform their respective - The Hinduist view about the self was written in the Upanishads
roles, there will be harmony.
"Story of Creation," which tells about the origin of the universe and
- According to Confucius, individual identity is de ned by of humans.

membership in the reference group to which one belong; this - The continuous transformations done by Purusha imply the belief
identity is called the relational self.
that all creation is made up of the same self as everything originated
- subdued self,
from Purusha. (This also implies that the creator is the same as the
- It is conditioned to respond to perceptions, not of its own needs creation)

and aspirations but of social requirements and obligations. A - The atman (referred to as the self, spirit, or soul) is the same self
subdued self is being a "person for others."
described in the creation.

- Ren
- In Hinduism, the atman is one with the Brahman (the absolute,
- is a Confucian virtue characterized by altruistic behavior that must transcendental power).

be nurtured in every person.

- By being identi ed with the Brahman, the atman indicates a true self
- It can be understood as love, benevolence, or charity.
which underlies one's existence.

Taoism

- is a religion and a philosophy at the same time.

- which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (way or path),

- Tao is nothing but the expression of the unity of the universe and of
the path which human beings must take to preserve that unity.

fi
fi
fl
fi
fl
fi