A.

Literature Review
1. Anxiety on Retirement
a. Retirement

Retirement with psychological conceptualization defined as an

individual’s exit from work phase, which accompanies decreased psychological
commitment to and behavioral withdrawal from work (Shultz & Wang, 2011).
Levinson and Levinson (1996 in Wang and Shi, 2014) defined that retirement is a
life stage that only corresponds to decreased levels of physical activities and
productivities but also involves lowered stress and less responsibility to others.
According to Simamora (2004) retirement is a separation by employees of
the organization. In addition, Erwinsyah Putra Surbakti (2008: 37) suggests that
retirement is a condition which the individual has stopped working on a regular
job.

b. Anxiety
Anxiety is something that affects almost everyone at any given time of
their lives. Anxiety is a normal reaction to situations that greatly depress
someone’s life. Anxiety can appear alone or join other symptoms of various
emotional disorders (Savitri Ramaiah, 2003).
According to Kaplan, Sadock, and Grebb (in Fitri Fauziah & Julianti
Widuri, 2007) anxiety is a response to certain threatening situations, and normal to
accompany developments, changes, new or unprecedented experiences, and in
finding identity and meaning of life. Anxiety is a reaction that can be experienced
by anyone.
Nevid, J.S., Rathus & Greene (2005) defined anxiety as an emotional state
characterized by physiological excitement, an unpleasant tense feeling, and
anxiety that something bad will happen.
Durand and Barlow (2006) explained anxiety is a state of mood
characterized by negative affects and physical tension symptoms which a person
anticipating the possibility of a danger or misfortune in the future comes with a
feeling of worry. Anxiety involves feelings, behaviors and response physiology.

c. Anxiety on Retirement
 Anxiety about retirement is a state or feeling of discomfort which arised
from the individual for fear, confusion, uncertainty of his future, and not ready to
accept the fact of retirement with all the consequences both socially,
psychologically and physiologically (Wanti, 2008). Sarafino (1990) suggests that
people who experience anxiety during retirement are when they think that their
job is threatened or when they do not have a job.
Brill and Hayes (1981) defined anxieties facing retirement are feelings of
worry, fear, and concern about losing social identity, income, career, social
interaction. In addition, anxiety about retirement is a negative feeling of
retirement, such as not being able to meet friends, a lot of wasted time, pensions
and savings can not meet the needs of families so someone will feel depressed by
the situation. (Schaie and Willis, 1991).
Aspects of Anxiety on Retirement
Calhoun and Acocella, 1990 (in Dewi, 2011) mentioned that the aspect of
anxiety facing retirement in three aspects, namely:
I. Emotional aspect
The component of anxiety related to the individual's perception of
retirement to the psychological effects of anxiety
II. Cognitive aspect
The individual's concern about the possible consequences of
retirement and the negative assumption. if concerns increase, it may
interfere with the ability of individuals to think clearly, solve problems
and meet environmental demands.
III. Physiological aspects
The body's reaction to the emergence of anxiety that can encourage the
emergence of movement on certain body parts. Body movements that
occur most of the work of the autonomic nervous system that controls the
various muscles and glands of the body. If the individual is controlled by
anxiety or strength, then the autonomic nervous system will function,
furthermore, the symptoms will appear physical symptoms such as
sweating, dry mouth, breathless breath, faster pulse and increased blood
pressure. Anxiety which occurs in a long time, can be different symptoms
such as headaches, muscle weakness and intestinal disorders. though not
 all individuals who experience anxiety experience physical symptoms as
above. because individual reactions vary from one to the other.

2. Self Adjusment
Adjustment is individual efforts to overcome unpleasant circumstances,
including conflicts, tension, frustration, or stress on the individual. (Lazarus in
Desiningrum, 2012). Some aspects of adjustment, are, social function, moral, and
physical health (Lazarus & Folkman in Santrock, 2004).
Corsini (in Pradono & Purnamasari, 2012) Self adjustment is a
modification of attitudes and behaviors in the face of environmental demands
effectively. Furthermore, self adjustment is the ability to maintain self-existence
or to survive and obtain well-being both physically and spiritually.
According to Calhoun and Acocella (in Japar, 2014) Self-adjustment
defines by one’s continuous adjustment with theirself and also other persons in
environment. Variation of self-adjustment as follows, personal self-adjustment
(covering physical and emotional, sexual, and moral and religious self-
adjustments), social self-adjustment (self-adjustment to home and family,
schools, and to society), marital self-adjustment, and vocational and occupational
self-adjustment.
R. Scott and W. Scott (in Japar, 2014) suggest that self-adjustment is not
merely adjustment to someone but also to a pressing condition. Self-adjustment is
made in a social system such as families, friendship networks, work groups or
schools, and in various types of traditional groups.
Wang and Shi (2014) defined retirement as an individual’s exit process
from the workforce, which is usually accompanied by both a decrease in
psychological commitment to work and an increase in behavioral withdrawal from
work.
Retirement adjustment is the ability of retirees in the face of change or
pressure so that more can express feelings and understand the changes
experienced both from self or environment, more positive self-view which then
impact on the success in establishing good relationships with other individuals
Aspects of Retirement Adjustment
According to Haber and Runyon (1984) of effective self-adjustment of
retirement can be described from characteristics, used in this study are,
 I. An accurate perception of reality
Mental health professionals explained an accurate perception of reality
is a prerequisite within good adaptation. This sense of reality often stops at
the philosophical discourse of the nature of reality itself. There is no way to
knowing the absoluteness of the word reality and whether anyone is
experiencing reality in the same way. Individuals perceptions made by each
individual tend to be influenced by interest and motivation of each
individual. A good retirement will set realistic goals according to ability
and reality that exist and will actively pursue that goal. Achievement of
objectives will be affected by the constraints and opportunities that come
from the environment. A realistic individual will change and modify the
goals accordingly with the barriers and opportunities he found. One aspect
which is very important in an accurate perception of reality is the ability to
recognize and realize the consequences of what is done and the ability to
guide the behavior appropriately
II. Ability to cope with stress and anxiety
Individual on retirement phase are not always able to accomodate
needs and desire or satisfaction immediately. A goal can not be achieved
instantly. Therefore, every individual must learn to tolerate in the process of
achieving goals whether it will be faster or delayed. Learn to be tolerant in
achieving goals is not an easy matter. Delays of satisfaction in fulfillment
needs often lead to discomfort and stress everyone is able to make
sacrifices in achieving goals. Individuals with good adjustments are able to
cope with stress in delayed satisfaction of need fulfillment. Realistic goals
will give a sense of accomplishment of that goal and giving direction to
focus on available energy.
III. Positive self-image
Individual ability describes in various aspects as a whole is one of the
indicators of quality adjustments. Individuals are able to describe
themselves from various aspects and has a harmonization between aspects
one with the other shows that the individual concerned has a good
adjustment. One thing that indicates individual has a good adjustment is
ability to describe self positive. Individuals must know the weaknesses and
 advantages od ability. The ability of self-understanding in such an objective
manner can be directing individuals to realize their true potential.
IV. Ability to express feelings
People who in a good emotional can feel and express emotions and
feelings. The emotion shown is something appropriate with the demands of
the situation and generally under the control of the individual.
V. Good interpersonal relationships
The most important aspects of interpersonal relationships are various
emotions and feelings. Individuals who have good adjustments are able
build a good interpersonal relationships as well. Their existence making
others feel happy and comfortable and they will do appreciate and delight
in the presence of others. People with a good adjustments are aware the
relationships are built with other people are not always smooth and they are
able to reach the levels worthy intimacy with others.
3. Social Support
Social support is type of communication between recipients and providers
people who need helps in any kind of situation, self, relationship and others, and that
helps feel more certain also they have control over that situation (Albrecht and
Adelman, 2011). Social support is an interpersonal exchange characterized by
emotional attention, instrumental help, information provision, or other help (Taylor,
Peplau, & Sears, 2009).
Social support is the acceptance of people or groups against the
individual, which creates a perception in him that he is cherished, appreciated, and
helped (Sarafino, 1998). Forms of social support form emotional support, award
support, information support and support social networking or friendship support
(Sarafino, 1998). Meanwhile, according to Smet (1994), social support consists of
information or verbal or non-verbal advice, real assistance, or action given by social
intimacy or obtained because they have benefits emotional or behavioral effects for
the recipient. In addition, Smet (1994) generally says that social support refers to the
emotional, instrumental and financial assistance gained from one's social network.
Social support is defined as the perceived qualitative functions performed
for the individual by significant others, including emotional and instrumental support
and also the perceived quantitative structure of one's social ties, including the number
 and frequency of contacting friends and family, marital and parental status, and group
membership (Kafetsios & Sideridis, 2006).
Social support can enhance a sense of well-being, personal control,
positive feelings, and help individuals perceive changes that occur with lower stress
levels (Astuti, Santosa, & Utami, 2000). Social support can be effective in addressing
psychological pressures during difficult times and depressing (Broman in Taylor,
Peplau & Sears, 2009).
Cohen and Hoberman (1983) conclude that there are four components of
social support, such as: (a) tangible support, or service assistance such as assisting in
daily activities and financial assistance; (b) information support (appraisal support), or
a form of support to the individual in understanding the event that suppresses better
and provides a choice of coping strategies that must be done to deal with the incident;
(c) self-esteem support, or a form of assistance whereby an individual feels a positive
feeling for himself when compared to the state of being with another person, which
makes the individual feel equal with others his own age; and (d) support belonging, or
a form of help where the individual knows that there are others who can be relied
upon when he wants to do a joint activity.

4. Relationship between Social Support and Self Adjustment with Anxiety on

Retirement
Human life is always involved in work situations, by working people gain
social status, power, satisfaction, and fulfill their needs. But not always humans can
work. When near the age of old age, someone will quit his job (retired) and rest.
Retirement is a transitional period of life characterized by quitting work activities
accompanied by status changes. Retiree are necessary to make psychological and
social adjustments. Adjustment in approaching retirement is increasingly difficult if
family behavior is not supporting (Hurlock, 1996)
Based on previous research conducted by Eva Diana (2006) noted that there
is a significant negative relationship between social support and anxiety in the face of
retirement. Where the higher the social support the anxiety in the face of retirement
will be lower. A person who will face retirement requires family support to help
reduce her anxiety, positive support associated with lack of anxiety (Garmenzy and
Rutter, 1983). This opinion is supported by Conel (1994) states that anxiety will be
low if the individual has social support.
 Social support is obtained from family, friends, and superiors (Kuncoro and
Sari 2009). Social support refers to the comfort, attention, appreciation, or assistance
provided by others or groups to individuals (Sarafino 2006). Families who provide
emotional support by ensuring that he is a valuable individual, cherished and not
alone will make him comfortable.
Mu'in and Setyaningsih (2013) stated that there is a relationship between
social support received by individuals and the level of anxiety experienced in the face
of retirement. Individuals who get high social support do not experience anxiety in the
face of retirement. One form of social support is the support that comes from the
significant others.
Mutran et al (in Papalia, Sterns & Feldman, 2007) mentions, in a study of
753 retirees and middle-aged workers (ages 58-64), marital status had a significant
effect on positive attitudes toward retirement, marriage can provide social support as a
counterweight in pension uncertainty.
Hurlock (1996) that one of the developmental tasks on old age is adjusting
conditions with retirement and decreasing income so that individuals who have
entered retirement should be able adjust to retirement well.
According Hurlock (1996) adjustment is one of the factors that cause
anxiety arise in the face of retirement. Individuals who are able to adapt to retirement
are expected to do things like develop hobbies, take grandchildren on weekends or
take work replacement courses (Gordon in Hurlock, 1996). Based on the above
statement can be concluded that there is a negative relationship between adjustment to
anxiety facing retirement.
Based on previous research by Pradono and Purnamasari (2010) there is a
negative relationship between self adjustment with anxiety facing retirement be
accepted. The civil servant’s adjustment tend to have low anxiety, on the contrary the
civil servants are have a low self-adjustment, will tend to have high level of anxiety.
Phase of retirement provides a variety of effects certain loss of things that can be
obtained in the work. Therefore, retirement have feeling anxiety about loss of status,
reduced income and interaction with friends will decrease.
According to Schneiders (1964) individuals who able to adjust well against
the coming of retirement is indicated by the absence of excessive emotion, absence
psychological mechanisms, lack of frustration personal, have rational and
consideration self-direction, has the ability to learning, able to take advantage of the
experience of the time, and have a realistic and objective attitude. Individuals who
have a good self adjustment towards the coming of retirement will be able to learn
and develop the quality of self becomes better and they faces every problem that
coming easy also the retirement period is expected not to be experienced anxiety
when facing retirement (Schneiders, 1964).
Abber and Runyon (in Isnawati and Suhariadi, 2013) mentions, the
effectiveness of self-adjustment is characterized by how well individuals are able to
deal with changing situations and conditions. One must accept things in which he has
no control over the circumstances that will change so that a good adjustment can be
measured by how well one copes with every change that occurs in his life.
Research evidence have indicated that expected outcomes of retirement
such as financial , health, social status , leisure time activity, and social contacts have
significant influence on psychological well-being/adjustment of retirees (Gall &
Europe’s Journal of Psychology 52 Evans, 2000;Taylor, Goldberg, Shore & Lipka,
2008;Van Solinge & Henkens, 2005).
People can adapt well by studying various social skills such as ability to
establis diplomatic relationships with others, friends, members family, or strangers.
Social support will be increasingly necessary at the time of the individual prepare to
face the coming of retirement, where the problem finance and loss of power became
one source of anxiety facing retirement. This is where the role of the family is needed
by individuals to be able to help reduce inner tension and anxiety facing retirement.
Approach in the face of retirement will be increasingly it becomes more
difficult when family behavior is unpleasant (Hurlock, 1996). Social support will be
increasingly necessary at the time of the individual prepare to face the coming of
retirement, where the problem finance and loss of power became one source of
anxiety face retirement. If enough social support is received then health physical and
mental will be good (Sarafino, 1990).