Atlas of

Stress-Strain C u r v e s

Second Edition

yflSNV
The Materials
Information Society

Materials Park, OH 44073-0002

www.asminternational.org
 Copyright © 2002
by
ASM International®
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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
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First printing, December 2002

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Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee (2001-2002), Charles A. Parker; Chair.
Prepared with assistance from the ASM International Materials Properties Database Committee, PJ. Sikorsky, Chair.
ASM International staff who worked on this project included Charles Moosbrugger, Technical Editor; Veronica Flint,
Acquisitions Editor; Bonnie Sandersy Manager of Production; Carol Terman, Production Project Manager; and Scott Henry, Assistant
Director of Reference Publications.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Atlas of stress-strain curves.—2nd ed.

p. cm.
SAN: 204-586—T.p. verso.
ISBN: 0-87170-739-X
I. Stress-strain curves—Atlases. 2. Metals—Testing. I. ASM International.

TA460 .A86 2002

620.1*63—dc 21
2002027674

ASM International®
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org

Printed in the United States of America

Contents

Preface iv

Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior 1

Ferrous Metals 21
Cast Iron (CI) 23
Carbon Steel (CS) 67
Alloy Steel (AS) 93
High-Strength Steel (HS) 129
Stainless Steel (SS) 161
Tool Steel (TS) 269
Nonferrous Metals 277
Cast Aluminum (CA) 279
Wrought Aluminum (WA) 299
Aluminum Laminates (LA) 503
Copper (Cu) 515
Magnesium (Mg) 555
Nickel (Ni) 631
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM) 705
Titanium (Ti) 729
Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA) 799

Alloy Index 809

UNS Index 815

iii
Preface
In this information age, mechanical property data are plentiful.
However, locating needed information quickly, judging the validity of
the data, and making reasoned comparisons of data can be daunting.
Stress-strain curves condense much information about the mechanical
behavior of metals into a convenient form. From these basic curves the
engineer can extract such information as the strength, ductility, forma-
bility, elasticity, and other information useful in predicting the per-
formance of a particular alloy under stress.
ASM International published the first edition of the Atlas of Stress-
Strain Curves, a collection of over 550 curves, in 1986. This book,
along with the Atlas of Fatigue Curves, Atlas of Creep and Stress-
Rupture Curves, and the Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion
Fatigue Curves, has formed a set of useful materials property resources
for the engineer, materials scientist, and designer.
Well over three years ago—with the encouragement, assistance,
and guidance of the ASM Technical Books and Materials Properties
Database Committees—ASM International embarked on the project to
create this updated, expanded, and improved Second Edition of the
Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves. Some of the overriding goals of this
project have been to:
• Add curves for materials that are especially useful to key industries,
including aerospace, automotive, and heavy manufacturing
• Seek out curves with a "pedigree" so readers can trace the source of
the information and have some indication regarding its reliability
• Include as much pertinent information as possible for each curve.
Factors such as heat-treat condition, product form, thickness, spec-
imen size, orientation, history, testing temperature, and testing rate
all affect materials performance and may be helpful when inter-
preting the curves
• Normalize the presentation of the curves to facilitate comparisons
among different materials
We feel ASM International has been reasonably successful in
achieving these objectives in this edition.
Many people are involved in a project of this size, and we would
like to thank those who have contributed to, or assisted, this effort.
First and foremost, ASM International thanks the materials researchers
who created the original curves—without their efforts this volume
would not exist.
Donna M. Walker, FASM, Stressolvers Inc., and Veronica Flint,
ASM staff, initiated the project to revise and expand this book. ASM
International thanks them for their efforts in helping to define the
goals for this project and in acquiring many of the new curves to be
added to the book.
Special thanks are extended to Special Metals, Gil Kaufman,
FASM, Kaufman Associates, and Bruce Boardman, FASM, Deere &
Company, for their contributions of stress-strain curves.
Hiro Okamoto and his associates performed the huge task of
redrawing the curves to normalize their presentation, and we are grate-
ful for their accurate and timely work.
The organization and final quality of the data as seen in the book
are my responsibility, and any errors, omissions, or misclassifications
of alloys are mine. I thank Heather Lampman, the principal copy edi-
tor, and the members of the ASM International production staff, who
have worked diligently to keep any errors to a minimum. However, in
any endeavor of this scope, there will be mistakes. Corrections, com-
ments, and criticisms are invited.
It should be noted that most of the data included in this book are
not specified as being minimum, typical, or having any defined confi-
dence level associated with them. TTie reader may want to refer to the
source of a particular curve to find additional details. The
"Introduction" in this book provides a review of the information that
can be extracted from stress-strain curves, a clarification of terms used
in describing mechanical behavior, and a guide to the limitations of the
accuracy and precision of the information given.
Charles Moosbrugger
Technical Editor
ASM International
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior
Charles Moosbrugger, ASM International
IT IS APPROPRIATE that a collection of stress-strain curves is
named an atlas. An atlas is a collection of figures, charts, or maps, so
named because early books pictured the Greek Titan, Atlas, on the
cover or title page, straining with the weight of the world and heavens
on his shoulders. This concept of visualizing the reaction to mechani-
cal stress is central to development and use of stress-strain curves.
This introductory section provides a review of the fundamentals of
the mechanical testing that is represented in the curves. The mathemat-
ical interpretation of aspects of the curves will aid in analysis of the
curves. A list of terms common to stress-strain behavior is given at the
end of this section. (Ref 1, 2).
Tensile Testing
The simplest loading to visualize is a one-dimensional tensile test, in
which a uniform slender test specimen is stretched along its long cen-
tral axis. The stress-strain curv e is a representation of the performance
of the specimen as the applied load is increased monotonically usually
to fracture.
Stress-strain curves are usually presented as:
• "Engineering" stress-strain curves, in which the original dimensions
of the specimens are used in most calculations.
• 'True" stress-strain curves, where the instantaneous dimensions of
the specimen at each point during the test are used in the calcula-
tions. This results in the "true" curves being above the "engineer-
ing" curves, notably in the higher strain portion of the curves.
The development of these curves is described in the following sec-
tions.
To document the tension test, an engineering stress-strain curve is
constructed from the load-elongation measurements made on the test
specimen (Fig. 1). The engineering stress, 5, plotted on this stress-
strain curve is the average longitudinal stress in the tensile specimen. It
Engineering strain, e
F i g . 1 Engineering stress-strain curve. Intersection of the dashed line with the curve
determines the offset yield strength.
is obtained by dividing the load, P, by the original area of the cross sec-
tion of the specimen, Aq:
S = (Eql)
Ao
The strain, e, plotted on the engineering stress-strain curve, is the aver-
age linear strain, which is obtained by dividing the elongation of the
gage length of the specimen, 8, by its original length, Lq:
AL L-LP
(Eq 2)
Lo Lo Lo
Because both the stress and the strain are obtained by dividing the load
and elongation by constant factors, the load-elongation curve has the
same shape as the engineering stress-strain curve. The two curves fre-
quently are used interchangeably.
The units of stress are force/length squared, and the strain is unitless.
The strain axis of curves traditionally are given units of in./in. or
mm/mm rather than being listed as a pure number. Strain is sometimes
expressed as a percent elongation.
The shape of the stress-strain curve and values assigned to the points
on the stress-strain curve of a metal depend on its:
• Composition
• Heat treatment and conditioning
• Prior history of plastic deformation
• The strain rate of test
• Temperature
• Orientation of applied stress relative to the test specimens structure
• Size and shape
The parameters that are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a
metal are the tensile strength, yield strength or yield point, ultimate ten-
sile strength, percent elongation, and reduction in area. The first three
are strength parameters; the last two indicate ductility.
The general shape of the engineering stress-strain curve (Fig. 1)
requires further explanation. This curve represents the full loading of a
specimen from initial load to rupture. It is a "full-range" curve. Often
engineering curves are truncated past the 0.2% yield point. This is the
case of many of the curves in this Atlas. Other test data are presented
as a "full-range" curve with an "expanded range" to detail the initial
parts of the curve.
Linear Segment of Curves
From the origin, 0, the initial straight-line portion is the elastic
region, where stress is linearly proportional to strain. When the stress
is removed, if the strain disappears, the specimen is considered com-
pletely elastic.
The point at which the curve departs from the straight-line propor-
tionality, A, is the proportional limit.
Modulus of elasticity, E, also known as Young's modulus, is the
slope of this initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve:
E =
(Eq 3)
2 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

where S is engineering stress and se is engineering strain. Modulus of 1250

elasticity is a measure of the stiffness of the material. The greater the
modulus, the steeper the slope and the smaller the elastic strain result-
ing from the application of a given stress. Because the modulus of elas-
ticity is needed for computing deflections of beams and other structural
members, it is an important design value.
The modulus of elasticity is determined by the binding forces 1000
between atoms. Because these forces cannot be changed without
changing the basic nature of the material, the modulus of elasticity is
one of the most structure-insensitive of the mechanical properties.
Generally, it is only slightly affected by alloying additions, heat treat-
ment, or cold work (Ref 3). However, increasing the temperature
decreases the modulus of elasticity. At elevated temperatures, the mod- 750
ulus is often measured by a dynamic method (Ref 4). Typical values of
modulus of elasticity for common engineering materials are given in
Table 1 (Ref 5).

Resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when

deformed elastically and to return it when unloaded. This property usu- £ 500
ally is measured by the modulus of resilience, which is the strain
energy per unit volume, Uq, required to stress the material from zero
stress to the yield stress, Sx. The strain energy per unit volume for any
point on the line is just the area under the curve:

(Eq 4) 250
^o = J ex

From the definition of modulus of elasticity and the above definition,

the maximum resilience occurs at the yield point and is called the mod-
ulus of resilience, Ur.

UR = j SQEQ 1-2 C Sjl _

E " IE
(Eq 5)

This equation indicates that the ideal material for resisting energy loads Fig. 2 Stress-strain curves for selected steels. Source: Ref 7
in applications where the material must not undergo permanent distor-

tion, such as mechanical springs, is one having a high yield stress and
Table 1 Typical values for modulus of elasticity a low modulus of elasticity.
Elastic modulus (E) For various grades of steel, the modulus of resilience ranges from
Metal GPa 106 psi 100 to 4500 kJ/m 3 (14.5 to 650 lbf • in./in.3), with the higher values rep-
resenting steels with higher carbon or alloy contents (Ref 6). This can
Aluminum 70 10.2
be seen in Fig. 2, where the modulus of resilience for the chromium-
Brass, 30 Zn 101 14.6
Chromium 279 40.5 tungsten alloy would be the greatest of the steels, because it has the
Copper 130 18.8 highest yield strength and similar modulus of elasticity. The modulus
Iron of resilience is represented as the triangular areas under the curves in
Soft 211 30.7 Fig. 3.
Cast 152 22.1
Lead 16 2.34 Figure 2 shows that while the modulus of elasticity is consistent for
Magnesium 45 6.48 the given group of steels, the shapes of the curves past their propor-
Molybdenum 324 47.1 tionality limits are quite varied (Ref 7).
Nickel
Soft 199 28.9
Hard 219 31.8
Nickel-silver, 55Cu-18Ni-27Zn 132 19.2
Niobium 104 15.2
Silver 83 12.0
Steel
Mild 211 30.7
0.75 C 210 30.5
0.75 C, hardened 201 29.2
Tool steel 211 30.7
Tool steel hardened 203 29.5
Stainless, 2Ni-18Cr 215 31.2
Tantalum 185 26.9
Tin 50 7.24
Titanium 120 17.4
Tungsten 411 59.6 Fig. 3 Comparison of stress-strain curves for a high-strength high-carbon spring
Vanadium 128 18.5 steel and a lower-strength structural steel. Point A is the elastic limit of the
Zinc 105 15.2 springsteel; point B is the elastic limit of the structural steel. The cross-hatched trian-
gles are the modulus of resilience (Ur). These two areas are the work done on the
Source: Ref 5 materials to elongate them or the restoring force within the materials.
 Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 3

Nonlinear Segment of Curves to Yielding

The elastic limit, B, on Fig. 1, may coincide with the proportional-

ity limit, or it may occur at some greater stress. The elastic limit is the
maximum stress that can be applied without permanent deformation to
the specimen. Some curves exhibit a definite yield point, while others
do not. When the stress exceeds a value corresponding to the yield
strength, the specimen undergoes gross plastic deformation. If the load
is subsequently reduced to 0, the specimen will remain permanently
deformed.

Measures of Yielding. The stress at which plastic deformation or

yielding is observed to begin depends on the sensitivity of the strain
measurements. With most materials, there is a gradual transition from
elastic to plastic behavior, and the point at which plastic deformation
begins is difficult to define with precision. In tests of materials under
uniaxial loading, three criteria for the initiation of yielding have been (a)
used: the elastic limit, the proportional limit, and the yield strength.

Elastic limit, shown at point B in Fig. 1, is the greatest stress the

material can withstand without any measurable permanent strain
remaining after the complete release of load. With increasing sensitiv-
ity of strain measurement, the value of the elastic limit is decreased
until it equals the true elastic limit determined from microstrain meas-
urements. With the sensitivity of strain typically used in engineering
studies (10 -4 mm/mm or in./in.), the elastic limit is greater than the pro-
portional limit. Determination of the elastic limit requires a tedious
incremental loading-unloading test procedure. For this reason, it is
often replaced by the proportional limit.

The yield strength, shown at point YS in Fig. 1, is the stress required

to produce a small specified amount of plastic deformation. The usual
definition of this property is the offset yield strength determined by the
stress corresponding to the intersection of the stress-strain curve offset
by a specified strain (see Fig. 1). In the United States, the offset is usu-
ally specified as a strain of 0.2% or 0.1% (e = 0.002 or 0.001).
Offset yield strength determination requires a specimen that has been
loaded to its 0.2% offset yield strength and unloaded so that it is 0.2%
longer than before the test. The offset yield strength is referred to in
ISO Standards as the proof stress (/?po,i or /?po,2)- I n the EN standards
for materials that do not have a yield phenomenon present, the 0,2%
proof strength (/?po,2) or 0,5% (^0,5) is determined. The nonpropor-
tional elongation is either 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.5%. The yield strength
obtained by an offset method is commonly used for design and speci-
fication purposes, because it avoids the practical difficulties of measur-
ing the elastic limit or proportional limit.
Some materials have essentially no linear portion to their stress-
strain curve, for example, soft copper or gray cast iron. For these mate-
rials, the offset method cannot be used, and the usual practice is to
define the yield strength as the stress to produce some total strain, for
example, e = 0.005. The European Standard for general-purpose cop-
per rod, EN 12163 (Ref 8), gives approximate 0,2% proof strength
(^>0,2) for information, but it is not a requirement. This approach is fol-
lowed for other material forms (bar and wire), but for some copper
tubes, a maximum is specified For copper alloy pressure vessel
plate and some spring strip, a minimum /?po,2 is specified.
Materials with Yield Point Phenomenon. Many metals, particu-
larly annealed low-carbon steel, show a localized, heterogeneous type
of transition from elastic to plastic deformation that produces a yield
point in the stress-strain curve. Rather than having a flow curve with a
gradual transition from elastic to plastic behavior, such as Fig. 4(a),
metals with a yield point produce a flow curve or a load-elongation dia-
gram similar to Fig. 4(b). The load increases steadily with elastic strain,
(b)
Fig. 4 Idealized plots of stress-strain, (a) Continuous yielding condition, (b) Discon-
tinuous yielding with an upper yield point A and a relatively constant yield-
ing stress B to C
drops suddenly, fluctuates about some approximately constant value of
load, and then rises with further strain.
In EN standards for materials exhibiting a yield point, the upper yield
strength, ReH may be specified. The upper and lower yield stress (/?eH,
ReL) are specified in some EN and ISO standards in units of N/mm 2
(1 N/mm 2 = 1 MPa). EN 10027-1 (Ref 9) notes the term "yield strength"
as used in this European standard refers to upper or lower yield strength
(ReH or ReL), proof strength (Rp), or the proof strength total extension
(/?t), depending on the requirement specified in the relevant product
standard. This serves as a caution that the details on how the "yield
strength" or "yield point" is defined must be known when making any
comparisons or conclusions as to the materials characteristics.
Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel is shown in Fig. 5.
The slope of the initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve, desig-
nated by E, is the modulus of elasticity. The load at which the sudden
drop occurs is called the upper yield point. The constant load is called
the lower yield point, and the elongation that occurs at constant load is
called the yield-point elongation. The deformation occurring through-
out the yield-point elongation is heterogeneous. At the upper yield
point, a discrete band of deformed metal, often readily visible, appears
at a stress concentration such as a fillet. Coincident with the formation
of the band, the load drops to the lower yield point. The band then
propagates along the length of the specimen, causing the yield-point
elongation.
In typical cases, several bands form at several points of stress con-
centration. These bands are generally at approximately 45° to the ten-
4 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves
Elongation
Fig. 5 Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel
sile axis. They are usually called Lliders bands, Hartmann lines, or
stretcher strains, and this type of deformation is sometimes referred to
as the Piobert effect. They are visible and can be aesthetically undesir-
able. When several Liiders bands are formed, the flow curve during the
yield-point elongation is irregular, each jog corresponding to the for-
mation of a new Liiders band. After the Liiders bands have propagated
to cover the entire length of the specimen test section, the flow will
increase with strain in the typical manner. This marks the end of the
yield-point elongation. The transition from undeformed to deformed
material at the Liiders front can be seen at low magnification in Fig. 6.
The rough surface areas are the Liiders bands in the low-carbon steel.
These bands are also formed in certain aluminum-magnesium alloys.
Nonlinear Segment of Continued Deformation
Strain Hardening. The stress required to produce continued plastic
deformation increases with increasing plastic strain; that is, the metal
strain hardens. The volume of the specimen (area x length) remains
constant during plastic deformation, AL = AqLq, and as the specimen
elongates, its cross-sectional area decreases uniformly along the gage
length.
Initially, the strain hardening more than compensates for this
decrease in area, and the engineering stress (proportional to load P)
continues to rise with increasing strain. Eventually, a point is reached
where the decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is greater than the
increase in deformation load arising from strain hardening. This condi-
tion will be reached first at some point in the specimen that is slightly
weaker than the rest. All further plastic deformation is concentrated in
Fig. 6 Luders bands (roughened areas), which have propagated along the length
of a specimen of annealed steel sheet that was tested in tension.
Unpolished, unetched. Low magnification
this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. The
strain up to this point has been uniform, as indicated on Fig. 1. Because
the cross-sectional area is now decreasing far more rapidly than the
ability to resist the deformation by strain hardening, the actual load
required to deform the specimen decreases and the engineering stress
defined in Eq 1 continues to decrease until fracture occurs, at X.
The tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength, Su, is the max-
imum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen:
ocu —
_ ^max (Eq 6)
A0
The tensile strength is the value most frequently quoted from the results
of a tension test. Actually, however, it is a value of little fundamental
significance with regard to the strength of a metal. For ductile metals,
the tensile strength should be regarded as a measure of the maximum
load that a metal can withstand under the very restrictive conditions of
uniaxial loading. This value bears little relation to the useful strength of
the metal under the more complex conditions of stress that usually are
encountered.
For many years, it was customary to base the strength of structural
members on the tensile strength, suitably reduced by a factor of safety.
The current trend is to the more rational approach of basing the static
design of ductile metals on the yield strength. However, because of the
long practice of using the tensile strength to describe the strength of
materials, it has become a familiar property, and as such, it is a useful
identification of a material in the same sense that the chemical compo-
sition serves to identify a metal or alloy. Furthermore, because the ten-
sile strength is easy to determine and is a reproducible property, it is
useful for the purposes of specification and for quality control of a
product. Extensive empirical correlations between tensile strength and
properties such as hardness and fatigue strength are often useful. For
brittle materials, the tensile strength is a valid design criterion.
Measures of Ductility. Currently, ductility is considered a qualita-
tive, subjective property of a material. In general, measurements of
ductility are of interest in three respects (Ref 10):
• To indicate the extent to which a metal can be deformed without
fracture in metalworking operations such as rolling and extrusion
• To indicate to the designer the ability of the metal to flow plastically
before fracture. A high ductility indicates that the material is "for-
giving" and likely to deform locally without fracture should the de-
signer err in the stress calculation or the prediction of severe loads.
• To serve as an indicator of changes in impurity level or processing
conditions. Ductility measurements may be specified to assess ma-
terial quality, even though no direct relationship exists between the
ductility measurement and performance in service.
The conventional measures of ductility that are obtained from the
tension test are the engineering strain at fracture, e^ (usually called the
elongation) and the reduction in area at fracture, q. Elongation and
reduction in area usually are expressed as a percentage. Both of these
properties are obtained after fracture by putting the specimen back
together and taking measurements of the final length, Lf, and final spec-
imen cross section, Af.
e U-Lq (Eq 7)
f-
Ao-Af
<J = (Eq 8)
A0
Because an appreciable fraction of the plastic deformation will be
concentrated in the necked region of the tension specimen, the value of
 Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 5

ef will depend on the gage length Lq over which the measurement was for a metal strained in tension by the amount shown on the curve. Thus,
taken (see the section of this article on ductility measurement in tension if the load is removed at this point and then reapplied, the material will
testing). The smaller the gage length, the greater the contribution to the behave elastically throughout the entire range of reloading.
overall elongation from the necked region and the higher the value of
ef. Therefore, when reporting values of percentage elongation, the gage The true stress, a, is expressed in terms of engineering stress, 5, by:
length, Lq, should always be given.
Reduction in area does not suffer from this difficulty. These values a = — ( e + l ) = S,(*+l) (Eq 10)
can be converted into an equivalent zero-gage-length elongation, e0. Ao
From the constancy of volume relationship for plastic deformation
The derivation of Eq 10 assumes both constancy of volume (AL =
(AL = AQLQ):
AqLq) and a homogeneous distribution of strain along the gage length
L_ = IK = 1 of the tension specimen. Thus, Eq 10 should be used only until the
Lq A \-q onset of necking. Beyond the maximum load, the true stress should be
determined from actual measurements of load and cross-sectional area.
L-Lq Ao t 1
-i = (Eq 9)
1 -q (Eq 11)
This represents the elongation based on a very short gage length near
the fracture. Another way to avoid the complications resulting from The true strain, e, may be determined from the engineering or con-
necking is to base the percentage elongation on the uniform strain out ventional strain, e. From Eq 2:
to the point at which necking begins. The uniform elongation, eu, cor-
^ _ AL _ L-LQ = A
relates well with stretch-forming operations. Because the engineering (Eq 12)
Lq Lq Lq
stress-strain curve often is quite flat in the vicinity of necking, it may
be difficult to establish the strain at maximum load without ambiguity. To determine the true strain, the instantaneous change in length (dl) is
In this case, the method suggested in Ref 11 is useful. divided by the length, /:
The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy up to the
point of fracture or rupture. The ability to withstand occasional stresses (Eq 13)
above the yield stress without fracturing is particularly desirable in
parts such as freight-car couplings, gears, chains, and crane hooks.
Toughness is a commonly used concept that is difficult to precisely e = In (e + 1) (Eq 14)
define. Toughness may be considered to be the total area under the
stress-strain curve to the point of fracture. This area, which is referred This equation is applicable only to the onset of necking for the reasons
to as the modulus of toughness, Uj, is the amount of work per unit vol- discussed above. Beyond maximum load, the true strain should be
ume that can be done on the material without causing it to rupture. based on actual area or diameter, D, measurements:
Figure 3 shows the stress-strain curves for high- and low-toughness
materials. The high-carbon spring steel has a higher yield strength and e , AQ (K DQ)/4 01 Do
£ = In — = In , = 2 In n (Eq 15)
tensile strength than the medium-carbon structural steel. However, the A (7C D 2 )/4 L>
structural steel is more ductile and has a greater total elongation. The
total area under the stress-strain curve is greater for the structural steel; Figure 7 compares the true-stress/true-strain curve with its corre-
therefore, it is a tougher material. This illustrates that toughness is a sponding engineering stress-strain curve. Note that, because of the rel-
parameter that comprises both strength and ductility. atively large plastic strains, the elastic region has been compressed into
the y-axis. In agreement with Eq 10 and 14, the true-stress/true-strain
curve is always to the left of the engineering curve until the maximum
True Stress-Strain Curves load is reached.

The engineering stress-strain curve does not give a true indication of Necking. Beyond maximum load, the high, localized strains in the
the deformation characteristics of a metal, because it is based entirely on necked region that are used in Eq 15 far exceed the engineering strain
the original dimensions of the specimen and these dimensions change
continuously during the test. Also, a ductile metal that is pulled in tension
becomes unstable and necks down during the course of the test. Because
the cross-sectional area of the specimen is decreasing rapidly at this stage
in the test, the load required to continue deformation lessens. True stress/true strain curve
The average stress based on the original area likewise decreases, and
this produces the downturn in the engineering stress-strain curve beyond
the point of maximum load. Actually, the metal continues to strain
harden to fracture, so that the stress required to produce further defor-
mation should also increase. If the true stress, based on the actual cross-
sectional area of the specimen, is used, the stress-strain curve increases
continuously to fracture. If the strain measurement is also based on
instantaneous measurement, the curve that is obtained is known as true- • Maximum load
stress/true-strain curve. o Fracture

Flow Curve. The true stress-strain curve is also known as a flow o

curve, because it represents the basic plastic-flow characteristics of the Strain
material. Any point on the flow curve can be considered the yield stress Fig. 7 Comparison of engineering and true-stress/true-strain curves
6 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

b
8
s
W
0)

10"3 HT* 10"1 1 10

True strain, c

Fig. 8 Log-log plot of true-stress/true-strain curve, n is the strain-hardening expo-

nent; K is the strength coefficient.

Fig. 9 Various forms of power curve a = Kzn

calculated from Eq 2. Frequently, the flow curve is linear from maxi-

mum load to fracture, while in other cases its slope continuously
decreases to fracture. The formation of a necked region or mild notch
introduces triaxial stresses that make it difficult to determine accurately
the longitudinal tensile stress from the onset of necking until fracture
occurs. This concept is discussed in greater detail in the section
"Corrected Stress-Strain Curves" in this article. The following param-
eters usually are determined from the true-stress/true-strain curve.
The true stress at maximum load corresponds to the true tensile
strength. For most materials, necking begins at maximum load at a
value of strain where the true stress equals the slope of the flow curve.
Let a u and e u denote the true stress and true strain at maximum load
when the cross-sectional area of the specimen is AU. From Eq 6 the
engineering ultimate tensile strength can be defined as:
measured values of ef. However, for cylindrical tensile specimens, the
reduction in area, q, is related to the true fracture strain by:
£f=ln (Eq 22)
The true uniform strain, ew is the true strain based only on the
strain up to maximum load. It may be calculated from either the spec-
imen cross-sectional area, Au, or the gage length, Lu, at maximum load.
Equation 15 may be used to convert conventional uniform strain to true
uniform strain. The uniform strain frequently is useful in estimating the
formability of metals from the results of a tension test:
e u = In (Eq 23)

Su = ^ (Eq 16) The true local necking strain, e n , is the strain required to deform
the specimen from maximum load to fracture:
and the true ultimate tensile strength is:
En = m ^ (Eq 24)
Af
a u = ^ (Eq 17)
Mathematical Expression of the Flow Curve. The flow curve of
many metals in the region of uniform plastic deformation can be
Eliminating P m a x yields: expressed by the simple power-curve relation:

cu = S u ^ - (Eq 18) a = Ke" (Eq 25)

and from Eq 15: where n is the strain-hardening exponent and K is the strength coeffi-
E
cient. A log-log plot of true stress and true strain up to maximum load
Aq/A = e (Eq 19) will result in a straight line if Eq 25 is satisfied by the data (Fig. 8).
The linear slope of this line is n, and K is the true stress at £ = 1.0
where e is the base of natural logarithm, so (corresponds to q - 0.63). As shown in Fig. 9, the strain-hardening
exponent may have values from n = 0 (perfectly plastic solid) to n = 1
Gu = Su eeu (Eq 20) (elastic solid). For most metals, n has values between 0.10 and 0.50
(see Table 2).
The true fracture stress is the load at fracture divided by the cross-
sectional area at fracture. This stress should be corrected for the triax-
ial state of stress existing in the tensile specimen at fracture. Because
the data required for this correction frequently are not available, true
fracture stress values are frequently in error. Table 2 Values for n and K for metals at room temperature
K
The true fracture strain, 8f, is the true strain based on the original
area, Aq, and the area after fracture, AF. Metals Condition n MPa ksi Ref

0.05% carbon steel Annealed 0.26 530 77 12

ef=In42" (Eq 21) SAE 4340 steel Annealed 0.15 641 93 12
Af 0.6% carbon steel Quenched and tempered 0.10 1572 228 13
at 540 ° C ( 1 0 0 0 °F)
This parameter represents the maximum true strain that the material 0.6% carbon steel Quenched and tempered 0.19 1227 178 13
can withstand before fracture and is analogous to the total strain to frac- at 705 °C (1300 °F)
ture of the engineering stress-strain curve. Because Eq 14 is not valid Copper Annealed 0.54 320 46.4 12
beyond the onset of necking, it is not possible to calculate 8f from 70/30 brass Annealed 0.49 896 130 13
 Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 7

The rate of strain hardening cfo/cfe is not identical to the strain- The true strain term in Eq 25 to 28 properly should be the plastic
hardening exponent. From the definition of n: strain,

_ d (log o ) _ d (In c) _ edo

£ - e
d (log e) ~ rf(lne) ~ ocfe £p - total £

- e
totaI -
g (Eq31)

da nc
8
Deviations from Eq 25 frequently are observed, often at low strains
(10~3) or high strains (8 = 1.0). One common type of deviation is for a
log-log plot of Eq 25 to result in two straight lines with different slopes.
Sometimes data that do not plot according to Eq 25 will yield a straight
line according to the relationship:
G = K(£o + e)"
£o can be considered to be the amount of strain hardening that the mate-
rial received prior to the tension test (Ref 14). Another common varia-
tion on Eq 25 is the Ludwik equation:
o = c0 + Ken
where Oq is the yield stress, and K and n are the same constants as in
Eq 25. This equation may be more satisfying than Eq 25, because the
latter implies that at 0 true strain the stress is 0. It has been shown that
Go can be obtained from the intercept of the strain-hardening portion of
the stress-strain curve and the elastic modulus line by (Ref 15):
(Eq 26) where Eg represents elastic strain.
Graphically, this is shown on the engineering curve as a region of
elastic elongation and a region of plastic elongation summed together
to make the total elongation.
Instability in Tension. Necking generally begins at maximum load
during the tensile deformation of ductile metal. An ideal plastic mate-
rial in which no strain hardening occurs would become unstable in ten-
sion and begin to neck as soon as yielding occurred. However, an actual
(Eq 27) metal undergoes strain hardening, which tends to increase the load-car-
rying capacity of the specimen as deformation increases. This effect is
opposed by the gradual decrease in the cross-sectional area of the spec-
imen as it elongates. Necking or localized deformation begins at max-
imum load, where the increase in stress due to decrease in the cross-
sectional area of the specimen becomes greater than the increase in the
(Eq 28)
load-canying ability of the metal due to strain hardening. This condi-
tion of instability leading to localized deformation is defined by the
condition that P is at its maximum, dP = 0:
P = gA (Eq 32)
dP = odA + Ado = 0 (Eq 33)

K \1/(1-") From the constancy-of-volume relationship:

a0 = (Eq 29)
E71)
dL dA J
The true-stress/true-strain curve of metals such as austenitic stainless (Eq 34)
steel, which deviate markedly from Eq 25 at low strains (Ref 16), can
be expressed by: and from the instability condition (Eq 32):
_dA _ do
o = Ken + eK\ + eK\ erhE (Eq 35)
(Eq 30) A " a
so that at a point of tensile instability:
where eK\ is approximately equal to the proportional limit, and n\ is the
slope of the deviation of stress from Eq 25 plotted against £. Other d<5
expressions for the flow curve are available (Ref 17, 18). (Eq 36)

Fig. 1 0 Graphical interpretation of necking criterion. The point of necking at max-

imum load can be obtained from the true-stress/true-strain curve by finding F i g . 1 1 Considered construction for the determination of the point of maximum
(a) the point on the curve having a subtangent of unity or (b) the point where db/cfe = a. load. Source: Ref 19
8 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves
Therefore, the point of necking at maximum load can be obtained from
the true-stress/true-strain curve by finding the point on the curve hav-
ing a subtangent of unity (Fig. 10a) or the point where the rate of strain
hardening equals the stress (Fig. 10b). The necking criterion can be
expressed more explicitly if engineering strain is used. Starting with Eq
36:
dL
do do de do J± — do L do ,, . assumptions:
• — = dL — — = — (1 + e) = O
de de d£ de — de Lq
do o
(Eq 37)
de l+e
Equation 37 permits an interesting geometrical construction for the
determination of the point of maximum load (Ref 19). In Fig. 11, the
stress-strain curve is plotted in terms of true stress against engineering
strain. Let point A represent a negative strain of 1.0. A line drawn from
point A, which is tangent to the stress-strain curve, will establish the
point of maximum load, because according to Eq 37, the slope at this
point is g/(1 + e).
By substituting the necking criterion given in Eq 36 into Eq 26, a
simple relationship for the strain at which necking occurs is obtained.
This strain is the true uniform strain, e u :
(Eq 38)
£u = n
Although Eq 26 is based on the assumption that the flow curve is given
by Eq 25, it has been shown that e u = n does not depend on this power-
law behavior (Ref 20).
Corrected Stress-Strain Curves
Stress Distribution at the Neck. The formation of a neck in the
tensile specimen introduces a complex triaxial state of stress in that
region. The necked region is in effect a mild notch. A notch under ten-
sion produces radial stress, Gr, and transverse stress, Gt, which raise the
value of longitudinal stress required to cause the plastic flow.
Therefore, the average true stress at the neck, which is determined by
dividing the axial tensile load by the minimum cross-sectional area of
the specimen at the neck, is higher than the stress that would be
required to cause flow if simple tension prevailed.
Fig. 1 2 Stress distribution at the neck of a tensile specimen, (a) Geometry of
necked region. R is the radius of curvature of the neck; a is the minimum
radius at the neck, (b) Stresses acting on element at point O. g x is the stress in the
axial direction; o r is the radial stress; c t is the transverse stress.
Figure 12 illustrates the geometry at the necked region and the
stresses developed by this localized deformation. R is the radius of cur-
vature of the neck, which can be measured either by projecting the con-
tour of the necked region on a screen or by using a tapered, conical
radius gage.
Bridgman made a mathematical analysis that provides a correction
to the average axial stress to compensate for the introduction of trans-
verse stresses (Ref 21). This analysis was based on the following
• The contour of the neck is approximated by the arc of a circle.
• The cross section of the necked region remains circular throughout
the test.
• The von Mises criterion for yielding applies.
• The strains are constant over the cross section of the neck.
According to this analysis, the uniaxial flow stress corresponding to
that which would exist in the tension test if necking had not introduced
triaxial stresses is:
(Eq 39)
(•W-i)]
where (a x ) avg is the measured stress in the axial direction (load divided
by minimum cross section). Figure 7 shows how the application of the
Bridgman correction changes the true-stress/true-strain curve. A cor-
rection for the triaxial stresses in the neck of a flat tensile specimen has
been considered (Ref 22). The values of a/R needed for the analysis can
be obtained either by straining a specimen a given amount beyond
necking and unloading to measure a and R directly, or by measuring
these parameters continuously past necking using photography or a
tapered ring gage (Ref 23).
To avoid these measurements, Bridgman presented an empirical rela-
tion between a/R and the true strain in the neck. Figure 13 shows that
this gives close agreement for steel specimens, but not for other metals
with widely different necking strains. A much better correlation is
obtained between the Bridgman correction and the true strain in the
neck minus the true strain at necking, e u (Ref 25).
Strain, €
:
ic. 1 3 Relationship between Bridgman correction factor o/(a x ) a v g and true tensile
strain. Source: Ref 24

Ductility
Ductility Measurement in Tension Testing. The measured elonga-
tion from a tension specimen depends on the gage length of the speci-
men or the dimensions of its cross section. This is because the total
extension consists of two components: the uniform extension up to
necking and the localized extension once necking begins (Fig. 1). The
extent of uniform extension depends on the metallurgical condition of
the material (through 8n) and the effect of specimen size and shape on
the development of the neck.
The shorter the gage length, the greater the influence of localized
deformation at the neck on the total elongation of the gage length. The
extension of a specimen at fracture can be expressed by:
L(~Lo = a + euLo (Eq 40)
where a is the local necking extension and euLo is the uniform exten-
sion. The tensile elongation is then:
Lf-Lo a
(Eq 41)
M) M)
This clearly indicates that the total elongation is a function of the spec-
imen gage length. The shorter the gage length, the greater the percent
elongation.
Numerous attempts have been made to rationalize the strain distri-
bution in the tension test. Perhaps the most general conclusion that can
be drawn is that geometrically similar specimens develop geometri-
cally similar necked regions.
Further details on the necking phenomenon can be found in the arti-
cle "Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook
(Ref 26).
Notch Tensile Test. Ductility measurements on standard smooth ten-
sile specimens do not always reveal metallurgical or environmental
changes that lead to reduced local ductility. The tendency for reduced
ductility in the presence of a triaxial stress field and steep stress gradients
(such as a rise at a notch) is called notch sensitivity. A common way of
evaluating notch sensitivity is a tension test using a notched specimen.
JJ—5
jr i ensiie
/ necking
/ instability
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
True strain
Fig. 1 4 Comparison of true stress-true strain curves in tension and compression
(various lubricant conditions) for Al-2Mg alloy. Curve 2, Molykote spray;
curve 4, boron nitride + alcohol; curve 5, Teflon + Molykote spray; curve 8, tensile
test. Source: Ref 30
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 9
Compression Testing
The compression test consists of deforming a cylindrical specimen
to produce a shorter cylinder of larger diameter (upsetting). The com-
pression test is a convenient method for determining the stress-strain
response of materials at large strains (£ > 0.5) because the test is not
subject to the instability of necking that occurs in a tension test. Also,
it may be convenient to use the compression test because the specimen
is relatively easy to make, and it does not require a large amount of
material. The compression test is frequently used in conjunction with
evaluating the workability of materials, especially at elevated tempera-
ture, because most deformation processes, such as forging, have a high
component of compressive stress. The test is also used with brittle
materials, which are difficult to machine into test specimens and diffi-
cult to tensile test in perfect alignment.
There are two inherent difficulties with the compression test that must
be overcome by the test technique: buckling of the specimen and barrel-
ing of the specimen. Both conditions cause nonuniform stress and strain
distributions in the specimen that make it difficult to analyze the results.
Buckling is a mode of failure characterized by an unstable lateral
material deflection caused by compressive stresses. Buckling is con-
trolled by selecting a specimen geometry with a low length-to-diameter
ratio. L/D should be less than 2, and a compression specimen with UD
= 1 is often used. It also is important to have a very well-aligned load
train and to ensure that the end faces of the specimen are parallel and
perpendicular to the load axis (Ref 27). Often a special alignment fix-
ture is used with the testing machine to ensure an accurate load path
(Ref 28).
Barreling is the generation of a convex surface on the exterior of a
cylinder that is deformed in compression. The cross section of such a
specimen is barrel shaped. Barreling is caused by the friction between
the end faces of the compression specimen and the anvils that apply the
load. As the cylinder decreases in height (h), it wants to increase in
diameter (D) because the volume of an incompressible material must
remain constant:
7t jy\LUL-
h p]h2
(Eq 42)
400
7 6
cd
| 350
g
© 300
^ 250
£ 2
8 200
ff
0)
150
§ 100
3
£ 50
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
True compressive strain
F ow
Fig. 1 5 ' curves for Al-2Mg alloy tested in compression for various lubricant
conditions out to 8 1.0. Curve 1, molygrease; curve 2, Molykote spray;
curve 3, boron-nitride spray; curve 4, boron-nitride and alcohol; curve 5, Teflon and
Molykote spray; curve 6, polished dry anvils; curve 7, grooved anvils. Source: Ref 30
10 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa

14 28 42 56 70 84 Calculation of Compressive Stress and Strain. The calculation of
100 700
stress and strain for the compression test is based on developing a test
condition that minimizes friction (and barreling) and assumes the stress
state is axial compression. When friction can be neglected, the uniaxial
compressive stress (flow stress) is related to the deformation force P by:
80 560
y Shoirt and long t ransversev P 4P 4Ph2
af = - = (Eq 43)
• Longitudin' a ' \ KD2 '' KD2xhi
where the last term is obtained by substituting from Eq 42. In Eq 43,
60 420 subscript 1 refers to the initial values of D and h, while subscript 2
refers to conditions at some subsequent value of specimen height, h.
Equation 43 shows that the flow stress can be obtained directly from
the load P and the instantaneous height Q12), provided that friction can
40 280 be neglected.
The true strain in the compression test is given by:

(Eq 44)
20 140

where either the displacement of the anvil or the diameter of the spec-
imen can be used, whichever is more convenient.

Minimizing barreling of the compression specimen can be accom-

4 6 8 10
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
Compressive tangent modulus,610 psi
Fig, 1 6 Curve combining compressive stress-strain with compressive tangent
modulus
As the material spreads outward over the anvils, it is restrained by the
friction at this interface. The material near the midheight position is
less restrained by friction and spreads laterally to the greatest extent.
The material next to the anvil surfaces is restrained from spreading the
most; thus, the creation of a barreled profile. This deformation pattern
also leads to the development of a region of relatively undeformed
materials under the anvil surfaces.
This deformation behavior clearly means that the stress state is not
uniform axial compression. In addition to the axial compressive stress,
a circumferential tensile stress develops as the specimen barrels (Ref
29). Because barreling increases with the specimen ratio DJh, the force
to deform a compression cylinder increases with DIh.
12
plished by minimizing friction between the ends of the specimen and
the anvils. This is done by using an effective lubricant and machining
concentric rings on the end of the specimen to retain the lubricant and
keep it from being squeezed out. An extensive series of tests have
shown what works best (Ref 30).
Figure 14 shows the true stress-true strain curve (flow curve) for an
annealed Al-2Mg alloy. Stress and strain were calculated as described
in the previous section. Note how the flow curve in compression agrees
with that determined in a tensile test and how the compressive curves
extend to much larger strains because there is no specimen necking.
Figure 15 extends the strain over double the range of Fig. 14. Note that
once beyond £ > 0.5, the curves begin to diverge depending on the
effectiveness of the lubrication. The highest curve (greatest deviation
from uniaxial stress) is for grooved anvils (platens) that dig in and pre-
vent sidewise flow. The least friction is for the condition where a Teflon
(E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE) film sprayed
with Molykote (Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, MI) is placed
between the anvil and the specimen.

A
M Strain (E) Strain (e)
(a) (b)

pjcr 1 7 Differences between constant stress increments and constant strain increments, (a) Equal stress increments result in strains of increasing increments, (b) Equal strain
increments result in decreasing stress increments.
 Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 11

1G8 104 102 10° 10"2 10-< 10"6 10"B Characteristic time (s)

11 11 1 2
1 10 4
10 6

i• i • r i'• •
10-' 10"< 10-4 10" 10° 10
Strain rate (s _ 1 )

* Intermediate J Bar 5 High-velocity

Creep | Quasi-static | strai„ rate | i(Tlpact | p|ate i(tlpac(
N
Light gas gun
J Pneumatic Mechanical or
Constant load °r or
Hydraulic or explosively Usual method
or 1
explosive
screw machine mechanical driven of loading
stress machine I machines impact plate impact
I

Strain versus time n Mechanical

resonance Elastic-
or Constant strain I. Shock wave
in specimen plastic wave
creep rate rate test propagation
and propagation
recorded machine Dynamic
considerations
in testing
-Inertia forces neglected - -Inertia forces important
Isothermal Adiabatic
-Plane stress- >|< Plane strain-

Increasing stress levels

Fig. 1 8 Strain-rate ranges and associated experimental equipment, conditions, and consequences

Essentially no barreling occurs in room-temperature compression
tests when Teflon film is placed between the anvil and the end of the
specimen. Because the film will eventually tear, it is necessary to run
the test incrementally and replace the film when an electrical signal
indicates that there is no longer a continuous film.
Obviously, the need to run the test incrementally is inconvenient. A
series of single-increment compression tests on a range of materials
with strain-hardening exponents from n = 0.08 to 0.49 showed that
lubricant conditions do not become significant until e > 0.5 so long as
n > 0.15. For strains 8 < 1.0, a grooved specimen with molybdenum
disulfide (M0S2) grease lubricant gave consistently good results.
Nearly as good results are achieved with smooth anvils and a spray coat
of M0S2 (Ref 30).
Another approach to minimize the effects of barreling is to rema-
chine the specimens to their original diameter after some degree of
deformation. This is costly and inconvenient and adds uncertainties to
the results. For additional details on compression testing, see the arti-
cle "Uniaxial Compression Testing" in Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Volume 8 of the ASM Handbook.

Elastic
range Plastic (inelastic) range

Yield-point elongation Strain-hardening range

Increase in yield
point caused by
strain hardening

Second unloading
and reloading

Strain •
Ductility after
Residual second reloading
strain
Ductility after first reloading -
- Ductility of virgin material-

Fig. 1 9 Ejects of prior tensile loading on stress-strain behavior; the graph is not to
scale. The solid line represents the behavior of a virgin piece. The dotted
line is a specimen that has been unloaded at A and then reloaded. The dashed line
represents a second unloading at B. In each case the stress is based on the cross-sec-
tional area of the specimen measured after the unloading.
Fig. 2 0 A n exam
p ' e of the Bauschinger effect and hysteresis loop in tension-com-
pression-tension loading. The initial tension loading is to about 0.001
strain, followed by compression again to 0.001 strain.
12 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves
Tangent Modulus Curves
The tangent modulus, Zst, is the slope of the stress-strain curve at any
point on the curve.
£, = g (Eq45)
Below the proportionality limit, Et has the same value as E.
Figure 10 has a construction of Et = 1 at the point where the strain
was 8U. The slope has the same units as the stress.
Many of the curves in the Atlas have the plot of the tangent modulus
superimposed on the stress-strain curve. These curves have dual units
along the *-axis, one set for strain and one set for Zst. Figure 16 is an
example. The modulus of elasticity can be visually estimated on the lin-
ear segment of the stress-strain curve as slightly more than 280 MPa/4
X 0.001 = 70,000 MPa or 70 GPa (40 ksi/4 X 0.001 = 10,000 ksi, or
10 X 106 psi). This corresponds to the constant value (vertical line) on
the tangent modulus curves up to the proportionality limit. At higher
stress, the stress-strain curves flatten and the tangent modulus curves
decrease in value.
Torsional Testing
Torsion tests can be carried out on most materials to determine
mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity in shear, shear
yield strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, and
ductility. The torsion test can also be conducted on full-size parts
(shafts, axles, and pipes) and structures (beams and frames) to deter-
mine their response to torsional loading. In torsion testing, unlike ten-
sile testing and compression testing, large strains can be applied before
plastic instability occurs, and complications due to friction between the
test specimen and dies do not arise.
:|a 2 1 Two types of hysteresis stress-strain loops resulting from Bauschinger
effect in titanium alloys
Torsion tests are most frequently carried out on prismatic bars of cir-
cular cross section by applying a torsional moment about the longitu-
dinal axis. The shear stress versus shear strain curve can be determined
from simultaneous measurements of the torque and angle of twist of the
test specimen over a predetermined gage length.
When converted from torque (in units of newton-meters or inch-
pounds) and angular displacement (in degrees or radians) torsional
stress-strain has the same units as engineering stress-strain, but the
variance from "true" stress-strain is typically much less. On a cylindri-
cal specimen that does not buckle, the difference is 5% or less from
engineering to "true" stress-strain, even in the plastic (nonlinear) range.
There is evidence that torsion testing of hollow tubes is one of the
better ways to determine the effects of strain, strain rate, and tempera-
ture on the flow stress of materials over the range of these variables
usually encountered in the metal working process. Details on torsional
testing and analysis can be found in the articles "Fundamental Aspects
of Torsional Loading" and "Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing" in
Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Volume 8 of ASM Handbook.
Mechanical Testing Details
For credibility and repeatability, tests that are the basis of the stress-
strain curves are conducted in accordance with some industry, national,
or multinational standard. In the Atlas, when the source documentation
cites a standard, it is so indicated in the caption. These standards pro-
vide insight to interpret the data.
Details of testing methods are found in Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Volume 8 of ASM Handbook. Pertinent articles include:
• "Testing Machines and Strain Sensors"
• "Accreditation of Mechanical Testing Laboratories"
• "Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads"
• "Stress-Strain Behavior in Bending"
• "Bend Testing"
• "Fundamental Aspects of Torsional Loading"
• "Uniaxial Tension Testing"
• "Uniaxial Compression Testing"
• "Hot Tension and Compression Testing"
• "Tension and Compression Testing at Low Temperatures"
• "Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing"
Fig. 2 2 Stress-strain loop for constant-strain cycling

Jv.
Steady state hysteresis loops
E e
1 £2
Cyclic stress-strain curve
Fig. 2 3 Construction of cyclic stress-strain curve by joining tips of stabilized hysteresis loops
Test Variables
The condition of the test environment, composition, conditioning,
size, shape, and history of the specimen are among the factors affect-
ing the stress-strain data. These parameters are given to the extent that
they are available.
Test Temperature. Relative to room-temperature (RT) tests, most
materials become stronger, but less ductile, at lower temperatures, and
more ductile, but weaker, at higher temperatures. There are anomalous
behaviors such as blue brittleness. Carbon steels generally exhibit an
increase in strength and a reduction of ductility and toughness at tem-
peratures around 300 °C (570 °F). Because such temperatures produce
a bluish temper color on the surface of the specimen, this problem has
been called blue brittleness. Typically, brittleness is associated with
cold-temperature behavior.
Speed of Test. ASTM E 8 (Ref 31) lists five ways of defining the
speed of the test:
• Rate of straining the specimen, de/dt
• Rate of stressing the specimen, dS/dt
• Rate of the separation of the test machine heads during the test
• Elapsed time for completing part or all of the test
• Free-running cross-head speed (speed of machine heads when un-
loaded)
Strain Rate. Average strain rates for most tension tests range
between 10~2 and 10~~5 s _1 . Greater strain rates (10 -1 and 102 s - 1 ) are
considered dynamic tests. For a specimen of initial gage length Lq and
deformed length L, the specific deformation rate is:
de _ 1 d(L-Lq)
(Eq 46)
dt Lq dt
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 13
17
a
3 >
/J / • EG > EG > E^
3
If the deformation occurs homogeneously throughout the specimen,
then the specific deformation rate corresponds everywhere to the strain
rate. However, if the deformation is nonhomogeneous, then the strain
(and strain rate) varies the specimen length, and the specific deforma-
tion rate represents the spatial average strain rate. A well-known exam-
ple of nonhomogeneous deformation is the propagation of deformation
bands called Liiders bands.
Stress Rate. Figure 17 illustrates the differences in curves constructed
from constant stress increments and constant strain increments.
Slow Speeds. Under relatively slow straining, most materials are
assumed to transfer the heat generated by plastic deformation to their
surroundings; that is, the straining is assumed to be isothermal (no
change of temperature). The degree to which slow tension tests remain
truly isothermal has been investigated (Ref 32). The flow stress, which
is the uniaxial stress needed to continue plastic deformation of the
material at a given stage of a test, is then assumed to depend only on
strain and strain rate.
The strain-hardening parameter n has been defined. From Eq 26:
(Eq 47)
dz
In an analogous manner, the strain-rate sensitivity parameter m can be
defined as:
e do
(Eq 48)
a dk
Both n and m are functions of strain and strain rate, m can be nega-
tive under some conditions. However, average values frequently are
selected for these parameters, which are then treated as constants.
Values of n usually are between 0.1 and 0.5 for metals; they are
determined from, but not identical to, strain-hardening rates. Values of
14 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves
CO
(a) Cyclic softening
Strain, e
(c) Cyclically stable
Fig. 2 4 Examples of various types of cyclic stress-strain
m for metals are usually much smaller than the corresponding n values
(m < 0.1). m does increase with temperature. However, fine-grained
metals have relatively large rate-sensitivity parameters (m > 0.1) under
specific deformation conditions. Under such conditions, these materi-
als can be deformed to extremely large strains and are called super-
plastic metals.
High Rate Testing. For extremely high rates of testing, it is com-
monly assumed that deformation occurs under adiabatic (no heat trans-
fer) conditions. Plastic work is mostly (about 90%) converted to heat.
The remainder is inelastically stored as changes in defect structure. In
high-speed tests, this heat raises the temperature of the material.
Consequently, the material properties are changed. This is another
major complication in analyses of high-speed tests.
Consequences of testing over a wide spectrum of strain rates are
summarized in Fig. 18 (Ref 33).
Hysteresis. If a specimen is loaded past its yield point and then
unloaded, or loaded in reverse, subsequent testing on the specimen
would result in a different pattern of behavior. Figure 19 shows this
effect. The specimen is loaded initially to point A. The solid line rep-
resents the behavior of the virgin sample. If instead, the sample were
unloaded at point A, the path of unloading is parallel to the initial load
path (dotted line). There is some permanent deformation (residual
strain), and the area is redetermined as A2. When reloaded, the dotted
line is retraced and the yield point is now higher due to strain harden-
ing. If this unloading and reloading were done again at point B, the
dashed line indicates the behavior.
Figure 19 illustrates the effect of stopping and restarting a test. It also
points to a consideration when a test sample is machined from a failed
(b) Cyclic hardening
a
Strain, e
(d) Mixed behavior
part. If the testpiece were subjected to deformation prior to the failure,
the properties obtained from the test should not be equated to the orig-
inal material properties (Ref 34).
If the prior history of the test specimen includes compression, a hys-
teresis is present, know as the Bauschinger effect. This is illustrated in
Fig. 20. The initial tensile loading is to about 1% strain. The specimen
is unloaded and reloaded in compression to 1% strain (measured on the
second scale on the x-axis). On unloading and reloading in tension, the
shape of the stress-strain curve is significantly different than the origi-
nal. Again the prior deformation of a test sample will affect its behav-
ior (Ref 34). Figure 21 shows the two types of hysteresis possible in
titanium alloys, one with load reversal, and one with load application,
rest, and reapplication.
Nature of Loading. Figure 22 illustrates a stress-strain loop under
controlled constant-strain cycling in a low-cycle fatigue test. During
initial loading, the stress-strain curve is O-A-B, with yielding begin-
ning about A. Upon unloading, yielding begins in compression at a
lower stress C due to the Bauschinger effect In reloading in tension, a
hysteresis loop develops. The dimensions of this loop are described by
its width As (the total strain range) and its height Aa (the stress range).
The total strain range Ae consists of an elastic strain component A£e =
Ag/E and a plastic strain component Aep. The width of the hysteresis
loop depends on the level of cyclic strain. When the level of cyclic
strain is small, the hysteresis loop becomes very narrow. For tests con-
ducted under constant Ae, the stress range Aa usually changes with an
increasing number of cycles. Annealed materials undergo cyclic strain
hardening so that Aa increases with the number of cycles and then lev-
els off after about 100 strain cycles. The larger the value of Ae, the
greater the increase in stress range. Materials that are initially cold

Test data
Time
(a)
Isochronous
Strain
(b)
Fig. 2 5 Creep data (a) transferred to isochronous stress-strain curve (b)
worked undergo cyclic strain softening so that Ao decreases with
increasing number of strain cycles. Thus, through cyclic hardening and
softening, some intermediate strength level is attained that represents a
steady-state condition (in which case the stress required to enforce the
controlled strain does not vary significantly).
Monotonia Some metals are cyclically stable, in which case their
monotonic stress-strain behavior adequately describes their cyclic
response.
Cyclic. For other materials the steady-state condition is usually
achieved in about 20 to 40% of the total fatigue life in either hardening
or softening materials. The cyclic behavior of metals is best described
in terms of a stress-strain hysteresis loop, as illustrated in Fig. 22.
Changes in stress response of a metal occur relatively rapidly during
the first several percent of the total reversals to failure. The metal,
under controlled-strain amplitude, will eventually attain a steady-state
stress response.
Now, to construct a cyclic stress-strain curve, one simply connects
the locus of the points that represent the tips of the stabilized hystere-
sis loops from comparison specimen tests at several controlled-strain
amplitudes (see Fig. 23).
In the particular example shown in Fig. 23, it was presumed that
three companion specimens were tested to failure, at three different
controlled-strain amplitudes. Failure of a specimen is defined, typi-
cally, as complete separation into two distinct pieces. Generally, the
diameter of specimens are approximately 6 to 10 mm (0.25 to
0.375 in.). In actuality, there is a "propagation" period included in this
definition of failure. Other definitions of failure appear in ASTM E 60.
The steady-state stress response, measured at approximately 50% of
the life to failure, is thereby obtained. These stress values are then plot-
ted at the appropriate strain levels to obtain the cyclic stress-strain
curve. One would typically test approximately ten or more companion
specimens. The cyclic stress-strain curve can be compared directly to
the monotonic or tensile stress-strain curve to quantitatively assess
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 15
cyclically induced changes in mechanical behavior. This is illustrated
in Fig. 24. Note that 50% may not always be the life fraction where
steady-state response is attained. Often it is left to the discretion of the
interpreter as to where the steady-state cyclic stress-strain occurs. In
any event, the criteria should be noted on the cyclic stress-strain curve
for the material being tested (Ref 35).
The article "Fundamentals of Modern Fatigue Analysis for the
Design" in Fatigue and Fracture, Volume 19 of ASM Handbook (Ref
35), provides more details on cyclic behavior of metals and was the
basis for this section.
Isochronous Curves
Isochronous curves are included in this Atlas, although they are not
simply stress-strain curves. The parameter of time is added to them.
Mechanical tests can be performed as short-time static tests or long-
term creep deformation tests. Data from the long-term tests are
recorded as sets of strain as a function of time for different loads
(stresses) for a given temperature. As the stress increases, this time to
rupture is less as seen in Fig. 25(a). Collections of these data can be
analyzed by holding one of the three variables (time, stress, and strain
constant). From Fig. 25(a) (where stress is constant on each curve), val-
ues at constant time can be found in effect by constructing a vertical
line, perpendicular to the time axis, that intersects the family of curves.
Values at the intersection points form sets of stresses and strains at con-
stant time that can be plotted on a linear coordinate system at these
selected times to make the isochronous curves (Fig. 25b). These fami-
lies of curves are plotted at a given temperature, since temperature is so
significant to the creep behavior of an alloy.
Guide to the Curves in the Atlas
As much of the information about the test specimens that is available
in the source and that is able to be abstracted in the caption is given
with the curves that follow. The prime sources of all curves is given so
further details may be gathered.
Parameters affecting the stress-strain behavior are:
• Composition. The compositions listed are intended as a guide to
alloy identification. Nominal compositions have been added for this
purpose, so this information is not necessarily from the source of the
curve. If a more precise composition is given (listed to tenths or
hundredths of a percent) in the source, this has been used.
• Heat treatment and conditioning are given in the style common to
the alloy group. Temperature conversions are approximate.
• Strain Rate of Test. In some cases, the speed of the test head is given,
which differs from the strain rate.
• Temperature of the test specimen is sometimes specified as being
held for a set time prior to the test. Other times it is given in the
source without qualification. At cryogenic temperatures, the stress-
strain behavior of pure copper, brasses, bronzes, austenitic stainless
steels, and some aluminum alloys exhibits a discontinuous yielding,
and the curve appears serrated. Such behavior is indicated in the
Atlas using a shaded envelope.
• Orientation. The orientation of the specimen relative to rolling or
extruding direction is illustrated in Fig. 26 (Ref 36).
• Specimen size and shape information is provided to the extent found
in the source documentation.
Units and Unit Conversions. The units on the left side and bottom
of the curve are the units of the source document. The conversion of
strain units on the curves is 1 ksi = 7 MPa. This conversion is used so
that a common grid can be used. The more precise conversion is 1 ksi
 16 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves
Direction
Long
transverse
Sheet and plate
Rolled and extruded rod, bar, and thin shapes
Direction
of extruding
or rolling
Transverse
Fig. 2 6 Grain orientation in standard wrought forms of alloys. Source: Ref 36
= 6.894757 MPa. The converted stress in MPa can be multiplied by the
correction factor of 6.894757/7.000000 = 0.98497 to obtain a more pre-
cise conversion.
Ramberg-Osgood Parameters. The Ramberg-Osgood Method is a
method of modeling stress-strain curves. An equation (ideally a simple
one) for the stress-strain curve is necessary for finding a quantitative
expression for the available energy in fracture studies. The Ramberg-
Osgood equation is useful:
a a"
e =^ +^
where n is (unfortunately) called the strain-hardening exponent and F
is called the nonlinear modulus. This is said to be unfortunate because
n is already commonly called the strain-hardening exponent (Eq 25),
where it is, in fact the exponent of the strain. The Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n, is the reciprocal of the other n. The two can usually be
distinguished by their values. The Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n, usu-
ally is between 2 and 40.
Equation 49 separates the total strain into a linear and a nonlinear part:
£ = ^elastic + Aplastic
There are other forms of the Ramberg-Osgood equation.
The total strain energy in a body (per unit thickness) equals the area
under the load-displacement curve. The energy under the linear part of
the stress-strain curves is discussed in the section "Resilience" in this
article.
For applications where margins against ductile fracture must be
quantified or where components are subjected to large plastic strains,
elastic-plastic ./-integral methods can be used to predict fracture condi-
tions. Calculation of applied J values for cracked components requires
transverse
Long
Long transverse
transverse
Extruded and drawn tube
Long Long transverse
transverse transverse
knowledge of the strain-hardening capacity of the material in terms of
the Ramberg-Osgood strain-hardening relationship.
MIL-HDBK-5, 1998 (Ref 37) presents an explanation of the method
and uses the following expression for £ p i a s t i c :
Aplastic = 0.002(o/GO.2YP)" (Eq 5 1 )
It further explains how material behavior can be modeled for computer
codes using, E, n, and GO.2YP where the exponential relationship is
applicable.
(Eq 4 9 )
Terms
Terms common to discussion of stress-strain curves, tensile testing,
and material behavior under test included here (Ref 1,2).
accuracy. (1) The agreement or correspondence between an experi-
mentally determined value and an accepted reference value for the
material undergoing testing. The reference value may be established
by an accepted standard (such as those established by ASTM), or in
some cases the average value obtained by applying the test method
to all the sampling units in a lot or batch of the material may be used.
(Eq 5 0 ) (2) The extent to which the result of a calculation or the reading of
an instrument approaches the true value of the calculated or meas-
ured quantity.
axial strain. Increase (or decrease) in length resulting from a stress act-
ing parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimen.
Bauschinger effect. The phenomenon by which plastic deformation
increases yield strength in the direction of plastic flow and decreases
it in other directions,
breaking stress. See rupture stress.
brittleness. A material characteristic in which there is little or no plas-
tic (permanent) deformation prior to fracture.

chord modulus. The slope of the chord drawn between any two spe-
cific points on a stress-strain curve. See also modulus of elasticity.
compressive strength. The maximum compressive stress a material is
capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compres-
sion by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. In
the case of ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not
fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for
compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of
distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material,
compressive stress, S c . A stress that causes an elastic body to deform
(shorten) in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile
stress.
creep. Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain
occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary or transient creep;
that occurring at a minimum and almost constant rate, secondary or
steady-rate creep; that occurring at an accelerating rate, tertiary creep,
creep test. A method of determining the extension of metals under a
given load at a given temperature. The determination usually
involves the plotting of time-elongation curves under constant load;
a single test may extend over many months. The results are often
expressed as the elongation (in millimeters or inches) per hour on a
given gage length (e.g., 25 mm, or 1 in.),
cyclic loads. Loads that change value over time in a regular repeating
pattern.
discontinuous yielding. The nonuniform plastic flow of a metal
exhibiting a yield point in which plastic deformation is inhomoge-
neously distributed along the gage length. Under some circum-
stances, it may occur in metals not exhibiting a distinct yield point,
either at the onset of or during plastic flow,
ductility. The ability of a material to deform plastically without frac-
turing.
elastic constants. The factors of proportionality that relate elastic dis-
placement of a material to applied forces. See also modulus of elas-
ticity, shear modulus, and Pais son 's ratio.
elasticity. The property of a material whereby deformation caused by
stress disappears upon the removal of the stress,
elastic limit. The maximum stress that a material is capable of sustain-
ing without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining upon
complete release of the stress. See also proportional limit.
elongation. (1) A term used in mechanical testing to describe the
amount of extension of a testpiece when stressed. (2) In tensile test-
ing, the increase in the gage length, measured after fracture of the
specimen within the gage length, ef, usually expressed as a percent-
age of the original gage length,
elongation, percent. The extension of a uniform section of a specimen
expressed as percentage of the original gage length:
Elongation, % = ^LZA x 10O
M)
where L0 is original gage length and L* is final gage length,
engineering strain, e. A term sometimes used for average linear strain
or conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In
tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage
length by the original gage length,
engineering stress, S. A term sometimes used for conventional stress
in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is cal-
culated by dividing the load applied to the specimen by the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen,
failure. Inability of a component or test specimen to fulfill its intended
function.
fracture strength, Sf. The normal stress at the beginning of fracture,
calculated from the load at the beginning of fracture during a tension
test and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen,
gage length, Lq. The original length of that portion of the specimen
over which strain or change of length is determined.
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 17
Hooke's Law. The law of springs, which states that the force required
to displace (stretch) a spring is proportional to the displacement,
hysteresis (mechanical). The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or
lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading
when a material is subjected to repeated loading,
load, P. In the case of mechanical testing, a force applied to a testpiece
that is measured in units such as pound-force or newton.
Liiders lines. Elongated surface markings or depressions, often visible
with the unaided eye, that form along the length of a tension speci-
men at an angle of approximately 45° to the loading axis. Caused by
localized plastic deformation, they result from discontinuous (inho-
mogeneous) yielding. Also known as Liiders bands, Hartmann lines,
Piobert lines, or stretcher strains,
maximum stress, S m a x . The stress having the highest algebraic value
in the stress cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and com-
pressive stress negative. The nominal stress is used most commonly,
mechanical hysteresis. Energy absorbed in a complete cycle of load-
ing and unloading within the elastic limit and represented by the
closed loop of the stress-strain curves for loading and unloading,
mechanical properties. The properties of a material that reveal its
elastic and inelastic behavior when force is applied or that involve
the relationship between the intensity of the applied stress and the
strain produced. The properties included under this heading are those
that can be recorded by mechanical testing—for example, modulus
of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and fatigue limit,
mechanical testing. The methods by which the mechanical properties
of a metal are determined,
modulus of elasticity, E. The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal;
the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding
strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity
is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear propor-
tionality of stress to strain. Also known as Young's modulus. For
materials that do not conform to Hooke's law throughout the elastic
range, the slope of either the tangent to the stress-strain curve at the
origin or at low stress, the secant drawn from the origin to any speci-
fied point on the stress-strain curve, or the chord connecting any two
specific points on the stress-strain curve is usually taken to be the
modulus of elasticity. In these cases, the modulus is referred to as the
tangent modulus, secant modulus, or chord modulus, respectively,
modulus of resilience, £/R. The amount of energy stored in a material
when loaded to its elastic limit. It is determined by measuring the
area under the stress-strain curve up to the elastic limit. See also
strain energy:
modulus of rigidity. See shear modulus.
modulus of rupture. Nominal stress at fracture in a bend test or tor-
sion test. In bending, modulus of rupture is the bending moment at
fracture (Mc) divided by the section modulus (/):
In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture (7r) divided by
the polar section modulus (J):
modulus of toughness, UT. The amount of work per unit volume done
on a material to cause failure under static loading.
m-value. See strain-rate sensitivity.
natural strain. See true strain.
necking. Reducing the cross-sectional area of metal in a localized area
by stretching,
nominal strain. See strain.
nominal strength. See ultimate strength.
nominal stress. The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section
by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on
18 / Atlas of Stress-Strain Curves
the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets,
and so forth.
normal stress. The stress component perpendicular to a plane on
which forces act. Normal stress may be either tensile or compressive.
n-value. See strain-hardening exponent.
offset. The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial por-
tion of a stress-strain curve and a parallel line that intersects the
stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used
as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no
obvious yield point.
offset yield strength. The stress at which the strain exceeds by a spec-
ified amount (the offset) an extension of the initial proportional por-
tion of the stress-strain curve. Expressed in force per unit area,
permanent set. The deformation or strain remaining in a previously
stressed body after release of load,
plastic instability. The stage of deformation in a tensile test where the
plastic flow becomes nonuniform and necking begins,
plasticity. The property that enables a material to undergo permanent
deformation without rupture,
plastic strain. Dimensional change that does not disappear when the
initiating stress is removed. Usually accompanied by some elastic
deformation.
Poisson's ratio, v. The absolute value of the ratio of transverse (lateral)
strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly dis-
tributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material,
proof stress. The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set
in a material.
proportional limit. The greatest stress a material is capable of devel-
oping without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between
stress and strain. See also elastic limit and Hooke's law.
reduction in area. The difference between the original cross-sectional
area of a tensile specimen and the smallest area at or after fracture as
specified for the material undergoing testing,
secant modulus. The slope of the secant drawn from the origin to
any specified point on the stress-strain curve. See also modulus of
elasticity.
shear modulus, G. The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear
strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material.
Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing.
Also known as modulus of rigidity,
specimen. A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration,
that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more
specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample,
strain. The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force.
Also known as nominal strain. See also engineering strain, linear
strain, and true strain.
strain energy. A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a
material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain
diagram.
strain hardening. An increase in hardness and strength caused by plas-
tic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range.
Also known as work hardening,
strain-hardening coefficient, K. See strain-hardening exponent.
strain-hardening exponent, n. The value n in the relationship a = Ken,
where a is the true stress, £ is the true strain, and K, which is called
the "strength coefficient," is equal to the true stress at a true strain of
1.0. The strain-hardening exponent, also called 'Vvalue," is equal to
the slope of the true-stress/true-strain curve up to maximum load,
when plotted on log-log coordinates. The n-value relates to the abil-
ity of a material to be stretched in metal working operations. The
higher the n-value, the better the formability (stretchability).
strain rate, £.The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain
as measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for deter-
mining strain rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain
rate are reciprocal time.
strain-rate sensitivity (/w-value). The increase in stress (a) needed to
cause a certain increase in plastic strain rate (6) at a given level of
plastic strain (e) and a given temperature (7).
strength. The maximum nominal stress a material can sustain. Always
qualified by the type of stress (tensile, compressive, or shear),
strength coefficient. See strain-hardening exponent.
stress. The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components
of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that
is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in
force per unit area and is calculated on the basis of the original
dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either
direct (tension or compression) or shear. See also engineering stress,
nominal stress, normal stress, and true stress.
stress-strain curve. A graph in which corresponding values of stress
and strain are plotted. Values of stress are usually plotted vertically
(ordinates or y-axis) and values of strain horizontally (abscissas or jt-
axis). Also known as deformation curve and stress-strain diagram,
tangent modulus, Ej, The slope of the stress-strain curve at any spec-
ified point of the stress-strain curve. See also modulus of elasticity.
tensile strength, S u . In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to
original cross-sectional area. Also known as ultimate strength.
Compare with yield strength.
tensile stress, S, a. A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on
either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart. Contrast with com-
pressive stress.
tensile testing. See tension testing.
tension. The force or load that produces elongation,
tension testing. A method of determining the behavior of materials
subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A lon-
gitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both
ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs.
Also known as tensile testing,
transverse. Literally, "across," usually signifying a direction or plane
perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the
direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the
direction through the thickness, short transverse,
transverse strain. Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the axis of
the specimen.
true strain, e. (1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from
a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immedi-
ately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to
axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the
moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as
natural strain.
true stress, a. The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a
member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it
acts.
ultimate strength, S u . The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or
shear) a material can sustain without fracture, determined by divid-
ing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the speci-
men. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength,
uniform strain. The strain occurring prior to the beginning of local-
ization of strain Cnecking); the strain to maximum load in the tension
test.
work hardening. See strain hardening.
von Mises criterion. The maximum distortion energy criterion that
yielding will occur when the von Mises effective stress equals or
exceeds the yield stress.
o> Oyp

von Mises effective stress and strain. The effective stress ( a ) and
effective strain (e) are given by:
o = ^ [(c?i - a 2 ) 2 + (a 2 - a 3 ) 2 + (o3 - o0 2 ] 1/2
and
- V2
de = — [(J £l - de2)2 + (Je2 -<fei)2 + (de3 - <fei)2]1/2
where 1, 2, and 3 indicate the principal axes,
yielding. Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also
known as plastic flow or creep,
yield point. The first stress in a material, usually less than the maxi-
mum attainable stress, at wliich an increase in strain occurs without
an increase in stress. Only certain metals—those that exhibit a local-
ized, heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic defor-
mation—produce a yield point. If there is a decrease in stress after
yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and lower yield
points. The load at which a sudden drop in the flow curve occurs is
called the upper yield point. The constant load shown on the flow
curve is the lower yield point,
yield-point elongation. The amount of strain that is required to com-
plete the yielding process. It is measured from the onset of yielding
to the beginning of strain hardening.
yield strength, YS or S y . The stress at which a material exhibits a spec-
ified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of
0.2% is used for many metals. Compare with tensile strength.
yield stress. The stress level of highly ductile materials, such as struc-
tural steels, at which large strains take place without further increase
in stress.
Young's modulus, E. See modulus of elasticity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Portions of this article are adapted from G.E. Dieter, "Mechanical
Behavior under Tensile and Compressive Loads," Mechanical Testing
and Evaluation, Volume 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 99-108.
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8. "Copper and Copper Alloys—Rod for General Purposes," EN
12163, CEN, 1998
9. "Designation Systems foi Steel—Part l:Steel Names, Principal
Symbols," EN-10027-1, CEN, 1992, p 4
10. G.E. Dieter, Introduction to Ductility, Ductility, American Society
for Metals, 1968
11. A.C. Ugural and S.K. Fenst er, Advanced Strength and Applied Elas-
ticity, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, 1995
12. J.R. Low and F. Garofalo, Proc. Soc. Exp. Stress Anal., Vol 4 (No.
2), 1947, p 16-25
13. J.R. Low, Properties of Metals in Materials Engineering, American
Society for Metals, 1949
Representation of Stress-Strain Behavior / 19
14. J. Datsko, Material Properties and Manufacturing Processes, John
Wiley & Sons, 1966, p 18-20
15. W.B. Morrison, Trans. ASM, Vol 59, 1966, p 824
16. D.C. Ludwigson, Metall. Trans., Vol 2, 1971, p 2825-2828
17. H.J. Kleemola and M.A. Nieminen, Metall. Trans., Vol 5, 1974, p
1863-1866
18. C. Adams and J.G. Beese, Trans. ASME, Series H, Vol 96, 1974, p
123-126
19. A.Considere, Ann. Ponts Chaussees, Vol 9, 1885, p 574-775
20. G.W. Geil and N.L. Carwile, J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand., Vol 45, 1950,
p 129
21. P.W. Bridgman, Trans. ASM, Vol 32, 1944, p 553
22. J. Aronofsky, J. Appl. Mech., Vol 18, 1951, p 75-84
23. T.A. Trozera, Trans. ASM, Vol 56, 1963, p 280-282
24. E.R. Marshall and M.C. Shaw, Trans. ASM, Vol 44, 1952, p 716
25. W.J.McG. Tegart, Elements of Mechanical Metallurgy, Macmillan,
1966, p 22
26. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and Compressive
Loads, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook,
2000, p 99-108
27. "Standard Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at
Room Temperature," E 9, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, ASTM
28. G. Sines, T. Okada, and S. Mack, Fixture for Accurate Load Path in
Axial Compression, Compression Testing of Homogeneous Materi-
als and Composites, R. Chait and R. Papirno, Ed., STP 808, ASTM,
1983, p 97-108
29. P. Dadras and J.F. Thomas, Deformation Inhomogeneities in Upset
Forging, Compression Testing of Homogeneous Materials and Com-
posites, R. Chait and R. Papirno, Ed., STP 808, ASTM, 1983, p 24-39
30. M.L. Lovato and M.G. Stout, Metall. Trans. A, Vol 23, 1992, p
935-951
31. 'Tension Testing of Metallic Materials," E 8, Annual Book ofASTM
Standards, Vol 03.01, 1996
32. A.K. Sachdev and J.E. Hunter, Jr., Thermal Effects During Uniaxial
Straining of Steels, Metall Trans. A, Vol 13, 1982, p 1063-1067
33. S. Nemat-Nasser, Introduction to High Strain Rate Testing, Mechan-
ical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 427
34. J.M. Holt, Uniaxial Tension Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evalu-
ation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 124-142
35. M.R. Mitchell, ""Fundamentals of Modern Fatigue Analysis for the
Design, Fatigue and Fracture, Vol 19, ASM Handbook, 1996, p
227-249
36. G.H. Koch, Tests for Stress-Corrosion Cracking. Adv. Mater.
Process., Aug 2001, p 36
37. Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures,
MIL-HDBK-5H, Department of Defense and Federal Airline Ad-
ministration, 1998
SELECTED REFERENCES
• "Standard Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
ing," E 6, Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
• 'Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials," E 8, Annual Book ofASTM
Standards, Vol 03.01
• "Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials," E 21,
Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
• "Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus," E 111,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01
• "Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials," EN 10002:1
• "Metallic Materials—Tensile Testing at Elevated Temperature," ISO
783
• "Metallic Materials—Tensile Testing at Ambient Temperature," ISO
6892
• "Metallic Materials—Tensile Testing at Low Temperature," ISO
15579
Ferrous Metals
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

Cast Iron (CI)

420 60 CI.001 Unclassified cast irons, influence of graphite
morphology on stress-strain curves
Spheroidal
Source: D.M. Stefanescu, Classification and Basic Metallurgy of Cast
350 50 Iron, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance
Alloys, Vol 1, ASM Handbook, 1990, p 8

280 40
Compacted
Q.
2
£ J

/
fi 210 30
"•"^Rake

140 20

/A
V
70 10

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Strain, %

350 CI.002 Unclassified cast steel and cast iron, tensile

Yield —
stress-strain curves

//
point
Cast ste>el
300 i Test direction: longitudinal. Cast steel: shows definite
yield point; steel test bar diameter = 12.83 mm
(0.505 in.); ultimate strength = 543 MPa. Cast iron:
250 25.4 mm (1 in.) cast bar, iron test bar diameter =
12.83 mm (0.0505 in.); ultimate strength = 315 MPa.

/
Gage length = 51 mm (2 in.)
200 ! Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, Factors Relating to the Stress/Strain Properties
Cast iron of Cast Iron, BCIRA J., Vol 6 (No. 6), April 1957, p 551
<D
35 150

/V
100 /

r
50

2 3 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.003 Iron alloy casting, tensile stress-strain curves

with effect of graphite
Test direction: longitudinal. In curves 1 through 5, the
curvature increases as the amount of graphite in the iron
increases. Curve 6 had graphite similar in quantity to
curve 2, but it is coarser. Modulus of elasticity: curve
1, 145 GPa (21.1 psi x 106); curve 2, 116 GPa (16.9 psi x
106); curve 3, 123 GPa (17.9 psi x 106); curve 4, 103 GPa
(14.9 psi x 106); curve 5, 84 GPa (12.2 psi x 106); curve
6, 115 GPa (16.7 psi x 106)
Source: G.N J. Gilbert, Factors Relating to the Stress/Strain Properties
of Cast Iron, BCIRA /., Vol 6 (No. 6), April, 1957, p 553

CI.004 Unclassified cast irons and steels,

stress-strain curves
Behavior of several irons compared to steel. 0.2% yield
strength: pearlitic ductile iron, 455 MPa (66 ksi); steel,
372 MPa (54 ksi); ferritic ductile iron, 276 MPa (40 ksi);
gray iron, 220 MPa (32 ksi). PL, proportionality limits
Source: Private communication with Lyle Jenkins
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.005 Pearlitic and ferritic compacted graphite iron

casting, typical tensile stress-strain curves
1 _____
3
Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic; ultimate tensile strength =
/ 410 MPa (59.5 ksi); elongation = 1.0%. Curve 2: ferritic;
/ ultimate tensile strength = 320 MPa (46.4 ksi); elongation
/
= 3.5%. Dashed curve (3) indicates modulus of elasticity,
/ 144 GPa (20.9 x 106 psi).
/ 2
/ Source: C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
I J Society, 1981, p 382
/ / / />
210 <2
I F /

IF

Strain, %

/
i 420 CI.006 4.35 carbon equivalent compacted graphite
%
iron casting, tensile and compressive stress-strain
0.5
0.2%
curves
Comp

0.1%^
tression 350 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% yield strengths are indicated.
Proportionality limits (PL) are 201 MPa (29.1 ksi) in
compression and 124 MPa (18 ksi) in tension.
Tens ion
280 Source: G.F. Seargeant and E.R. Evans, The Production and Properties
of Compacted Graphite Irons, British Foundryman, May 1978. As pub-
lished in C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
Society, 1981, p 388
210 w
— PL
is
CO

/
140
< - PL

/
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Strain, %
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
70
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

1600 CI.007 Austempered ductile iron casting, stress-

strain curves showing effect of matrix structure
1400 Solid curve for austempered ductile iron, 300 °C, 1 h,

/ with lower bainitic matrix structures. Dashed curve for

CL
2
«
1200

1000

800
/ austempered ductile iron, 375 °C, 1 h, with upper bainitic
matrix structures
Source: P.A Blackmore and R. A. Harding, "The Effects of Metallurgical
Process Variables on the Properties of A D I ' s p 117-134; J. Heat
Treat., Vol 3 (No. 4), p 320-325. As published in Structural Alloys
Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 25

-h
W
600

400

1
200

6 10 12
Strain, %

CI.008 Austempered ductile iron casting, monotonic

and cyclic stress-strain curves
Casting size = 25 x 45 mm. Austempered ductile iron
(ADI), BCIRA Interim Grade 1200/1, high strength.
Austempered 310 °C, 3 h. Monotonic curve (solid line):
strength coefficient, K= 26,425.7; strain-hardening
exponent, n = 0.45. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength
coefficient, K' - 11,389.7; strain-hardening exponent,
n - 0.37. Elastic line (dashed): slope (modulus of
elasticity) = 173.6 GPa (25.18 x 106 psi). Composition:
Fe-3.59C-2.15Si-0.29Mn-0.012S-0.010P-0.056Mg-
0.80Ni-0.03Cr-0.027Sn-0.09Mo
Source: M.J.D. Frier, "Strain Life Data and Stress/Strain Data for
Austempered Ductile Irons—Tests of the High-Strength Grade " Report
1820, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1991, p 3
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.009 Austempered ductile cast iron bar,

monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 22 mm. Austempered ductile iron (ADI),
BCIRA Interim Grade 1200/1, high strength.
Austempered 325 °C, 3 h. Monotonic curve (solid line):
strength coefficient, K - 22,486; strain-hardening
exponent, n = 0.42. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength
coefficient, IC = 18,588.7; strain-hardening exponent,
ri - 0.40. Elastic line (dashed): slope (modulus of
elasticity) = 173.2 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.65C-2.16Si-
0.47Mn-0.015S-0.010P-0.056Mg-0.58Ni-0.02Cr-
0.027Sn-0.07Cu
Source: I.S. Matharu, M.J.D. Frier, and K. Shelby, "Strain-Life Fatigue
Data and Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons," Report
1813, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1990, p 226

CI.010 Austempered ductile iron casting, monotonic

/
/
/
/
A
/
/ and cyclic stress-strain curves
Casting size = 25 x 45 mm. Austempered ductile iron
/ ' /
/A (ADI), BCIRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength.
/ // / Austempered 375 °C, 2.5 h. Monotonic curve (solid line):
y strength coefficient, K = 6049.1; strain-hardening
/ // exponent, n = 0.28. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength
/ /
Y coefficient, K' - 5190.4; strain-hardening exponent, ri =
0.27. Elastic line (dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) =
174.6 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.67C-2.08Si-0.30Mn-
0.014S-0.014P-0.057Mg-0.77Ni-0.03Cr-0.028Sn-0.08Cu
Source: I.S. Matharu, MJ.D. Frier, and K. Shelby, "Strain-Life Fatigue
Data and Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons," Report
1813, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1990, p 226

— Monotonic

/ — - Elastic

/ 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Strain amplitude, %
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

700 CI.011 Austempered ductile cast iron bar, monotonic

and cyclic stress-strain curves

600 / Bar diameter = 22 ram. Austempered ductile iron (ADI),

• •Y BCIRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength. Austempered
/ / S
/ 375 °C, 1.25 h. Monotonic curve (solid line): strength
A
500 • 'AY
coefficient, K = 28,769.7; strain-hardening exponent, n =
/
/ / '
0.46. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength coefficient, K' =
/JF
AA
12,075.7; strain-hardening exponent, n = 0.37. Elastic
<d 400 'JR line (dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) = 173.9 GPa.
Composition: Fe-3.73C-2.21Si-0.47Mn-0.020S-0.011P-
0.059Mg-0.55Ni-0.03Cr-0.027Sn-0.08Cu
300
Source: I.S. Matharu and M J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons—A Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
200 1990, p 53

Monotonic
—• Cycli<
100 - Elastic

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

Strain amplitude, %

CI.012 Austempered ductile cast iron bar,

monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 22 mm. Austempered ductile iron (ADI),
A
A . BCIRA Interim Grade 950/6, high strength. Austempered
A YF
350 °C, 1 h. Monotonic curve (solid line): strength
/ 'JT
/ coefficient, K= 11,647.1; strain-hardening exponent, n -
/ A/ ] /
0.36. Cyclic curve (dotted line): strength coefficient, K' —
/
8887.6; strain-hardening exponent, n' - 0.33. Elastic line
/JT (dashed): slope (modulus of elasticity) = 174.1 GPa.
AY
Composition: Fe-3.68C-2.22Si-0.40Mn-0.020S-0.012P-
0.056Mg-0.54Ni-0.02Cr-0.027Sn-0.07Cu
Source: I.S. Matharu and M.J.D. Frier, "Strain-Life Fatigue Data and
Stress/Strain Data for Austempered Ductile Irons—A Preliminary
Report," Report 1795, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA),
1990, p 53

— Monotonic
— Cyclic
— Elastic

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

Strain amplitude, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

875 CI.013 3.60-3.90% carbon ductile casting, tensile

stress-strain curves
Modulus of elasticity varies from the maximum 150 GPa
700
(21.7 x 106 psi) (curve 1) to the minimum 159 GPa
(23.0 x 106 psi) (curve 3), with an average of 157 GPa
(22.7 x 106 psi) (curve 2), based on 40 tests
2
1 X>v Source: Nodular Iron, Properties and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8th ed.,
525 Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1961, p 386
• / /
/
/ >

350

/
/ 7
175

3 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

420 CI.014 Pearlitic and ferritic ductile iron casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curves
385
Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic, ultimate tensile strength =
/ 350 745 MPa (108 ksi). Curve 2: annealed ferritic, ultimate
f
3i tensile strength = 400 MPa (58 ksi). Curve 3 (dashed):
315
0.2% offset yield strength. PL, limits of proportionality
//
t 280 Source: G.N J. Gilbert, Behavior of Cast Irons under Stress,
1 2
Engineering Properties and Performance of Modern Iron Castings,
245 ' British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1970, p 41. As pub-
lished in C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting
// 210 Society, 1981, p 335
• PL
/ 175
i l
/
// 140

105
/
/

// 70

35
/
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 o.e 0.7 0.8
Strain, %
Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.015 Ductile iron alloy casting, tensile

1 ^ stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal. Iron test specimen:
28.65 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x
X ^ 3 in. gage length). Steel test specimen: 37.922 mm diam
2j x 76.2 mm gage length (1.493 in. diam x 3 in. gage

1
length). Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic nodular iron; 0.1%

IL
proof stress = 349 MPa. Curve 2: high-silicon nodular
4
iron failed in elastic region at X. Curve 3: En 4 steel;
yield strength = 316 MPa. Curve 4: annealed ferritic
I nodular iron; 0.1% proof stress = 232 MPa. Composition:
Curves 1 and 4, Fe-3.66C-l.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-

//
0.76Ni-(l = 0.064Mg, 4 = 0.063Mg); curve 2, Fe-2.62C-
6.14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021 P-0.78Ni-0.051 Mg-0.006Ce;
curve 3, Fe-0.23C-0.56Mn-0.044S-0.027P
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast
Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March

/ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Strain, %
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
1964, p 179

CI.016 Ductile iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal. Iron test specimen:
28.65 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in.
diam x 3 in. gage length). Steel test specimen: 37.922
mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.493 in. diam x 3 in.
gage length). Curve 1: as-cast pearlitic nodular iron; 0.1%
proof stress = 398 MPa. Curve 2: high-silicon nodular
iron, 0.1% proof stress = 676 MPa. Curve 3: En 4 steel;
yield strength = 283 MPa. Curve 4: annealed ferritic
nodular iron; 0.1% proof stress = 264 MPa. Composition:
Curves 1 and 4, Fe-3.66C-l.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-
0.76Ni-(l = 0.064Mg, 4 = 0.063Mg); curve 2, Fe-2.62C-
6.14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce;
curve 3, Fe-0.23C-0.56Mn-0.044S-0.027P
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast
Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March
1964, p 185
 Cast Iron (Cl)/31

CI.017 Ferritic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curve
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily
ferritic with 5-10% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
324 MPa (47 ksi); ultimate strength = 496 MPa (72 ksi);
elongation = 16%. Composition: Fe-3.599C-2.753Si-
0.193Mn-0.033P-0.014S
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination of Young's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 723

CI.018 Pearlitic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curve
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily
pearlitic with 90-95% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
400 MPa (58 ksi); ultimate strength = 738 MPa (107 ksi);
elongation = 7.5%. Composition: Fe-3.684C-2.422Si-
0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, LY. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination of Young's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 723
Cast Iron (CI)/23

C1.019 Ferritic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily
ferritic with 5-10% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength (YS) =
324 MPa (47 ksi); ultimate strength = 496 MPa (72 ksi);
elongation = 16%. Sample loaded to 70% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 85% YS, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.599C-
2.753Si-0.193Mn-0.033P-0.014S
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination of Young's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 724

Strain, 0.001 inJin.

CI.020 Pearlitic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily
pearlitic with 90-95% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Topical yield strength = 400
MPa (58 ksi); ultimate strength = 738 MPa (107 ksi);
elongation = 7.5%. Sample loaded to 70% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 85% YS, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.684C-
2.422Si-0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination of Young's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 725

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.021 Ferritic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily
ferritic with 5-10% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
324 MPa (47 ksi); ultimate strength = 496 MPa (72 ksi);
elongation = 16%. Sample loaded to 80% YS, unloaded
280 £ to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 1% strain, unloaded to 91 kg
2 (200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.599C-
2.753Si-0.193Mn-0.033P-0.014S
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination of Young's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 726

CI.022 Pearlitic ductile bar, uniaxial tensile stress-

strain curves
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily
pearlitic with 90-95% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
400 MPa (58 ksi); ultimate strength = 738 MPa (107 ksi);
elongation = 7.5%. Sample loaded to 80% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 1% strain, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.684C-
2.422Si-0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination of Young's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 726
Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.023 Pearlitic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily
pearlitic with 90-95% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
400 MPa (58 ksi); ultimate strength = 738 MPa (107 ksi);
elongation = 7.5%. Sample loaded to 75% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 75% YS, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.684C-
2.422Si-0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y. Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination of Young's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 727

CI.024 Pearlitic ductile iron bar, uniaxial tensile

stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Samples primarily
pearlitic with 90-95% pearlite. Test bars machined to
ASTM A 536, Fig 6. Test was stress controlled at
345 MPa/min (50 ksi/min). Typical yield strength =
400 MPa (58 ksi); ultimate strength = 738 MPa (107 ksi);
elongation = 7.5%. Sample loaded to 100% YS, unloaded
to 91 kg (200 lb), loaded to 100% YS, unloaded to 91 kg
(200 lb), loaded to failure. Composition: Fe-3.684C-
2.422Si-0.469Mn-0.028P-0.015S-0.349Cu
Source: K.E. Metzloff, H.W. Kwon, L.Y Fang, and C.R. Loper, Jr.,
Service Modulus: A Method for Accurate Determination of Young's
Modulus and Yield Strength in Ductile Iron, AFS Trans., Vol 104,
1996, p 727
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

300 CI.025 Ferritic ductile iron casting, longitudinal

tensile stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
Ela stic
Ela;stic Per maniant contraction (b)
Pe rman ent
1

/
250
Tota 1 otal
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage
1 length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent
1 ' 0 - 2%P S strain remains when sample unloaded. Total strain is
0.1<2/oPS permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) =
200 1
232 MPa; 0.2% proof stress = 242 MPa. Composition:
Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41 Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.064Mg
£ 150 Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast
Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March
1964, p 177

100

50

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
(a) Strain, % (b) Strain, %

CI.026 Ferritic ductile iron casting, longitudinal

compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage
length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent
strain remains when sample unloaded. Total strain is
permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) =
266 MPa; 0.2% proof stress = 267 MPa. Composition:
Fe-3.66C-1. 8Si-0.41 Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.064Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast
Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March
1964, p 182
Cast Iron (CI)/23

/ / CI.027 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

/ ) * Cyclic /
/ / / monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
/ / /
/
V
/
y Curves based on the first cycle of loading and cycle tests
Eliastic line/
/ /
/ carried out at less than 0.1% strain. The stress values are
/
/
/
/ raised by strain hardening. Modulus of elasticity = 177
/ / r 7 \ 0.1% GPa. Composition: Fe-3.51C-2.07Si-0.32Mn-0.022S-
* Al / pro of stress
1
'
AT
/sA / 0.017P-0.046Mg
/ Jo Monotonic /

/
/jT / Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
/ Properties of a Ferritic and a Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Tested under
/ Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast Iron Research Association
/
/ (BCIRA), 1984
/
/
/
/
//
/ /
/

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
//

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Strain, %

T 7" CI.028 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting,

/
/
/ stress amplitude-strain curve for monotonic and
Cyclic /
/
cyclic loading
/
1/ J
^f /
/
/

/
Curves based on the first cycle of loading and a cycle at
/
approximately half the fatigue life using the stress
•
/ „
*
amplitudes (half stress range). Composition: Fe-3.51C-
// / /j 1%
/
( / of Fset 2.07Si-0.32Mn-0.022S-0.017P-0.046Mg
First cycle /
Source: G.NJ. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
/ Properties of a Ferritic and a Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Tested under
Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast Iron Research Association
/
(BCIRA), 1984
/
/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/

).05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Strain, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

/ CI.029 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting, log

/
/ stress-log plastic strain curve for monotonic and
/
/ cyclic loading
/
/ / Work-hardening behavior shown for monotonic and
/ /
/ cyclic loading based on maximum stress (dashed curve)
/ and stress amplitude (solid curve) at approximately half
/
/ fCyclic the fatigue life. Half fatigue life is used to define cyclic
/ /
/ / stress-strain curve because fatigue behavior does not
/
/
/
/ stabilize for these irons. Composition: Fe-3.51C-2.07Si-
f jf 0.32Mn-0.022S-0.017P-0.046Mg
4 Monotonic^-
*** Source: G.N J. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
Properties of a Ferritic and a Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Tested under
Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1984

t
/
// //
/

Plastic strain

300 / 1 I CI.030 Ferritic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

Elastic liile
0.5% F>s
stress-strain curve
/ E1
.1% PS 0.2% P S Test direction: longitudinal. Proof stress (PS): 0.1%,
I - H
250 / °
— 1 —
246 MPa; 0.2%, 253 MPa; 0.5%, 263 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength = 400 MPa; elongation = 26.5%;
hardness = 134 HB (10/3000). Composition: Fe-3.42C-
200 2.11 Si-0.31 Mn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061 Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert and M.J.D. Frier, "The Stress/Strain Properties of

// I a Pearlitic and a Nodular Cast Iron Cyclically Loaded between Equal

and Opposite Strain Limits in Tension and Compression," Report 1579,
British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1984

100

50

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Strain, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.031 Recarburized steel ductile casting, longitudinal tensile stress-total strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Comparison is made between 44.45 mm (1.75 in.) keel test blocks and 304.8 mm diam x 50.8 mm (12 in. diam x 2 in.) castings;
50.8 mm (2 in.) square test specimens cut from the latter. As-cast pearlitic nodular iron, normalized pearlitic, and annealed
ferritic nodular iron are shown for each size. Composition: Fe-3.52C-1.76Si-0.29Mn-0.026S-0.020P-0.92Ni-0.062Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Effect of Section Size on the Stress-Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Iron, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 6), Nov 1964, p 766
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.032 Nodular ductile iron casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curves at 20 °C
Curve 1: nodular iron; ultimate strength = 695 MPa;
0.1% proof stress = 378 MPa. Curve 2: nodular iron,
ultimate strength = 402 MPa; 0.1% proof stress =
" a n j PS 238 MPa. Allowable design stress is significantly less
than the proof stress.

/
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Nodular and Malleable Cast
2 Irons," Broadsheet 157-2, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1981

-p
1*% PS

if

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.033 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves (a) with lateral contraction (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 347 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
374 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 175
 Cast Iron (Cl)/41

CI.034 Pearlitic ductile iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 377 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
398 MPa. Composition: Fe-3.66C-1.8Si-0.41Mn-0.012S-0.025P-0.76Ni-0.063Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA Vol 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 180
Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.035 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal, (a) Beginning of cycling in
tension to 350 MPa. (b) Behavior of same sample after
128 cycles to 350 MPa. 0.2% proof stress = 358 MPa;
ultimate tensile strength = 659 MPa. Composition: Fe-
3.42C-2.11 Si-0.31 Mn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061 Mg
Source: G.N J. Gilbert and M .J.D. Frier, "The Stress/Strain Properties of
a Pearlitic and a Nodular Cast Iron Cyclically Loaded between Equal
and Opposite Strain Limits in Tension and Compression," Report 1579,
British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1984

(b) Strain, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

500

/ C1.036 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

/ [lastic lirle
stress-strain curves
450
.5% PS
Test direction: longitudinal. Proof stress (PS): 0.1%,

o
355 MPa; 0.2%, 358 MPa; 0.5%, 395 MPa. Ultimate
400 0,.2% PS
tensile strength = 659 MPa; elongation = 6.5%;
/ 0.1'% PS
hardness = 219 HB (10/3000). Composition: Fe-3.42C-
350
2.1 lSi-0.3 lMn-0.014S-0.007P-0.061Mg
CD
Q_
2 300 Source: G.N.J. Gilbert and M.J.D. Frier, "The Stress/Strain Properties of
CO- a Pearlitic and a Nodular Cast Iron Cyclically Loaded between Equal
CO and Opposite Strain Limits in Tension and Compression," Report 1579,
£
V> 250 British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1984
o
CO

£ 200

150

100

50

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0. 6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Strain, %

400 / CI.037 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, tensile

/ /
/ / monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
/ Cy'die 4
/
/ Curves based on the first cycle of loading and cycle tests
/
/ carried out at less than 0.1% strain. Strain hardening only
/ /o.r%
/ Jr O \ / proof contributes a slight increase in raising tensile stress level.
i /
300 /r i7A
Monotor ic / stre*ss Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25Si-0.38Mn-0.010S-0.019P-
/
/ / Jrr/* f/ 0.044Mg
/
/ / Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, 'The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
/ /
' A / Properties of a Ferritic and a Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Tested under
* r / Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast Iron Research Association
/
<7 / (BCIRA), 1984
iff f /
200 f/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
//
100 f

/0.05 0.10
/
/ 0.15
•

0.20 0.25 0.30

Strain, %
Cast Iron (CI)/23

/ 1 CI.038 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting,

clic >
/
r
stress amplitude-strain curves for monotonic and
Ela stic line t

' / /
/ A/
* /A
/
J

Cy VH cle / offs
%
/ 0.1iet
cyclic loading
Curves based on the first cycle of loading and a cycle at
approximately half the fatigue life using the stress
amplitudes (half stress range). Modulus of elasticity =
* / / //
t /if f/ 183 GPa. Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25Si-0.38Mn-0.010S-
fz/ First cy /
/ 0.019P-0.044Mg
/
/ Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
/
/ / Properties of a Fenitic and a Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Tested under
a /
/ Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast Iron Research Association
// (BCIRA), 1984
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
f
/

/ 0.05 0.10
/
/
/

0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Strain, %

CI.039 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron casting, log

/
/ stress-log plastic strain curve for monotonic and
cyclic loading
Work-hardening behavior shown for monotonic and
cyclic loading based on maximum stress (dashed curve)
and stress amplitude (solid curve) at approximately half
Cyclic v the fatigue life. Half fatigue life is used to define cyclic

> r stress-strain curve because fatigue behavior does not

stabilize for these irons. Composition: Fe-3.64C-2.25Si-
0.38Mn-0.010S-0.019P-0.044Mg
Monc>tonic
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
Properties of a Fenitic and a Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron Tested under
Strain Control," Report 1586, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1984
/

V
Plastic strain
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.040 Ductile iron casting, cyclic

stress-strain curves
(a) The first several cycles in tension to 350 MPa.
(b) 128 cycles in tension to 350 MPa. Composition: Fe-
3.45C-2.18Si-0.33Mn-0.012S-0.004P-0.048Mg
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties of a Ferritic
Nodular Iron Tested under Completely Reversed Loading and under
Tensile Loading," Report 1534, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1983
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.041 Gray iron casting, tensile stress-strain curves

showing effect of graphite form
16 112
TS, total strain; RS, recoverable strain; UTS, 75%

7?
75% UTS
ultimate tensile strength, (a) Compacted graphite,
(b) Type A graphite, (c) Widmanstatten graphite
RS Source: R.E. Maringer, "Damping Capacity of Materials," Report
12 84
/is RSIC-508, Battelle Memorial Institute, Redstone Scientific Information
Center, Redstone Arsenal, Jan 1966, AD 640465. As published in

/ Q.
2 Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 20
w 8 56 -B

I
28

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

(a) Strain, %

12 84

RS /
7> 75% UTS

56
/TS Q.
2
fi
CO ft
28

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

(b) Strain, %

42

75% UTS
RS /
^"TS
14 W

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
(c) Strain, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.042 Gray iron casting stress-strain curves to

fracture at room and elevated temperatures
Composition: Fe-3.19C-(CC-0.85)-1.66Si- 0.91Mn-
0.077P-0.089S
Source: C.F. Walton, Gray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, Gray
and Ductile Iron Founders' Society, 1965. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 20

490 CI.043 Pearlitic gray iron casting, stress-strain curves

showing effect of section size
1
420
Casting thickness: curve 1, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.); curve 2,
25.4 mm (1 in.); curve 3, 152.4 mm (6 in.); curve 4,
/
/ 76.2 mm (3 in.). Dashed lines indicate plastic strain.
2
/ w*0* r 350 Source: C.F. Walton, Gray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, Gray
/ and Ductile Iron Founders' Society, Aug 1971. As published in
0
—/ Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
280 1994, p 20

/
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/

/
/ •'V
/ /
/ /
£
210 co

P
/
/

//
/
/ •lastic strain
/ 140
/
/

/ 70
/ ' / /
s
/ / /
/ /
r / /
/ 4 /
/
Cf
0 0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.
Elongation, %
 280 CI.044 Class 20 to 50 gray iron casting, tensile
stress-strain curves
245
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.R Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 211
210

140 £

105 i

70

35

245 CI.045 Class 30 gray iron casting, cyclic tensile

stress-strain curves
210
Permanent deformation results from removal and
reapplication of load.
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
175 article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 229
Q_
140

105 ^

70

35

0
0..7
 Cast Iron (CI)/49

315 CI.046 Class 40 gray iron casting, cyclic tensile

stress-strain curves
Permanent deformation results from removal and
reapplication of load.
Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 229

40 280 CL047 Pearlite gray iron casting, tensile

stress-strain curves
Plastic
35 / Total strain is composed of plastic and elastic portions.

/ ,
245

j Source: J.W. Grant, Comprehensive Mechanical Tests of Two Pearlite

Gray Irons, J. Res. BCIRA, Vol 3, April 1951, p 861-875. Adapted
30 210

I/
Elastic/ from C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Castings Handbook, Iron Casting Society,
1981, p 228
/Total
•A 25

20

//
15

10
/ 105 L

70

35

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Strain, %
Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.048 Class 20 and 40 gray iron casting, tensile and

compressive stress-strain curves
— 70
Class 40 c<Dmpression Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and RK. Trojan, Research for the
article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 235
60

50

Class 40 te nsion
- - 40

' / • - " "Class 2>0 compression

/ /
30
/ /
/s

20
^ ^ - - - Class 20 tension
ft/ * ^ 1
If' 10
Ir

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Strain, %

560 CI.049 Class 35 gray iron casting, tensile and

compressive stress-strain curves
490 Source: J.L. Herron, R.A. Flinn, and P.K. Trojan, Research for the
Compre?>sion ^ ^ article: Mechanical Properties of Gray Iron, Iron Castings Handbook,
C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 234
420

350

/ 280 w
<o
Q_
s

Tens ion
/ j
210

L
// 140

70

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4°

Strain, %
 Cast Iron (Cl)/51

CI.050 Class 20, 40, and 60 gray iron casting, typical

70
tensile stress-strain curves
Source: Gray Iron, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-
60 Performance Alloys, Vol 1, ASM Handbook, 1990, p 20

Class 60, - 50

40
' Class 40
/ £
CO
30

Class 20 20
-

— 10

1 2 3 4
Strain, mm/m (0.001 in./in.)

i• r— ii CI.051 Gray iron casting, tensile and compressive

Latera 1 strain Long itudinal strain
*
longitudinal and lateral stress-strain curves
/
0 Progression of test follows numbers 1-3 (solid line 1 to
2, /
0 dashed line 1 to solid line 2 to dashed line 2, etc.). Solid
2 / 2
lines are load applications; dashed lines are relaxations.
*
0 These are relatively high stresses. Composition: Fe-3.2C-
0
/ 2.19Si-0.56Mn-0.031 S-0.046P
A
/ Source: G.N J. Gilbert, Stress/Strain Properties of Cast Iron and
/ Poisson's Ratio in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 9 (No. 3),
/
d May 1961, p 351

i I I
* r
» 0
0 0
/ 3
7 1 1
/ d
Y A/

/// 3dff

/
»»
' /

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Strain, %
Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.052 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, tensile

stress-strain curves with cyclic loading to increasing
stress levels
Ultimate strength = 230 MPa. Permanent deformation
increases with increasing stress levels.
Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Flake Graphite Cast Irons,"
Broadsheet 157-1, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1977

/
/
Comptressive
CI.053 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, comparison
of tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
Compressive strength — 600 MPa
/ / Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Flake Graphite Cast Irons,"
/ Broadsheet 157-1, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1977
/ Fractures

/
/ ^ ^ T e
—
nsile

/
/ y
y //
/A
//
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Tensile and compressive strain, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.054 Flake graphite, gray iron casting, cyclic

stress-strain curves
Stress-strain curves for cycles 129-132 with loads
varying ±175 MPa. The hysteresis loop advances to the
right as the number of cycles increase.
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert and S.D. Kemp, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain
Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron—A Progress Report," Report
1384, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), July 1980

Strain, %

CI.055 Gray iron casting, components of total

stress-strain curves
Considering iron as a composite, the total strain 5, can be
thought of consisting of the 1, plastic matrix; 2, voids
with recoverable deformation; 3, elastic matrix; 4, voids
with permanent deformation. Iron can be considered
having a steel-like matrix with volume changes occurring
in the spaces occupied by graphite. Iron tensile strength =
213 MPa
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain Control—
A Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1985
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

250 CI.056 Gray iron casting, cyclic stress-strain curves

200
Curves for first three cycles to ±0.20% strain.
2nd, 3rd <
cycles v Composition: Fe-3.13C-2.15Si-0.35Mn-0.025S-0.086P
150 Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
1sit cycle ^ Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain Control—
A Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast Iron Research Association
100 (BCIRA), 1985

50
(0
0l
to 0
to
o
35

-50

-100

-150 V

-200
-250
- 0 . .20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Strain, %

CI.057 Gray iron casting, cyclic stress-strain curves

Curve for 2512th cycle to ±0.20% strain. (Fatigue failure
occurred at 3769 cycles.) Composition: Fe-3.13C-2.15Si-
0.35Mn-0.025S-0.086P
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
2512!th cycle Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain Control—
A Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1985

-250
/
-0..20 -0.15 - 0 . 10 -0.05 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Strain, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

170 CI.058 Gray iron casting, modulus of

elasticity-stress curves
160 Modulus of elasticity (E) for compression of first and
2512th cycle. At maximum compressive stress
150
(0.0020 strain controlled) first cycle, E = 144.95 GPa;
2512th cycle, E = 144.20 GPa
CO
Q. Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
© 140 Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain Control—
3* A Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1985
•S 130

120
yFirst cycle

110
CM
LO i cycle

100

90
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Stress, MPa

CI.059 Gray iron casting, modulus of

elasticity-stress curves
Modulus of elasticity (E) for tension of first and 2512th
cycle. At maximum tensile stress (0.0020 strain
controlled) first cycle, E = 157.62 GPa; 2512th cycle,
E = 155.62 GPa.
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Cyclic Stress/Strain Properties and Fatigue
Properties of a Flake Graphite Cast Iron Tested under Strain Control—
A Detailed Study," Report 1621, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1985

Stress, MPa
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

100 700 CI.060 Pearlitic and ferritic malleable iron casting,

1
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Typical curves obtained from machined cast-to-shape test
bars. Curve 1, pearlitic, oil quenched; curve 2, pearlitic,
80 560
air quenched; curve 3, ferritic

/ 2
Source: L.W.L. Smith and G.N.J. Gilbert, "The Tensile Properties of
Blackheart and Pearlitic Malleable Irons—A Progress Report," Report
1363, British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA), Jan 1980,

V
60 420 ' p 49-62. As published in C.F. Walton, Ed., Iron Castings Handbook,
Iron Casting Society, 1981, p 304

£ 40 280 <=
3

20 140

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Strain, %

350 CI.061 Blackheart malleable iron casting, tensile and

compressive stress-strain curves
300
Produced at 980 °C, fast cooled to 760 °C, slow cooled to
700 °C. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain
rate of 0.01/min. 0.2% proof stress (PS): tensile,
c<Dmpression
250 1 346 MPa; compressive, 284 MPa. Compressive PS at
I
Tens;ion 0.2% is slightly less than at 0.1%. Composition: Fe-
2.46C-1.40Si-0.46Mn-0.178S-0.034P-0.0032B-0.001Al-
0.038Cr
/0.1% 10.2% PS / 0.5% PS Source: L.W. Smith, "The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive
PS ,
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
150

// / Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 32

100

/
50

0
II /
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Strain, %
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.062 Blackheart malleable iron casting,

compressive stress-strain curves with effect of
strain rate
Produced at 980 °C, fast cooled to 760 °C, slow cooled to
700 °C. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain
rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from
236-261 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.46C-l.40Si-0.46Mn-
0.178S-0.034P-0.0032B-0.001Al-0.038Cr
Source: L.W. Smith, 'The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 35

CI.063 Pearlitic malleable iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain rate
Annealed, 870 °C, air quenched, tempered, 700 °C, 6 h,
600 °C, 4 h. Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at
strain rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from
375-393 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.51C-l.43Si-0.50Mn-
0.201 S-0.039P-0.0031B-0.015 Al-0.040Cr
Source: L.W. Smith, "The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 36
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.064 Pearlitic malleable iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain rate
Annealed, 870 °C, air quenched, tempered, 700 °C, 6 h.
Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates
shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from 398-410
MPa. Composition: Fe-2.44C-l.54Si-0.50Mn-0.180S-
0.039P-0.0036B-0.020Al-0.048Cr
Source: L.W. Smith, 'The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 36

700 CI.065 Pearlitic malleable iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain rate
600
Annealed, 870 °C, air quenched, reheated to 640 °C in
1.5 h, tempered, 640 °C, 4 h. Specimens were as-cast to
shape. Tested at strain rates shown. 0.2% proof stresses
500
StraiIn rate: (PS) vary from 439-502 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.41C-
min
o o o

5 / min
1.37Si-0.50Mn-0.192S-0.034P-0.0035B -0.041 Cr
06 / mil Source: L.W. Smith, 'The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive
400 Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 36
/ 0.1 % P S
300 / /
.2%

II I
»S / 0.5% PS
200

100

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Strain,
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.066 Pearlitic malleable iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain rate
Annealed, 840 °C, oil quenched, tempered, 680 °C, 2 h.
Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates
shown. 0.2% proof stresses (PS) vary from 468-502
MPa. Composition: Fe-2.46C-l.40Si-0.51Mn-0.206S-
0.043P-0.0032B-0.040Cr
Source: L.W. Smith, 'The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 32

CI.067 Pearlitic malleable iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain rate
Annealed, 840 °C, oil quenched, tempered, 650 °C, 2 h.
Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates of
0.0006-0.20/min; three curves shown for clarity. 0.2%
proof stresses (PS) vary from 530-599 MPa.
Composition: Fe-2.43C-1.35Si-0.50Mn-0.213S-0.042P-
0.0035B-0.040Cr
Source: L.W. Smith, "The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 37
Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.068 Pearlitic malleable iron casting, compressive

stress-strain curves with effect of strain rate
Air quenched and tempered malleable iron was reheated
to 870 °C, oil quenched, tempered, 600 °C, 2.5 h.
Specimens were as-cast to shape. Tested at strain rates of
0.0006-0.20/min; three curves shown for clarity. 0.2%
proof stresses (PS) vary from 625-644 MPa.
Composition: Fe-2.58C-l.45Si-0.53Mn-0.218S-0.032P-
0.003 lB-0.043Cr
Source: L.W. Smith, "The Effect of Strain Rate on the Compressive
Stress/Strain Properties of Malleable Irons," Report 1508, British Cast
Iron Research Association (BCIRA), 1983, p 39

CL069 Malleable iron casting, typical tensile stress-

strain curves at 20 °C
1
Curve 1: pearlitic malleable iron, ultimate strength =
0.1% P s 564 MPa; 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 377 MPa. Curve 2:
whiteheart malleable iron, ultimate strength = 425 MPa;
0.1% proof stress = 233 MPa. Curve 3: ferritic malleable
iron, ultimate strength = 324 MPa, 0.1% proof stress =
2
193 MPa. Allowable design stress is significantly less
)• than the proof stress.
^o7i% PS
3 Source: "Stress/Strain Behaviour of Nodular and Malleable Cast
Irons," Broadsheet 157-2, British Cast Iron Research Association
(BCIRA), 1981
0.1% P»s

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Strain, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.070 High-silicon nodular graphite iron casting, longitudinal compressive stress-strain curves (a) with lateral
expansion (b)
Test specimen size = 28.651 mm diam x 76.2 mm gage length (1.128 in. diam x 3 in. gage length). Permanent strain remains
when sample unloaded. Total strain is permanent plus recoverable. 0.1% proof stress (PS) = 676 MPa; 0.2% proof stress =
707 MPa. Composition: Fe-2.62C-6.14Si-0.35Mn-0.014S-0.021P-0.78Ni-0.051Mg-0.006Ce
Source: G.N.J. Gilbert, The Stress/Strain Properties of Nodular Cast Irons in Tension and Compression, BCIRA J., Vol 12 (No. 2), March 1964, p 183
62/Cast Iron (CI)

560 CI.071 Nickel alloy iron casting, tensile

stress-strain curves
80/
/ 7
/ Various classes of nickel cast irons
Source: "Engineering Properties and Applications of Nickel Cast Irons,'
60/^ International Nickel Co. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
420
Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 7
50^

£L
2
280

140

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Strain,c

CL072 Pearlitic and ferritic compacted graphite iron

casting, typical stress-strain curves

/ 50 Modulus of elasticity = 144 GPa. Pearlitic iron: tensile

Pearlitic strength = 410 MPa (59.5 ksi); elongation = 1%. Ferritic
iron: tensile strength = 320 MPa (46.5 ksi); elongation =
f > 3.5%
- 40
Source: E. Nechtelberger, H. Puhr, J.B. von Nesselrode, and
A. Nakayasu, Paper presented at the 49th International Foundry
Ferritic
Congress, International Committee of Foundry Technical Associations,
30
Chicago, 1982. As published in D.M. Stefanescu, Compacted Graphite
Irons, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance
Alloys, Vol 1, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 57
W

I 20

/
/
- 10

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Strain, %
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

CI.073 Alpha (a) iron alloy forging, true compressive

stress-strain curves
Tested at 500 °C (932 °F) at strain rates indicated.
Specimens were forged at 900 °C (1652 °F) and annealed
at 750 °C (1382 °F) for 2 h. Alpha iron has a body-
centered-cubic crystal structure. Composition: Fe-
0.007C-0.03Mn-0.005S-0.003P
Source: G.S. Avadhani, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. As
published in Hot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
ASM International, 1997, p 263

CI.074 Alpha (a) iron alloy forging, true compressive

stress-strain curves
Tested at 800 °C (1472 °F) at strain rates indicated.
Specimens were forged at 900 °C (1652 °F) and annealed
at 750 °C (1382 °F) for 2 h. Alpha iron has a body-
centered-cubic crystal structure. Composition: Fe-
0.007C-0.03Mn-0.005S-0.003P
Source: G.S. Avadhani, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. As
published in Hot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
ASM International, 1997, p 263
62/Cast Iron (CI)

CL075 Gamma (y) iron alloy forging, true

compressive stress-strain curves
Tested at 950 °C (1742 °F) at strain rates indicated.
Specimens were forged at 900 °C (1652 °F) and annealed
at 750 °C (1382 °F) for 2 h. Above 910 °C (1670 °F)
pure iron has a face-centered-cubic crystal structure and
is called gamma iron. Composition: Fe-0.007C-0.03Mn-
0.005S-0.003P
Source: G.S. Avadhani, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. As
published in Hot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
ASM International, 1997, p 267

CI.076 Gamma (y) iron alloy forging, true

compressive stress-strain curves
Tested at 1150 °C (2102 °F) at strain rates indicated.
Specimens were forged at 900 °C (1652 °F) and annealed
at 750 °C (1382 °F) for 2 h. Above 910 °C (1670 °F)
pure iron has a face-centered-cubic crystal structure and
is called gamma8 iron. Composition: Fe-0.007C-0.03Mn-
0.005S-0.003P
Source: G.S. Avadhani, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. As
published in Hot Working Guide, Y.V.R.K. Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed.,
ASM International, 1997, p 267
 Cast Iron (CI)/23

Axial compression, % CI.077 Steel preform powder metal forged cylinder

20 40 60 70 compressive stress-strain curves
1050
1 1 [ 1
^ A
\ A Test direction: longitudinal. Five steel powder
A N2
A r
compositions used: A, Fe-0.27C-2.0Ni-0.5Mo; N2, Fe-
N2
^ 1 0.17C-2.7Ni-0.8Cr; N7, Fe-0.24C-0.6Ni-0.5Cr-0.2Mo;
^A 840
/ S3 SI, Fe-O.OlC; S3, Fe-0.33C. Preforms compacted to

% / s g f s3 785 MPa (114 ksi), sintered at 1199 °C (2190 °F),

1
^ -| S1
j 30 min, and spheroidized (heating three times above and
/ below eutectoid point). The sintered and annealed
/
/ s 630
preforms are compared.

y
/Ar J Source: Source Book on Cold Forming, American Society for Metals,
1975, p 208

MV
! PM / 420

u
• •//•

u
1/
Anneal*3d
210

Sintere d

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Axial strain, in./in.

Axial compression, % CI.078 Steel preform annealed powder metal,

20 40 60 70 comparison of compressive stress-strain curves
1050
i i i i
^A A Test direction: longitudinal. Three annealed powders
(A, SI, and S3) are compared to wrought 0.35% C steel
and plain iron. Compositions: A, Fe-0.27C-2.0Ni-0.5Mo;
840
^ A S •J SI, Fe-O.OlC; S3, Fe-0.33C
1 Source: Source Book on Cold Forming, American Society for Metals,
S1 1975, p 208
Plain ii
630

0.35%
C /

// y y 'X

CO
420
/ // / /i / /
u /
U 7

V
Y — Anneal ed
210

Wrouglit material

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Axial strain, in./in.
 Carbon Steel (CS)/67

Carbon Steel (CS)

CS.001 Annealed low-carbon steel, load-elongation
curve showing Luders bands
Upper yield
Typical yield point behavior of low-carbon steel. The
slope of the initial linear portion of the stress-strain curve
(E = y/x) is the modulus of elasticity. Many metals,
particularly annealed low-carbon steel, show a localized,
heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic
deformation that produces a yield point rather than a
curve with a gradual transition from elastic to plastic
behavior. The load increases steadily with elastic strain,
then drops suddenly. After the upper yield point, several
discrete bands of deformed metal, called Luders bands,
appear at stress concentrations, usually at about 45° to the
tensile axis. Load fluctuates about some approximately
constant value, and then rises with further strain.
Source: G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Behavior under Tensile and
Compressive Loads, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8,
ASM Handbook, ASM International, 2000, p 100

Elongation

CS.002 Carbon steel, various alloys, load-extension

curves showing yield strength
Load-extension curves for steel sheet having the same
yield strength (YS) but different characteristic behavior,
(a) Annealed dead soft rimmed or aluminum-killed steel.
The YS is the average stress measured during yield point
elongation, (b) Lightly temper rolled rimmed steel. The
stress at the jog in the curve is reported as the YS.
(c) and (d) Temper rolled low-carbon steel. May be
rimmed, aluminum-killed, or interstitial-free steel with
no detectable yield point. The YS is calculated from the
load at 0.2% offset (c) or from the load at 0.5% extension
(d). (e) Rimmed steel with a yield point elongation due
to aging at room temperature for several months.
The YS is the average stress measured during yield point
elongation.
Source: W.G. Granzow, Sheet Formability of Steels, Properties and
Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys, Vol 1,
ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 574
CS.003 Annealed and normalized low-carbon steel,
stress-strain curves showing effects of aging
Y is upper yield point, A is point of initial prestrain.
Curve 1: specimen is unloaded and immediately
restrained. Curve 2: specimen unloaded, aged, and
restrained. Aay is the change in yield stress due to aging.
Acu is the change in ultimate strength due to aging.
Ae is the change in elongation. Similar aging effects can
be achieved with various combinations of time and
temperature.
Source: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et al., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, 10th ed., 1985, p 1286

CS.004 Rimmed carbon (0.03% C) steel,

true stress-true plastic strain curves
Effect of aging at 60 °C (140 °F): curve 1, no aging;
curve 2, 15 min; curve 3, 30 min; curve 4, 4 h; curve 5,
500 h; 6, 126 h
Source: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et al., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, 10th ed., 1985, p 1286
 Carbon Steel (CS)/69

CS.005 Rimmed low-carbon (0.03% C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curves
50 Curve 1: Dynamic strain aging, also called blue
1 — _ brittleness. Straining at 200 °C (390 °F) yields serrated
stress-strain curve and is more effective than straining at
room temperature. Curve 1 was unloaded and restrained
/ - 40
at 25 °C (77 °F). Curve 2 was strained at 25 °C (77 °F)
and unloaded, aged for 2 h at 200 °C (390 °F), and
A 3 / 2
/
»» 30
restrained at 25 °C (77 °F).
Source: W.T. Lankford, Jr. et al., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of
Steel, USS, 10th ed., 1985, p 1286

20 w

- 10

4 5 6 10
Strain, %

CS.006 1007 and 1008 carbon steel, von Mises

effective true stress-von Mises true strain curves
Curve 1: 1008 alloy deformed by plane-strain
compression; data source, Ford. Curve 2: 1007 alloy
deformed by torsion; data source, G. Sevillano. Curve 3:
1007 alloy deformed by wire drawing plus torsion; data
source, G. Sevillano. UNS G10080
3^
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,
papers presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982
(St. Louis, MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 9
1^. 2

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

von Mises true strain
Carbon Steel (CS)/70

CS.007 1008 carbon steel, true stress-true

strain curves
Comparison of stress-strain curves. Curve 1: monotonic
plane-strain compression. Curve 2: rolling prestrain
followed by plane-strain compression. Stress states are
very similar, and yet the rolling-plus-plane-strain
compression curve is different. This difference can be
explained on the basis of redundant work; the curvature
of the rolls causes some redundant shearing (not
contributing to thickness reduction) and extra hardening.
UNS G10080
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,
papers presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982
(St. Louis, MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 10

CS.008 1015 carbon steel, tensile and compressive

true stress-plastic strain curves
Niobium-stabilized (+0.02Nb), air cooled from 1200 °C.
Compreission Widmanstatten ferrite-pearlite. Composition: Fe-0.17C-
- 500 0.96Mn-0.014P-0.026S-0.040Si-0.044Ni-0.028Cr-
0.008Mo-0.006Al-0.025Cu-0.020Nb. UNS G10150
Q Source: G.C. Rauch and W.C. Leslie, The Extent and Nature of
Tension 2_
the Strength-Differential Effect in Steels, Metall Trans., Vol 3,
8 Feb 1972, p 378
450 £

- 400

350
10 15 20 25 30 35
Plastic strain x 0.001
 Carbon Steel (CS)/71

350 CS.009 Annealed low-carbon (0,18% C) steel,

1 engineering stress-strain curve
To fractLire

^ Y l e Id point Curve shows a well-defined yield point. For such

280 cases the 0.2% offset yield strength is not used to define
yielding.
Source: C.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of
CL
Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982, p 4
210 ^

140 J=
$

70

0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75

Engineering strain, %

CS.010 Fully aluminum-killed deep-drawing

carbon steel 20-gage sheet, logarithmic true
stress-strain curve
Test direction: longitudinal. This figure was a typical
result from a series of reproducibility tests conducted on
50 adjacent specimens. Linearity is very good, n - 0.250,
k = 71.67.
Source: Source Book on Forming of Steel Sheet, American Society for
Metals, 1975, p 217

True strain
Carbon Steel (CS)/72

420 CS.011 1015 carbon steel, tensile and compressive

true stress-total strain curves. UNS G10150
Compr ession ^ Samples equiaxed ferrite-pearlite
350
Source: Metall TransVol 3, 1972, p 379
R\ "Tension

280
<0
CL
CO
210 <8
w
<D
E
J-

140

1
70

10 15 20 25 30 35
Total strain x 0.001

CS.012 1020 carbon steel, tensile stress-elongation

curves at room and elevated temperatures
Strain rate = 0.000175/s. Composition: Fe-0.20C. UNS
G10200
Source: W.C. Leslie, The Physical Metallurgy of Metals, McGraw-Hill
and Hemisphere Publishing, 1981, p 92
 Carbon Steel (CS)/73

490 CS.013 1020 wrought and 1030 normalized-and-

tempered cast carbon steel, monotonic and cyclic
stress strain curves
420
The cyclic stress-strain characteristics show a reduction

A/
, Cast SAE 1030
/ Monotcsnic of the strain-hardening exponent of the normalized-and-
A Cast SA£1030_ 350 tempered cast carbon steel (SAE 1030) from n = 0.3 in
Cyclic
monotonic tension to n = 0.13 under cyclic-strain-
^ < controlled tests. UNS G10200
280 ^

t
Source: P.F. Wieser, Ed., Steel Castings Handbook, 5th ed., Steel
Founders' Society of America, 1980, p 14-15
210 55
\ Wroug ht SAE 1020

r[ Cyclic
140

70

1 6 8 10
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
12 14 16

CS.014 Hot-rolled 1020 carbon steel, static and

dynamic engineering shear stress-strain curves
Static and dynamic shear stress-shear strain curves for hot
rolled 1020 steel. To obtain the shear strain in the
specimen, the elastic rotation of the bar between the two
differential transformers is subtracted from the total
rotation. This elastic rotation is measured by cementing
the loading bars together without a specimen and loading
them quasi-statically. Typical test results obtained at a
variety of temperatures using the Kolsky bar to test 1020
steel at a quasi-static strain rate of 5 x lO^/s and dynamic
strain rate of 103/s are given..
Source: A. Gilat, Torsional Kolsky Bar Testing, Mechanical Testing and
Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 2000, p 513
Carbon Steel (CS)/74

CS.015 Cold-worked carbon (0.2% C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Definition of mechanical property terms
Source: C.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of
Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982, p 2

560 CS.016 Cold-worked carbon (0.2% C) steel,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
_0.2% yield jstrength 490 Definition of mechanical property terms
66 ksi (455 MPa)
Source: C.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of
/ / 420 Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982, p 2
/ /
/ /
' 1 a.
350 2
1
i
i
t 280
1
i
1 210 o>
Slope gives elastic LLi
(Young's) moduluis,
6
30 xlO psi (207 GPa) 140
/
/ 0.2%
t/ 70
i
i
4 6 10
Engineering strain, x 0.001
 Carbon Steel (CS)/75

840 CS.017 AAR grade A and B high-carbon steel casting

wheels, stress-strain curves
Constant-amplitude strain-controlled test (open circles,
700 grade A; "plus" symbols, grade B). Curve 1, monotonic
tension test; curve 2, incremental step test. AAR,
Association of American Railroads. Compositions: grade
R
^ o 560 A, Fe-0.52C-0.78Mn-0.014S-0.009P-0.26Si; grade B,
/ / Fe-0.65C-0.83Mn-0.038S-0.015P-0.21Si
Source: D.H. Stone and Y.J. Park, Cyclic Plasticity of Class A and B
420 » Heat-Treated Wheel Steels. As published in "The General Problem of
/V Rolling Contact," AMD-Vol 40, ASME, 1980
•b
to

280

— Grade A wheel
Grade B wheel
140

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Strain, %

1050 CS.018 AAR grade C high-carbon steel casting

wheels, stress-strain curves

Monotonic^
Monotonic and cyclic loading curves. AAR, Association
875 of American Railroads. Composition: Fe-0.68C-0.83Mn-
^^^Cyclic 0.038S-0.015P-0.33Si
Source: Courtesy of the Transportation Technology Center, Inc.
700 subsidiary of Association of American Railroads

525 g
O)
<D
55

350

175

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Strain
Carbon Steel (CS)/76

CS.019 Standard grade nonresulfurized carbon steel

rails, stress amplitude-strain amplitude curves
Test direction: longitudinal. Static and incremental step
loading. Modulus of elasticity = 199 GPa (28.85 x
106 psi). Composition: Fe-0.82C-0.87Mn-0.032S-
0.035P-0.21Si
Source: B.N. Leis, Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Resistance
Characteristics of a Rail Steel, Rail Steels, STP No. 644,
ASTM, Nov 1977

Extension, mm CS.020 High-strength nonresulfurized carbon steel

rails, load-extension diagram
Test curve for one specimen 12.751 mm diam x 50.8 mm
gage length (0.502 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Ultimate
tensile strength = 1106 MPa (160.5 ksi); 0.2% yield
strength = 644 MPa (93.4 ksi). Typical composition for
high-strength rail: Fe-0.74C-0.99Mn-0.005S(max)-
0.015P-0.17Si
Source: Courtesy of the Transportation Technology Center, Inc.
subsidiary of Association of American Railroads
 Carbon Steel (CS)/77

CS.021 AAR specification M101 grade C austenitic

manganese steel casting, monotonic tensile stress-
strain curve
Normalized and tempered. Strain rate = 0.0002/s.
Ultimate strength = 696 MPa (101 ksi); 0.2% yield
strength = 605 MPa (87.8 ksi); elongation = 33%; elastic
modulus = 204 GPa (29.575 x 106 psi); strain-hardening
exponent = 0.097475; strength coefficient = 1059 MPa
(153.674 ksi). AAR, Association of American Railroads.
Composition: Fe-0.31C-l.50Mn-0.027S-0.007P-0.49Si-
0.14Ni-0.20Cr-0.17Mo
Source: Courtesy of the Transportation Technology Center, Inc.
subsidiary of Association of American Railroads

CS.022 AAR specification M101 grade C austenitic

manganese steel casting, monotonic tensile stress-
strain curve
Quenched and tempered. Strain rate = 0.0002/s. Ultimate
strength = 986 MPa (143 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
909 MPa (132 ksi); elongation = 19.6%; elastic modulus
= 217 GPa (31.474 x 106 psi). AAR, Association of
American Railroads. Composition: Fe-0.28C-l.35Mn-
0.025S-0.012P-0.44Si-0.17Ni-0.25Cr-0.17Mo
Source: Courtesy of the Transportation Technology Center, Inc.
subsidiary of Association of American Railroads
 Carbon Steel (CS)/78

CS.023 AAR specification M101 grade E austenitic

manganese steel casting, monotonic tensile stress-
strain curve
Quenched and tempered. Strain rate = 0.0002/s. Ultimate
strength = 730 MPa (106 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
655 MPa (95 ksi); elongation = 27.8%; elastic modulus =
210 GPa (30.43 x 106 psi); strain-hardening exponent =
0.93697; strength coefficient = 1086 MPa (157.661 ksi).
AAR, Association of American Railroads. Composition:
Fe-0.29C-l.03Mn-0.026S-0.014P-0.49Si-0.60Ni-0.47Cr-
0.15Mo
Source: Courtesy of the Transportation Technology Center, Inc.
subsidiary of Association of American Railroads

1500 CS.024 As-quenched and quenched-and-tempered

As-qu<anched
carbon (0.2% C) steel, true stress-strain curves
1400
As-quenched martensite quenched in NaOH-NaCl
solution and quenched-and-tempered lath martensite with
1300
packet size of 8.2 Jim was tempered in lead at 400 °C
(750 °F) for 1 min. Work-hardening rate for as-quenched
1200 is quite high compared to tempered sample. Composition:
Fe-0.2C
1 1100 Quenched-
£ and-temipered Source: T. Swarr and G. Krauss, The Effect of Structure on the
Deformation of As-Quenched and Tempered Martensite in an Fe-0.2%
2 1000 C Alloy, Metall Trans. A, Vol 7A, 1976, p 4 1 ^ 8

900

800

700

600
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
True strain x 0.001
 Carbon Steel (CS)/79

CS.025 Carbon steel, Bauschinger effect on stress-

strain curves
The elastic limit of a metal is lowered after reverse
loading. The area Ep is the energy expended in prestrain,
and Es is the energy saved in reverse loading.
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
Carbon Steel (CS)/80

CS.026 1020 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

(a) Bauschinger effect shown for test sequence of tension
to 2% strain followed by compression of another 2%.
(b) The sequence is compression-tension. Tested at 25 °C.
Composition: Fe-0.21C-0.64Mn-0.030S-0.018P-0.23Si-
0.007N. UNS G10200
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86
 Carbon Steel (CS)/81

490 CS.027 1020 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

Curve 1: specimen is prestrained in tension at 250 °C to
420 2% strain and tested in compression at room temperature.
Curve 2: the specimen is prestrained in tension at room

r 350
temperature to 2% strain and tested in compression at
room temperature. The Bauschinger effect is reduced.
Composition: Fe-0.21C-0.64Mn-0.030S-0.018P-0.23Si-
0.007N. UNS G10200

/
280 £
5 Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On

/
3 Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
£ Metall Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
210 55

140

70

I 0.5 1 1.5
Strain, %
2.5

560 CS.028 1035 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

Bauschinger effect shown with test sequence of tension
—
. • "" 490 to 2% strain followed by compression of another 2%.

ft < 420
Tested at 25 °C. Composition: Fe-0.34C-0.65Mn-0.007S-
0.003P-0.17Si-0.021 A1-0.006N. UNS G10350
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
350
Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 86

/
280 co

r
msion t<d 2% at25 °C Compiression to 2%
at 25 °C
210

V
(
140

70

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.C

Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Carbon Steel (CS)/82

490 CS.029 1035 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

Curve 1: specimen is prestrained in tension at 250 °C to
420 2% strain and tested in compression at 25 °C. Curve 2:
the specimen is prestrained in tension at 25 °C to 2%
1 y
strain and tested in compression at 25 °C. Composition:
350 Fe-0.34C-0.65Mn-0.007S-0.003P-0.17Si-0.021Al-
0.006N. UNS G10350
280 : Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J A . Yaker and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
210

140

70

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

True strain, %

CS.030 1020, 1040, and 1095 carbon steel plate,

true stress-strain curves showing effects of shock
loading
Preshock normalizing: 1020, 927 °C (1700 °F), 45 min;
1040, 899 °C (1650 °F), 45 min; 1095, 899 °C (1650 °F),
45 min, austenitizing 802 °C (1475 °F), 45 min, oil
quenched, tempered 204 °C (400 °F), 1 h. Shocked at 158
and 283 kbar (peak).. UNS G10200, G10400, G10950
Source: B.G. Koepke, R.P. Jewett, W.T. Chandler, and T.E. Scott,
Effects of Initial Microstructure and Shock Method on the Shock
Induced Transformation Strengthening of Carbon Steels, Metall Trans
Vol 2, ASM, 1971, p 2045
 Carbon Steel (CS)/83

CS.031 1023 carbon steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
(a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse. Composition: 0.23C-
0.39Mn-0.009P-0.024S-0.03Si-0.02Cr-0.01Ni-0.01Mo.
UNS G10230
Source: Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, Battelle Columbus
Laboratories, Columbus, OH, 1980, p 28
Carbon Steel (CS)/84

CS.032 1025 carbon (0.25% C) steel, flow

14
stress-strain curves at various strain rates
Temperature (T) = 1100 °C (2012 °F). Stress-strain
12 curves show that at higher strains the flow stress is
1.1 approximately constant. This is increasingly true at
- 10
smaller strain rates (e). Curves were obtained in hot
0.40
torsion experiments. UNS G10250
Source: K. Lange, Ed., Handbook of Metal Forming, McGraw-Hill,
_ 0.14 1985, p 16.11
0.065
0.035
0.017
0.0069
0.0037
— 0.0020
f ^ w 0.0011/s

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Natural strain (a), %

CS.033 1040 carbon steel, engineering stress-strain

curves with effect of strain rate
Effect of different strain rates on the tensile response. The
yield stress and flow stresses at different values of strain
increase with strain rate. The work-hardening rate (m), on
the other hand, is not as sensitive to strain rate. This
illustrates the importance of correctly specifying the
strain rate when giving the yield stress of a metal. Not all
metals exhibit a high strain-rate sensitivity. Aluminum
and some of its alloys have either 0 or -m. In general, m
varies between 0.02 and 0.2 for homologous temperatures
between 0 and 0.9 (90% of melting point in K).
\ = 10"1/S Therefore, one would have, at the most, an increase of
62 = 10~2/S 15% in the yield stress by doubling the strain rate. UNS
e3 = 10~3/s
G10400
Source: M. A. Meyers and K.K. Chawla, Mechanical Metallurgy:
Principles and Applications, Prentice-Hall, 1984, p 572

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Engineering strain
 Carbon Steel (CS)/85

400 2800 CS.034 1045 carbon steel, flow stress-natural

strain curves
Strain-rate hardening for 1045 steels with different
treatments. Curve 1: quenched and spheroidized.
300 2100 Curve 2: as rolled. Curve 3: quenched and tempered. For
most of the curve the relationship is linear. The greater
the initial hardness, the greater the rate of strain
2 / Q.
2
hardening throughout the range of possible deformation.
UNS G10450
200
X Source: J.V. Russell, Steels for Cold Forming, Sourcebook on Cold
/ Forming, American Society of Metals, 1975, p 106
s
/ y
/
/ /
100 fX 700

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Natural strain (In Aq/A)

CS.035 10B46 carbon steel, true stress-plastic strain

curves in tension and compression
Curves for lower, intermediate, and upper bainite in AISI
10B46 steel. Composition: Fe-0.44C-l.00Mn-0.025P-
0.026S-0.27Si-0.05Ni-0.08Cr-0.01 Mo-0.01 Cu-0.0013B
Source: G.C. Rauch and W.C. Leslie, The Extent and Nature of the
Strength-Differential Effect in Steels, Metall Trans. A, Feb 1972, p 377
Carbon Steel (CS)/86

CS.036 1060 carbon steel rod, true stress-strain

curves
Rod diameter = 5.6 mm (0.22 in.). Flow curves for steel
compressed at 780 °C at various strain rates. Letters A, B,
C, and D represent the interruption strains used in the
experiments. Composition: 0.68% C. UNS G10600
Source: R.A.P. Djaic and JJ. Jonas, Recrystallization of High Carbon
Steel between Intervals of High Temperature Deformation, Metall
Trans. A, Feb 1973, p 622

700 CS.037 Carbon and high-strength low-alloy

GM 980X
(HSLA) steels (SAE 950X, SAE 980X, and GM 980X),
SAE 9 8 0 X ^ stress-strain curves
\ • s
— •
Dual phase —|—
<< 560 The GM 980X has been intercritically annealed and dual-
/
b
phase microstructures produced. The two dashed ellipses
/ Dual phase plus indicate reported ranges of elongation for dual-phase
/
/ steels. The basis for three stages in the development of
/ 420 ferritic low-carbon steels is shown. The lower stress-
SAE 950X
"A strain curve represents the deformation behavior of mild
steel with ferrite-pearlite microstructures. The yielding is
discontinuous and yield strengths are typically 30 ksi
280 (207 MPa). SAE 950X and SAE 980X are HSLA steels
Plain carbon with yield strengths of 50 ksi (345 MPa) and 80 ksi
(562 MPa), respectively. The microstructures still consist
140
of ferrite and pearlite, but the ferrite grain size is highly
refined because of controlled rolling and microalloying
with vanadium. GM 980X is similar to SAE 980X, but
has been intercritically annealed to convert the pearlite to
martensite. The resulting microstructure is termed "dual
10 20 30 40
phase" to distinguish the ferrite-martensite microstructure
Strain in 2 in. (50 mm) gage length, %
from the ferrite-pearlite microstructure of conventionally
treated mild steels of HSLA steels.
Source: G. Krauss, Principles of Heat Treatment of Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1980, p 242
 Carbon Steel (CS)/87

1120 CS.038 1112 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

with effect of strain rate
980 True stress-strain curves for 1112 steel at different strain
rates at 21 °C (70 °F). When metals are tested in tension
840 at different strain rates, the flow stress corresponding to a
given strain is found to increase with strain rate. The
following equation is frequently used to relate flow stress
700 CL
2 and strain rate at a given strain and temperature: a =
£m, where £ = dzldt and and m are material
560 constants. The exponent m (strain-rate sensitivity) is
found to increase with temperature, especially above the
420 , strain reciystallization temperature. In the hot-working
region, metals tend to approach the behavior of a
280
Newtonian liquid for which m = 1.
Source: M.C. Shaw, Metal Cutting Principles, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1984, p 69
140

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

True strain, E

150 1050 CS.039 1112 carbon steel, relationship of

engineering, true, and corrected stress-strain curves
o Ultimate:stress Relationship between engineering, true, and corrected
X Fracture stress tensile stress-strain curves for AISI 1112 steel. The figure
above shows the relationship between the so-called
engineering stress-strain curve based on the original area,
100 700 the true stress-strain curve, and the corrected true stress-
d strain curve where the stress plotted (Gc) is the uniaxial
tensile stress in the absence of the hydrostatic component
introduced by curvature of the neck. It is evident that
interpretation of tensile test results is really quite involved
Engineering despite the apparent simplicity of the test.
50 350
Source: M.C. Shaw, Metal Cutting Principles, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1984, p 67

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Strain
 Carbon Steel (CS)/88

800 CS.040 Carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

showing effect of different cooling rates
Specimens annealed at 810 °C, 10 min. Cooling rate:
B curve A, 1000 °C/s; curve B, 300 °C/s; curve C, 60 °C/s;
600 curve D, 32 °C/s; curve E, 5 °C/s. Composition: Fe-
CA 0.063C-1.29Mn-0.24Si
E Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,
Q. papers presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982
2
(St. Louis, MO); American Society for Metals, 1984, p 70
2 400

200

A True uniform strain

0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24

True strain

800 CS.041 Carbon steel plate, true tensile stress (a)

minus yield stress (ay) versus true plastic strain (e)
curves at room temperature
Fe-13t
Tested at room temperature. Plate thickness = 6.35 mm
600 (0.25 in.). Comparison of work-hardening curve of
Hadfield steel (Fe-13Mn-1.2C) with that of austenites
deformed by slip (Fe-21Ni-1.0C) or twinning (Co-33Ni-
Fe-21NM.

£L
2
"v 0.02C). The three have the same yield strength and
similar deformation below strain of 0.05.

K
> 400
/ Source: F. Maratray, High Carbon Manganese Austenitic Steels,
International Manganese Institute, Paris, 1995, p 28
x
Co-33Ni-0.02C

200

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

 Carbon Steel (CS)/89

2500 CS.042 A128-E2 carbon steel bar, true and

350
engineering tensile stress-strain curves
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield steel heat treated

/
True / 300 1030-1040 °C, for 1 h. Engineering curve is drawn to
2000
fracture. True curve drawn to uniform strain at maximum
- 250
load. Composition: Fe-12.5Mn-2.01Mo-l.15C-0.73Si-
0.33Cr
1500
Source: J.F. Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstmcture of

1000
/ Engineiering N
_
200

150
Thermomechanically Processed, High Manganese Steel, High
Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, Conf. Proc., ASM
International, 1992, p 145

- 100

500
- 50

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Strain

2000 CS.043 A128-E2 carbon steel bar, engineering tensile

1.00
0.75 stress-strain curves showing effect of
—'
thermomechanical treatment
0.46
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield steel heat treated
1500 1030-1040 °C, for 1 h. Thermomechanical treatment
—
(TMT) at 454 °C. LOO, 0.75, 0.46 are the effective
strains, corresponding to 61, 50, and 35% thickness
reduction. Strength increased with increased effective
strain, but uniform strain in tension decreased.
1000
Composition: Fe-12.5Mn-2.01Mo-l.15C-0.73Si-0.33Cr
Source: J.F. Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstmcture of
Thermomechanically Processed, High Manganese Steel, High
- 100 w Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, Conf. Proc., ASM
International, 1992, p 148
500

Engineering strain
Carbon Steel (CS)/90

CS.044 A128-E2 carbon steel bar, engineering tensile

stress-strain curves showing effect of
thermomechanical treatment
Molybdenum-modified Hadfield steel heat treated
1030-1040 °C, for 1 h. Thermomechanical treatment
(TMT) at similar effective strains at the temperatures
noted. Thickness reduction at 343 °C, 49%; at 399 °C,
48%, at 454 °C, 50%. Temperature had little effect on
strength, but uniform strain increased with temperature.
Composition: Fe-12.5Mn-2.01 Mo-1.15C-0.73Si-0.33Cr
Source: J.F. Chinella, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of
Thermomechanically Processed, High Manganese Steel, High
Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, Conf. Proc., ASM
International, 1992, p 148

CS.045 Fe-0.08C-1.45Mn-0.21Si carbon steel,

engineering stress-strain curves showing effect
of aging
Cold-rolled 50% and intercritically annealed 760 °C,
2 min, water quenched, aged at 120 °C (248 °F) for the
times given. Yield strength and discontinuous yielding
increase with aging time.
Source: G. Krauss, Steels: Heat Treatment and Processing Principles,
ASM International, 1990, p 130
 Carbon Steel (CS)/91

CS.046 1522 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

Bauschinger effect shown with test sequence of tension
to 2% strain followed by compression of another 2%.
Tested at 25 °C. Composition: Fe-0.21C-l.10Mn-0.016S-
0.01 lP-0.05Si-0.007Al-0.004N. UNS G15220
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
Metall Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 87

560 CS.047 1522 carbon steel, true stress-strain curves

Curve 1: specimen is prestrained in tension at 250 °C to
490 2% strain and tested in compression at room temperature.
Curve 2: the specimen is prestrained in tension at 25 °C
420 to 2% strain and tested in compression at room
temperature. The Bauschinger effect is reduced.
Composition: Fe-0.21C-1.10Mn-0.016S-0.01 lP-0.05Si-
350
Q. 0.007A1-0.004N. UNS G15220
2
Source: C.-C. Li, J.D. Flasck, J.A. Yaker, and W.C. Leslie, On
280
.b Minimizing the Bauschinger Effect in Steels by Dynamic Strain Aging,
10 Metall. Trans. A, Jan 1978, p 88
a>
E
210 '

140

70

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

True strain, %
 Carbon Steel (CS)/92

True stress at 0.2 true strain (o0 2 ), MPa CS.048 Various carbon steels, strain-hardening
420
0.24
560 700 840 980 1120 1260 exponent versus true stress curve at 0.2 true strain
» 4023 Variations in strain-hardening exponents (n) for various
1018*1 plain carbon (lOxx) and molybdenum alloy (<4-xxx) cold-
forming steels. 5140 is a chromium alloy and 8640 is a
Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel.
Source: R.R. Crawford, R.G. Dunn, J.H. Humphrey, Influence of
Alloying Elements on the Cold Deformation of Steel, Sourcebook on

\
44 1 A Cold Forming, American Society of Metals, 1975, p 142
030
1040
A
4440 140
\4042

1340
4140* \ 8 6 4 0
m A*\A(\
1041

• 3140

60 80 100 120 140 160 180

True stress at 0.2 true strain (a0 2), ksi
 Alloy Steel (AS)/93

Alloy Steel (AS)

350 2450 AS.001 52100 chromium alloy steel rod, tensile
stress-strain curve
300 2100 Heat treatment: 835 °C (1535 °F), oil quenched and
tempered 160 °C (320 °F), 20 min. Hardness = 65 HRC.
Composition: Fe-lC-1.45Cr. UNS G52986
250 1750
Source: G. Sachs, R. Sell, and W.F. Brown, Jr., Tension, Compression
and Fatigue Properties of Several Steels for Aircraft Bearing
Applications, Proc. ASTM, Vol 59, 1959. As published in Aerospace
• 200 1400 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1207, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5

150 1050 co

100 700

350

0.4 0.6 0.8

Strain, %

250 1750 AS.002 52100 chromium alloy steel rod,

compressive stress-strain curve
Heat treatment: 835 °C (1535 °F), oil quenched and
200 1400 tempered 160 °C (320 °F), 0.5 h, 274 °C (525 °F), 1 h.
Hardness = 58 HRC. Composition: Fe-lC-1.45Cr. UNS
G52986
Source: G. Sachs, R. Sell, and W.F Brown, Jr., Tension, Compression
150 1050 and Fatigue Properties of Several Steels for Aircraft Bearing
Q. Applications, Proc. ASTM, Vol 59, 1959. As published in Aerospace
5
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1207, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
£ Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
o5
100 700

50 350

—1 0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Strain, %
 Alloy Steel (AS)/94

80 560 AS.003 2.25Cr-1Mo annealed chromium-

molybdenum alloy steel plate, tensile stress-strain
575 °F (I502 °C) N curves at room and elevated temperatures
75 0 °F (391) ° C k " 7 0 °F (21 «C)
Test direction: longitudinal. ASME SA-387 grade D
60 ^900"°F (482 °C)- 420
plate. Test specimens machined from 25.4 mm (1 in.)
thick plate. Specimens 6.40 mm diam x 50.8 mm gage

/
length (0.252 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Nominal
strain rate = 0.01/min. Mill composition: Fe-0.12C-
2.19Cr-0.93Mo-0.46Mn-0.24Si-0.014P-0.014S
10510 °F (566i 8 C)
40 280 co Source: J.E. Bynum, F.V. Ellis, and B.W. Roberts, Tensile and Creep
<o
S
CO
£ Properties for an Annealed Versus Normalized and Tempered 2K-lMo
CO Steel Plate, Chrome Moly Steel in 1976, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 1976, p 5

12010 °F (649l°C)
20 140

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

Strain, in./in.

80 560 AS.004 2.25Cr-1Mo normal ized-arid-tempered

575 °F (3I02 ° C ) N chromium-molybdenum alloy steel plate, tensile
75(3 °F (399 21 °C) stress-strain curves at room and elevated
I temperatures
cK)0 °F (4;82 °C)
Test direction: longitudinal. ASME SA-387 grade D

f
60 420
plate. Test specimens machined from 25.4 mm (1 in.)
thick plate. Specimens 6.40 mm diam x 50.8 mm gage
1(350 °F (5 66 °C) length (0.252 in. diam x 2 in. gage length). Nominal
strain rate = 0.01/min. Mill composition: Fe-0.12C-
40 280
2.19Cr-0.93Mo-0.46Mn-0.24Si-0.014P-0.014S
£
CO
Source: J.E. Bynum, F.V. Ellis, and B.W. Roberts, Tensile and Creep
Properties for an Annealed Versus Normalized and Tempered 2%-lMo
12!00 °F (6^19 °C) Steel Plate, Chrome Moly Steel in 1976, The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 1976, p 5

20 140

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

Strain, in./in.
 Alloy Steel (AS)/95

AS.005 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. Left, 857 °C
(1575 °F), oil quenched and tempered 538 °C (1000 °F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 °C (1575 °F), oil
quenched and tempered 443 °C (830 °F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 °C (1575 °F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 °C (750 °F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Metals
at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29
 Alloy Steel (AS)/96

AS.006 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments. Left, 857
°C (1575 °F), oil quenched and tempered 538 °C (1000 °F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). Center, 857 °C (1575 °F),
oil quenched and tempered 443 °C (830 °F); nominal strength = 1241 MPa (180 ksi). Right, 857 °C (1575 °F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 °C (750 °F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures,-" WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
 Alloy Steel (AS)/97

I AS.007 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

75 °F (:24 °C)
150 1050 sheet, stress-strain curves (full range) at various
exposure times to elevated temperatures
Hot rolled and normalized, austenitized 857 °C
0.5 h
150 < 1050 (1575 °F), oil quenched, tempered at 538 °C (1000 °F)
:
200 °F (93 °C) for 1034 MPa (150 ksi) ultimate tensile strength.
150 1050
^ 100 h Composition of heat: Fe-0.31C-0.50Mn-0.014P-0.015S-
(0_
Q
0.92Cr-0.19Mo. UNS G41300
"to
"No^h Source: J. V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile,
8 150 1050 w Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-
<D :
400 °F (204 °C) £ Ferrous Structural Sheet Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC
55
150 1050 55 TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research
X 10Oh
Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 22

150 1050
\ 0.5 h
600 °F (316 °C)
150 1050
100 h

t t
25 — 0.05 — 175
*
*

Strain, in./in.

I AS.008 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

75 °F (:24 °C)
175 — \ 1225
sheet, stress-strain curves (full range) at various
exposure times to elevated temperatures
150 \\ 1050
Hot rolled and normalized, austenitized 857 °C
(1575 °F), oil quenched, tempered at 443 °C (830 °F)
200 °F («?3 °C) for 1241 MPa (180 ksi) ultimate tensile strength.
175 / 1225 Composition of heat: Fe-0.31C-0.50Mn-0.014P-0.015S-
\ 100 h \
CO
Q_
0.92Cr-0.19Mo. UNS G41300
400 °F (204 °C) Source: J. V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile,
S
<D
200 1400 eg Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Ferrous and Non-
£ Ferrous Structural Sheet Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC
175 1225 TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research
100 h
Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24
600 °F I316 °C)
175 1225
y ^ 0.5 / 100 h
\
150 1050

t
\ . >
:
It
25 — 0.05- 175
4

Strain, in./in.
 Alloy Steel (AS)/98

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Compressive tangent modulus, GPa

70 105 140 175 210 70 105 140 175 210

10 15 20 25 30 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
<b)
Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280
240 1680

220 75 F= (24 °C) 1540

1 \
200 900 °F f93 °C1 1400
"N
180 1260

160 cnr» »C /-J-1R 1120

IV ^\
140
| 4 0 C ) °F (204 •C)
980 co
<o 800 °F (427'°C) N Q_

i 120
£
CO
1
1
900 °F (482 °C)
840 g

55
2?
700
100
10C)0 °F (531B°C) 560
80

420
60

280
40

140
20
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
(c)

AS.009 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel sheet, compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Families of curves for different heat treatments, (a) 857 °C
(1575 °F), oil quenched and tempered 538 °C (1000 °F); nominal strength = 1034 MPa (150 ksi). (b) 857 °C (1575 °F), oil
quenched and tempered 443 °C (830 °F); nominal strength =1241 MPa (180 ksi). (c) 857 °C (1575 °F), oil quenched and
tempered 399 °C (750 °F); nominal strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Specimens were held at temperature for 0.5-100 h.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.95Cr-0.2Mo. UNS G41300
Source: J.V. Melonas and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Feirous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Metals at Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR56-340, ASTIA Document No. AD 131 069, Southern Research Institute, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 44
 Alloy Steel (AS)/99

100 700 AS.010 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

I sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at various
600 °F- (316 °C
40 0 °F (20^ elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Heat treated for
80 560
)0 °F (42 7 °C) 862 MPa (125 ksi) nominal tensile strength. Strain rate =
0.01/min. Composition of heat: Fe-0.30C-0.60Mn-
0.019P-0.034S-1.05Cr-0.20Mo. UNS G41300

h
60 420 Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of Tensile, Compressive, and
r Bearing Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
r 100C• °F (538 °C)
Materials at Elevated Temperatures," WADC AFTR 6517, Part V,
AD 142218, Armour Research Foundation, Dec 1957. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994,
40 280 p 34

I
20 140

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Strain, 0.0001 in./in.

120 840 AS.011 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and
1
elevated temperatures
100 700 Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm

80
fs 3^-
560
(0.064 in.). Heat treated to 862 MPa (125 ksi) nominal
tensile strength. Strain rate = 0.01/min. Curve 1: Room
temperature, modulus of elasticity = 205 GPa (29.8 x 106
psi). Curve 2: 204 °C (400 °F), modulus of elasticity =
189 GPa (27.4 x 106 psi). Curve 3: 316 °C (600 °F),
60 Iff 420
Q.
2
o
35
modulus of elasticity = 178 GPa (25.8 x 106 psi).
Composition: Fe-0.30C-0.60Mn-0.019P-0.034S-l.05Cr-
0.20Mo. UNS G41300

h
/
Source: RJ. Favor, W.P. Archbach, and W.S. Hyler, "Material-Property-
40 280
Design Criteria for Metals, Part 7, The Conventional Short-Time
Elevated Temperature Properties of Selected Low-and-Medium-Alloy
Steels," WADC TR 55-150, Part 7, AD 142064, Oct 1957. As published

/
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
20 140
1994, p 34

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
2100 AS.012 4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel bar,
monotonic and cyclic true stress-strain curves
Heat treatment: austenitized 999 °C (1830 °F), 1 h, oil
1750
quenched. Gage section size = 5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
long (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. long). Strain rate = 0.5/min.
Test condition: MT, monotonic tension; MC, monotonic
1400 compression; CT, cyclic tension; CC, cyclic compression.
2 Composition: Fe-0.4C-lCr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
s
Source: P.N. Thielen, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
1050 © Strain Relations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steel, Acta
J® Metall., Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, p 1-10. As published in Aerospace
2 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1203, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
700

2100 AS.013 4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel bar,

monotonic and cyclic true stress-strain curves
Heat treatment: austenitized 999 °C (1830 °F), 1 h, oil
1750
quenched, tempered 199 °C (390 °F), 1 h, water
quenched. Gage section size = 5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
long (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. long). Strain rate = 0.5/min.
1400 Test condition: MT, monotonic tension; MC, monotonic
£ compression; CT, cyclic tension; CC, cyclic compression.
* Composition: Fe-0.4C-lCr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
1050 | Source: P.N. Thielen, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
JJ Strain Relations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steel, Acta
£ Metall, Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, p 1-10. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1203, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
700
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

350

0
 Alloy Steel (AS)/101

250 1750 AS.014 4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel bar,

monotonic and cyclic true stress-strain curves
MC Heat treatment: austenitized 999 °C (1830 °F), 1 h, oil
200
MT
1400
quenched, tempered 399 °C (750 °F), 1 h, water
quenched. Gage section size = 5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
long (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. long). Strain rate = 0.5/min.
CC
T Test condition: MT, monotonic tension; MC, monotonic
« 150 1050 S. compression; CT, cyclic tension; CC, cyclic compression.
2 Composition: Fe-0.4C-lCr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
/
1 **
"" Source: PN. Thielen, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
1 *
/s # Strain Relations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steel, Acta
100 700 MetalL, Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, p 1-10. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1203, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

50 350

True strain, %

1050 AS.015 4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel bar,

MC
monotonic and cyclic true stress-strain curves
Heat treatment: austenitized 999 °C (1830 °F), 1 h, oil
CT, CC 875
quenched, tempered 649 °C (1200 °F), 1 h, water
quenched. Gage section size = 5.08 mm diam x 7.62 mm
**
**
long (0.2 in. diam x 0.3 in. long). Strain rate = 0.5/min.
V 700 Test condition: MC, monotonic compression; CT, cyclic
1 s tension; CC, cyclic compression. Composition: Fe-0.4C-
1 / 0.
1 / 2 lCr-0.2Mo. UNS G41400
J1 / /
525 Source: P.N. Thielen, M.F. Fine, and R.A. Fournelle, Cyclic Stress
1/
Strain Relations and Strain-Controlled Fatigue of 4140 Steel, Acta
MetalL, Vol 24 (No. 1), Jan 1976, p 1-10. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1203, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
350 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

175

2 3
True strain, %
102/Alloy Steel (AS)

Reduction in height, % AS.016 4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy steel bar,

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 true compressive stress-strain curve
1260
Specimens taken from hot-worked 57.15 mm (2.25 in.)
diam bar, test specimen 20 mm diam x 40 mm long,
A - &
1120 normalized and annealed. After compression of about
40%, specimens remachined to 14 mm diam x 21 mm
long. The discontinuity of results was typical. True yield
980
stress at 0.2% offset = 813 MPa (118 ksi); strain-
hardening exponent n = 0.145. Composition: Fe-0.39C-
840
1.00Cr-0.82Mn-0.26Si-0.21Mo-0.025S-0.012P. UNS
G41400
Source: J.D. Crawford, R.G. Dunn, and J.H. Humphrey, The Influence
700 <d of Alloying Elements on the Cold Deformation of Steel, Source Book on
I Cold Forming, American Society for Metals, 1975, p 142

560
ASpe icimen A
O Spescimen B
420

280
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
True strain

AS.017 A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves (expanded
range) at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). 0.5-1000 h
exposure. Heat treated: 982 °C (1800 °F), 1 h, argon, oil
quenched, 718 °C (1325 °F), 16 h, air cool. Composition:
Fe-25Ni-15Cr-2Ti-l.5Mn-l.3Mo-0.3V. UNS S66286
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessle, "Determination of
Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties at Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1601,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 19
 Alloy Steel (AS)/103

AS.018 A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Heat treated:
982 °C (1800 °F), 1 h, argon, oil quenched, 718 °C
(1325 °F), 16 h, air cool. Composition: Fe-25Ni-15Cr-
2Ti-1.5Mn-1.3Mo-0.3V. UNS S66286
m Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessle, "Determination of
^ Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties at Elevated
w- Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, Nov 1958. As published in
jo Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1601,
w CINDAS/US AF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 19

AS.019 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromium-

molybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm
diam x 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 °C,
20 min, oil quenched. Tested as-quenched with Instron
machine with crosshead velocity of 8.5 mm/s, which
corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture, and
Mechanical Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Me tall. Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 382
104/Alloy Steel (AS)

2500 AS.020 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromium-

molybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
. 4350

2000
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm
diam x 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 °C,
20 min, oil quenched, tempered 10 h in 150 °C oil bath.
Q_
Tested with Instron machine with crosshead velocity of
2
, 1500
8.5 mm/s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
^ ^ 4 3 3 0 Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture and
Mechanical Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Metall Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
1 1000

500

5 10 15 20
Engineering strain, %

2500 AS.021 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromium-

molybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm
2000
\ 4350 diam x 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 °C,
20 min, oil quenched, tempered 10 h in 175 °C oil bath.
Tested with Instron machine with crosshead velocity of
4340
8.5 mm/s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
1500
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture and
^ \ 4 3 3 0 Mechanical Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379
1000

500

5 10 15 20
Engineering strain, %
 Alloy Steel (AS)/105

AS.022 4330, 4340, 4350 nickel-chromium-

molybdenum alloy steel hot-rolled plate, tensile
engineering stress-strain curves
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen size = 6.25 mm
diam x 38 mm long, austenitized in salt bath at 936 °C,
20 min, oil quenched, tempered 10 h in 200 °C oil bath.
Tested with Instron machine with crosshead velocity of
8.5 mm/s, which corresponds to strain rate of 0.0033/s
Source: M. Saeglitz and G. Krauss, Deformation, Fracture and
Mechanical Properties of Low-Temperature-Tempered Martensite
in SAE 43xx Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans., Vol 28A (No. 2),
Feb 1997, p 379

240 / 1680 AS.023 4335V nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

/ steel bar, compressive stress-strain curve

Bar thickness = 31.75 mm (1.25 in.). Vanadium-modified
200

/ 1400 version of the standard 4335 steel. Austenitized 829 °C

(1525 °F), 1 h, oil quenched, room temperature, tempered
241 °C (465 °F), 2 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-0.35C-
160

/ 1120

I
5
1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.35Mo-0.2V. UNS K33517
Source: R.C. Jones, "Materials—SAE 4335 (Modified) Steel 260,000 to
280,000 psi Heat Treatment—Development of Process Control and
Mechanical Properties for," Convair Division—General Dynamics,

/
8 120 840
2> 24 Oct 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
to is
CO Vol 1, Code 1205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 17
80

/ 560

40

/ 8 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16
280

20
106/Alloy Steel (AS)

AS.024 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Heat treated: 829 °C (1525 °F), 10 min, air cooled,
tempered 427 °C (800 °F), 1 h, to ultimate tensile
strength = 1379 MPa (200 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.4C-
1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1206,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 28

AS.025 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
Test direction: solid curves, transverse; dashed curves,
longitudinal. Specimen size = 2.54 x 25.4 x 101.6 mm
(0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 177 °C (350 °F).
Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
Source: D.P Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design
Criteria," TR-59-0000-00714, Space Technology Laboratories, Air
Force Ballistic Missile Division, June 1959, AD 607630. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 42

Strain, %
 Alloy Steel (AS)/107

300 2100 AS.026 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves

f
Test direction: solid curves, transverse; dashed curves,
250 1750 longitudinal. Specimen size = 2.54 x 25.4 x 101.6 mm
\v (0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 232 °C (450 °F).
Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
200 Iff 1400 G43400
a*
w Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design
n* £
h Criteria," TR-59-0000-00714, Space Technology Laboratories, Air
150
If'1
Hi 1050 g Force Ballistic Missile Division, June 1959, AD 607630. As published
J in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
/ £
w 1994, p 42
/
/
100 700

50 350

10
Strain,c

250 1750 AS.027 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
Test direction: solid curves, transverse; dashed curves,
200 \ 1400
longitudinal. Specimen size = 2.54 x 25.4 x 101.6 mm

V \ (0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 371 °C (700 °F).

Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
150 1050 Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design
Q. Criteria," TR-59-0000-00714, Space Technology Laboratories, Air
2 Force Ballistic Missile Division, June 1959, AD 607630. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 42
100 700

50 350

4 6 10
Strain, %
108/Alloy Steel (AS)

250 1750 AS.028 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
Test direction: solid curves, transverse; dashed curves,
200 1400
longitudinal. Specimen size = 2.54 x 25.4 x 101.6 mm
(0.1 x 1 x 4 in.) gage tempered at 510 °C (950 °F).
Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
150 1050 Source: D.P. Fitzgibbon, "Semiannual Report on Pressure Vessel Design
Criteria," TR-59-0000-00714, Space Technology Laboratories, Air
Force Ballistic Missile Division, June 1959, AD 607630. Adapted
<D from Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue University,
W 1994, p 42
100 700

350

4 6
Strain, %

360 2520 AS.029 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
320
-42-J °F (-253 °< 2240 temperatures
-3121 °F (-196 Bar thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treated to ultimate
280 1960 tensile strength of 1862 MPa (270 ksi). Composition: Fe-
Z ^ - 1 0 8 1 'F (-78 °C) 0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
240 1680
Source: "Design Properties as Affected by Cryogenic Temperatures,"
Battelle Memorial Institute, DMIC Memorandum 81, Jan 1961. As pub-
* * Koom temperature
200 1400 S= lished in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1994, p 41
1120

120 840

80 560

40 280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Alloy Steel (AS)/109

200 1400 AS.030 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel (all products), typical tensile stress-strain
200-ksi lievel
curves
180-ksi l(evel
Heat treated to the levels indicated. Composition: Fe-
150 1050 04C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-40

140-ksi l(eve!

£
100

/ 700 g
P

50

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
350

2100 AS.031 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

- 3 12 °F ( - 1 9 1 steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
1750
-110 °F ( - 7 9 °C) Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 7.0,
^=toom t(jmperature n(-110 °F) = 8.2, n(-312 °F) = 8.9. Composition: Fe-
1400 0.4C-1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-40
Q.
1050 co

I
CO

700

350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
110/Alloy Steel (AS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa AS.032 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel bar, compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) =13.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-41

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

I I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

AS.033 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curve
Austenitized, oil quenched, tempered to ultimate tensile
strength of 1793 MPa (260 ksi). Tested at 24 °C (75 °F).
Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5C, Vol 1, 15 Dec 1978. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1206, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21

840 co

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

 Alloy Steel (AS)/111

AS.034 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel tube, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Tube size = 57.15 mm OD x 22.275 mm ID (2.25 in.
OD x 0.875 in. ID). Hot rolled, air cooled, tempered at
538 °C (1000 °F), air cooled. Composition: Fe-0.4C-
1.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G43400
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels at Slightly
Elevated Temperatures," Timken Co., Resume of Investigations on
Steels for High-Temperature High-Pressure Applications, 1960-1962.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1206, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 29

AS.035 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel tube, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Tube size = 57.15 mm OD x 22.275 mm ID (2.25 in.
OD x 0.875 in. ID). Heat treatment 843 °C (1550 °F), oil
quenched, tempered at 566 °C (1050 °F), air cooled.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels at Slightly
Elevated Temperatures," Timken Co., Resume of Investigations on
Steels for High-Temperature High-Pressure Applications, 1960-1962.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1206, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 29
112/Alloy Steel (AS)

1050 AS.036 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel tube, tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
elevated temperature

If
V 1
840
Tube size = 57.15 mm OD x 22.275 mm ID (2.25 in.
OD x 0.875 in. ID). Comparison at 350 °C (662 °F) test
2 N temperature. Curve 1: hot rolled, air cooled, tempered
538 °C (1000 °F), air cooled. Curve 2: 843 °C (1550 °F),
630
oil quenched, tempered 566 °C (1050 °F), air cooled.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G43400
Source: "Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels at Slightly
420 Elevated Temperatures," Timken Co., Resume of Investigations on
Steels for High-Temperature High-Pressure Applications, 1960-1962.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1206, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 29
210

0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24

Strain, in./in.

1680 AS.037 4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room
Room temperature
and elevated temperatures
1400
400 °F (204 °<
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Heat treated:
829 °C (1525 °F), 10 min, air cooled, tempered 427 °C
(800 °F), 1 h, to ultimate tensile strength of 1379 MPa
1120 (200 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.4C-l.8Ni-0.8Cr-0.25Mo.
^ ^ 6 0 0 °F (316 °C)
UNS G43400
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
800 °F (427 ° C ) _ 840 « Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, 1954. As published
& in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1206,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
560 1995, p 32

100(D °F (538 °C)

280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Alloy Steel (AS)/113

^
1
- 5 0 0 °F (260 °C)
840 AS.038 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy
steel (all products), typical tensile stress-strain
curves at elevated temperatures
700 Heat treated to ultimate tensile strength of 862 MPa
— 8 5 0 °F (454 °C) (125 ksi). 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(500 °F) = 9.0, w(850 °F) = 19, w(1000 °F) = 4.4.
560 Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G86300

h
^ 100() °F (538 °C)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-31
420 «
-b
03

280

// 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in ./in.

AS.039 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Quenched and
tempered to ultimate tensile strength of 862 MPa (125 ksi)
(at room temperature). Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-
0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous
and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, April 1954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 14
114/Alloy Steel (AS)

AS.040 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Quenched and
tempered to ultimate tensile strength of 1103 MPa (160 ksi)
(at room temperature). Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-
0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous
and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, April 1954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p 14

1540 AS.041 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves for various
1400 tempering temperatures
690 °F (366 °C)
1260 Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
—-
(0.062 in.). Heat treatment: 857 °C (1575 °F), oil
840 °F (449 °C)
1120 quenched, tempered at indicated temperature, lowest
990 °F (532 °CV
curve normalized as indicated. Composition: Fe-0.3C-
980
0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
a
840 | Source: L.R. Jackson and N.A. Crites, "Development of Mechanical
1170 °F (632 °C) Properties Information on Carbon and Alloy Steels at Various Strength
700 2; Levels," Battelle Memorial Institute Report to AISA, 1 Feb 1951. As
CO published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
560
1995, p 9
£
U_

°C)
oo

Normali:zed 1600
420

280

140

0.2 0.4 ).6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1

Strain, %
 Alloy Steel (AS)/115

f/
1120 AS.042 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy
steel bar, tensile stress-strain curves for various
tempering temperatures
980
1000 °F (538 °C)I Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 857 °C
840
(1575 °F), oil quenched, tempered at indicated
temperature, lowest curve normalized as indicated.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS

//
b
1190 °F (643 °C) 700 G86300
Q. Source: L.R. Jackson and N.A. Crites, "Development of Mechanical
2
560 Properties Information on Carbon and Alloy Steels at Various Strength
Levels," Battelle Memorial Institute Report to AISA, 1 Feb 1951. As
Normali zed 160CI °F (871 •C) published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,

/ 420 CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,

1995, p 9

// 280

140

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Strain, %

AS.043 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel bar, compressive stress-strain curves for various
tempering temperatures
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 857 °C
(1575 °F), oil quenched, tempered at indicated
temperature, lowest curve normalized as indicated.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
G86300
Source: L.R. Jackson and N.A. Crites, "Development of Mechanical
Properties Information on Carbon and Alloy Steels at Various Strength
LevelsBattelle Memorial Institute Report to AISA, 1 Feb 1951. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 12
116/Alloy Steel (AS)

160 1120 AS.044 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel casting, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain
140 980 curves at room temperature (a) and -46 °C
(-50 °F) (b)
120 . -"J- —' — 840 Heat treatment: Normalized 900 °C (1652 °F),
austenitized 885 °C (1625 °F), water quenched, tempered
510 °C (950 °F), 1.5 h. Solid curve, monotonic loading;
100 700 dashed curves, cyclic loading. Composition: Fe-0.3C-
CD
'55 £L 0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS J13042, UNS J13050
i 80 j / 560 cc
oo- Source: R.I. Stephens, J.H. Chung, A. Fatemi, H.W. Lee, S.G. Lee,
CD

CO C. Vaca-Oleas, and C.M. Wang, Constant and Variable Amplitude

W

//
Fatigue Behavior of Five Cast Steels at Room Temperature and -45C,
1 420 J. Eng. Mater. Technol, Vol 106 (No. 1), Jan 1984, p 25-37. As pub-
60 lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208.
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
280 1995,p 14
40

20

0
/
(a)
2 6 8
Strain x 0.001
10 12
140

14
 Alloy Steel (AS)/117

1400 AS.045 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

20( i ksi (1379 MPa) level steel (all products), typical stress-strain curves for
various heat treatments

/
^ 180 ksi (1241 MFa) level
Curves for heat treatments to various strength levels.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS

/
1050
150 ksi (1034 MPa] level G86300
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 3 0
r
125 ksi (8<>2 MPa) levsi
Q_
5
700 g
Normalized W
£
0)

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
350

12

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa AS.046 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

35 70 105 140 175 210
1400
steel (all products), typical compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature for various
heat treatments
Heat treatments indicated by ultimate strength levels.
Composition: Fe-0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS
1050 G86300
ksi (1034 MP,i) level

Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-31

125 ksii (862 MPa] level
Q_

700 co-
co
£

CO

- ^ N o r m a ilized

350

5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
118/Alloy Steel (AS)

AS.047 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Heat treatment:
quenched and tempered to room temperature ultimate
tensile strength of 827 MPa (120 ksi). Composition: Fe-
0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous
and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures/'
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, April 1954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995,p 15

Il 1260 AS.048 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

Rooni temperature ^
steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room
1120 and elevated temperatures
600 °F (316 °C) Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Heat treatment:
980 quenched and tempered to room temperature ultimate
400 °F (204 °C)
tensile strength of 1102 MPa (160 ksi). Composition: Fe-
840 0.3C-0.55Ni-0.5Cr-0.25Mo. UNS G86300
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous
800 °F (427 °C)
700 2= and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR 6517, Pt 2, Armour Research Foundation, April 1954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1208,
560 £
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1()00 °F (538 °C) 1995,p 16
420

280

140

Strain, 0.001 inVin.

 Alloy Steel (AS)/119

2500 AS.049 9310 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel gears, true plastic stress-strain curves
Uncarburized 9310 at 230 °C after quenching from
900 °C. 0.2% yield strength = 1000 MPa. Work-
2000
hardening rate, n = 0.17. Composition prior to
carburizing: Fe-0.llC-3.40Ni-l.26Cr-0.13Mo-0.56Mn-
0.2% ( ffset = 100C) MPa 0.26Si-0.04Al-0.03Cu-0.01S. UNS G93106
1500 Source: U.J. De Souza and M.F. Amateau, Deformation of Metastable
Austenite and Resulting Properties During the Ausform-Finishing of
lpct Carburized AISI 9310 Steel Gears, MetalL Mater. Trans. A,
Vol 30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 186

1000

500

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

True strain

2500 AS.050 9310 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

B steel gears, compressive true plastic stress-strain
^ A1 curves

2000
Compressive flow properties of metastable austenite at
230 °C in 1% carburized steel. Strain rate = 0.005/s.
Steep and continuous increase in flow stress is sign of
high work-hardening rates (n). Type A, n = 0.56; type B,
n = 0.55. Type A specimen 10 mm diam x 2.2 mm thick
(0.4 in. diam x 0.086 in. thick), vacuum carburized to
1.06 wt% C. Type B stacked disks 10 mm diam x 15 mm
high (0.4 in. diam x 0.6 in. high), carburized in
<D
I? 1000
atmosphere to 1.1 wt% prior to stacking. Composition
prior to carburizing: Fe-0.llC-3.40Ni-l.26Cr-0.13Mo-
0.56Mn-0.26Si-0.04Al-0.03Cu-0.01S. UNS G93106
Source: U.J. De Souza and M.F. Amateau, Deformation of Metastable
500 Austenite and Resulting Properties During the Ausform-Finishing of
lpct Carburized AISI 9310 Steel Gears, MetalL Mater. Trans. A,
Vol 30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 186

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

True strain, %
120/Alloy Steel (AS)

1600 AS.051 9310 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy

steel gears, compressive true plastic stress-strain
1400
1 curves
- 2 Compressive flow properties of metastable austenite in
1200
1% carburized steel (type A). Type A specimen 10 mm
3 diam x 2.2 mm thick (0.4 in. diam x 0.086 in. thick),
< 4
vacuum carburized to 1.06 wt% C. Samples were
1000 ausformed at different temperatures with the following
Q.
2 0.2% yield strengths: curve 1, 85 °C, 425 MPa; curve 2,
800
110 °C, 425 MPa; curve 3, 160 °C, 431 MPa; curve 4,
232 °C, 327 MPa. UNS G93106
Source: U.J. De Souza and M.F. Amateau, Deformation of Metastable
600 Austenite and Resulting Properties During the Ausform-Finishing of
lpct Carburized AISI 9310 Steel Gears, Metall Mater. Trans. A,
Vol 30A (No. 1), Jan 1999, p 189
400

200

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

True strain
 Alloy Steel (AS)/121

80 560 AS.052 HNM nickel alloy steel sheet isochronous

stress-strain curves at 482 °C (900 °F) (a) and 649 °<
1 0 0 h 200 h 300 h (1200 °F) (b)
Solution treated 2050 °F, 15 min, oil quenched, aged
732 °C (1350 °F), 15 h. Composition: Fe-0.3C-9.5Ni-
60 420
18.5Cr-3.5Mn
Source: "Crucible HNM," Preliminary Data Sheet, Crucible Steel Co.,
Issue No. 2, June 1960. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
co Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Q. Operation, Purdue University, p 3
2
40 280 g
£
(fi
CD

55

20 140

4 8 12
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in.

80 560

60 420

100 h
Q.
200 h 2
40 S* r-" 280 to
/ to
£
CO SB
55

20 140

4 8 12
(b) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
122/Alloy Steel (AS)

200 1400 AS.053 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel plate, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
Room terniperature
temperatures
Plate thickness = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Silicon-modified
160 1120
steel treated 871 °C (1600 °F), 25 min, oil quenched,
316 °C (600 °F), 0.5 h to ultimate tensile strength of
600 °F (3116 °C) 1517 MPa (220 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.25C-l.8Ni-l.5Si-
1.3Mn-0.4Mo. UNS K32550
120 840

//
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As pub-
£ lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1214,
55
80 560 CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1000 °F (5I38 °C) 1995, p 7

AV'
40

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
280

240 1680 AS.054 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel plate, compressive

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
Rc10m tempercature .
temperatures
200 1400 Plate thickness = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Silicon-modified
—""400 °F (204 °C) steel treated 871 °C (1600 °F), 25 min, oil quenched,
316 °C (600 °F), 0.5 h to ultimate tensile strength of
160 _
600 F (316 °C) 1120 1517 MPa (220 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.25C-l.8Ni-l.5Si-
1.3Mn-0.4Mo. UNS K32550
r
-^"800 (427 °C) Source: PJ. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, "Tensile and
% 120 840 » Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
<D Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954. As pub-
GO
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1214,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
80 "1000 °F: (538 °C)~ 560 1995, p 8

40 280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/123

AS.055 HY-TUF nickel alloy steel tube, tensile stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Tube diameter = 53.975 mm (2.125 in.). Hollow section
with a diameter-to-thickness ratio of 5 to 40. Ultimate
tensile strength of 1496-1703 MPa (217-247 ksi). Data
based on 30 tests. UNS K32550
Source: "Stress-Strain Curves for High-Strength Alloy Steel" Rep.
No. 732, The Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co., 25 Feb 1955. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1214,
CINDAS/US AF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 4

AS.056 Incoloy 803 annealed nickel alloy steel sheet

3 mm (0.118 in.) longitudinal engineering stress-
strain curve (full range)
0.2% yield strength, 324 MPa (47.0 ksi); ultimate tensile
strength, 614 MPa (89.1 ksi); elongation, 45.7%.
Composition: 37Fe-35Ni-27Cr
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
124/Alloy Steel (AS)

AS.057 Incoloy 803 annealed nickel alloy steel sheet

3 mm (0.118 in.) longitudinal engineering stress-
strain curve (expanded range)
0.2% yield strength, 301 MPa (43.7 ksi); ultimate tensile
strength, 614 MPa (89.1 ksi); elongation, 46.4%.
Composition: 37Fe-35Ni-27Cr
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

Strain

AS.058 Incoloy 840 annealed nickel alloy steel sheet

0.51 mm (0.020 in.) longitudinal engineering stress-
strain curve (full range)
0.2% yield strength, 197 MPa (28.6 ksi); ultimate tensile
strength, 552 MPa (80.1 ksi); elongation 40.5%; n, 0.371.
Composition: 58Fe-21Ni-19Cr0.8Si-0.03C
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/125

AS.059 Incoloy 840 annealed nickel alloy steel sheet

0.51 mm (0.020 in.) longitudinal engineering stress-
strain curve (expanded range)
0.2% yield strength, 201 MPa (29.2 ksi); ultimate tensile
strength, 563 MPa (81.6 ksi); elongation, 38.8%.
Composition: 58Fe-21Ni-19Cr-0.8Si-0.03C
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

100 700 AS.060 Incoloy A286 annealed nickel alloy steel

sheet 1 mm (0.039 in.) longitudinal engineering
stress-strain curve (full range)
Iron-base superalloy. 0.2% yield strength, 283 MPa
560
(41.1 ksi); ultimate tensile strength, 652 MPa (94.5 ksi);
elongation, 37.8%. Composition: Fe-25.5Ni-14.25Cr-
1.25Mo
420 - Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

280 c

140
126/Alloy Steel (AS)

AS.061 Incoloy A286 annealed nickel alloy steel

sheet 1 mm (0.039 in.) longitudinal engineering
stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Iron-base superalloy. 0.2% yield strength, 288 MPa
(41.7 ksi); ultimate tensile strength, 644 MPa (93.4 ksi);
elongation 36.5%. Composition: Fe-25.5Ni-14.25Cr-
1.25Mo
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

AS.062 Incoloy 864 annealed nickel alloy steel 0.41

mm (0.016 in.) sheet longitudinal engineering stress-
strain curve (full range)
0.2% yield strength, 259 MPa (37.6 ksi); ultimate tensile
strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi); elongation, 43.6%; n,
0.4435. Composition: 39Fe-21Cr-34Ni-4.2Mo
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/127

350 AS.063 Incoloy 864 annealed nickel alloy steel 0.41

mm (0.016 in.) sheet longitudinal engineering stress-
strain expanded range
0.2% yield strength, 262 MPa (38.0 ksi); ultimate tensile
strength, 652 MPa (94.5 ksi); elongation 43.6%.
Composition: 39Fe-21Cr-34Ni-4.2Mo
Source: Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

AS.064 3.3% silicon alloy steel, von Mises effective

45
stress-strain curves
Strain rate = 6.5/s. Tested at 700 °C (1290 °F). Stress-
I \v
\ \
strain curves for solid torsion specimens of 3.3% Si steel
f V
•
showing effect of gage length to diameter ratio (Lid) on
flow stress at high strain rates when adiabatic heating
\ \ 1 Irl
Uu occurs. The flow curves are in terms of von Mises
\ \\ \
\ X.
I
1:1
effective stress-strain (a - £), defined by a = V3t,
N \ X. and £ = r / V 3 where T - T is the shear-stress/shear-
30 strain curve obtained in torsion testing. In both solid bars
* %* \ and tubular specimens, the gage length-to-diameter ratio
i
(
8:1 2 :1
*N , may have a marked effect on the actual specimen
4 :1
LLI temperature during moderate-speed T = IQr2 to 10 s_1
torsion tests because of the effects of heat conduction.
Because of this, flow curves derived from data obtained
at these rates tend to show a dependence on the length-to-
diameter ratio (Lid). Flow curves for large Lid specimens
- 15
tend to fall below those for small Lid ratios, in which
most of the deformation heat is dissipated into the
shoulders. Interpretation of fracture strain data from such
3 4 5 tests should take into account not only the nominal
Effective strain
(initial) test temperature, but also the temperature history
during the test.
Source: H.A. Kuhn, Shear, Torsion, and Multiaxial Testing, Mechanical
Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
2000, p 191
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/129

High-Strength Steel (HS)

140 980 HS.001 Various HSLA and A36 steel high-strength
low-alloy (HSLA) steel, stress-strain curves
^ 0.2% offset
120 840 Comparison of stress strain curves for alloys with
^N. 1
specified minimum values. Curve 1: T-l, T-l type A, T-l
100 K 700
type B; minimum yield strength (MYS) = 689 MPa (100
ksi). Curve 2: CON-PAC; MYS = 551 MPa (80 ksi).

TB 80
I

i
/
\\ \
3
560 ,
Curve 3: EX-TEN 60; MYS = 413 MPa (60 ksi). Curve
4: COR-TEN, TRI-TEN, EX-TEN 50; MYS = 345 MPa
(50 ksi). Curve 5: EX-TEN 42; MYS = 289 MPa (42 ksi).
Curve 6: ASTM A36; MYS = 248 MPa (36 ksi). Modulus
i / r-^5
w
60 of elasticity = 200 GPa (29 x 106 psi)
6 Source: "High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels," U.S. Steel, Oct 1971. As
published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 1, Battelle Columbus
401 280 Laboratories, 1980, p 3

201 140

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Strain, in./in.

HS.002 A242 high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel

sheet, stress-strain curve (complete range)
USS COR-TEN A sheet. Composition: Fe-0.09C-
0.37Mn-0.088P. UNS K11510
Source: E. A. Dolega, "Investigation of Low Alloy, High Strength Steel
as a Missile Fuel Tank," Report BLR 53-56, Bell Aircraft, March 1953.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1994, p 6
130/High-Strength Steel (HS)

// HS.003 A242 high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel

420

385
sheet, stress-strain curves (expanded range)
\ 350
USS COR-TEN A sheet. Sheet thickness = 1.778 mm
x

// (0.070 in.). Composition: Fe-0.09C-0.37Mn-0.088P. UNS

Yield strength
at 0.2% offset
//
315 K11510
280 Source: E. A. Dolega, "Investigation of Low Alloy, High Strength Steel

/
/ as a Missile Fuel Tank," Report BLR 53-56, Bell Aircraft, March 1953.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue
245 to
/
f 0.2% offsi9t
CL University, 1994, p 6
210 eg
CO
j / 2

/ /
175 w

/ //
/ 140

/ /
105

/ /
/
70

/ 2
(
/

3 4
35

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

HS.004 Fe-5Ni-Cr-Mo-V high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel plate, stress-strain curve
Plate thickness 50 mm (2 in.). Heat treatment: 899 °C
(1650 °F), 1 h, water quenched, 816 °C (1500 °F), 1 h,
water quenched, 566 °C (1050 °F), 2 h, water quenched.
Tensile yield strength = 944 MPa (137 ksi); elastic
modulus = 203 GPa (29.5 x 106 psi). Composition: Fe-
0.1 lC-5Ni-0.55Cr-0.47Mo-0.07V
Source: L.F. Porter et al., 'The Development of an HY 130(T) Steel
Weldment," Report 39.018-001, NOBS 88540, U.S. Steel Applied
Research Laboratory, 1 July 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1216, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/131

HS.005 Microalloyed high-strength low-alloy (HSLA)

steel, compressive true stress-true plastic strain
curves at different strain rates
Hot rolled. Thermomechanical processing typically
includes rough rolling, 1100-1240 °C (2012-2264 °F),
and finish rolling, 810-900 °C (1490-1652 °F), fast
cooling to 700 °C (1292 °F), and air cooling, (a) Tested at
900 °C. (b) At 1200 °C. Composition: Fe-0.08C-l.3Mn-
0.3Si-0.2Ni-0.08V-0.05Nb-0.015P-0.008S
Source: N.S. Mishra, in Hot Working Guide A Compendium of
Processing Maps, Y.V.R.K Prasad and S. Sasidhara, Ed., ASM Inter-
national, 1997, p 337
 560 HS.006 A633 grade C high-strength low-alloy
(HSLA) steel plate, stress-strain curve (complete
range)
Suitable for welded construction. Plate thickness =
420
19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Typical curve for 203.2 mm (8 in.)
test coupon. Yield strength = 435 MPa (63.1 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 549 MPa (79.7 ksi); elongation
= 26.3%. Composition: Fe-0.2C-l.32Mn-0.32Si-0.03Nb.
S. UNS K12000
s
280 w" Source: "Plate Selection Guide Book," Bethlehem Steel, Bethlehem,
® PA, 1985. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
w Purdue University, 1994, p 6

140

27

840 HS.007 Various high-strength structural steels,

typical stress-strain curves (full range)
Comparison of structural steels with specified minimum
700
tensile properties. Typical yield strengths: A36 carbon
steel, 248 MPa (36 ksi); A572 HSLA (grade 50),
345 MPa (50 ksi); A537, 276-414 MPa (40-60 ksi)
560
(depends on class and thickness); A514, 620 or 689 MPa
m (90 or 100 ksi) (depends on thickness)
Q.
Source: R.L. Brockenbrough and B.G. Johnston, USS Steel Design
jg Manual, Jan 1981. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
£ CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 5

280

140

2$
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/133

840 HS.008 Various high-strength structural steels,

typical initial stress-strain curves
A514
Comparison of structural steels with specified minimum
700
tensile properties. Typical yield strengths: A36 carbon
A537 steel, 248 MPa (36 ksi); A572 HSLA (grade 50),
345 MPa (50 ksi); A537, 276-414 MPa (40-60 ksi)
560
(depends on class and thickness); A514, 620 or 689 MPa
(90 or 100 ksi) (depends on thickness)
Q.
5 Source: R.L. Brockenbrough and B.G. Johnston, USS Steel Design
420 co
Manual, Jan 1981. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
A572 CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 5

280

A36

140

10 15 20 25 30 35
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

HS.009 ASTM A514 and A517, grade A high-strength

structural welded steel plate, typical tensile stress-
strain curve
ASTM A514 (high-strength plate suitable for welding);
or ASTM A517 (pressure-vessel plate). Typical
composition, A514 grade A: Fe-0.18C-0.95Mn-0.65Cr-
0.60Si-0.23Mo-0.10Zr. UNS K11856
Source: "Evaluation of Great Lakes Steel Corp. Steel Alloy NAXTRA
100," Report A240, McDonnell Aircraft Corp., Dec 1963. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 9
134/High-Strength Steel (HS)

HS.010 A514 and A517, grade A high-strength

structural steel plate, typical tensile stress-strain
curves
Test direction: left, longitudinal; right, transverse. Typical
for Grade A from either ASTM A514 (high-strength plate
suitable for welding), or ASTM A517 (pressure-vessel
plates). Typical composition, A514 grade A: Fe-0.18C-
0.95Mn-0.65Cr-0.60Si-0.23Mo-0.10Zr. UNS K11856
Source: "Evaluation of Great Lakes Steel Corp. Steel Alloy NAXTRA
100," Report A240, McDonnell Aircraft Corp., Dec 1963. As published
in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1994, p 9

HS.011 T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) high-

strength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
compressive stress-strain curve
Compressive yield strength = 876 MPa (127 ksi);
modulus of elasticity in compression = 208 GPa (30.2 x
106 psi). Composition: varies with grade. UNS K11630,
K11576, K11646
Source: DJ. Carney, U.S. Steel Corp., personal communication with
W.J. Brown, 27 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/135

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa HS.012 T-1 (ASTM A517, grades B, F, H) high-
160
56 112 168 224
— 1120 strength structural steel pressure-vessel plate, typical
compressive tangent modulus curve
Compressive yield strength = 876 MPa (127 ksi);
modulus of elasticity in compression = 208 GPa (30.2 x
106 psi). Composition: varies with grade. UNS K11630,
i20 840
K11576, K11646

Source: D.J. Carney, U.S. Steel Corp., personal communication with

W.J. Brown, 27 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
80 560 Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12

40 280

8 16 24 32
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

HS.013 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
Bar thickness = <254 mm (<10.000 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to
1930-2068 MPa (280-300 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L) = 6.8, n(ST) = 6.8. Composition: Fe-
0.23C-13.4Co-3.1 Cr-1.2Mo-11.1 Ni
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-110
136/High-Strength Steel (HS)

2100 HS.014 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
X,
temperature

S.s
1750 Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness =127 mm
N\ (5.000 in.). Based on one heat. Heat treated to 1930-2068
N MPa (280-300 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.23C-13.4Co-
\ 1400 3.1Cr-1.2Mo-ll.lNi
N
\ Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-112
\ £L
1050 co"

700

350

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Strain, in./in.

HS.015 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range) at
room temperature
Bar thickness = <254 mm (<10.000 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to
1999-2137 MPa (290-310 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L) = 15.9, n(ST) = 16.1. Composition: Fe-
0.23C-13.4Co-3.1 Cr-1.2Mo-11.1 Ni
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-113
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/137

350 2450 HS.016 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range) at
room temperature
300 2100
Bar thickness = 127 mm (5.000 in.)- Heat treated to
1
1999-2137 MPa (290-310 ksi). Based on one heat.
X^Shc >rt transi/erse
250 v s 1750 Composition: Fe-0.23C-13.4Co-3.lCr-l.2Mo-ll.lNi
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-115
n
Longitudinal n
200 1400 £
\
X

£ £
55
150 1050 co

100 700

50 350
1

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Strain. in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa HS.017 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel
bar, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at room
temperature
Bar thickness = <254 mm (<10.000 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to
1930-2068 MPa (280-300 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(L) = 11, n(ST) = 12. Composition: Fe-
0.23C-13.4Co-3.1 Cr-1.2Mo-11.1 Ni
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-111

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
138/High-Strength Steel (HS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa HS.018 AerMet 100 high-strength structural steel
35 70 105 140 175
M 4 5 o
bar, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at room
temperature
y 2100
Bar thickness = <254 mm (<10.000 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal(L) and short transverse (ST). Heat treated to

/ 1750 1999-2137 MPa (290-310 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood

parameters: n(L) = 9.6, n(ST) = 13. Composition: Fe-
0.23C-13.4Co-3. lCr-1.2Mo-l 1. INi

/ 1400 £
2 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 1 4

j
/ 700

/ 10 15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20 25 30
350

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

HS.019 U.S.S. Dual-phase 80 high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curve,
compared with other steels
Ultimate tensile strength = 660 MPa (95 ksi). Yield
strength for coils = 340 MPa (50 ksi); for cut leveled
lengths = 390 MPa (56 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.15C-
L75Mn-0.75Si-0.025P-0.020S-0.02V. All maximum
values except V which is the minimum
Source: SA-352, Alloy Digest, D e c 1978
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/139

HS.020 C5 dual-phase high-strength low-alloy

(HSLA) steel sheet, log true flow stress-log true
plastic strain curve
Sheet thickness = 3 mm. Curve shows a double n
behavior with the transition at about 0.01 strain.
Composition: Fe-0.04C-1.28Si-1 Mn-0.59Cr-0.40Mo
Source: M.R. Krishnadev et al., Formability of the Next Generation of
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels: The Effects of Low Temperatures and
Processing Conditions, Formability of Metallic Materials—2000 A.D.,
STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed., ASTM, 1982, p 253

Log true plastic strain

HS.021 High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel sheet,

comparison of nominal stress-strain curves for a
variety of alloys
All specimens hot rolled 1.99-2.53 mm thick. Specimen
A: Si-Mn; yield strength (YS) = 519 MPa, strain-
hardening exponent (n) = 0.181. Specimen B: Si-Mn;
YS = 458 MPa, n = 0.188. Specimen E: Si-Mn (heat
treated); YS = 374 MPa, n = 0.223. Specimen F: Mn-Cr;
YS = 428 MPa, n = 0.144. Specimen G: Mn-Cr; YS =
453 MPa, n = 0.147. Specimen I: Mn-N; YS = 439 MPa,
n = 0.154. Specimen J: Mn-N; YS = 484 MPa, n = 0.145.
Specimen X: conventional Nb; YS = 500 MPa, n = 0.126.
Specimen Z: commercial; YS = 300 MPa, n = 0.189
Source: I. Aoki, T. Horita, and T. Herai, Formability and Application of
New Hot-Rolled High-Strength Sheet Steels, Formability of Metallic
Materials—2000 A.D., STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed.,
ASTM, 1982, p 239

Nominal strain, %
140/High-Strength Steel (HS)

45
HS.022 High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel sheet,
comparison of tensile strength and elongation for a
variety of alloys
All specimens hot rolled 1.99-2.53 mm thick. Specimen
40 a A: Si-Mn; yield strength (YS) = 519 MPa, elongation
(e) = 37.5%. Specimen B: Si-Mn; YS = 458 MPa, e =
32.1%. Specimen C: Mn (heat treated); YS = 333 MPa,
e = 32.5%. Specimen D: Mn; YS = 467 MPa, e = 23.6%.
Specimen E: Si-Mn; YS = 374 MPa, 34.3%. Specimen F:
Mn-Cr; YS = 428 MPa, e =37.3%. Specimen G: Mn-Cr;
YS = 453 MPa, e = 25.8%. Specimen H: Mn-Cr; YS =
395 MPa, e = 32.8%. Specimen I: Mn-N; YS = 439 MPa,
e = 29.0%. Specimen J: Mn-N; YS = 484 MPa, e =
21.6%. Specimen X: conventional Nb; YS = 500 MPa,
e = 27.8%. Specimen Y: conventional Si-Mn; YS =
400 MPa, e = 31.5%. Specimen Z: commercial; YS =
25 300 MPa, e = 39.7%
Source: I. Aoki, T. Horita, and T. Herai, Formability and Application of
• Dual phase steels
New Hot-Rolled High-Strength Sheet Steels, Formability of Metallic

20
400
1
O Conventional steels

500 600 700 800

Materials—2000 A.D., STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed.,
ASTM, 1982, p 233

Tensile strength, MPa

HS.023 High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel sheet,

log true flow stress-log true plastic strain curves
Experimental steels El, E4, E5, and E6 are compared
with a commercial grade. El is a weathering steel, the
other three are boron steels. C3 is a ferritic commercial
HSLA Arctic steel with copper used for precipitation
strengthening. Curve shows a double n behavior of the
i
alloys strengthened with copper. Strengthening with
niobium produces single n behavior.
Source: M.R. Krishnadev et al., Formability of the Next Generation of
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels: The Effects of Low Temperatures and
Processing Conditions, Formability of Metallic Materials—2000 A.D.,
• ^ STP 753, J.R. Newby and B.A. Niemeier, Ed., ASTM, 1982, p 259

f/
-2.5 -2.2 -1.9 -1.6 -1.3 -1.0
Log true plastic strain
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/141

HS.024 200 high-strength maraging steel, true stress-

strain curve
Heat treatment: 816 °C (1500 °F), 1 h, air cooled, 482 °C
(900 °F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-8.5Co-3.3Mo-0.2Ti-
0.1A1
Source: "18% Nickel Maraging Steels," Data Bulletin, International
Nickel Co., Nov 1964, p 11. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1223, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7

HS.025 T-250 high-strength maraging steel bar,

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Bar thickness = 16.5 mm (0.65 in.). Heat treatment: 85%
cold formed, 482 °C (900 °F), 4 h. Composition: Fe-
18.5Ni-3.0Mo-1.4Ti-0.1A1 (Co free)
Source: Personal communication from W.B. Austin, Hercules Inc.,
McGregor, TX, 14 Nov 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1228, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
142/High-Strength Steel (HS)

HS.026 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel

plate, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen size = 6.35 mm
(0.25 in.) diam, 18.03 mm (0.71 in.) long. Heat treatment:
austenitized 927 °C (1700 °F), solution annealed 804 °C
(1480 °F). Strain rate = 6.097 mm/min (0.24 in./min).
Test condition: monotonic tension, MT; monotonic
compression, MC; cyclic tension, CT; cyclic com-
pression, CC. Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
Source: W.B. Jones and J.C. Swearengen, Mechanical Stability of
Ultrahigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol 41 (No. 2), Dec 1979,
p 225-235. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 21

300 2100
HS.027 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel
plate, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
280 1960 Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen size = 6.35 mm
MC^.
(0.25 in.) diam, 18.03 mm (0.71 in.) long. Heat treatment:
austenitized 927 °C (1700 °F), solution annealed 804 °C
260 1820
(1480 °F), aged 482 °C (900 °F), 4 h, air cooled. Strain
rate = 6.097 mm/min (0.24 in./min). Test condition:
240 1680 monotonic tension, MT; monotonic compression, MC;
CC^- to
CL cyclic tension, CT; cyclic compression, CC.
8 220 1540 co Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-A1
CT

/
Source: W.B. Jones and J.C. Swearengen, Mechanical Stability of
200 / 1400
Ultrahigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol 41 (No. 2), Dec 1979,
p 225-235. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
180 Purdue University, 1995, p 21
! 1260

160 1120

140 980
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Plastic strain, %
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/143

HS.028 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel

plate, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen size = 6.35 mm
(0.25 in.) diam, 18.03 mm (0.71 in.) long. Heat treatment:
austenitized 927 °C (1700 °F), solution annealed 804 °C
(1480 °F), aged 482 °C (900 °F), 8 h, air cooled. Strain
rate = 6.097 mm/min (0.24 in./min). Test condition:
monotonic tension, MT; monotonic compression, MC;
cyclic tension, CT; cyclic compression, CC.
Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-A1
Source: W.B. Jones and J.C. Swearengen, Mechanical Stability of
Ultrahigh Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol 41 (No. 2), Dec 1979,
p 225-235. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 21

HS.029 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel bar,

stress-strain curve (full range)
Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment:
annealed 816 °C (1500 °F), 30 min, air cooled, aged
482 °C (900 °F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-
Ti-Al
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nickel Ultrahigh Strength Maraging
Steels," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
144/High-Strength Steel (HS)

HS.030 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel bar,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Air melted. Heat treatment: annealed 816 °C (1500 °F),
30 min, air cooled, aged 482 °C (900 °F), 3 h.
Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nickel Ultrahigh Strength Maraging
Steels," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 43

HS.031 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel bar,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment:
annealed 816 °C (1500 °F), 30 min, air cooled, aged
482 °C (900 °F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-
Ti-Al
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nickel Ultrahigh Strength Maraging
Steels," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 44
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/145

HS.032 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, low, and
elevated temperatures
Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment: mill
annealed 816 °C (1500 °F), aged 482 °C (900 °F), 3 h.
Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h. Composition:
Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-A1
Source: A.F. Hoenie, J.A. Lumm, R.J. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18NiCoMo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 44

HS.033 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel

sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment: mill
annealed 816 °C (1500 °F), aged 482 °C (900 °F), 3 h.
Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h. Composition:
Fe-18Ni-7.5Co-5Mo-Ti-Al
Source: A.F. Hoenie, J.A. Lumm, R.J. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18NiCoMo
250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1220, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 48
146/High-Strength Steel (HS)

HS.034 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel bar,

typical stress-strain curves at room, low, and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Consumable vacuum arc
remelted. Heat treatment: annealed, aged 482 °C
(900 °F). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h. RT,
room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(-100 °F) = 24, n(RT) = 26, «(300 °F) = 29, n(600 °F) =
26, n(800 °F) = 11, n(1000 °F) = 11. Composition: Fe-
18Ni
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-101

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
HS.035 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel bar,
typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Consumable vacuum arc
remelted. Heat treatment: annealed, aged 482 °C
(900 °F). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(RT, compressive) = 22. Composition: Fe-18Ni
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 0 2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/147

350 2450 HS.036 18Ni (250) high-strength maraging steel

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
-100 °F (-73 °C) elevated temperatures
300 II 2100
^ — R oom temperature Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment:
^ 1I I Annealed, aged 482 °C (900 °F). Exposure time at test
—' 30CI °F (149
250 - 1750 temperature = 0.5 h. RT, room temperature. Ramberg-
^ - — 6 0 0 °F (316 °C)
^ 800 '°F (427 °C)' Osgood parameters: <-100 °F) = 19, n(RT) = 22,
jz(300 °F) = 17, n(600 °F) = 17, «(800 °F) = 12,
200 1400 ^ «(1000 °F) = 11. Composition: Fe-18Ni
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-101
.. 1000 °F (I538 °C)
150

100 700

50 350

8 12 16 20 24
Strain. 0.001 in./in.

300 2100 HS.037 18Ni (280) high-strength maraging steel

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature (full range)
250 1750 Test direction: longitudinal. Consumable vacuum arc
remelted. Heat treatment: annealed, aged 482 °C
(900 °F). Composition: Fe-18Ni
200 1400 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-104

150 1050 «

100 700

350

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

0
0.12
Strain, in./in.
148/High-Strength Steel (HS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
HS.038 18Ni (280) high-strength maraging steel
bar, typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Consumable vacuum arc
remelted. Heat treatment: annealed, aged 482 °C
(900 °F). Exposure time at test temperature = 0.5 h.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(RT, compressive) = 21. Composition: Fe-18Ni
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-103

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

HS.039 18Ni (300) high-strength maraging steel

bar, typical stress-strain curve
Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment: mill
annealed 816 °C (1500 °F), 0.5 h, air cooled, aged
482 °C (900 °F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-9Co-5Mo-
Ti-Al
Source: "Vascomax 18 Percent Nickel Ultra High Strength Maraging
Steels," VASCO, Latrobe, PA, 1966. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1225, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 17
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/149

320 2240
HS.040 18Ni (300) high-strength maraging steel bar,
I 1 tensile stress-strain curves at room, low, and
-1C10 °F (-7:3 °C)
elevated temperatures
280 1960
Room temperature^
Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment: mill
^149 °C) annealed 816 °C (1500 °F), 0.5 h, air cooled, aged

A
240 1680
"TSOCTF (316 °C) 482 °C (900 °F), 3 h. Exposure time at test temperature =
800 °F (427 °C) 0.5 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-9Co-5Mo-Ti-Al

f
200 1400
Source: A.F. Hoenie, JA. Lumm, R.J. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
"Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18Ni-Co-Mo
1120 ot
co- 250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965,

A
160 il)00 °F (5:38 °C)—

pA
£ p 65. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1,
w Code 1225, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
120 840 University, 1995, p 27

80 560

40 280

6 8 10 12 14 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

320 2240
HS.041 18Ni (300) high-strength maraging steel bar,
compressive stress-strain curves at room and
Rioom temperature
elevated temperatures
280 1960
300 °F (149 °C) Consumable vacuum arc remelted. Heat treatment: mill
annealed 816 °C (1500 °F), 0.5 h, air cooled, aged
240 1680
600 °F (316 °C) 482 °C (900 °F), 3 h. Exposure time at test temperature =

/ 800 °F (427 °C)

0.5 h. Composition: Fe-18Ni-9Co-5Mo-Ti-Al

(t
200 1400
(0 Source: A.F. Hoenie, J A . Lumm, R.J. Shelton, and R.A. Wallace,
1000°Fi(538 °C) "Determination of Mechanical Property Design Values for 18Ni-Co-Mo
2
160 1120 ri 250 and 300 Grade Maraging Steels," AFML-TR-65-197, July 1965,
£(0 p 65. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1,
V) Code 1225, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
120 840 University, 1995, p 32

80 560

40 280

6 8 10 12 14 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
150/High-Strength Steel (HS)

HS.042 17-22A(S) ultrahigh-strength steel sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
(0.062 in.). Heat treatment: 954 °C (1750 °F), 0.25 h, oil
quenched, tempered 704 °C (1300 °F), 1 h. Exposures at
temperature = 0.5-1000 h. Composition: Fe-0.3C-l.3Cr-
0.5Mo-0.25V. UNS K14675
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of
Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC Technical Report 58-365, Nov 1958.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1210, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 8

2240
HS.043 300M ultrahigh-strength steel bar, tensile
stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
-321 °F ( - 1196 °C) t

1960 Bar thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 871 °C

-422i °F (-253 (1600 °F), 4 h, oil quenched, 316 °C (600 °F), 4 + 4 h.
Composition: Fe-0.4C-1.8Ni-1.6Si-0.8Cr-0.4Mo-V
1680
-108 °F H'8 Source: S.L. Pendleberry, R.F. Simeng, and E.K. Walker, "Fracture
X ^ o O °F (27 »C) Toughness and Crack Propagation of 300M Steel," Technical Report
1400 DS-68-18, Contract FA67-WA-1812, Lockheed-California Co., Aug
(Q
Q_ 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1,
Code 1217, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
1120 CO-
University, 1995, p 25
OT
840

560

280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/151

200 1400
HS.044 9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength steel plate,
stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
~ A temperatures
— B
Plate thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Consumable electrode
160 1120
vacuum process, carbon deoxidation (CEVM (C-deox)).
Heat treatment: 913 °C (1675 °F), 1 h, air cooled, 843 °C
(1550 °F), 1 h, oil quenched + tempered, 2 h, air cooled.
120 840 Tempered at: curve A, 538 and 566 °C (1000 and 1050
Q. °F); curve B, 482 °C (900 °F). Composition: Fe-0.20C-
) 2
9Ni-4Co-Cr-Mo-V
Source: A.H. Rosenstein, M.R. Gross, W.G. Schreitz, and G.A. Wacker,

/
80 560 "Metallurgical Investigation of 9Ni-4Co-.2C Steel," Report 2678, Naval
Research and Development, July 1968. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1221, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 47

/
40 280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1400 HS.045 9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength forged

I steel bar, compressive stress-strain curves at room
Room teiimperature
500 °F (2 and elevated temperatures
1225
700 °Fr (371 °CK Test direction: transverse. Bar size = 57.15 x 152.4 x
1050
213.36 mm (2.25 x 6 x 84 in.). Heat treatment: 899 ° C
(1650 °F), 1 h, air cooled, 816 °C (1500 °F), 1 h, oil
' 900 °F (482 °C) quenched, tempered 552 °C (1025 °F), 6 h, air cooled.
875 Composition: Fe-0.20C-9Ni-4Co-Cr-Mo-V
(0L
C
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
700 » Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Vol II, Sept 1972.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code
1221, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
525 1995, p 65

350

175

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
152/High-Strength Steel (HS)

HS.046 9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength steel plate,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Plate
thickness = 25.4-101.6 mm (1.000-4.000 in.). RT, room
temperature. Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: n(RT) = 14, n(100 °F) = 13,
rc(900 °F) = 7.7. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.20C
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 7 9

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa

HS.047 9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength steel plate,
typical compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Plate
thickness = 25.4-101.6 mm (1.000-4.000 in.). RT, room
temperature. Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: n{RT) = 15, n(100 °F) = 12,
n(900 °F) = 9.0. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.20C
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 7 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/153

HS.048 9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength forged

steel billet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
at various temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal, long transverse, and short
transverse. Billet size = 76.2 x 228.6 x 609.6 mm ( 3 x 9
x 24 in.). Consumable electrode vacuum process, carbon
deoxidation (CEVM (C-deox)). Heat treatment: 871-
927 °C (1600-1700 °F), 1 h, air cooled, 621 ± 14 °C
(1150 ± 25 °F), x h min, 843 ± 14 °C (1550 ± 25 °F),
1 h, oil quenched, -73 °C (-100 °F), 2 h, 510 ± 14 °C
(950 ± 25 °F), 2 + 2 h, air cooled. Curves based on
average of 3 heats.
Source: D.F. Bulloch, T.W. Eichenberger, and J.L. Guthrie, "Evaluation
of the Mechanical Properties of 9Ni-4Co Steel Forgings," AFML
Contract AF 33615-67-C-1724, AFML TR 68-57, The Boeing Co.,
March 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 1, Code 1221, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 65

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa HS.049 9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength steel hand

_0 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 ^^qq forging, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at various
temperatures
Forging thickness = 76.2 mm (3.000 in.). For all
directions. Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h. RT, room
temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n{-\ 10 °F) =
11, n(RT) = 12, n(300 °F) = 12, «(500 °F)= 10.
Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-87

6 8 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
I I L
8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
154/High-Strength Steel (HS)

2100 HS.050 9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength steel hand

forging, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full
range) at various temperatures
-110 °F (-79 X )
, 7 0 °F (21 °C)
1750 Test direction: longitudinal. Forging thickness = 76.2 mm
(3.000 in.). Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h.

£
/ 300° F (149 *C)
Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
1400
Source: MJL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-88
500 °F (26Cl 0
^ <0
CL

1050 eg

•x
£
f CO

700

350

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Strain, in./in.

2100 HS.051 9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength steel hand

forging, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full
range) at various temperatures
-110 °F (-79 °C)
^ — • 70 °F (21 °C)
1750 Test direction: long transverse. Forging thickness = 76.2
/ 3 0 0 c F (149 ( C) mm (3.000 in.). Exposure at temperature = 0.5 h.

-H
Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
1400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-89

5Ss<
\
500 °F (26C
Q_

1050 «

700

350

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Strain, in./in.
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/155

2100 HS.052 9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength steel hand

forging, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full
range) at various temperatures
>70°F(21 X )
1750 Test direction: short transverse. Exposure at temperature
x J , 3 0 0 ° F ( 1 4 9 °C) = 0.5 h. Composition: Fe-9Ni-4Co-0.30C
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 9 0
1400

500 °F (260 °C)

1050

700

350

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Strain, in./in.

2100 HS.053 AF1410 ultrahigh-strength steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature
Bar thickness = <107.95 mm (<4.250 in.). Ramberg-
1750 Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal) = 11, rc(short
Longitu-dinal
transverse) = 9.1. UNS K92571
Longitudinal ^y Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-107
1400
f 3h(art transv'erse

1050

700

350

6 8 10 12 14 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
156/High-Strength Steel (HS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa HS.054 AF1410 ultrahigh-strength steel bar, typical
28 56 84 112 140 168 196 22-
300 I100 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature
Bar thickness = <107.95 mm (<4.250 in.). Ramberg-
250
Longituidina^^
1750 Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal) = 9.0, «(short
transverse) = 10. UNS K92571
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-107
200 1400
/ Short transverse ^

150 1050 w
CO

/
100

/
/ 700

/
50 350

6 8 10 12 14 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
J I L_
8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

250 1750 HS.055 D6A, D6AC ultrahigh-strength steel plate,

typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperature
Room temperature D6A, air melted; D6AC, consumable electrode vacuum
200 1400
melted (CVM). Heat treatment: 899 °C (1650 °F), 1 h,
250 °F (15>1 °C) solution quenched, 204 °C (400 °F), 10 min, air cooled,
604 °C (1120 °F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-

//
150 1050 0.46G-1.0Cr-1.0Mo-0.55Ni. UNS K24728
Q_
5 Source: Private Communication, G.R. Sipple, General Motors Allison
Division with W.F. Brown, Jr., 1965. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1213, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
100 700 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 34

//
50

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 inTin.
8 10
350

12
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/157

HS.056 Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)

high-strength steel plate, engineering stress-strain
curves at 25 °C of alloy deformed at 450 °C and
martensite volume versus strain

[U- *1
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: hot forged to 9.525
mm (0.375 in.). Plate then austenitized at 1200 °C, 3 h, in
4% H atmosphere, brine quenched, and flat rolled 80% to
1.905 mm (0.075 in.) at 450 °C. Curve 2: hot forged to
2.54 mm (0.10 in.) with similar treatment and reduced to
1.905 mm (0.075 in.) (20%) at 450 °C. Test specimen
size = 3.175 x 1.905 x 25.4 mm (0.125 x 0.075 x 1 in.)
IV
gage length. Curve IV and 2V: vol% martensite versus
strain curve for these alloys. Composition: Fe-9Cr-8Ni-
/ 3Mn-3Si-4Mo-0.25C
/
/ Source: G.R. Chanani, S.D. Antolovich, and W.W. Gerberich, Fatigue
f
/
Crack Propagation in Trip Steels, Metall Trans., Vol 3, Oct 1972,

J'
p 2664

Strain

HS.057 Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)

high-strength steel plate, engineering stress-strain
curves at 25 °C of alloy deformed at 250 °C and
martensite volume versus strain
1
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: hot forged to
9.525 mm (0.375 in.). Plate then austenitized at 1200 °C,
100 3 h, in 4% H atmosphere, brine quenched, and flat rolled
80% to 1.905 mm (0.075 in.) at 250 °C. Curve 2: hot
2 forged to 2.54 mm (0.10 in.) with similar treatment and
75 reduced to 1.905 mm (0.075 in.) (20%) at 250 °C. Test
specimen size = 3.175 x 1.905 x 25.4 mm (0.125 x 0.075
1V
x 1 in.) gage length. Curve IV and 2V: vol% martensite
50~ versus strain curve for these alloys. Composition: Fe-9Cr-
8Ni-3Mn-3Si-4Mo-0.25C
/ 2V
/
Source: G.R. Chanani, S.D. Antolovich, and W.W. Gerberich, Fatigue
//
25 Crack Propagation in Trip Steels, Metall Trans., Vol 3, Oct 1972,
/
/j p 2664

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Strain
158/High-Strength Steel (HS)

1500 HS.058 Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni transformation-induced

80%^- plasticity (TRIP) high-strength steel strip, stress-strain
and Hall voltage output-strain curves
TRIP steels can be used as strain sensors, (a) Room-
40%
Seo% temperature stress-strain curves for specimens as wrought
(0%), 20, 40, 60, and 80% reduction at 450 °C warm
1000
'20%
rolling. The magnetic properties of the material change
irreversibly as austenite to martensite transformation
occurs, (b) As the magnetic susceptibility changes
dramatically, an accurate history of the peak strain can be
0% derived from the Hall effect voltages shown on lower
curves. Composition: Fe-8.4Cr-8.4Ni-2.1Mn-0.26C
500
Source: J.S. Dunning, Characterization of TRIP Steels as Strain Monitor
Materials, Microstructural Science, Vol 25, Proc, 30th Annual Technical
Meeting of the International Metallographic Society, IMS & ASM
International, July 1997, p 417

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

(a) Strain, m/m

3.6

80%
3.0
60%
40%

2.4

/
// . 20% ' ^0%

1
1.6

JJ
1.2

0.6

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

(b) Strain, m/m
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/159

1200 HS.059 Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)

high-strength steel strip, true stress-strain curves
with effect of niobium content
1000 Strip thickness = 2 mm. After 60% rolling reduction, tests
3^^ were conducted with 0.8 mm sheet. Material was
annealed, 780 °C, 180 s, transformed, 400 °C, 400 s.
800 Niobium adds about 15 MPa strength/0.01% without
significantly changing the shape of curve. Curve 1, 0%
Q.
2 Nb; curve 2, 0.02% Nb; curve 3, 0.04% Nb.
Composition: Fe-0.17C-l.4Mn-l.5Si + Nb as shown
6 600
Source: K. Hulka, W. Bleck, and K. Papamantellos, Relationship
between Heat Treatment Conditions, Microstructure, and Properties of
Niobium Microalloyed TRIP Steel, 41st Mechanical Working and Steel
400 Processing Conf. Proc., Vol 37, Iron & Steel Society, 1999, p 75

200

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

True strain

Temperature, °C HS.060 Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)

1050 967 883 800 717 633 550
160 high-strength steel, continuous-cooling compression
true stress-strain curves
140 This type of test examines transformation behavior. Note
portion of curve with negative slope indicating material
120
has softened. Other less dramatic slope changes exist and
A / indicate other transformations. Cooling rate = 0.5 °C/s.
Strain rate = 0.0003/s. Composition: steel A, Fe-0.22C-
100 1.55Mn-1.55Si-0.035Nb-0.028A1 (N, 20-40 ppm); steel
B B, Fe-0.19C-1.54Mn-1.50Si-0.024Al (N, 20-40 ppm)
X
£ 80 Source: A.Z. Hanzaki, R. Pandi, P.D. Hadgson, and S. Yue, Continuous
Cooling Deformation Testing of Steels, MetalL Trans. A, Vol 24A,
Dec 1993, p 2661
60

40

20

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

True strain
160/High-Strength Steel (HS)

Temperature, °C HS.061 Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)

1050 967 883 800 717 633 550 high-strength steel, continuous-cooling compression
true stress-strain curves
This type of test examines transformation behavior. Note
portion of curve with negative slope indicating material
has softened. Other less dramatic slope changes exist and
indicate other transformations. Cooling rate = 0.5 °C/s.
Strain rate = 0.0003/s. Composition: steel C, Fe-0.145C-
1.50Mn-1.55Si-0.027Al (N, 20-40 ppm); steel D, Fe-
0.18C-1.50Mn-0.93Si-0.024Al (N, 20-40 ppm); steel E,
Fe-0.21C-1.50Mn-1.10Si-0.027Al (N, 20-40 ppm)
Source: A.Z. Hanzaki, R. Pandi, PD. Hadgson, and S. Yue, Continuous
Cooling Deformation Testing of Steels, Metall Trans. A, Vol 24A,
Dec 1993, p 2661
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/161

Stainless Steel (SS)

1400 SS.001 201 stainless steel, stress-strain curves
showing effect of cold work
1225 Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Composition:
Fe-17Cr-6.5Mn-4.5Ni. UNS S20100
1050 Source: P.D. Harvey, Engineering Properties of Steel, American Society
for Metals, 1982

875

700 <o

Oi
525

350

175

4 6 8 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

SS.002 201 stainless steel sheet, tensile and

compressive stress-strain curves
Six tests were made in each orientation on cold-rolled
T
V ^LT
specimens. Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC,
longitudinal compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC:
transverse compressive. Elastic modulus: LT, 195.7 GPa;
A TT, 196.7 GPa; LC, 189.7 GPa; TC, 197.0 GPa. Yield
strength (0.2%): LT, 359.6 MPa; TT, 383.1 MPa; LC,
295.8 MPa; TC, 380.2 MPa. Ultimate tensile strength: LT,
745 MPa; TT, 730 MPa. Composition: Fe-17Cr-6.5Mn-
4.5Ni. UNS S20100
f / S
/ ' Source: P. Van Der Merwe and G.J Van Den Berg, The Advantages of

A
//
*
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Steels in Cold-Formed Design,
High Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, R.A. Lula, Ed., Conf.
Proc., 10-15 Oct 1987 (Cincinnati, OH) and 2-4 Nov 1992 (Chicago,
IL), ASM International, 1992, p 129

/ 2 3
Strain x 0.001
162/Stainless Steel (SS) (

1400 SS.003 201, 301, 434 stainless steel sheet, stress-

strain curves used in case study
201 1260
Comparison of true stress-strain for coiled strips of
f 1120
ferritic (434) and austenitic (201, 301) alloys. Higher
work-hardening rates of austenitic grades indicate
980
improved deep-drawing capability. Localized reduction,
necking, is retarded. Vertical dashed lines are the points
840
of maximum uniform strain, above which the localized
m, (0
Q. deformation takes place. The load corresponding to this
700 CO-
point is the maximum load.
CA
£ Source: E.R. Cunningham, Cold Forming Stainless Steels and Other
X ! 55
Specialty Grades, Source Book on Cold Forming, American Society for
' i
i Metals, 1975, p 126
i 560
1
1
i 420
ij
i
i 280
i
i
i
i 140
I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Strain, in./in.
(2 in. gage)

SS.004 201-1, 201-2, 301, 304 stainless steel

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves for various
annealed alloys
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1, types 201-1, 301,
304. Curve 2, type 201-2. Curve 3, type 205. Initial
elastic modulus =193 GPa, all curves. Longitudinal
compressive yield strength: type 201-1, 185 MPa; type
201-2, 280 MPa; type 205, 405 MPa; type 301, 185 MPa;
type 304, 185 MPa
Source: P. Van Der Merwe and G.J Van Den Berg, The Advantages of
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Steels in Cold-Formed Design,
High Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, R.A. Lula, Ed., Conf.
Proc., 10-15 Oct 1987 (Cincinnati, OH) and 2-4 Nov 1992 (Chicago,
DL), ASM International, 1992, p 130
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/163

300 I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I 2100 SS.005 202 (UNS S20200) annealed stainless

steel bar, stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
- 3 2 3 °F (-197 °C)
200 1400
Bar diameter = 6.426 mm (0.253 in.). Composition: Fe-
- 4 2 3 °F (-253 18Cr-8.75Mn-5Ni. UNS S20200
Source: C.J. Gunter and R.P. Reed, "Mechanical Properties of Four
Austenitic Stainless Steels at Temperatures between 300 and 20 K,"
National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory, 1960.
100 700 As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF
- 1 0 8 °F ( - 78 ° C ) / i CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 51
to 80
560 '
-fc
CO 'T (27 °C)

///^
60
420 '

40 280

30
'// 210

20 .
1 i l l i i i i i i i i 140
10 10 0.1
Strain, in./in.

560 SS.006 21 -6-9 annealed stainless steel,

stress-strain curves
Lonejjitudinal /
/ jt^ 490 Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Composition:
//
/ / Trans verse Fe-low C-20.25Cr-9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
/
420 Source: "Armco 21-6-9 Stainless Steel," Product Data Brochure S-26c,
V Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, April 1969. As published in
ftft Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1314, CINDAS/

/ 350 USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

Q_co

/ 280 ccoo-

210

/
/ 140

/ 2 3
70

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

164/Stainless Steel (SS) (

80 560 SS.007 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
70 490 Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-20.25Cr-
>om tempersature
9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
60 420 Source: O. Deel, P. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML TR-73-114, AD:762305,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, June 1973. As
50 350 published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 49
4 0 0 ' 'F (204 °C)

40 280 g
£ 700 ° F (371 X ) fi
ao 900 °F' (482 °C)
30 210

20 140

10 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

70 490 SS.008 21-6-9 annealed stainless steel sheet, stress-

. Room temperatiLire
strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Fe-20.25Cr-
60 420
9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21900
Source: O. Deel, P. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
50 350 Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML TR-73-114, AD:762305,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, June 1973. As
400 °F (204 °C) published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 50
-55 40 280 .
700 °F; (371 °C)
• 900 °l- (482 °C)

30 210 §

20 140

10 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/165

250 1750 SS.009 21-6-9 stainless steel, stress-strain curves at

X - 4 5 2 °F (-265) ° C )
room and low temperatures
225 1575
Composition: Fe-20.25Cr-9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS
- X - 3 2 0 °F (-196 °c
> S21900
200 1400
Source: M.B. Kasen, R.E. Schramm, and D.T. Read, "Semi-Annual
Report of Materials Research in Support of Super Conducting
1225
Machinery," ARPA Order-2569, AD-B063554, National Bureau of
Standards, Cryogenics Division, Boulder, CO, Oct 1976. As published
1050 in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/US AF CRDA
0-
CO Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 50
875 to-
co
<L)
Room ternperature CO

> 700

V 525

350

175

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7°

Strain

1750 SS.010 21-6-9 stainless steel plate, stress-strain

Uncha rged behavior of uncharged and hydrogen-charged alloys
Hj cha rged at room and low temperatures
^ - 3 2 1 °F ( - 1 96 °C)

1400
Specimens annealed 1050 °C (1922 °F), 2 h. Hydrogen
charged 573 °C (1063 °F), 14 days, 69 MPa (10 ksi) H2.
Strain rate = 0.00045/s. Composition: Fe-low C-20.25Cr-
9Mn-6.5Ni-0.28N. UNS S21904
X - 1 0 7 c'F (-77 °C)
1050 Source: J.H. Holbrook and A.J. West, The Effect of Temperature and
Strain Rate on the Tensile Properties of Hydrogen-Charged 304L,
21-6-9, and JBK 75, Proc. Hydrogen Effects in Metals, 26-31 Aug 1980
A (Moran, WY), TMS/AIME, 1981, p 655-663. As published in
-b

\
/ / Roorrl temp*mature co Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1314, CINDAS/
// 700
tf / X USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22

u
/ /

350

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Strain, %
166/Stainless Steel (SS) (

SS.011 301 stainless steel sheet and strip, stress-

strain curves at different tempers
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Curves:
LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal compressive;
TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse compressive.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: M. Watter and R.A. Lincoln, "Strength of Stainless Steel
Structural Members as Function of Design," Allegheny Ludlum Steel
S. Corp., 1950. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
| Purdue University, 1995, p 22

SS.012 301 stainless steel sheet, stress-strain curves

at different tempers
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet and
strip cold rolled to full hard and extra-hard tempers.
Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal
compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse
compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet,
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/167

1400 SS.013 301 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at various temperatures
Room temp)erature
Average of longitudinal and transverse. Top: 0.508 mm
(0.020 in.) sheet full hard, 40% reduction. Bottom:
1120
4 00 °F (204 °C 0.813 mm (0.032 in.) sheet full hard, stress relief 427 °C
(800 °F), 8 h. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
600 °F (31 Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet,
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace
840
} °F (427 °C) Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 30

/ ^ - ^ 1 0 0 0 I °F (538 °C)
5
560

1200 °F (649 °C)

280

0
I I1 -- 1400
Rioom temperatiL i r e ^ ^ —

400 °F (204 °C) N

1120
CO

600 °F (3

1 °F (427 °C)
840

^-^"Tooo 1 °F (538 °C)

560

120C) °F (649 °C)

280

10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
168/Stainless Steel (SS) (

280
1 1960 SS.014 301 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain
Room temperatijre / curves at various temperatures and exposure times
1/2 h
240 1680
60% cold-reduced sheet, 1.27 mm (0.050 in.) thick.
600 °F
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
(316 °C) Source: M.M. Lemcoe and A. Trevim, Jr., "Determination of the Effects

A
200 / 10-1000 h
1400 of Elevated Temperature Materials Properties of Several High
Temperature Alloys," ASD-TDR-61-529, June 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 30
160
co 1120£
w
CO
g>
® 120
// 840 w

7 1/2 h
80 Ih "" 560
I
100 \
538 °C)
40 1000 ° F ( 280

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

280 1960 SS.015 301 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and low temperatures
-A 20 °F (-251 °C)
240 1680
Extra hard cold-rolled sheet, 1.524 mm (0.060 in.) thick.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: L.P Rue, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Simmons, "The Evaluation
J ^ -32!0 °F (-196 °C)
200 1400 and the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD-TR-60-254, Feb 1960. As published in
/ j r -110 °F(--79 °C) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/
s i r ' Roomtemiperature USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 31
•3 160 1120 £

^ 120 840 w

80 560

40 280

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/169

SS.016 301 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
Average of longitudinal and transverse. Top: sheet extra
hard, 65% reduction. Bottom: extra hard, stress relief
399 °C (750 °F), 8 h. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS
S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet,
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 31
170/Stainless Steel (SS) (

SS.017 301 stainless steel sheet compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Full hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse, (b) Full hard sheet, stress relief 427 °C (800 °F), 8 h. Top: longitudinal;
bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 °C (400 °F); curve 3, 316 °C (600 °F); curve 4, 427 °C (800 °F);
curve 5, 538 °C (1000 °F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/171

SS.018 301 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
(a) Extra hard sheet. Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse, (b) Extra hard sheet, stress relief 399 °C (750 °F), 8 h.
Top: longitudinal; bottom: transverse. Curve 1, room temperature; curve 2, 204 °C (400 °F); curve 3, 316 °C (600 °F); curve 4,
427 °C (800 °F); curve 5, 538 °C (1000 °F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: "High Strength Cold Rolled Stainless Steels," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 30
172/Stainless Steel (SS) (

SS.019 301 stainless steel sheet, room-temperature

tensile stress-strain curves with varying amounts of
cold work prior to stress-relief annealing
Test direction: longitudinal. Curve 1: 50% cold reduction
(CR), 399 °C (750 °F), 1 h, air cooled. Curve 2: 60% CR,
399 °C (750 °F), 1 h, AC. Curve 3: 70% CR, 399 °C
(750 °F), 1 h, AC. Composition of heat: Fe-O.llC-
17.9Cr-6.72Ni-0.56Mn-0.27Si. UNS S30100
Source: "Data Sheet 14-10256-301," Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.,
Pittsburgh, PA. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1994, p 28

200 1400 SS.020 301 stainless steel sheet, elevated-

Y
temperature tensile stress-strain curves with
8()0 °F (427 °i 800 °F (42 7 0 ) /
different stress-relief annealing
Test direction: longitudinal. Curves on left, 65% cold
160
</
1120
reduction (CR), 482 °C (900 °F), 2 h, air cooled (AC).

/ Curves on right, 65% CR, 399 °C (750 °F), 2 h, AC.

Composition of heat: Fe-0.llC-17.25Cr-7.00Ni-0.57Mn-
0.50Si. UNS S30100
120
jA 10 °F (482 -) / 9 0 0 °F (482 °C)
840
Source: "Data Sheet 19-101656-301," Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.,
Pittsburgh, PA. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
<D

/
-fa
CO
80 / 560
CO
1994, p 29

40

/
4—-
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
280
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/173

SS.021 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Half-hard
sheet in as-rolled condition shows its anisotropic
behavior. Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC,
longitudinal compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC:
transverse compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS
S30100
Source: Technical Blue Sheet, www.alleghenyludlum.com, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 2002, p 3

980 SS.022 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

TT tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
LT
840
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Stress relief
538 °C (1000 °F), 2 h. A more isotropic nature and
improved load-carrying ability is noted. This is especially
700 true if longitudinal compression controls the design.
Curves: LT, longitudinal tensile; LC, longitudinal
compressive; TT, transverse tensile; TC: transverse
560 S. compressive. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: Technical Blue Sheet, www.alleghenyludlum.com, Allegheny
8 Ludlum Steel Corp., 2002, p 3
420 w

280

140

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 (
174/Stainless Steel (SS)

1400 SS.023 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n{L) = 4.5; «(LT) = 5.9.
1120
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 2 4
Lone itudinal

ing transverse
840

560

/
/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
280

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.024 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical
175 21
35 70 105 140 Q„™
1400
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 3.4; n(LT) = 4.3.
1120 Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
/ Long tramsversev
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 2 4

840
CL
2
2
CO
560

A \
/
r ^ Lone itudinal /
280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
I
10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/175

1050 SS.025 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).
840
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 3.9; «(LT) = 5.8.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Lorlgitudinal Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-221
Long trarisverse
630

£
55

/
420

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
210

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.026 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical
35 70 105 140 175 210 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
1050
modulus curves
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).
\ Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 3.8; n(LT) = 4.8.
840 Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
\ • Lone 1 transverse
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-221

630
Q.

\ 2
£
55
420

^ Longitud inaK
\ 210

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
J I L
5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
176/Stainless Steel (SS) (

1750 SS.027 301 %-hard stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 4.7; w(LT) = 5.4.
1400
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-225

1050
Long tr<ansverse .

igitudinai Q)
/ s - o r

55
700

350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./m.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.028 301 3/4-hard stainless steel sheet, typical
35 70 105 140 175 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L) = 3.5; n(LT) = 4.7.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-225

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/177

SS.029 301 annealed stainless steel sheet, stress-

strain curves at various temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 0.508 mm
(0.020 in.). Specimen size = 5.08 x 30.48 mm (0.20 x
1.20 in.). Strain rate = 0.062/min. Annealed 600 °C
(1112 °F), 30 min, grain size = 34 \im. Composition: Fe-
18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: A. Rosen, R. Jago, and T. Kjer, Tensile Properties of Metastable
Stainless Steels, J. Mater. Sci., Vol 7, 1972, p 870-876. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29

Strain, %

50 350 SS.030 301 annealed stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
Sheet thickness =1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe-
40 280
400 °F (:204 °C) 18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of the Tensile, Compressive and
6CKr F (316 °C)
800 °F (427 °C) Bearing Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet
Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR No. 6517, Pt V, Armour
30 210 Research Foundation, Dec 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Q. Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
1000 °F (53f 5-C) 2
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 47
<d

55
20 140

10 70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
178/Stainless Steel (SS) (

SS.031 301 full hard stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
temperatures. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room
temperature) = 4.4; n(400 °F) = 3.4; n(600 °F) = 4.6;
n(800 °F) = 4.2; n(1000 °F) = 4.3. Composition: Fe-
18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-229

1750 SS.032 301 full hard stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures

1400
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
Roo m temperatiure ^ ^ ^ temperatures. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room
temperature) = 5.4; /i(400 °F) = 4.8; /i(600 °F) = 4.3;
/i(800 °F) = 5.3; «(1000 °F) = 4.6. Composition: Fe-
400 °F (2CV
1050
18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
600 °F [316 ° C k CL Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-229
2
F (427 °C)

700
^ 1 0 0 ( ) °F (538 °C )

350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/179

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.033 301 full hard stainless steel sheet, typical
35 70 105 140 175 210
1750 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
temperatures. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room
1400 temperature) = 5.3; n(400 °F) = 4.8; n(600 °F) = 5.2;
n(800 °F) = 5.4; n(1000 °F) = 5.7. Composition: Fe-
18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 3 0
1050
y ROC>m temperat;ure x
\ 0 °F (204 °(? ) v \
X ^ / y 60io °F (316
£
tn
700

350
)0 °F (427
X
1 0 ( DO °F (538 °cy ^

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
_J
10 15 20 25 30
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.034 301 full hard stainless steel sheet, typical
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure to elevated
temperatures. RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(RT) = 7.7; n(400 °F) = 8.2; n(600 °F) =
6.7; n(800 °F) = 5.8; «(1000 °F) = 6.7. Composition: Fe-
18Cr-8Ni. UNS S30100
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 3 0

I I I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
180/Stainless Steel (SS) (

1 1 1400 SS.035 301 stainless steel strip, true tensile stress-

Ultim ate stress5 = 185 ksi (1276 MPa) ^ strain curves
*V 1260

Stre ss at ma:<imum lo;ad
/ 1120
980
M<xiulus of strain heirdening
Graph provides useful data for evaluating stretch-forming
operations. Yield strength is the stress at which specimen
shows deviation from linear proportionality of stress and
strain. Stress at maximum load is the stress at the highest
load sustained by the specimen. Maximum uniform strain

,\
= 107 ksi (738 MPa) (siope) = 1137 ksi (7:)8 MPa)
/1 840
is the maximum value before uniform deformation ceases
<0 and necking begins; this is the strain at point of
Q_
9 700
2co maximum load. Modulus of strain hardening is the slope
of plastic region of true stress-strain curve. Ultimate
560 stress is the stress at rupture. Composition: Fe-18Cr-8Ni.
UNS S30100
420 Source: E.R. Cunningham, Cold Forming Stainless Steels and Other
1/7Or\ed strengt:h Specialty Grades, Sourcebook on Cold Forming, American Society of
*f =4!9 ksi (3313 MPa)
280 Metals, 1975, p 124

140

1/ Uniforn i strain =' 0.56 in JIn.

11/ 1 1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Strain, in./in.

SS.036 302 annealed stainless steel extruded bar,

true stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
Annealed 1093 °C (2000 °F), 1 h, grain size = 31 |Xm,
strain rate = 0.025/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr-9Ni. UNS
S30200
Source: S.N. Monteiro and H. Fonseca, The Effect of Phase
Transformation on the Tensile Fracture of Austenitic Stainless Steel,
Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. Fracture, University of Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada, June 1977, p 135-140. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/181

320 2240 SS.037 303 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

• -4S>3 °F (-253 °C)
curves at room and low temperatures
280

/ 1960

1680
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe-
18Cr-9Ni + S. UNS S30300
240

/ / -320 °F (--196 °C)

Source: K.A Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of

//
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
200 j 1400 Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1302, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
co
Q.
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5

160 1120 g
^ -110 °F- (-79 °C) £
W
120
NRoomi temperature 840

80
560

40
280
-

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Strain, in./in.

60 420 SS.038 304 annealed stainless steel bar, typical

43C) °F (221 °C)
stress-strain curves at room temperature and 221 °C
iri reactor pile (430 °F) inside and outside of reactor pile
50 350 Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Ultimate strength =
4 30 °F (221 °C )
612 MPa (88.8 ksi); yield strength = 295 MPa (42.8 ksi);
clutside of reactor pile elongation (in AD) = 57.2%. Composition: Fe-19Cr-
40 280 9.25Ni. UNS S30400
»• Room temperature Source: C.A. Schwanbeck, "Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Materials at
Cryogenic Temperatures," NASA CR-54881, Lockheed-Georgia Co.,
Jan 1965. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/
30 210 CO-
CO
£
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 62
W

20 140

10 70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
182/Stainless Steel (SS) (

490 SS.039 304 stainless steel wire, stress-strain curves

at 767 °C (302 °F) showing effect of nitrogen
0.26% N content
420
Wire diameter = 0.635 mm (0.025 in.). Heat treatment:
annealed 1010 °C (1850 °F), 20 min, water quenched,
N
350 nitrided at 538 °C (1000 °F) and homogenize annealed
1010 °C (1850 °F), 71 h, water quenched, carbide
resolution annealed 1093 °C (2000 °F), 15 min, water
280 quenched. Composition: 18.65Cr-10.5Ni-0.05C-1.44Mn-
0.66Si-0.02P-0.008S-bal Fe-N as shown. UNS S30400
a> Source: B.N. Ferry and J.F. Eckel, The Effect of Nitrogen on AISI Type
210 m 304 Stainless Steel Proportional Limit and Work Hardening Rate at
0.095% N
302F, J. Mater., Vol 5 (No. 1), March 1970. As published in Structural
0.04% N Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
140 Purdue University, 1994, p 63

70

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Strain, %

1400 SS.040 304 stainless steel tube, compressive stress-

strain curves at elevated temperatures
Strain rate = 0.01/s. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
Dimensions in inset given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
1120
UNS S30400
Source: M. Young et al., "Studies on the Warm Working Characteristics
of Alloys," AMMRC CTR 72-27, Army Materials and Mechanics
Research Center, Dec 1972, AD 758912. As published in Structural
840 Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1994, p 72

560

280

0.2 0.3
Strain, in./in.
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/183

100 700 SS.041 304 stainless steel, general, full-range stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Room teinperature
Curves shown to failure. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
80 560
Source: Bettis Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse Electric Corp.,
Standards Engineering Section, May 1957. As published in Aerospace

60
. 6 0 0 °F (•J16 °C)
\ I
420
1
2
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13

£
co 0 0 °F (427 °C) S
y / / / ® CO
40 280
400 °F (204 °C)

20 140

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Strain, in./in.

60 420 SS.042 304 stainless steel, general, expanded-range

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
50 350 Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: Bettis Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse Electric Corp.,
Room tem[>erature
Standards Engineering Section, May 1957. As published in Aerospace
40 280 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13

400 °F (20-r c ) __
£ 30 210 tf
•b £
CO 600 °F (31 (3°C) CO
f

800 °F (42,
20 140

10 70

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
184/Stainless Steel (SS) (

2800 SS.043 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
t Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (0.625 in.). Composition: Fe-
/ 19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
/ 1400

7i0 °F (2!1 °C) / Source: J.B. Conway, "Evaluation of Plastic Fatigue Properties of Heat-
Resistant Alloys," GEMP-740, General Electric Co., Dec 1969. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303,
700 a
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
CL 1995, p 13
:
/ 8 0 10 °F (427 °C)

420 2
/ 1 2 0 i0 °Fr <64!9 °C) CO
©

280 ^

:
^ 1 5 0 0 °F (81<6 °C)

140

70
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
True strain

SS.044 304 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 °C (1202 and 1580 °F), while
the reverse is true for 430 °C (806 °F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. Pmax is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 213
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/185

SS.045 304 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the
other curve at 650 and 816 °C (1202 and 1580 °F), while the reverse is true for 430 °C (806 °F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 216

I I iI I I 3640 SS.046 304 stainless steel bar, true stress-strain

452 °F (-269 °< w - 3 2 0 °F (-196 °C) curves at room and low temperatures
/ 3360
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Composition: Fe-
/ 10 °F ( -151 °C)
3080
19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400

V 2800

2520
Source: T.S. DeSisto and F.L. Carr, "Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels and Titanium" WAL TR 323,
CD

105 °F (- 4/1, Dec 1961. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

2240 Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 14
I
1960S
Roorn temperature <n
16801
1400

1120

840

560

280

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

True strain
SS.047 304 stainless steel sheet, true stress-strain
curves at various temperatures
Strain rate = 0.015/s. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS
S30400
Source: G.L. Huang, D.K. Matlock, and G. Krauss, Martensite
Formation, Strain Rate Sensitivity, and Deformation Behavior of
Type 304 Stainless Steel Sheet, Metall Trans. A, Vol 20A, 1989. As
published in G. Krauss, Steels: Heat Treatment Processing and
Principles, 1990, p 369

SS.048 304 stainless steel sheet, tensile and

compressive stress-strain curves
24 to 35 tests were made in each orientation on cold-
rolled specimens. Curves: LT, longitudinal tension; TT,
transverse tension; LC, longitudinal compression; and
TC, transverse compression. Elastic modulus: LT,
199.8 GPa; TT, 197.3 GPa; LC, 208.1 GPa; TC,
205.1 GPa. Yield strength (0.2%): LT, 290.3 MPa; TT,
290.0 MPa; LC, 295.7 MPa; TC, 308.0 MPa. Ultimate
tensile strength: LT, 676 MPa; TT, 651 MPa.
Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: R Van Der Merwe and G.J Van Den Berg, The Advantages of
Using Cr-Mn Steels Instead of Cr-Ni Steels in Cold-Formed Design,
High Manganese High Nitrogen Austenitic Steels, RA. Lula, Ed., Conf.
Proc., 10-15 Oct 1987 (Cincinnati, OH) and 2-4 Nov 1992 (Chicago,
IL), ASM International, 1992, p 129
 High-Strength Steel (HS)/187

SS.049 304 annealed stainless steel bar,

stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Specimen: 9.525 mm
(3/8 in.) diam threaded ends, 3.175 mm (0.125 in.) square
cross section of 38.1 mm (1.5 in.) gage length tested at
strain rate of 0.001/s. Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni.
UNS S30400
Source: P.C. Johnson, et al., "Basic Parameters of Metal Behavior under
High Rate Forming," Report No. WAL TR 111.2/20-3, Arthur D. Little
Inc., March 1962, AD 418727. As published in Structural Alloys Hand-
book, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1994, p 64

175 SS.050 304 annealed stainless steel, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 538 °C (1000 °F)
Elasti c
strain 10 4 h Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
140 Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2/4Cr-lMo, Type 304-
304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
10 5 h Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/
105 USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
(0
!5 Q_
/ ^ 5x10 h 2
/ /
/ / **

// £
w
/ s 70
/ •
/ '
/
f

35

0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Strain, %
188/Stainless Steel (SS)

175 SS.051 304 annealed stainless steel, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 593 °C (1100 °F)
Elasti c
strain Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
1C?h
140 Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2/4Cr-lMo, Type 304-
304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
4
id h Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook., Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/
105 USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25

h/ '
/ —~
1(f h

5 x 10 5 h
70

s
/ 35
t

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Strain, %

25 175 SS.052 304 annealed stainless steel, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 649 °C (1200 °F)
Elastic
strain Composition: Fe-19Cr-9.25Ni. UNS S30400
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2%Cr-lMo, Type 304-
20 140
304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," TR 2012-Part 1, prepared for U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(04-3)-781, Braun Project
4122-W, United Nuclear Project 2351, 16 Oct 1970. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/
15 105 USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25

o 10 4 h
00
10 70
1cFh

5 x 1C? h

35
f
/ y
/

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Strain, %
 189/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.053 304 hot-rolled solution-annealed stainless

steel plate, stress-strain curves at room temperature
(a) and 500 °C (b) for shock-strengthened material
Plate thickness = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Curve 1: unshocked.
Curve 2: as-shocked at 320 kbar. Curve 3: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 100 h at 650 °C. Curve 4, shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 750 °C. Curve 5: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 800 °C. Curve 6: shocked at
320 kbar, annealed 1 h at 900 °C. Composition: 18.20Cr-
9.60Ni-0.06C-1.45Mn-0.60Si-0.024P-0.018S-0.18Mo-
0.17Cu-bal Fe-N as shown. Dimensions in schematic are
given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm). UNS S30400
Source: M. Karigilaski and A.A. Bauer, "Mechanical Properties of
Shock-Strengthened Austenitic Stainless Steel," BMI-1909, Battelle
Columbus Laboratories, June 1971; M. Kangilaski et al., Elevated
Temperature Mechanical Properties of Shock-Strengthened Austenitic
Stainless Steel, MetalL Trans., Vol 2, Sept 1971. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 64

100 700

2
80 560

5
60
\\ 1
* A
3
1 \ *\ 420
CL
f V4 2
6
8>
CO
40 \ 280

// /
/
V
/
/
20 140

0 10 20 30 40 50
Strain, %
(b)
190/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.054 304L annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves for room and low temperatures
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Composition: Fe-
low C-19Cr-10Ni. UNS S30403
Source: "Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," ML-TRD-64-280,
Martin Co., Denver, CO, Aug 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1303, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13

120 840 SS.055 310 annealed stainless steel sheet, effect of

strain rate on mechanical properties
Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe-
100 700 25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: R.G. Davies and C.L. Magee, The Effect of Strain-Rate upon
Ultimate tf msile strength the Tensile Deformation of Metals, J. Eng. Mater. TechnoL, April 1975,
p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
80 -o \j 560
Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 22

$ 60 420 W
-b
rv^— Y CO
Tensile yiield strength n.
40
o 280
a

20 140

10" 10"' 0.1 1 10 10 10°

Strain rate, s~
 191/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.056 310 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves at room and low temperatures
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Shaded area
indicates serrated -452 °F (-269 °C) curve.
Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: C.J. Guntner and R.P. Reed, The Effect of Experimental
Variables Including the Martensitic Transformation on the Low-
Temperature Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels,
Trans. ASM, Vol 55, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22

SS.057 310 annealed stainless steel sheet, stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Test conditions:
resistance heated at 93 °C/s (200 °F/s). Strain rate =
0.001/s. Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: A.S. Rabensteine, "Mechanical Properties of 310, 316 and 317L
Stainless Steel Sheet Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," Contract
Number AF33(657)-8706, Project 281, The Marquardt Corp., Van Nuys,
CA, Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 23
192/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.058 310 stainless steel, typical stress-strain curves for uniaxial and biaxial stress at room and low temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-25Cr-20.5Ni. UNS S31000
Source: S.W. McClaren and C.R. Foreman, "Cryogenic Design Data for Materials Subjected to Uniaxial and Multiaxial Stress Field," AFML-TR-65-140, May
1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 23
 193/Stainless Steel (SS)

315 SS.059 316 stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at

room and elevated temperatures
0.2% Offset yield
280 Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (% in.). Test section diameter =
RT
Lot 2 / 12.827 mm (0.505 in.). Difference between two lots is
245 shown. RT, room temperature. Composition lot 1:
RT
Lot 1 17.81 Cr-13.17Ni-2.23Mo-1.54Mn-0.56Si-0.042C-0.027P-
210 0.017S. Composition lot 2: 16.60Cr-12.15Ni-1.80Mo-
1.58Mn-0.46Si-0.090C-0.028P-0.013S. UNS S31600
CO
175 9= Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, Short Time Properties of Type 316
Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures, Paper No. 60-WA-l 1, Trans.
® ASMEy J. Basic Eng., 1960. As published in Structural Alloys Hand-
1400 (/b0 °C) 140 & book, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
Lot 1 1 University, 1994, p 31

IbOO r (8,n "U) 105

Lot 2

70
J-—
/
1800 °F (9132 °C)
Lot 1 35

2 3 4
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
194/Stainless Steel (SS)

(0 <d>

SS.060 316 stainless steel bar, monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). Hot rolled, annealed 1066 °C (1950 °F), 1 h. Incremental steps: Solid line, annealed; dashed
line, aged 1000 h at test temperature. Constant amplitude continuous cycling: open circle, annealed; solid circle, aged at 538 °C
(1000 °F); solid diamond, aged at 649 °C (1200 °F). Strain rate for cyclic curves 1-5, 7-9 = 0.004/s; for curves 6 and 10, strain
rate = 0.00004/s. (a) 21 °C (70 °F). (b) 427 °C (800 °F). (c) 566 °C (1050 °F). (d) 649 °C (1200 °F). Composition: 17.30Cr-
13.30Ni-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.40Si-0.06C-0.012P-0.007S-0.065Cu-0.003Ti. Dimensions in schematic given in inches
(1 in. = 25.4 mm). UNS S31600
Source: D.A. Keller, "Progress on LMFBR Cladding, Structural and Component Material Studies During July 1971 through June 1972," BMI-1928, Final
Report, Task 32, Battelle Columbus, July 1972. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1994, p 32
 195/Stainless Steel (SS)

245 SS.061 316 stainless steel sheet, typical stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
77' >F (25 °C)
210
Sheet thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Composition:
17.17Cr-12.96Ni-2.15Mo-1.7Mn-0.2Si-0.03C. UNS
S31600
175 Source: T.W. Gibbs, W. Kyros, and C.L. Theberge, "Development of a
500 °F (260 °C) Resistance Heating Facility for the Determination of Tensile Properties
of Aircraft and Missile Alloys," RaD. TM-63-8, Avco Corp., Feb 1963.
As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF
1000 °lF (538 °C) CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 33

105 S
1400 °F (760'5C)

1 i
1600 °F (871 °C)
70

- /qqo
35

2 3 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

350 SS.062 316 wrought stainless steel bar, typical stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
.70 °F (21 °C)
280 Source: L.J. Fritz and W.P. Koster, "Tensile and Creep Rupture
Properties of (16) Uncoated and (2) Coated Engineering Alloys at
Elevated Temperatures," NASA Cr-135138, Metcut Research
Associates, Inc., Jan 1977. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,

//
Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
210 University, 1994, p 33
Q.
2
a>
1100I °F (593 °C)
1300 °F(7& rc) 140
w
r
1500 °F (816>°C)
**
/
/
/s
/
//
70
/
a
I
I iI
hi-
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
196/Stainless Steel (SS)

420 SS.063 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-

strain curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples
° o c • True axial strain rate = 4 x 10~5/s. Test temperature = 649
1 rO
5 350 °C (1200 °F). Closed data points: unirradiated specimens
k m Ri
o
ACdOD< •• in duplicate tests. Open circles and squares: unirradiated
specimens. Open diamond: irradiated specimen 4 x 1018
A CD
\ 280 n/cm2, E > 1 MeV at 70 °C in the ORR core facility.
A
Composition: Fe-17.3Cr-13. lNi-2.33Mo-1.72Mn-0.4Sc-
J
•
? A
0.065Cu-0.06C-0.012Al. UNS S31600
A
210 S Source: J.B. Conway, J.T. Berling, and R.H. Stentz, "New Correlations

/
8
A o
Involving the Low-Cycle Fatigue and Short-Term Tensile Behavior of
Irradiated and Unirradiated 304 and 316 Stainless Steel," GEMP 726,
General Electric Co., Dec 1969. N70-25351. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
3 140
Purdue University, 1994, p 34
A
• o

70
o

o
o
0 0.05 0. 10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
True strain

SS.064 316 stainless steel plate, true stress-strain

curves at room and low temperatures for base and
weld metal
Plate thickness = 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Squares: base metal
data. Circles: weld metal data. Specimen diameter =
6.401 mm (0.252 in.). Composition: 16.64Cr-12.84Ni-
2.69Mo-1.91 Mn-0.45Si-0.068C-0.026P-0.012S. UNS
S31600
Source: T.S. DeSisto, "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Base
and Weld Deposits of Selected Austenitic Stainless Steels," AMRA TR
63-08, Metals and Ceramics Research Agency, U.S. Army Materials
Research Agency, July 1963, AD 416 119. As published in Structural
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1994, p 34
 197/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.065 316 stainless steel sheet, stress versus plastic

strain curves for elevated temperatures with effect of
annealing and cold working
Sheet thickness = 1.47 mm (0.058 in.). Plastic strain
resulting from constant stress for 2 min at elevated
temperature. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS
S31600
Source: T.W. Gibbs and Wyatt, H.W., "Short-Time Tensile Properties of
Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures," ASME Paper
No. 60-WA-l 1. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 40

630 SS.066 316 annealed stainless steel wire, effect of

> - 0
vacuum on stress-strain curves at room temperature
560
cTj Wire diameter = 0.457 mm (0.018 in.). Strain rate =
0.0001/s. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
490
Source: I.R. Kramer and S.D. Podlaseck, "Effect of Low Pressures on
the Mechanical Behavior of Metals," Martin Marietta Corp., Oct 1963,
420
AD 424 292. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1994, p 33
350 2=

<D
2 8 0 <55

210

140
O 4 x10"5 Pa (3 x10"7 torr)( vacuii m )
A 1(3 1 kP<3 ( 7 6 0 torr) ([air)
70

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Strain x 0.01
198/Stainless Steel (SS)

280 SS.067 316 annealed stainless steel bar, stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
245 Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, "Short-Time Tensile Properties of
Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures," ASME Paper
210
No. 60-WA-l 1. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 29
175

140 oi

105

560 3920 SS.068 316 mill annealed stainless steel bar,

complete true stress-strain curves for room and
452 °F (- 269 °C) / low temperatures
>

/
480 3360
-320 °F (-196 Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Composition: Fe-18Cr-
13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
2800

J
400 Source: T.S. DeSisto and F.L. Can, "Low Temperature Mechanical
240 °F (--151 °C)

/
Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels and Titanium," WAL TR 323,
4/1, Watertown Arsenal Laboratories, Dec 1961. As published in Aero-
430 2240 : space Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF
/ / )5 °F (-7)6 °C) CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29

2 240 1680
" ^ 7 5 °Fr (24 °C)

160
// 1120

80 560

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

True strain, in./in.
 199/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.069 316 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 °C (1202 and 1580 °F), while
the reverse is true for 430 °C (806 °F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. Pmax is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 214
200/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.070 316 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other
curve at 650 and 816 °C (1202 and 1580 °F), while the reverse is true for 430 °C (806 °F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo.
UNS S31600
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 216

1680 SS.071 316 annealed stainless steel sheet, true stress-

strain curves at room and low temperatures

/
/ - 3 2 0 °F: (-196 °C)
1400
Sheet thickness = 0.762 mm (0.03 in.). Annealed 1049 °C
(1920 °F), 0.25 h, water quenched, grain size = 100 ^m,
gage section = 6.35 x 0.762 x 25.4 mm (0.25 x 0.03 x
1.0 in.), strain rate = 0.004/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr-
1120 13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
(-70 °C)
CL
Source: V. Seetharaman and R. Krishnan, Influence of the Martensitic
2 Transformation on the Deformation Behavior of an AISI 316 Stainless
Steel at Low Temperatures, J. Mater. Sci., Vol 16 (No. 2), Feb 1981,
840 £ p 523-530. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
^ f l °F (25 °C) Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 30

560

280

10 20 30 40 50 60
True plastic strain, %
 201/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.072 316 annealed stainless steel wrought,

isochronous stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
Left: 538 °C (1000 °F). Middle: 593 °C (1100 °F). Right:
649 °C (1200 °F). Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS
S31600
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for 2%Cr-lMo, Type 304-
304H, and Type 316-316H Steels," Technical Report 2012-Part 1,
United Nuclear Corp., Sept 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 40

SS.073 316 annealed stainless steel bar, cyclic and

monotonic stress-strain curves in air at 627 °C
(1160 °F)
Specimen reduced section 7.4 mm (0.29 in.) diam x
12.7 mm (0.50 in.) long. Solution annealed 699 °C
(1920 °F). Cyclic test: triangular strain wave form,
R = -1, strain rate = 4%/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr-
13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
Source: D.S. Wood, J. Wynn, A.B. Baldwin, and P. O'Riordan, Some
Creep Fatigue Properties of Type 316 Steel at 625 C, Fatigue Eng..
Mater. Struct., Vol 3, No. 1, 1980, p 39-57. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 43
202/Stainless Steel (SS)

n i i r 700 SS.074 316 annealed and cold-worked stainless

75 °F (24 °C) steel sheet, stress-strain curves for room and
1400 °F (760 °C) elevated temperatures
- - 1600 °F (871 °C)
1800 °F (982 °C) Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.473 mm
560
10% cold work
(0.058 in.). Specimens vacuum annealed, 1093 °C
(2000 °F), 15 min, plus 5% and 10% cold worked.
Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo. UNS S31600
5% cold w<ark /
420 Source: T.W. Gibbs and H.W. Wyatt, ''Short-Time Tensile Properties of
Q_ Type 316 Stainless Steel at Very High Temperatures," ASME Paper
2 No. 60-WA-l 1. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
//
Anneialed
Purdue University, 1995, p 28
280
&
1 I
/ I
1
// If
1/ 140
-H-
Y
£
1
I' ^
it
— —

0 0.2 0.' 0.2 0.4 0.6

n 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Strain, % Strain, % Strain, %

SS.075 316L stainless steel plate, true room-

temperature stress-strain curves showing effects
of grain size
60 kg (110 lb) laboratory heat containing 0.11% N,
annealed 999-1199 °C (1830-2190 °F), water quenched.
Strain rate = 0.06/min. Composition: Fe-18Cr-13Ni-Mo-
low C. UNS S31603
Source: L.-A. Norstrom, Influence of Grain Size on Flow Stress in an
Austenitic Stainless Steel, Scand. J. Metall, Vol 6 (No. 4), 1977,
p 145-150. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1307, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 25
 203/Stainless Steel (SS)

50 350 SS.076 321 annealed stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
)om tempersature
Sheet thickness =1.60 mm (0.063 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure.
40 280
400 °F • •C)
Composition: Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti. UNS S32100
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of the Physical Properties of
600 °F (316 °C)
^ 800 °F (427 °C) Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
1000 °F (5J38 °C) Temperatures," AFTR 6517, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As published in Aerospace
30 210 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1308, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Q. Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
2
g>
cn
20 140
&

10 70

2 3 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

SS.077 321 annealed stainless steel sheet,

complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.016 mm (0.040 in.). 0.5 h exposure.
Strain rate = 0.003/s. Composition: Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti.
UNS S32100
Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelahan, and J.R. Kattus, 'Tensile
Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
after Rapid Heating," WADC TR58-440, Part 1, Nov 1958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
Code 1308, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 21
204/Stainless Steel (SS)

70 490 SS.078 321 annealed stainless steel sheet, tensile

- 4 2 3 °F ( - 2 5 3 ° C ) >
stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures

60 420
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Annealed 1066 °C
^ 3 2 0 °F (-1!96 °C) (1950 °F), air cooled. Composition: Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti.
UNS S32100
50 350 Source: E.H. Schmidt and E.F. Green, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar
and Cast Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Rocketdyne
R-7564, Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1308, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
.5 40 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22
70 °F (21

30 210 55

20 140

10 70

2 4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

280 I! I 1960 SS.079 321 annealed stainless steel bar,

J °F (-253 °0) complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperatures
240 1680
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe-

/ 20 °F (-196; °C)
18Cr-10Ni-Ti. UNS S32100
200

•5 160
/ \ 1400

1120 J5P
Source: T.F. Durham, R.M. McClintock, and R.P. Reed, "Cryogenic
Materials Data Handbook," U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
Code 1308, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 22
j / \ - 1 1 0 ° F (-79 °C)

/
120 840 co

Room temperature
\
80
\ 560

40 280

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain, inTin.
 205/Stainless Steel (SS)

50 350 SS.080 321 annealed stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
Room temperature elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness =1.60 mm (0.063 in.). 0.5-100 h exposure.
40 280
1 - 4 C10 °F (204 °C) Composition: Fe-18Cr-10Ni-Ti. UNS S32100
^ ^ T T 600 °F (316 °C)
f 800 °F (427 °C) Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of the Physical Properties of
0C)0 °F (538 °C) Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AFTR 6517, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As published in Aerospace
30 210 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1308, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 26

&
co
20 140

10 70

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

630 SS.081 347 annealed stainless steel sheet, tensile

—423 °F (-253
stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
560
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe-
1
^ — " - 3 2 0 'F (-196 °C) 18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
490
Source: E.F. Green and E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Metallic
Materials for Cryogenic Applications," R-7564, Rocketdyne, Aug 1968.
420 As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code
1309, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
(Q University, 1995, p 11
350

<D
280
70 °F (21 °C) fi

210

140

70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 280 SS.082 347 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain
curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe-
18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
210 Source: "Short-Time High Temperature Data," No. BLR 53-195, Bell
Aircraft Corp., 16 July 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1309, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11

140

70

1960 SS.083 347 annealed stainless steel bar, complete

engineering tensile stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
1680
Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS
S34700
1400 Source: K.A Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
1120; Handbook Vol 2, Code 1309, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12

840

560

280

0
6
 207/Stainless Steel (SS)

700 SS.084 347 stainless steel, general, complete

engineering tensile stress-strain curves at room
Ro<am temperature and elevated temperatures
Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS
560
S34700
Source: Properties of AISI Type 347 and 348 Stainless Steel, Bettis

I
Plant Materials Manual, Westinghouse, May 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1309,
420 CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
CD
Q_
2 University, 1995, p 12
800 1400 °F (204 °C)
/ // °F(427X)\^

RO0 °F (316 °C) 280

140

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Strain, in./in.

SS.085 347 mill annealed stainless steel bar,

complete true tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperatures
Bar diameter = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Composition: Fe-18Cr-
12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
Source: T.S. DeSisto and F.L. Can, "Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of 300 Series Stainless Steels and Titanium," WAL TR 323,
ro 4/1, Watertown Arsenal Laboratories, Dec 1961. As published in Aero-
2 space Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1309, CINDAS/USAF
« CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
£
<o
<D
E
208/Stainless Steel (SS)

60 420 SS.086 347 annealed stainless steel sheet,

50
>om temperatiire
40
^ x ^ l O O 0 °F (538 °C)
1 0-
/2-1<DO h exposure
compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperature
350 Sheet thickness = 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Fe-
18Cr-12Ni-Nb (Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of the Physical Properties of
280 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AFTR 6517, Pt 4, Dec 1954. As published in Aerospace
(0 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1309, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 16

<D 30
210 g
0)
CO

//
CO

20 L 140

10 70

2 3
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

SS.087 347 stainless steel plate, complete

true tensile stress-strain curves at room
and low temperatures
Plate thickness = 15.875 mm (5/8 in.). Comparison of
parent metal (solid line) and weld metal (dashed line).
Butt welded with type 347 coated stick electrodes and
annealed after welding. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb
(Nb stabilized). UNS S34700
Source: T.S. DeSisto, "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Base
and Weld Deposits of Selected Austenitic Stainless Steels," AMRA TR
63-08, United States Army Materials Research Agency, July 1963.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code
1309, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 21
 209/Stainless Steel (SS)

Total true strain

SS.088 348 annealed stainless steel bar, true stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). The curves for the higher strain rates are above the other curve at 650 and 816 °C (1202 and 1580 °F), while
the reverse is true for 430 °C (806 °F). Contrary to what is expected for true stress-strain curves, these have a maximum point.
This is believed to be due to the formation of internal voids that reduce the actual area under stress. For this reason the lines are
dashed as they approach the fracture point. Pmax is the point of maximum load. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-Nb(Nb stabilized, Ta
and Co restricted). UNS S34800
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 215
210/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.089 348 annealed stainless steel bar, engineering stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Data were collected at constant axial true strain rates of 0.004 (open data points) and 0.00004
(solid data points). Same data was used as for the true stress-strain curve. The curves for the higher strain rates are above the
other curve at 650 and 816 °C (1202 and 1580 °F), while the reverse is true for 430 °C (806 °F). The strain rate effect is more
pronounced for the higher temperatures. The lines are dashed as they approach the fracture point. Composition: Fe-18Cr-12Ni-
Nb(Nb stabilized, Ta and Co restricted). UNS S34800
Source: J.B. Conway, R.H. Stentz, and J.T. Berling, "Fatigue, Tensile, and Relaxation Behavior of Stainless Steels," Technical Information Center, USAEC,
1975, p 217

300 2100 SS.090 Metastable austenitic stainless steel sheet,

engineering stress-strain curves showing effect of
varying carbon content at room temperature
250 1750 Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). After 80%
0.2 C
reduction in thickness at 450 °C. Crosshead speed 0.04
0.4 C ^ _ 0 . 3 C
in./min. Composition: Fe-9Cr-8Ni-3Mn with 0.2-0.5C
200 f\—X- 1400 Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and
Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
(0 Steels, Metall. Trans. A, July 1971, p 1887
o.
2
150 1050 £
w
£
CO S
O)

100 700

50 350

10 20 30 40
Strain,c
 211/Stainless Steel (SS)

300 2100 SS.091 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, room-

K24 °C temperature engineering stress-strain curves
C
Effect of different rolling temperatures is shown. Reduc-
250 1750
- ^ 1 0 0 °c tion in thickness = 80%. Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-lMn-
0.4C-bal Fe
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and
200 1400 Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
Steels, MetalL Trans. A, July 1971, p 1889-1890

150 1 0 5 0 to"
©

£
100 700

50 350

10 20 30 40
Strain, %

300 2100 SS.092 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, room-

temperature engineering stress-strain curves
Effect of varying reductions in thickness (and rolling
250 1750
times) at 450 °C rolling temperature is shown for a
relatively unstable alloy. Crosshead speed = 0.04 in./min.
* ^ 80% Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-2Mn-0.2C-bal Fe
200 X 1400
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and

r r <_o
Q
Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
Steels, MetalL Trans. A, July 1971, p 1889-1890
— 40%
150 1 0 5 0 to-
co
o
GO
-—->20%
100 700

50 350

10 20 30 40
Strain, %
212/Stainless Steel (SS)

300 2100 SS.093 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, room-

temperature engineering stress-strain curves
80% Effect of varying reductions in thickness (and rolling
250 1750
* times) at 450 °C rolling temperature is shown for a
60%
relatively unstable alloy. Crosshead speed = 0.04 in./min.
y 40% Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-2Mn-0.2C-bal Fe
200 1400
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and
Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
^ 20% Steels, Metall Trans. A, July 1971, p 1889-1890
CL

150 1 0 5 0 to

100 700

50 350

10 20 30 40

Strain, %

300 2100 SS.094 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, room-

temperature engineering stress-strain curves
Tempered Effect of annealing 450 °C, 80 min, on partially
250 1750
transformed (Ms > room temperature) alloy (alloy 6811-
\ Unteinpered 13). 60% reduction in thickness at 450 °C. Crosshead
f speed = 0.04 in./min. Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-2Mn-0.1C-

//
X
200 1400 balFe
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and
CL Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
1050 «
Steels, Metall. Trans. A, July 1971, p 1889-1890
150
CD

00
Y
100 700

50 350

10 20 30 40

Strain,
 213/Stainless Steel (SS)

300 2100 SS.095 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, room-

y r 1 Mn temperature engineering stress-strain curves
Effect of varying manganese content after 80% reduction
250 r ^ 1750 in thickness, 450 °C. Crosshead speed 0.04 in./min.
^ 2 M n
Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-lMn-0.3C-bal Fe
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and
200 A / 1400 Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
Steels, Metall Trans. A, July 1971, p 1885-1886
Q.
150 1050 »
w
<D
GO

100 700

50 350

10 20 30 40
Strain, %

300 2100 SS.096 Metastable austenitic stainless steel, room-

1 Mn temperature engineering stress-strain curves
Effect of varying manganese content after 80% reduction
250 1750
2Mn in thickness, 450 °C. Crosshead speed 0.04 in./min
Composition: 9Cr-8Ni-lMn-0.4C-bal Fe
Source: D. Fahr, Stress and Strain-Induced Formation of Martensite and
200 1400 Its Effects on Strength and Ductility of Metastable Austenitic Stainless
3 Mn
Steels, Metall. Trans. A, July 1971, p 1885-1886
(0_
Q

150 1050 «o
£ l
w w

100 700

50 350

10 20 30 40
Strain, %
214/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.097 S24000 (Nitronic 33) and S30400 (304)

stainless steel bar, typical engineering tensile stress-
strain curves. UNS S24000, S30400
Test direction: longitudinal. Modulus of elasticity for
Nitronic 33 = 199 GPa (28.8 x 106 psi) at room
temperature. USN S24000, S30400
Source: Product Data, S-53b, Armco Steel Corp., 1977

I 840 SS.098 UNS S21800 (Nitronic 60) stainless steel rod,

Ultimate tensile room-temperature engineering stress-strain curves
oueiiyiu-^ 770
In steel tension. Rod diameter = 9.525 mm (3/8 in.).
700 Ultimate tensile strength = 765 MPa (111 ksi). 0.2%
yield strength = 483 MPa (70 ksi). Modulus of elasticity
630
= 181 GPa (26.2 x 106 psi). Elongation = 69%. Reduction
/
t 560 of area = 71%. Developed with class B extensometer.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-8.5Ni-8Mn-4Si. UNS S21800
490 co
Q.
// z
0.2% offset '
yield strength
Source: Steel Company Technical Literature, Armco. As published in
Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
420 w"
?/
/ // /
/ <
oo Operation, Purdue University, 1994, p 49
/ /
y
55
350
/
280
/
/
/ 210
/
//
Prop*ortional /
limit
/ 140
/
70
/
f
3 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 215/Stainless Steel (SS)

200 1400 SS.099 410 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Treatment: 982 °C
(1800 °F), 30 min, oil quenched, 371 °C (700 °F), 1 h, air
160 1120
cooled. Composition: Fe-12Cr-lowC. UNS S41000
75 °F (24 •C)
1I Source: W.W. Gerberich, H.E. Martens, and R.A. Boundy, "Tensile
800 °F (4 27 °C) Properties of Five Low-Alloy and Stainless Steels under High-Heating-
Rate and Constant-Temperature Conditions," Technical Report No. 32-
120 840 222, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, June 1962. As published in Aerospace
Q. Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1401, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
1000 °F ( 538 °C)
2
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24
£
CO ±3
CO
80 560

40 280
- 1 2 0 0 °F (649 °C)

4 6 8 10 12 14
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

280 1960 SS.100 410 stainless steel bar, true stress-strain

-320 °F: (-196 °C)
curves at various temperatures

/ ^ - 2 4 5 °F (-154 °C)
- 1 0 0 °lF (-73 °C) Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Treatment: 982 °C
(1800 °F), 1 h, oil quenched, 427 °C (800 °F), 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Fe-12Cr-lowC. UNS S41000
Source: R. Chait and V. Weiss, "Isothermal True Stress-Strain Curves of
240 1680 Body Centered Metals," Report No. MET. E. 1081-0666, Syracuse
800 °F (427 °C)
co University Research Institute, June 1966; see also R. Chait,
Q. "Deformation and Fracture of High Strength BCC Polycrystalline
2
^ ^ ^ Rooni temperature Alloys," Ph.D. thesis, Syracuse University, 1967, available from
University of Michigan, Order No. 68-5451. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1401, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24

200 1400

160 1120
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
True strain, in./in.
216/Stainless Steel (SS)

2450 SS.101 410 stainless steel bar, stress-strain curves at

/ 20 K
room and low temperatures
2100 Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Treatment: 982 °C
(1800 °F), 1 h, oil quenched + tempered 371 °C (700 °F),
^ 7 6 K 4 h, air cooled, to 42 HRC hardness. Composition: Fe-
1750 12.2Cr-0.12C-0.5Mn-0.2Si-0.02P-0.01S. UNS S41000
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
1400 ^ Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol
2 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 22
s i 95 K
1050 ft
R<3om temperati

700

350

0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

Strain, in./in.

1400 SS.102 420 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
(0.062 in.). Treatment: 982 °C (1800 °F), 15 min, oil
1120
. Room terriperature quenched, 482 °C (900 °F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-13Cr-
400 °F (2104 °C) 0.35C. UNS S42000
• 800 °F (4:17 °C) Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of
V2-IOCHOh Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
840
Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
CL
2 206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1402, CINDAS/
<D USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
11000 °F (538r c ) CO
560
- V2-IO h
100-1000 h

/ 280
y v
//

4 6 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 217/Stainless Steel (SS)

200 1400 SS.103 420 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Room temperature
^ - 4 0 0 °F (204 °C) Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
^ 600 °F (316 °C)

A
(0.062 in.). Treatment: 982 °C (1800 °F), 15 min, oil
160 1120
quenched, 482 °C (900 °F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-13Cr-
800 ° F (427 °C)
1/2-1C)00
0.35C. UNS S42000
h
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of
Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
120 840
Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
o.
2 206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
' 10()0 °F (538 °IC) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1402, CINDAS/
1
/4 h USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
10 h
80 560
*
// / / / X 100 h
1000 h

' V -
/ / A*
40
A. 280
/ / '

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

200 1400 SS.104 422 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
(0.062 in.). Treatment: 1038 °C (1900 °F), 15 min, oil
160 1120
quenched, 538 °C (1000 °F), 2 h. Composition: Fe-12Cr-
0.23C-lMo-lW-0.8Ni-0.25V. UNS S42200
R(Dom temperature
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of
^ 400 °F (204 °C) Tensile, Compressive, Bearing and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
120 840
600 °F (316 °C) Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
72-1000 h ^ . ^ 0 0 °F (427 °C)
206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1403, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10
000 °F (538 °C)
80 560

^ 1 / 2 -100 h
M000 h

40 280

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

218/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.105 422 stainless steel sheet, compressive stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 ram
(0.062 in.). Treatment: 1038 °C (1900 °F), 15 min, oil
quenched, 538 °C (1000 °F), 2 h. Composition: Fe-12Cr-
0.23C-lMo-lW-0.8Ni-0.25V. UNS S42200
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of
Tensile, Compressive, Bearing and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC TR 58-365, ASTIA Document No.
206075, Southern Research Institute, Nov 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1403, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12

SS.106 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Sheet
thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 371 °C
(700 °F). Treatment: 1038 °C (1900 °F), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 °C (-100 °F),
30 min, 371 °C (700 °F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe-
14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
(0
875 | Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly
Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
April 1968, p 145. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
700 *
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1509, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10
 219/Stainless Steel (SS)

225 1575 SS.107 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, tensile stress-

70 °F strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
200 ^ \ 600 F >
(21 °C)
1400
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Sheet
(316 °C)
800 °F (427 °C)
thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 593 °C
175
and
1225 (1100 °F). Treatment: 1038 °C (1900 °F), 15 min in
T protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 °C (-100 °F),
1000 °F (538 °C),
150 1050 30 min, 593 °C (1100 °F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe-
14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
(0
1 125 875 | Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly

£
to 100
A 700 *
Developed Structural Materials/' Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
April 1968, p 160. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook Vol 2, Code 1509, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
75 Jy 525

50
V 350

25 175

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

225 1575 SS.108 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, compressive

- - 7 0 °F (21 °C) stress-strain curves at room and elevated
^ ^ - 2 0 0 °F (93 °C)
200 1400 temperatures
°F (204 °C)
^ ^ 6 0 0 |°F (316 °C) Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet
175 1225 thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 371 °C

150
A 1050
(700 °F). Treatment: 1038 °C (1900 °F), 15 min in
protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 °C (-100 °F),
30 min, 371 °C (700 °F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe-
J2 125 w 875 14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
CO
<>
/ Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly
8>
w 100 700 Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
April 1968, p 147. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1509, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
75 525 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14

50 350

25 175

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
220/Stainless Steel (SS)

275 1925 SS.109 AFC-77 stainless steel sheet, compressive

70 °F (21 °C)
LandT stress-strain curves at room and elevated
250 1750 temperatures
^ ^ 6 0 0 °F (316 °C)

225 1575 Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Sheet

^ ^ 800 °F (427 °C) thickness = 2.54 mm (0.10 in.). Tempered at 593 °C
200 1400 (1100 °F). Treatment: 1038 °C (1900 °F), 15 min in
1000 °F (£>38 °C)
LandT protective atmosphere, oil quenched, -73 °C (-100 °F),
175 1225
30 min, 593 °C (1100 °F), 2 + 2 h. Composition: Fe-
£« 150 1050 ^
14.5Cr-13.5Co-5Mo-0.5V-0.15C. UNS S65770
<o
<D Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly
875 £ Developed Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-67-418,
125
5) April 1968, p 162. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
700 Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1509, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
100 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
75 525

50 350

25 175

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

240 1680 SS.110 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, stress-strain

H 1000 curves with effect of aged condition
10000
\\ 950
^ - 1 111At
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Fe-
200 —• M JOU 1400
13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
H 1t00 communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
160 1120 Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 15
Q_

»120 840 co
CD

GO
1150
^—• H 11 50-M

80 560

40 280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 221/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.111 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, true stress-

strain curves with effect of heat treatment
Test direction: transverse. Strain rate = 0.004/min. Heat
treatment: curve 1, 899 °C (1650 °F), 0.5 h; curve 2,
899 °C (1650 °F), 0.5 h, 599 °C (1110 °F), 4 h; curve 3,
899 °C (1650 °F), 0.5 h, 449 °C (840 °F), 4 h; curve 4,
899 °C (1650 °F), 0.5 h, 527 °C (980 °F), 4 h.
Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS SI3800
Source: V. Seetharaman, M. Sundararaman, and R. Krisknan,
Precipitation Hardening in a PH 13-8Mo Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol 47 (No. 1), Jan 1981, p 1-11. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 15

True plastic strain

SS.112 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel bar, stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Aging treatment:
538 °C (1000 °F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr-
8Ni-2Mo. UNS SI3800
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
222/Stainless Steel (SS)

320 2240 SS.113 13-8 PH Mo HI000 stainless steel bar, stress-

strain curves at room and low temperatures
_3>20 °F (-196 °C) Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Aging treatment:
538 °C (1000 °F), 4 h, air cooled. Data represent one test
240 1680
from one heat, according to Armco Data Bulletin S-24,
-ic)0 °F (-73 °C) 1984. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
-150 ' F M 0 1 °C)
F (-18 °C) Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
co
Room temperatijre v / / / / Q. Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
160 1120 ccoo-
£ £
55
CO

80 560

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

SS.114 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel bar,

compressive stress-strain curve
Bar size = 50.8 x 152.4 mm ( 2 x 6 in.). Aging treatment:
538 °C (1000 °F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr-
8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Source: P.W. Johnson, Jr., Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD, personal
communication with C.I. Hickey, Jr., Feb 1973. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1510, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 19
 223/Stainless Steel (SS)

1575 SS.115 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel forging,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
Room temf j e r a t u r e ^
1400 elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Forging size = 101.6 x 127
ouu r (260 °C)— 1225 mm (4 x 5 in.). Aging treatment: 538 °C (1000 °F), 4 h,
air cooled. Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS
700 °F (371 °C)
1050 SI3800
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
875 | Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Vol 2, Sept 1972.
- ^ 9 0 0 °F (482 °C) As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code
1510, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
700 *
1995, p 23

525

350

175

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

SS.116 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curve at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 19.05-50.8
mm (0.750-2.000 in.). Aging treatment: 538 °C (1000
°F), 4 h, air cooled. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 17.
Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-157
224/Stainless Steel (SS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.117 13-8 PH Mo H1000 stainless steel bar, typical
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 22.225-50.8
mm (0.875-2.000 in.). Aging treatment: 538 °C (1000
°F), 4 h, air cooled. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 17.
Composition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 5 7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

1680 SS.118 13-8 PH Mo stainless steel bar, typical tensile

— ^ stress-strain curves (full range) at room temperature
\ 1540
\ N
for various heat treat conditions
\ s. 1400 Test direction: longitudinal. Based on one heat. Compos-
X \ ition: Fe-13Cr-8Ni-2Mo. UNS S13800
xX ^\ 1260
N^ V \ \ Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-158
\ 1120
\
\ \s V
\ > H950 \ 980 cc
H1000 x CL
11100
X 840 to
«
X £
\ H'1050
700

560

420

280

140

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0

0.18
Strain, in./in.
 225/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.119 14-8 PH Mo SRH1050 stainless steel sheet,

stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet
thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). SRH aging treatment:
927 ° C (1700 °F), 1 h, -73 °C (-100 °F), 8 h, 566 °C
(1050 °F), 1 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-14Cr-8Ni-
2.5Mo-Al. UNS S14800
Source: "Fatigue Evaluation of PH14-8Mo (SRH1050) Alloy," Armco
Steel Corp., Advanced Materials Div., 17 Sept 1969. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1507, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

200 1400 SS.120 15-5 PH stainless steel bar, typical tensile

H925 stress-strain curves at room temperature for various
H1025
heat treat conditions
160 1120
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 25.4-31.75
mm (1.000-1.250 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
H1100 w(H925) = 13, «(H1025) = 24, h(H1100) = 22, «(H1150)
" "H1150 = 9.0, w(H1150M) = 7.8. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu.
120 840 UNS S15500
to
CL
2 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-169

£ -H1150M
w
80 560

40 280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
226/Stainless Steel (SS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
SS.121 15-5 PH stainless steel bar, typical
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature for various
heat treat conditions
Test direction: long transverse. Bar thickness = 38.0-
139.7 mm (1.500-5.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: n(H1025) = 20, n(H1150) = 7.8. Composi-
tion: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 6 9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.122 15-5 PH H1025 stainless steel bar, typical
200
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at various temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 38.0-
142.24 mm (1.500-5.600 in.). 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters:rc(roomtemperature) = 22, n(400 °F)
= 18, n{700 °F) = 12, «(900 °F) = 11. Composition: Fe-
15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-171

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 227/Stainless Steel (SS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.123 15-5 PH H1025 stainless steel plate, typical
35 70 105 140 175 210
1400
tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
/ L and LT, com pre;>sion v Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Plate
thickness = 38.0-139.7 mm (1.500-5.500 in.). Ramberg-
1120
X
L and LT, tension Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) = 23, «(LT, tension) =
23, n(L, compression) = 20, n(LT, compression) = 21.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS S15500
840 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 7 2
o.

/ 560
2
<u
w

A/
/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
280

5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.124 15-5 PH H1150 stainless steel bar, typical
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at various temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: Ai(room temperature) = 8.5, n(400 °F)
= 14, <700 °F) = 12,rc(900°F) = 10. Composition: Fe-
15Cr-5Ni-4Cu. UNS SI5500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 1 7 6

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
J I L
10 15 20 25
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
228/Stainless Steel (SS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.125 15-5 PH H935 stainless steel casting, typical
42 84 126 168 210 252 tensile and compressive stress-strain and
1400
compressive tangent modulus curves
Compressive Casting thickness = 12.7-47.625 mm (0.500-1.875 in.).
Tensile 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: w(tension)
1120 = 12, n(compression) = 12. Composition: Fe-15Cr-5Ni-
4Cu. UNS SI5500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-170
840
Q.
2

560

280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
J I I L_
12 18 24 30 36
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

SS.126 15-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet, stress-

strain curves at room and low temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition:
Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Campbell, and W.F. Simmons, "The Evaluation
of the Effects of Very Low Temperatures on the Properties of Aircraft
and Missile Metals," WADD TR 60-254, Feb 1960, p 40. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
 229/Stainless Steel (SS)

200 1400 SS.127 15-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
2 min
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe-
160 s 2 min 1120
15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
1 h ^ / / A1 h V 2 min Source: "Armco 17-7 PH and PH 15-7MoArmco Steel Corp.,
1000 h

r
July 1968, p 37. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
120
/ / A ™ i / 1000 h
840
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
/Jr\ 1 nin Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 19
^AlOOh Q-
W 1001 2
<D
<D
ay 55
80 560
)h

000 h
40 280

/ 600 °F / 700 °F J 8 0 0 °F / 9 0 0 °F
j (316 °C) / (371 °C) / (427 °C) / (482 °C)

4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
230/Stainless Steel (SS)

1680 SS.128 15-7 PH RH950 (a) and TH1050 (b) stainless

steel sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
1400 Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). RT, room
RT^;
2 00 °F (93 °C) temperature. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS
400 °F: (204 °C) v SI5700
1120 Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel Technical
600 °F (31 6
Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 March 1958. As published in Aerospace
800 °F (427 °( CO
CL Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
—"goC1 °F (482 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10
°C)-8 4 0 g

5
A
CO
100Gl °F (538 °C)
560

280

0 2 10
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1680

1400
RT^-
2100 °F (93 °C) >
400 °F•(204 ° C ) X
1120
600 °F (31l 6 °c)\yO
0 °F (427 °C)
1
840
900 °F (482 °C)- />»)
tQ
GO
100 0 °F (538 °C)

560

280

10
(b) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 231/Stainless Steel (SS)

300 2100 SS.129 15-7 PH RH950 (a) and TH1050 (b) stainless
steel sheets typical compressive stress-strain curves
at room and elevated temperatures
RT
250 1750 Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). RT, room
2i00 °F (93 °C
temperature. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS
4 0 0 ' 'F (204 °C)>
SI5700
200 1400
600 °F (316 ° C k Source: "Armco 17-7 PH and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp.,
F (427 °C) July 1968, p 29. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
ra
Q. Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 15
150 1050 g
£
to to
> ^ 1 0 0 0 ° F (538 °C)

100 700

50 350

4 6 8 10 12
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in.

300 2100

250 1750

RT

^ — 2 0 0 °F (93 °C)
200 1400
^ 400 F (204 °C)
^ S 5 5 °F (427 °C) £
150 1050 «r
& ,—- 1000 °F (538 °C) I
w
j
100 700

50 350

10 12
(b) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
232/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.130 15-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures for various exposure times
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). RT, room
temperature. Exposure times: (a) 30 min, (b) 10 h,
(c) 100 h, and (d) 1000 h. Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-
2.5Mo. UNS SI5700
Source: M.M. Lemcoe and A. Trevino, Jr., "Determination of the Effect
of Elevated Temperature Materials Properties of Several High Tempera-
ture Alloys," ASD TDR-61-529, June 1962, p 194-197. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1503, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11

(a) (b)
 233/Stainless Steel (SS)

250 1750 SS.131 15-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Room tennperature
^ II 1400
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
200
•00 °F (204
200° F (93 °C) Osgood parameters: n{room temperature) = 8.3,
n(200 °F) = 6.6, n(400 °F) = 7.5, n(600 °F) = 5.5,
:
(316 °C) n(800 °F) = 4.7, n( 1000 °F) = 6.6. Composition: Fe-
150 r
800 °F (427 1050 15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
Q_ Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-181
2

±3
CO
100 : 700
1000°F (538 °C)

50 350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1750 SS.132 15-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, typical

Room t(smperature
compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
3 °F (93 °C)
400 °F (2C 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: rc(room
i JK 1400
60!D°F (316 °C temperature) = 9.3, n(200 °F) = 10, «(400 °F) = 11,
6
n(600 °F) = 14, n{800 °F) = 12, n(1000 °F) = 6.3.
F (427 °C)
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS SI5700
1050 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-181
Q_
^ 1000 °F (538 °C) 2
£
w
700

350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
234/Stainless Steel (SS)
Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
10 15 20
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
SS.133 15-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, typical
compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: «(room
temperature) = 9.3, «(200 °F) = 10, «(400 °F) = 11,
n(600 °F) = 14, «(800 °F) = 12,72(1000 °F) = 6.3.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-2.5Mo. UNS S15700
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-182
25
SS.134 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, stress-strain
curves for various heat treat conditions
Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
Source: WJ. Lanning, "Torsion Properties of 17-4PH and 15-5PH
Stainless Steel Bars," Advanced Materials Div., Armco Steel Corp.,
16 March 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1501, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
 235/Stainless Steel (SS)

200 1400 SS.135 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, typical stress-

-^"TSOO strain curves for various heat treat conditions
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness = 25.4-114.3
H1025
mm (1.000-4.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
160 1120
«(H900) = 11, «(H1025) = 24, «(H1150) = 13. Composi-
tion: Fe- 17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS SI7400
, H1150 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 0 2

120 840

CO
80 560

40

/ Strain, 0.001 in./in.

10 12
280

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.136 17-4 PH stainless steel bar, typical
200
0 35 70 105 140 175 210
1400
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature for various
heat treat conditions
H1025 H1025 Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness: 25.4-114.3
160 1120 mm (1.000-4.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
«(H1025) = 22, «(H1150) = 13. Composition: Fe-17Cr-
4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
H1150 H1150
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 0 2
120 840

80 560

40

/ J
4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
I
8

L
10
280

12

5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
236/Stainless Steel (SS)

200 1400 SS.137 17-4 PH H900 stainless steel bar, typical

75 °F (24 °C)
tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
175
temperatures
400 °l = (204 °C)- 1225
Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-
150 1050
4Cu. UNS SI7400
F (371 °C) Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aero-
space Structural Materials;' AFML-TR-72-196, Vol 1, Battelle
125 875 Columbus Laboratories, Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace
(0_
Q Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1501, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
900^1F (482 °C) Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
100

75
A 700 eg
<D

35

525

50 w
350

25
175

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

200 1400 SS.138 17-4 PH H900 stainless steel bar,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
75 °F (24 0)
175 1225
elevated temperatures
400 °F (20^rc)
Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
150 1050 Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-72-196, Vol 1, Battelle
700 °F (37'I °C) Columbus Laboratories, Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace
125 875 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1501, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
900°F (48i !°C) CO
Q_ Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 16

100 700 g
£
CO

75 525

50 350

25 175

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 237/Stainless Steel (SS)

200 1400 SS.139 17-4 PH H1000 stainless steel casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
Casting thickness = 9.525-76.2 mm (0.375-3.000 in.).
160 1120
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 16. Composition: Fe-
17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-203

120 840

-fa
<0
80 560

40 280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
SS.140 17-4 PH H1000 stainless steel casting, typical
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature
Casting thickness = 9.525-76.2 mm (0.375-3.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 13. Composition: Fe-
17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2-203

I I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
238/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.141 17-4 PH H1100 stainless steel bar, complete

stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-4Cu. UNS S17400
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1501, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11

2240 SS.142 17-7 PH stainless steel spring wire, tensile

3 > stress-strain curves at room temperature for various
1960
heat treat conditions
Curve 1, 5.08 mm (0.200 in.) diam, condition A; curve 2,
1680 2.032 mm (0.080 in.) diam, condition C; curve 3, 2.032
mm (0.080 in.) diam, condition CH900. Composition: Fe-
# «•» 17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S17700
*
1400
/ Source: "Armco 17-7 PH Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel, Bar,
/ y Q. Rod and Wire," Bulletin No. S-29e, Armco Stainless Steel Div., April
2
1120 1983. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
/ / Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
/ / is
CO University, 1995, p 16
/> 840

560

v
/
/
1
^ — - — 280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 239/Stainless Steel (SS)

1960 SS.143 17-7 PH stainless steel sheet, typical tensile

stress-strain curves for heat treat condition RH950
(a) and TH1050 (b)
t 1680
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet
fi/ / x - " " " """ thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Composition: Fe-17Cr-
h </ > 1400 7Ni-lAl. UNS SI7700
s
frA
If' Source: "Armco 17-7 H and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp., 1966.
M' As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
1120 Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 16

/
840 5

// Longitudinal
Tr;ansverse
i
560

280

0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in. (b) Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1960 SS.144 17-7 PH stainless steel sheet, typical

/
compressive stress-strain curves for heat
/ treat condition RH950 (a) and TH1050 (b)
// 1680
// >>•
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet
b j thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Tested at room
ji/
1400 temperature. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS
S17700

h
//
h
! 1120
Source: "Armco 17-7 H and PH 15-7Mo," Armco Steel Corp., 1966.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue

// //
> University, 1995, p 18
/ i 840 S

560

/
0
(a)
4
Loingitudinal
Trcinsverse

8
I

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

12 0
(b)
/ 4 8
Strain, 0.001 in/in.
280

12
240/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.145 17-7 PH CH900 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures under conditions of rapid heating,
rapid loading, and short time at temperature
Sheet thickness =1.016 mm (0.040 in.). Strain rate =
0.1/s. Heated to test temperature in 10 s and held for 10 s
prior to test. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS
SI7700
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Rupture Properties of Structural
Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short
Times at Temperature/' Southern Research Institute Report 3962-867-2-1
to International Nickel Co., 10 April 1959. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 19

240 1680 SS.146 17-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
1 Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Curve 1: room
200 1400 temperature; curve 2: 93 °C (200 °F); curve 3: 204 °C
(400 °F); curve 4: 316 °C (600 °F); curve 5: 427 °C
(800 °F); curve 6: 482 °C (900 °F); curve 7: 538 °C
160 1120 (1000 °F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S17700
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data
Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957. As published in Aerospace
6 840 «
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
120
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 19
<n

-7
80 1 560

40 280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 241/Stainless Steel (SS)

240 1680 SS.147 17-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
7 >°F (24 ° C ) y ^ ^ ^ Compressive elevated temperatures
yield sitrength
200 1400 Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
600 °F (316 °C)
(0.062 in.). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S17700
Source: J.R. Kattus, J.B. Preston, and H.L. Lessley, "Determination of
160 1120 Tensile, Compressive, Bearing, and Shear Properties of Sheet Steels at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC Technical Report 58-365, Nov 1958.
/ 300 °F (427 °C)
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code
1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
3 120 840 co 1995, p 24

/ j ' /
80

/ / 560

/ / /
/ 1 0 0 ( ) °F (538 °C)
40 280

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

242/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.148 17-7 PH RH950 stainless steel sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.), (a) 316 °C
(600 °F). (b) 427 °C (800 °F). (c) 371 °C (700 °F).
(d) 482 °C (900 °F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl.
UNS SI7700
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data
Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 30
 243/Stainless Steel (SS)

1750 SS.149 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures

1400
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters n(room
Room tem|Derature temperature) = 12, n(200 °F) = 8.3, n(400 °F) = 9.0,
4-00 °F (204 ) °F (93 °C) n(600 °F) = 12, n{800 °F) = 8.3, n(900 °F) = 8.0,
n(1000 °F) = 7.7. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS
°F (316 °C)
1050 S17700
800 °F (427 °C)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 1 2

^900 °F (4{J2°C)
700

1000°F (538 °C)

350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

SS.150 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet,

typical compressive stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room
temperature) = 9.3, n{200 °F) = 11, n(400 °F) = 9.3,
n{600 °F) = 11, n{800 °F) = 8.3, n{900 °F) = 9.3.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S17700
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 2 - 2 1 2
244/Stainless Steel (SS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.151 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, typical
250
0 35 70 105 140 175 210
1750
compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
^ Roomtemperature 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: «(room
200 °F (9C y400 °F (;*04 °C) temperature) = 9.3, n(200 °F) = 11, n(400 °F) = 9.3,
200 1400 n(600 °F) = 11, n(800 °F) = 8.3, n(900 °F) = 9.3.
^ . 6 0 0 I °F (316 °C
Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S17700
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-213
150 1050
CD
800 °F (41 0_
2

&
w
100 " 9 0 0 °F (4B2 °C) 700

50 350

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

280 1960 SS.152 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures

240 1680
RT, room temperature. Sheet thickness = 2.032 mm
(0.080 in.) for low temperatures (below RT), 1.27 mm
(0.050 in.) for RT and above. Curve 1: -253 °C
200 3 1400 (-423 °F); curve 2: -196 °C (-320 °F); curve 3: -79 °C
(-110 °F); curve 4: RT; curve 5: 93 °C (200 °F); curve 6:
^ 5 _ 204 °C (400 °F); curve 7: 316 °C (600 °F); curve 8:
-S3 160
6 1120 £ 427 °C (800 °F); curve 9: 482 °C (900 °F); curve 10:
5 538 °C (1000 °F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS
to
(aO
> S> S17700
55 8 840 55
120
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data
9" Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957 and A.L. McGee, J.E. Camp-
bell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning, "The Mechanical Properties of
80 560 Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at Very Low Temperatures," WADC
10
TR 58-386, Nov 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
40 280 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 19

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 In./in.
 245/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.153 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Strain rate 0.0002/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl.
UNS SI7700
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechani-
cal Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Tempera-
tures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 20

SS.154 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Strain rate 0.002/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS
S17700
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechani-
cal Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Tempera-
tures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 20
246/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.155 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Strain rate 0.02/s. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS
S17700
Source: A . C Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechani-
cal Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Tempera-
tures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21

SS.156 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves with effect of various heating
rates
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of
0.0002/s and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe-
17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S17700
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechani-
cal Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Tempera-
tures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
 247/Stainless Steel (SS)

180 1260 SS.157 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

I I
Heating rate, "Fh5 (°C/s) stress-strain curves with effect of various heating
160 "20(11) 1120 rates
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of 0.002/s
140 980 and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni~
125 (69) 1A1. UNS S17700
120 840
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechani-
cal Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Tempera-
(0 tures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, 'The Effects of Simultaneous
^ 100 700 e=
CO
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
CO
<D 0) Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in

\
560 * Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
80 USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22

\
CO

420
60
280
40
140
2:20(122)
20

10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Strain, in./in.

160 I I 1120 SS.158 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet, tensile

Heating rate, °F/s (°C/s) stress-strain curves with effect of various heating
140 980
rates
.^ 400 (204)
Specimens simultaneously loaded at strain rate of 0.02/s
120 ou 840
and heated at rate shown. Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-
1A1. UNS S17700
Source: A.C. Wilhelm and J.R. Kattus, "Determination of the Mechani-
100 700
cal Properties of Aircraft Structural Materials at Very High Tempera-
50 0 (260)^ to tures after Rapid Heating," Part 3, "The Effects of Simultaneous
I CL
Heating and Loading on the Tensile Properties of Typical Structural
£3 80 560 co
Alloys," WADC TR 57-647, Part 3, Nov 1960. As published in
CO " ^ 6 0 0 (316) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22
420
60

280
40 100 0 (538)

140
20
K . 2000 (1093) 1200(649)
^ I 1h
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Strain, in./in.
248/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.159 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm
(0.050 in.). Specimens loaded at strain rate of 0.002/min.
Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S17700
Source: B.A. Stein, "Compressive Stress-strain curves Properties of
17-7 PH and AM 350 Stainless-Steel Sheet at Elevated Temperatures,"
NACA TN 4074, 19 Aug 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24
 249/Stainless Steel (SS)

1120 SS.160 17-7 PH TH1050 stainless steel sheet,

2 m\v\/
isochronous stress-strain curves
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.), (a) 316 °C (600
°F). (b) 427 °C (800 °F). (c) 371 °C (700 °F). (d) 538 °C
2 min/
/ l h y
840
(1000 °F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-lAl. UNS S17700
Source: Armco Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Technical Data
Manual, Armco Steel Corp., 1 Nov 1957. As published in Aerospace
T^^IOOh
L
/ 1 h Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
^1000 h / Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 31
£L
100 h
560 co
£
CO

I/ x^1000h

280

0 4 8
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in. (b) Strain, 0.001 in./in.

840

1 h 100h
/ / ^

,/lOOOh

0 4 8
(c) Strain, 0.001 in./in. (d) Strain, 0.001 inVin.
250/Stainless Steel (SS)

560 SS.161 AM-350 annealed stainless steel sheet, tensile

and compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm
(0.064 in.). Solid curves, tension; dashed curves,
420
compression. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35000
Source: R.G. Henning and A.W. Brisbane, "Mechanical Properties of
Q. AM-350 Potomac A, Potomac M and Vascojet 1000 Steel Alloys in the
400 °F (204 °C)
2 Annealed Condition," ASD-TDR-63-116, May 1963. As published in
600 °F (316 °C)- 280 » Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/
800 °F (427 °C) <D
1000 °F (538 °C) to USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11

y ^ t 1 2 0 0 °F (649 °C)

140

Strain x 0.001

200 1400 SS.162 AM-350 double aged stainless steel sheet,

1
Room tempe r a t u r e ^ ^ compressive stress-strain curves at room and
400 °F (20(4°C)v elevated temperatures
600°F (316' — ^ ^
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition:
160 1120
Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile and Compressive
Properties of Type AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
\0 °F (371 °C) Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
120 840 Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Q. Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
'F (427 °C) 2

S £
CO CO
80 560

40
V 280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 251/Stainless Steel (SS)

200 1400 SS.163 AM-350 double aged stainless steel sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
Room tcjmperature temperatures
400 °F (204 °C)v ^ Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition:
160 1120
600 °F (316 °C)\
Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile and Compressive
Properties of Type AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
120 840 Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
^ 700 e F (371 °C)
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
r
y y ' 300 °F (427 °C)

80 560

40 280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1680 SS.164 AM-350 20% CRT stainless steel sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and various
temperatures
^ 110 °F (-79 °C)
1400 CRT: annealed to condition H, cold rolled 20%, 3 h,
- 80 °F (27 °C)

I
650 °fr (343 °C)
tempered 441 °C (825 °F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-17Cr-
4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
1120 Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
// GL 1995, p 12
5
840 «T

560

280

0
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16
Strain, %
252/Stainless Steel (SS)

240
I
1680 SS.165 AM-350 30% CRT stainless steel sheet,
-1 tensile stress-strain curves at room and various
10 °F (-79 °C)
temperatures
200 80 °F (27 °C) 1400 CRT: annealed to condition H, cold rolled 30%, 3 h,
tempered 441 °C (825 °F), 3 h. Composition: Fe-17Cr-
4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
160 650 °F (343 °C)
1120 Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 12
S 120
© 840 w
<0
0) CO

80 560

40 280

0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16

Strain, %

200 1400 SS.166 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
Room 1temperature
temperatures
- (204
Sheet thickness = 1.067 mm (0.042 in.). SCT, subcooled
160 1120
and tempered. Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35000
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile and Compressive
Properties of Type AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
120 840
^ ^ 6 0 0 °F (316 °C)
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
\ 700 °F (37;I °C) Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
/ o 0 0 °F (427 °C)
80 560

40 280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 253/Stainless Steel (SS)

250 1750 SS.167 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. Ramberg-
200 1400
Osgood parameters: «(room temperature) = 10, «(400 °F)
Room te mperature
= 7.0, w(600 °F) = 7.5, n(800 °F) = 6.5. Composition: Fe-
17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
^ ^ 4 0 0 ' •F (204 °C)
150 1 1050 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-122
F (316 °C) Q_
600 °l 2
(427 °C)
800 °F
£
w
100 700

50 350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa SS.168 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, typical
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room and elevated temperatures
0.5 h exposure. SCT, subcooled and tempered. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 9.3, n(400
°F) = 6.2, n(600 °F) = 6.8, n(800 °F) = 6.2. Composition:
Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-122

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
254/Stainless Steel (SS)

1960 SS.169 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet, tensile

I 1 .
-423 °F (-253 stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
1680 Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). SCT850:
annealed to condition L, subcooled -73 °C (-100 °F),
3 h, tempered 441-468 °C (825-875 °F), 3 h.
/ 1 °F (-196 °C)
1400 Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
°F (-78 °C) Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,

A Room temperature
"The Mechanical Properties of Certain Structural Metals at Very Low
Temperature," WADC-TR 58-386, June 1958. As published in Aero-
space Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF
CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
840 £

560

280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1680 SS.170 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
1400 Sheet thickness = 1.067 mm (0.042 in.). Treatment
Room temperature
SCT850: annealed to condition L, subcooled -73 °C
(-100 °F), 3 h, tempered 441-468 °C (825-875 °F), 3 h.
1120 Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile and Compressive
a. Properties of Type AM-350," Data sheet 86-11457-350, Allegheny
^ ^ 600 °l^ (316 °C) Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
n 840 cCO
o
7 0 0 °F (371 0) Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
CO Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
^ 800 °F (4;27 °C)

560

280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 255/Stainless Steel (SS)

1400 SS.171 AM-350 SCT850 stainless steel sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at various
temperatures

\
/ Sheet thickness = 1.016-1.651 mm (0.040-0.065 in.).
/y 1120
//
SCT850: annealed to condition L, subcooled -73 °C
t /J (-100 °F), 3 h, tempered 441-4-68 °C (825-875 °F), 3 h.
Y
/ 4
/ y / 4
(a) 316 °C (600 °F); (b) 371 °C (700 °F); (c) 427 °C
/ / 1 -10 h / (800 °F). Composition: Fe-17Cr-4Ni-3Mo. UNS S35000
//1 ~ /
1 v / 840
1000 h 100 h Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data Sheet 119-
11000 h / y/i
/ in / 121658S...," Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. As published in Aerospace
/ Mllr1
//A/
-10 h Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
</5 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 19
r / / 1C >0 h

/
560
r
A i o c f0 h

280

/ -- Shoi•ttime

0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in. (b) Strain, 0.001 in./in. (c) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
256/Stainless Steel (SS)

1680 SS.172 AM-355 CRT stainless steel sheet, tensile

1 stress-strain curves at room and elevated
Room teinperature
temperatures
°F (204 °C)
1400 Test direction: (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse. Sheet
60"D °F (316 °C
thickness = 1.422 mm (0.056 in.). CRT: cold rolled and

A
800 °F (427
tempered, hardness = 50-51 HRC. (a) longitudinal
1120 (b) transverse. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS
S35500
I
^ 9 0 0 '•F (482 °C)
Source: Data sheet 121-12159-355, Allegheny Ludlum, 1959. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,

A
840 i
^ 1 0 0 0 ' 'F (538 °C) a> Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
ft University, 1995, p 11

560

V
280

0 2 6 8 10 12
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1680

Room ternperature
1400

800° F (427 °C)

1120

CO
Q_
' ^ 9 0 0 °F (482 °C) 2
840 £
^1000 ° F (538 °C) £

/ 560
0)

7 280

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(b) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 257/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.173 AM-355 CRT stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.422 mm
(0.056 in.). CRT: cold rolled and tempered. Hardness =
50-51 HRC. Specimen size = 68.58 x 15.875 x
1.422 mm (2.7 x 0.625 x 0.056 in.); gage length =
38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo.
UNS S35500
Source: Data sheet 121-12159-355, Allegheny Ludlum, 1959. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 14
258/Stainless Steel (SS)

i 2240 SS.174 AM-355 SCCRT stainless steel sheet, tensile

Room temperature , stress-strain curves at room and elevated
200 °F |(93 °C) y temperatures
c)
r Xy
1960
400 °F (20
Test direction: (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse. Sheet
60 0 °F (316 °C
' x J ? 1680
thickness = 0.457 mm (0.018 in.). SCCRT: subcooled,
800 °F• (427 °C) y
cold rolled, tempered. RT, room temperature. Composi-
tion: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
1400
^ ^ 9 0 0 c 'F (482 °C) (0_ Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile and Compressive
Q
Properties of SCCRT AM-355," Data sheet 114-82158-355, Allegheny
2
1120 co- Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
: co Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
1000 °F (538 °C)
840

560

280

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(a) Strain, 0.001 in./in.

2240
1
Room temperature
— • —
1960
2001^(93-0) , ^

400 °F (2>04
1 A 1680
6iOO °F (316'
I B
800° F (427 °C)v C) \ / /
1400
\ / w :
(482 °C)

A 1120 co
£
* 1000° F (538 "C) co

m 840

560

280

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(b) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 259/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.175 AM-355 SCCRT stainless steel sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse. Sheet
thickness = 0.457 mm (0.018 in.). SCCRT: subcooled,
cold rolled, tempered. RT, room temperature. Composi-
tion: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Tensile and Compressive
Properties of SCCRT AM-355," Data sheet 114-82158-355, Allegheny
Ludlum Steel Corp., 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
260/Stainless Steel (SS)

1400 SS.176 AM-355 SCT stainless steel sheet,

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at
various temperatures

!1
SCT: subcooled and tempered, (a) 316 °C (600 °F).
f<?
1, 1120
(b) 371 °C (700 °F). (c) 427 °C (800 °F). Composition:
t
/ Vf
/
/ '//
1 u/
*

-100 h
// 840
Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-3Mo. UNS S35500
Source: "Creep Data AM-350 and AM-355 Alloys," Data sheet 119-
121658-5, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 1959. As published in Aero-
space Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF

f
/ / 1 - 1 000 h
\ t DOOh CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

i
11
7
10 h
560
I
^100 h
i
k
1000 hi

1 I
280

0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in. Strain, 0.001 in./in. Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(a) (b) (c)

SS.177 AM-355 XH stainless steel sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 0.203 mm
(0.008 in.). Heat treatment: mill solution treated and
water quenched, tempered 399 °C (750 °F), 5 min.
Hardness = 54 HRC. Composition: Fe-15.5Cr-4.5Ni-
3Mo. UNS S35500
to
I Source: Data sheet 130-10859-355, Allegheny Ludlum, 1959. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,
<8 Code 1505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
<o University, 1995, p 12
 261/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.178 AM-362 stainless steel bar, tensile stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 816 °C
(1500 °F), 1 h, air cooled, 566 °C (1050 °F), 2 h.
Composition: Fe-15Cr-7Ni-0.88Ti. UNS S36200
Source: "Properties of AM 362 Maraging Stainless Steel," Sheet-197-
11763-362, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Co., Research Data Center,
Nov 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 2, Code 1512, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 13

840 SS.179 AM-363 stainless steel strip, tensile stress-

strain curve at room temperature
Composition: Fe(0.04C)-l 1.5Cr-4Ni-0.3Ti
700
Source: "AM-363 Strip for Structural Applications," Preliminary Data
Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp., 11 Feb 1963. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1409, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 2
560
262/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.180 Custom 450 H900 stainless steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curve at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Bar
thickness = 25.4-304.8 mm (1.000-12.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 16. Composition: Fe-
15Cr-6Ni-1.5Cu-l.lTi-(Nb > 8C). UNS S45000
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-135

SS.181 Custom 450 H1050 stainless steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curve at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Bar
thickness = 25.4-304.8 mm (1.000-12.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n = 26. Composition: Fe-
15Cr-6Ni-1.5Cu-1. lTi-(Nb > 8C). UNS S45000
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-139
 263/Stainless Steel (SS)

400 2800 SS.182 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar, true
stress-strain curves
Heat treatment: annealed 816 °C (1500 °F), 1 h, water
quenched; (solid curve): + aged 482 °C (900 °F), 4 h, air
300 2100 cooled; (dashed curve): + aged 510 °C (950 °F), 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Fe-(low C)-12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-UTi-
(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
Q. Source: Private communication with N.B. Schmidt, Carpenter
// 5 Technology Corp., Reading, PA, 8 Jan 1974, and unpublished data
2 200 I 1400 | sheets. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals ^Handbook, Vol 2,
Code 1514, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 6

100 700

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

True strain, ln(^M f )

320 2240 SS.183 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar,

typical stress-strain curves at room and elevated
280 1960
temperature
Floom temp>erature Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 19.05 mm
— - —
240 L 1680 (0.75 in.). Heat treatment: annealed plus aged 510 °C
400 °F (2104 °C) (950 °F), 4 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-(low C)-12Cr-
8Ni-2Cu-1.1 Ti-(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
200 1400
600 °F (316 °C) Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aero-
(Q
Q. space Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
800 °F (A[27 °C) 5
160 1120 w Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
£ 2 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1514, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
CO Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10
120 840

80 560

40 280

4 6 8 10 12 14
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
264/Stainless Steel (SS)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
SS.184 Custom 455 annealed stainless steel bar,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 19.05 mm
(0.75 in.). Heat treatment: annealed plus aged 510 °C
(950 °F), 4 h, air cooled. RT, room temperature.
Composition: Fe-(low C)-12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-l.lTi-(Nb + Ta).
UNS S45500
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New Aero-
space Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1514, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

SS.185 Custom 455 H950 stainless steel bar, typical

tensile stress-strain curve at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Bar
thickness = 25.4-152.4 mm (1.000-6.000 in.). Ramberg-
Osgood parameter: n - 22. Composition: Fe-(low C)-
12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-1. lTi-(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-146
 265/Stainless Steel (SS)

250 1750 SS.186 Custom 455 H1000 stainless steel bar, typical
stress-strain curve at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Bar
1400
thickness = 25.4-152.4 mm (1.000-6.000 in.). Ramberg-
200
Osgood parameter: n = 25. Composition: Fe-(low C)-
12Cr-8Ni-2Cu-1.1 Ti-(Nb + Ta). UNS S45500
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 2-150
150 1050

5
.b
W £
100 700

50 350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

240 1680 SS.187 Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti stainless steel sheet, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room temperature for
950 °F (510 °C) different aging temperatures

I
:
(538 °C)
200
# 1050 °F (5(56 °C)
1400 Sheet thickness =1.651 mm (0.065 in.). Composition:
Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti. UNS S17600
Source: Contributions to the Metallurgy of Steel: High Temperature
160 1120 High Strength Alloys, AISI, Feb 1963, p 88. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1511, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
(0 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
Q_
120 840 w

^ — R oom temperature

80 560

40 280

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
266/Stainless Steel (SS)

1680 SS.188 Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti stainless steel sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
F (27 °C)
1400 Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet
thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Heat treatment:
^ (316 °C)
Solution annealed plus aged 538 °C (1000 °F), 0.5 h.
1120 Composition: Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti. UNS S17600
Source: P.J. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prosser, 'Tensile and
Q. Compressive Stress-Strain Curves Properties of Some High-Strength
s
840 g Sheet Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN 3315, Nov 1954,
CD
p 19. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 2,

A W Code 1511, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue

University, 1995, p 5

/ 1000 °lF (538 °C)

560

280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

SS.189 AL 2205 stainless steel, true stress-strain

curves at various temperatures
Strain rate = 0.0167/s. Composition: Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3Mo-
N. UNS S31803
Source: C.L. Beech, "Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate on the
Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of a Duplex Stainless
Steel," M.S. thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 1989. As
published in G. Krauss, Steels: Heat Treatment Processing and
Principles, 1990, p 394
 267/Stainless Steel (SS)

Test temperature, °C SS.190 XM-27 stainless steel, typical tensile

-18 93 204 316 427 538 649 760 871 982 properties at elevated temperatures
560
'NO
• /
P
\ Short-time tests on high-chromium ferritic samples show
\ pronounced decrease in strength with increasing
V
490
/ UTS
XI / temperature above 538 °C (1000 °F). Increase in strength
M: s I at 427-538 °C (800-1000 °F) is due to precipitation
420
hardening, which goes with the 475 °C (885 °F)
embrittlement phenomenon typical of high-chromium

\
I
\
350 ferritic stainless steels. UTS, ultimate tensile strength;
\ YS, yield strength. UNS S44627
A \
\

/ 280 #, Source: F.K. Kies and C.D. Swartz, High Temperature Properties of
A 0.2®to YS V \ High Purity Ferritic Stainless Steel, J. Test. Eval., Vol 2 (No. 2), 1974,
\\ £ p 118-124. As published in E-Brite Alloy Product Data, Allegheny
1
\\ w
\\ 210 Ludlum Steel Corp., 1980, p 14
\\
\
140
\
A v \

70
V
. ^ c

//
/

//
/

t
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Test temperature, °F
268/Stainless Steel (SS)

SS.191 409 stainless steel sheet, room temperature

longitudinal stress-strain
Sheet thickness = 1.499 mm (0.059 in.). Tests were run
per ASTM Standard E 8. Standard flat samples 2 x
12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wide. Data shown are typical and
should not be construed as maximum or minimum values
for specification or for final design. Data on any
particular piece of material may vary from those shown..
UNS S40900
Source: Courtesy Allegheny Ludlum in private communication,
March 2002

SS.192 439 stainless steel sheet, room temperature

longitudinal stress-strain
Sheet thickness = 1.549 mm (0.061 in.). Tests were run
per ASTM Standard E-8. Standard flat samples 2 x 12.7
mm (0.5 in.) wide. Data shown are typical and should not
be construed as maximum or minimum values for
specification or for final design. Data on any particular
piece of material may vary from those shown. UNS
S43035
Source: Courtesy Allegheny Ludlum in private communication,
March 2002
 Tool Steel (TS)/269

Tool Steel (TS)

1400 1400
A2 D2
1200 1200

1000 1000
(0
Q.
| 800
5 800
£ i^ ^
®
H
600 600

400
1
400
200
200
1 0.1 0.2 0.3
0 J 0.1 0.2 0.3
0I True strain True strain
(a) (b)
1400 1400
M2 01
1200 1200
...
1000 1000

I£800
to
CO
Q_
800
CO
£

1 600 600
£
400
400

200
200

0 >
0i 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3
(c) True strain True strain
(d)
1400
W1
1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0i
0.1 0.2 0.3
(e) True strain

TS.001 Tool steel, uniaxial compressive true stress-strain curves

Solid curves, quasi-static strain rate ~0.001/s; dashed curves, dynamic strain rate = 2000/s. Quasi-static tests used a servohy-
draulic machine. High-rate tests used a compression split Hopkins pressure bar. Specimens were 4-6 mm diam, 8-12 mm long.
Compositions: A2 (UNS T30102), Fe-lC-5.1Cr-1.15Mo-0.3V; D2 (UNS T30402), Fe-l.5C-12Cr-0.95Mo; M2 (UNS T11302),
Fe-1.0C-0.27Mn-0.3Si-4.1Cr-5Mo-6.12W-1.98V; 0 1 (UNS T31501), Fe-0.92C-l.2Mn-0.5Cr-0.5W; W1 (UNS T72301), Fe-
l.lC-0.25Mn-0.25Si.
Source: G. Subhash, Dynamic Indentation Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, Vol 8, ASM Handbook, 2000, p 525
270/Tool Steel (TS)

40 400 TS.002 D2 high-carbon high-chromium cold-work

1 ^ ^ ^ tool steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effect of
2
tempering temperature
3
Specimens air cooled 1010 °C and then tempered: curve
30 300
1, 175 °C, 60.6 HRC; curve 2, 290 °C, 58.2 HRC; curve
3, 400 °C, 57.3 HRC. Typical composition: Fe-2.1C-
12.5Cr-0.3Ni. UNS T30402
Source: Teledyne VASCO data. As published in G.A. Roberts,
G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 213
® 20 200 ©
cr
£

10 100

100 200 30C?

Deformation, degrees

TS.003 D3 high-carbon high-chromium cold-work

tool steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effect of
tempering temperature
Specimens quenched in oil at 970 °C to maximum hard-
ness and then tempered: curve 1, 175 °C, 64.5 HRC;
curve 2, 290 °C, 60.5 HRC; curve 3, 400 °C, 59 HRC.
typical composition: Fe-l.6C-13Qr-0.75Mo-0.3V. UNS
T30403
Source: Teledyne VASCO data. As published in G.A. Roberts, G.
Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 213
 Tool Steel (TS)/271

TS.004 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel bar,

true tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
Bar diameter = 51 mm (0.2 in.) for tension, 8.458 mm
(0.333 in.) for compression. Heat treatment: 1010 °C
(1850 °F), 2 h, oil quenched, triple tempered, 566 °C
(1050 °F), 1 h, air cooled. Data points: triangle, compres-
sion using special machine for alignment and Teflon
lubricant; circle, tensile with intermittent die drawing to
eliminate necking; square, tensile with data corrected for
necking. Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS
T20821
Source: R. Chait, Factors Influencing the Strength Differential in High
Strength Steels, Metall Trans., Vol 3, Feb 1972, p 365-371. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 22

True strain

3500 TS.005 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel bar,

true tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
Bar diameter 51 mm (0.2 in.). Specimen machined from
ew- 2800 ausformed 15.748 mm (0.62 in.) diam bar. Consumable
cCompression > s.— electrode vacuum melted bar hot worked at 1093 °C
p Tension
(2000 °F) from 63.5-38.1 mm (2.5-1.5 in.) diam, air
cooled, double annealed 704 °C (1300 °F), 3 h, 649 °C

/
2100 a. (1200 °F), 2 h, 1038 °C (1900 °F), 1 h, air cooled to
566 °C (1050 °F), rolled to 83% plastic deformation at
566 °C (1050 °F), oil quenched, double tempered, 538 °C
(1000 °F), 2 h to 60 HRC. Data points: triangle, compres-

r sion; circle, tension. Ultimate strength = 2570 MPa

(373 ksi); tensile yield strength = 2026 MPa (294 ksi);

/' /// reduction in area = 33%. Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr-

1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
// 700
// Source: J.E. Matheny, Jr., "Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of the
//
// Ausformed Steel," University of Illinois, T & A.M. Report No. 308, Feb
// 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1,
Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
10 15 20 25 University, 1995, p 22
True strain x 0.001
272/Tool Steel (TS)

I 2240 TS.006 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel

-32i0 ° F ( - 1 9 6 ° C ) *
sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
1960 temperatures
110'F (-79 °C)
Preheated 788 °C (1450 °F), 20-30 min, 1010 °C
1680 (1850 °F), 20 min, air cooled, triple tempered, 524 °C
^ Room temperature (975 °F), 1 h (each). After second temper, sheet ground
to 1.524 mm (0.060 in.) to remove decarburization.
1400
CO
Composition: Fe~0.4C-5Cr-l.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Q_
Source: L.P. Rice, J.E. Cambell, and W.F. Simmons, "Evaluation of the
1120 w Effects of Very Low Temperature on Properties of Aircraft and Missile
Metals," WADD TR 60-214, Feb 1960. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
840 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 27

560

280

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1680 TS.007 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
Room teimperature^ temperatures
300 T (14!
1400 Heat treated to 50 HRC; ultimate tensile strength =1791
500, 650;'F (260, 343 °(
80() ° F (427 °C)s
MPa (260 ksi). Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V.
!
900 °F (482 °C) v . UNS T20821
1120 Source: "Vascojet 1000 for Ultra High Strength Structural
Requirements," Vanadium Alloys Steel Co., 1959. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/
Q.
^ - ^ 1 0 0 0 °F (538 °C) USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 27
840 w
CO
CD

^ ^ • ^ I I O O °F (593 °C) GO

560

1200 °F (649 °C)

280

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Tool Steel (TS)/273

TS.008 H-ll Mod chromium hot-work (annealed)

tool steel sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition:
Fe-0.4C-5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Source: R.G. Henning and A.W. Brisbane, "Mechanical Properties of
AM 350, Potomac A, Potomac M, and Vasco Jet-1000 Steel Alloys in
the Annealed Condition," ASD TDR-63-116, May 1963. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 27

TS.009 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 2.286 mm (0.090 in.). Heat treated to
ultimate tensile strength of 1929 MPa (280 ksi): 1010 °C
(1850 °F), 30 min, air cooled, 538 °C (1000 °F), 2 x 3 h,
552 °C (1025 °F), 2 x 3 h. Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr-
1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Source: "AISIH 11 or Potomac A," Data Sheet, Allegheny Ludlum
Steel Corp., Sept 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 27

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

274/Tool Steel (TS)

2520 TS.010 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel bar,

»-423 ° F ( - 253 °C)
y -320 °F (-196 °C) tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
2240 temperatures
^ - 1 1 1 0 °F (-79 °C)
Sheet thickness = 19.05 mm (0.75 in.). Heat treatment:
1960 1010 °C (1850 °F), 1 h, air cooled, tempered twice 552
70 °F: (21 -C)
°C (1025 °F), 0.75 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-0.4C-
1680 5Cr-1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Source: K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
1400 | Selected Materials from 20 to 300 °K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
of Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
1120
Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
&
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 28

840

560

280

0
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16
Strain, in./in.

280 1960 TS.011 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work tool steel bar,
effect of strain rate on tensile yield strength at room
and elevated temperature
270 1890
Bar diameter = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Heat treatment: 1010 °C

260
Room te mperature
jM
' 1
1820
(1850 °F), 1 h, air cooled, tempered twice 566 °C
(1050 °F), 1 h, air cooled. Composition: Fe-0.4C-5Cr-
1.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
2
c 250
f <5 t
—
hT
i — ^ —
1750 B>
Source: D.P. Kendall, and T.E. Davidson, "The Effect of Strain Rate on
Yielding of High Strength Steels," Report WVT 6618, Watervliet
Arsenal, May 1966; D.P Kendall, "The Effect of Strain Rate and
Temperature on Yielding in Steels," Report WVT 7061, Watervliet
240 1680 Arsenal, Nov 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
600 °F (316 °C) ••
230 1610
•
•
220 1540

1470
10 10" 10
Elastic strain rate, in./in./s
 Tool Steel (TS)/275

TS.012 H-11 Mod chromium hot-work (annealed)

tool steel sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition:
Fe-0.4C-5Cr-l.3Mo-0.5V. UNS T20821
Source: R.G. Henning and A.W. Brisbane, "Mechanical Properties of
AM 350, Potomac A, Potomac M, and Vasco Jet-1000 Steel Alloys in
the Annealed Condition," ASD TDR -63-116, May 1963. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 1, Code 1218, CIN-
DAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 33

TS.013 L-type low-alloy special-purpose tool steel,

torsional stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
temperature
Specimens quenched in oil at 815 °C and then tempered:
curve 1, 150 °C; curve 2, 175 °C; curve 3, 230 °C. (a) L-
type with vanadium, (b) Without vanadium
Source: Teledyne VASCO data. As published in G.A. Roberts,
G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
1998, p 154
276/Tool Steel (TS)

40 400 TS.014 L6 low-alloy special-purpose tool steel,

' 1 torsional stress-strain curves with effect of tempering
temperature
" 2 Specimens quenched in oil at 790 °C and then: curve 1,
no tempering, 62.3 HRC; curve 2, tempered at 190 °C,
30 300
58.1 HRC. Composition: Fe-0.70C-0.55Mn-0.85Cr-
1.40Ni-0.25Mo. UNS T61206
Source: Teledyne VASCO data. As published in G.A. Roberts,
E G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th ed., ASM International,
z 1998, p 163
® 20 200 o
2" O"
,o .o

10 100

100 200 300 400

Deformation, degrees

300 TS.015 1.1% carbon W-type water-hardening tool

steel, torsional stress-strain curves with effect of
tempering temperature
Brine quenched 788 °C (1450 °F) and tempered at:
curve 1, as quenched; curve 2, 100 °C (212 °F); curve 3,
150 °C (300 °F); curve 4, 175 °C (350 °F); curve 5,
200 205 °C (400 °F); curve 6, 260 °C (500 °F); curve 7,
315 °C (600 °F), curve 8, 370 °C (700 °F), curve 9,
425 °C (800 °F). The toughness of the tool steel is meas-
ured in the torsion test as deformation in radians versus
the stress in the extreme fibers. 0.4 radians is about 23°.
Source: G.A. Roberts, G. Krauss, and R.L. Kennedy, Tool Steels, 5th
ed., ASM International, 1998, p 137
100

1.2 1.6
Deformation in radians
Nonferrous Metals
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/279

Cast Aluminum (CA)

1000 CA.001 124EG-T5 aluminum permanent mold
casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and
cyclic

800 German casting material, Al-Sil2-Cu-Ni-Mg with T5

temper. Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E
466 for cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue
test practices.
600
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p B13

0)
CO
400
Cyclic

200

/
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain x 0.001
14 16 18 20

490 CA.002 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-

strain curves, various casting processes
PermaneHit
—
420 Effect of casting process. Heat treatment: 2 h at
. — Sand
504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F), water
/C
r
sulated quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at 154 °C
350
(310 °F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for
permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
280 ,
450 MPa (65.2 ksi); tensile yield strength, 402 MPa

/ (58.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand

castings: ultimate tensile strength, 394 MPa (57.1 ksi);

/ 210 co

140
tensile yield strength, 372 MPa (53.9 ksi). Average
mechanical properties for insulated mold castings:
ultimate tensile strength, 359 MPa (52.1 ksi); tensile yield
strength, 349 MPa (50.6 ksi). UNS A02010

/
/
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
70 with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
280/Cast Aluminum (CA)

70 490 CA.003 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

Permanefit
stress-strain curves, various casting processes

60 Sand 420 Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at

Insulated
504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at 154 °C
50 350 (310 °F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength:
permanent mold castings, 433 MPa (62.8 ksi); sand
castings, 396 MPa (57.5 ksi); insulated mold castings,
•55 40 280 £
382 MPa (55.4 ksi). UNS A02010
i<D Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
30 210 5> with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67
20 140

/
10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
70

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa CA.004 201.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

14 28 42 56 70 84.
490
tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
70

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at

60 420 504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F),
_Permaner it water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 20 h at
154 °C (310 °F), air cooled. UNS A02010
Sand 350
50
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
Insulated with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
-55 40 280
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

0)
30 210 ft

20 140

10 70

2 4 6 8 6 10 12
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/281

490 CA.005 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, tensile stress-

strain curves, various casting processes
Permanen 420 Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at
Sand 504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at 188 °C

A
Insulated
— — 350
(370 °F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for
permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
280 ,
439 MPa (63.7 ksi); tensile yield strength, 403 MPa

/ (58.5 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand

castings: ultimate tensile strength, 385 MPa (55.8 ksi);

/ 210 £

140
tensile yield strength, 374 MPa (54.2 ksi). Average
mechanical properties for insulated mold castings:
ultimate tensile strength, 345 MPa (50.6 ksi); tensile yield
strength, 344 MPa (49.9 ksi). UNS A02010

/
/
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
70 with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

490 CA.006 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, compressive

Permaneint
stress-strain curves, various casting processes
—
Sand
420 Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at
ilated 504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F), water
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at 188 °C

/ 350
(370 °F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength:
permanent mold castings, 429 MPa (62.2 ksi); sand
castings, 407 MPa (59.1 ksi); insulated mold castings,

/ 377 MPa (54.7 ksi). UNS A02010

/
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
210 w with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

/
140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12
282/Cast Aluminum (CA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa CA.007 201.0-T7 aluminum casting, compressive

14 28 42 56 70 84 tangent modulus curves, various casting processes
490

Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h

_ PermaneiTt
420 at 504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F),
water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 5 h at
.^Sand 188 °C (370 °F), air cooled. UNS A02010
350

Insulated Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys

with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68

210 £

140

70

2 4 6 8 10 12
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

50 350 CA.008 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, tensile stress-

strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at

Perrricinent
40 280 504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F), water
ind
quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 °C
(310 °F), air cooled. Average mechanical properties for
Tnsi lated
permanent mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
30 210 407 MPa (59.0 ksi); tensile yield strength, 250 MPa

r
Q. (36.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for sand
2
castings: ultimate tensile strength, 356 MPa (51.7 ksi);
£
w
tensile yield strength, 243 MPa (35.3 ksi). Average
20 140 mechanical properties for insulated mold castings:

/ ultimate tensile strength, 273 MPa (39.6 ksi); tensile yield

strength, 225 MPa (32.6 ksi). UNS A02010

10

/ 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
70 Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/283

50 350 CA.009 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, compressive

stress-strain curves, various casting processes

Permanent Effect of casting process. Heat treatment, 2 h at

40 280 504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F), water
' Sand quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at 154 °C
Insulated
(310 °F), air cooled. Average compressive yield strength:
permanent mold castings, 272 MPa (39.4 ksi); sand
30 210 castings, 266 MPa (38.6 ksi); insulated mold castings,
£L 238 MPa (34.5 ksi). UNS A02010
5
-fc
CO £ Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys

j
CO with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
20 140
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 67

10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa CA.010 201.0-T43 aluminum casting, compressive

50
14 28 42 56 70 84
350
tangent modulus curves, various casting processes

Effect of casting process is illustrated. Heat treatment, 2 h

at 504-521 °C (940-970 °F), 14 h at 529 °C (985 °F),
40 280 water quench, 24 h at room temperature, plus 0.5 h at
154 °C (310 °F), air cooled. UNS A02010
Jermanen t
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
Sand
with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
30 210 Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
(0_
Q
Insulated Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68
2
£
w £
CO
20 140

10 70

4 6 8 6 10 12
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
284/Cast Aluminum (CA)

CA.011 A201.0-T7 aluminum casting typical tensile

stress-strain curve

Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter,rc(tension)= 14. S basis design properties
(originally presented in ksi) for strength class 1 and 2,
designated area within casting: ultimate tensile strength,
414 MPa (60 ksi); tensile yield strength, 345 MPa
(50 ksi); compressive yield strength, 352 MPa (51 ksi).
UNS A12010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-463, 3-465

CA.012 242.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and
cyclic

Al-Cu-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.

Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled
Cyclic constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A02420
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p C13

/
//
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Strain x 0.001
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/285

1200 CA.013 A332.0-T5 (PC) aluminum permanent mold

casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and
cyclic
1000
Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.
Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled
constant-amplitude fatigue test practices. UNS A13320
800
replaced by UNS A03360
CO
Q_
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p D14
to 600

400

Cyclic

200 MoncJtonic

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Strain x 0.001

1200 CA.014 E332.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and
cyclic
1000
Al-Si-Ni-Mg system. Tested at room temperature.
Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic force-controlled
constant-amplitude fatigue test practices.
800

CO
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p F13
Q.
tn
to 600
£

400
Cyclic

200

8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Strain x 0.001
CA.015 F332.0-T5 (SR) aluminum permanent mold
casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and
cyclic

Tested at room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for

cyclic force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test
practices. UNS A63320 replaced by UNS A03320
Source: John Deere Materials Data, Deere & Co., Moline, IL, p A14

CA.016 354.0-T5 aluminum permanent mold

casting, tensile stress-strain curves, monotonic and
cyclic

354.0-T5 casting material, Al-Si-Cu-Mg system. Tested at

room temperature. Reference ASTM E 466 for cyclic
force-controlled constant-amplitude fatigue test practices.
UNS A03540
Source: John Deere Materials Data, courtesy of Deere & Co., Moline,
IL, p E12
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/287

CA.017 C355.0-T61 aluminum casting, tensile

uniaxial true stress-strain curve

Specimen size: 6.25 mm (0.250 in.) diam, 31.75 mm

(1.25 in.) gage length. UNS A33550
Source: J. Mattavi, "Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior Under Biaxial Strain
Distribution;' TP-67-16-T, Hamilton Standard, Sept 1967. As published
in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 70
288/Cast Aluminum (CA)

245 CA.018 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress

strain curves at several temperatures
80 °F 27 °C)
210
/ Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 1.0 s_1.
C 300 °F ,(149 °CJ Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s
175
r (bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 °C
1450 °F (232 °C) (1000 °F), water quenched, and aged at 154 °C (310 °F)
x 140
for 3 h. UNS A03560
105 eg Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and EJ. Kattus, "Tensile
0 Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
CO after Rapid Heating," WADC TR-58-440, Southern Research Institute,
70 Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural
600 °F (316 <
'C)
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71
35

0
210

(r
1 1
—X 500 °F (260 °C)
175
4010 °F (204°C)
140
<a
Q.

\ > ^600°F (316 °C 105 CO-

70
OT
0)
tn

35

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

Strain, in./in.
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/289

210 CA.019 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress

i i strain curves at several temperatures
300 °F (149 °C)
V 1 1 175
/ * 4 5 ( °F (232 °C) Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is 0.01
(f 140
s_1. Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s (top); 10 s
(bottom). Material was solution heat treated at 540 °C
I 105 w
£
(1000 °F), water quenched, and aged at 154 °C (310 °F)
for 3 h. UNS A03560
CO
70 Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, "Tensile
Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
600 °F ;3i6°c; after Rapid Heating," WADC TR-58-440, Southern Research Institute,
35 Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural

r 0
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71

210

^ 300 °F (149 °C)

175
iO °F (22i2°C)

140

105 co-
co
600 °F: (316 °C £
U)
70

35

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.0

Strain, in./in.
290/Cast Aluminum (CA)

210 CA.020 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-

strain curves at several temperatures
/ 80 °F (27 °C)
175
X 3 0 0 ° F (149 0 C) Effect of strain rate and temperature. Strain rate is
/ 140
0.00005 s-1. Hold times at given temperatures: 1800 s
CO
Q_ (top); 10 s (bottom). Material was solution heat treated at
450 °F (232 °C)
540 °C (1000 °F), water quenched, and aged at 154 °C
105 co-
co (310 °F) for 3 h. UNS A03560
£
GO

70 Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelan, and E.J. Kattus, "Tensile

Properties of Aircraft-Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
after Rapid Heating," WADC TR-58-440, Southern Research Institute,
35 Part 1, Nov 1958. As published in Cast Aluminum Section, Structural
600 °F (316 °C
Alloys Handbook, Vol 2, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 71
0
210

175

/
< 300 °lr (149 °i0)
/ 450 °F (232 °C )
140
Q.
2
105 •

70

35

60(] °F (3116 °C)

V II
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Strain, in./in.
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/291

490 CA.021 356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-

strain curves at low temperature

20 K
420 Chill cast aluminum. Hardness, 41 HRB. UNS A03560
Source: K. A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
350 Selected Materials from 20 to 300 K, Monograph 63, National Bureau
76 K of Standards, June 1963. As published in Structural Alloys Handbook,
Vol 3, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 70
195 K
Sc
' Roorri temperature

210 co

140

70

0.03 0.06 0.( 0.12 0.15

Strain, in./in.

CA.022 A356-T6 aluminum cast cylinder, monotonic

tensile stress-strain curve
X
Near-net-shape casting formed by pouring molten alloy,
%
z 704 °C (1300 °F) into investment molds at room
temperature (X), 538 °C (1000 °F) (Y), and 982 °C
/f
Jit (1800 °F) (Z). Three different cooling rates create
// different microstructures. Curves are results from one
////
laboratory. Property values are averages from seven labs
as part of a round-robin test program. Young's modulus,
// GPa (psi x 106), X, 70 (10.1), Y, 70 (10.1), Z, 71 (10.3);
// yield strength 0.2% MPa (ksi), X, 229 (33.3), Y, 224
// (32.5), Z, 217 (31.5); ultimate strength MPa (ksi), X, 283
// (41.1), Y, 266 (38.6), Z, 252 (36.6); strain hardening
exponent («), X, 0.083, Y, 0.087, Z, 0.091; strain
hardening coefficient K, MPa (ksi), X, 388 (56.4), Y, 397
(57.6), Z, 382 (55.4). UNS A13560
Source: Fatigue and Fracture Toughness of A356-T6 Cast Aluminum
Alloy, R.I. Stephens, Ed., SP-760, Society of Automotive Engineers,
10 15 20 25 30 1988.
Strain x 0.001
292/Cast Aluminum (CA)

50 350 CA.023 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-

strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C

40 280 (1000 °F), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
ermanent temperature, 3 h at 154 °C (310 °F), and air cooled.

30
4 210
Average mechanical properties for permanent mold
castings: ultimate tensile strength, 299 MPa (43.4 ksi);
tensile yield strength, 215 MPa (31.2 ksi). Average

r
CO
^ ^ Inssuiated CL
2 mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile
and
strength, 253 MPa (36.7 ksi); tensile yield strength,
& 223 MPa (32.3 ksi). Average mechanical properties for
20

j 140 insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,

219 MPa (31.7 ksi); tensile yield strength, 205 MPa
(29.8 ksi). UNS A13560

10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

50 350 CA.024 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

stress-strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C

40 280 (1000 °F), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
— Permanisnt temperature, 3 h at 154 °C (310 °F), and air cooled.
— Sand Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold
castings, 219 MPa (31.7 ksi); sand castings, 245 MPa
Insulated
30 210 (35.6 ksi); insulated mold castings, 192 MPa (27.9 ksi).
CL
5 UNS A13560
CD
a> Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
GO GO with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
20 140
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/

/ Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/293

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa CA.025 A356.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

0 14 28 42 56 70 84,
350 tangent modulus curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C

(1000 °F), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
280 temperature, 3 h at 154 °C (310 °F), and air cooled. UNS
A13560
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
210 with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
>rmanent <c Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
El a.
5 Purdue University, 1994, p 68
"^^.Sand

Insulated
140

70

2 4 6 8 10 12
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa CA.026 A356.0-T6P aluminum casting, typical

14 28 42 56 70 84_. tensile and compressive stress-strain and tangent
350
modulus curves

Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters,

280 n(tension) = 10, n(compression) = 9.2. In the temper
Compressio n v designation, T6P, P indicates a difference in the standard
procedure or difference in the minimum tensile require-
ments as compared to the Aluminum Association's limits.
210 S basis values for A356.0-T6P per AMS 4218: Ultimate
Tensic»n
Q.
5 tensile strength, 220 MPa (32 ksi); tensile and compres-
sive yield strength, 152 MPa (22 ksi). UNS A13560
140

/
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-482, 3-483

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

6
10
70

12

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

294/Cast Aluminum (CA)

CA.027 A356.0-T6P aluminum casting, full range

tensile stress-strain curve

Tested at room temperature. X indicates fracture. In the

temper designation T6P, P indicates a difference in the
standard procedure or difference in the minimum tensile
requirements as compared to the Aluminum Association's
limits. S basis values for A356.0-T6P per AMS 4218:
ultimate tensile strength, 220 MPa (32 ksi); tensile and
compressive yield strength, 152 MPa (22 ksi). UNS
A13560
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-482, 3-483

Strain, in./in.

420 CA.028 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
%
350
Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). The full
range strain is given in % (top curve) and the expanded
. 0.001 in./in. range strain is in 0.001 in./in. (bottom curve).
Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.1Te-Be. UNS A13570
280
Source: "Development: Premium Alloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6,"
Alcoa, Pittsburgh, PA, 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 3109, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
210 £
<D Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24
w

/y
140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, % and 0.001 in./in.
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/295

CA.029 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curve

Class 2 alloy casting, designated area, at room

temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(tension) =
16. S basis design properties (originally presented in ksi)
for strength class 2, designated area within casting:
ultimate tensile strength, 345 MPa (50 ksi); tensile and
compressive yield strength, 276 MPa (40 ksi). UNS
A13570
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-485, 3-486

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

350 CA.030 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, tensile stress-

strain curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C

.— Permainent
280 (1000 °F), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
- Sand
temperature, 5 h at 177 °C (350 °F), and air cooled.
Average mechanical properties for permanent mold
castings: ultimate tensile strength, 316 MPa (45.8 ksi);
210 tensile yield strength, 243 MPa (35.2 ksi). Average

A Irisulated Q. mechanical properties for sand castings: ultimate tensile

^ — • 2
strength, 268 MPa (38.9 ksi); tensile yield strength,
£
w
229 MPa (33.2 ksi). Average mechanical properties for
140 insulated mold castings: ultimate tensile strength,
179 MPa (26.0 ksi); tensile yield strength, 179 MPa
(26.0 ksi). UNS A13570

70 Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys

with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
296/Cast Aluminum (CA)

50 350 CA.031 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

stress-strain curves, various casting processes

Permanen tv Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C

40 280 (1000 °F), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
temperature, 5 h at 177 °C (350 °F), and air cooled.
^ lnsulat<3d
Average compressive yield strength: permanent mold
^ ^ Sanid castings, 256 MPa (37.2 ksi); sand castings, 240 MPa
30 210
CO (34.8 ksi); insulated mold castings, 232 MPa (33.7 ksi).
CL
UNS A13570
£ Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys

/
CO
140 with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 66

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
70

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa CA.032 A357.0-T6 aluminum casting, compressive

14 28 42 56 70 84
350 tangent modulus curves, various casting processes

Effect of molding process. Heat treatment, 12 h at 538 °C

(1000 °F), water quench, 12-24 h delay at room
280 temperature, 5 h at 177 °C (350 °F), and air cooled. UNS
A13570
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Premium Aluminum Casting Alloys
'ermanent with Various Cooling Rates," Olin Corp., Jan 1973. As published in Cast
210 Aluminum Section, Structural Alloys Handbook, Vol 3, CINDAS/
--^..Sand Purdue University, 1994, p 24, 68
Insulated1
£
w
140

70

2 4 6 8 10 12
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/297

CA.033 A357.0-T6 aluminum cast plate, compressive

stress-strain curve

Sand cast plate thickness: 6.35 mm (0.25 in.).

Composition: Al-7.0Si-0.6Mg-0.1Te-Be. UNS A13570
Source: "Development: Premium Alloy Castings of Alloy A357.0-T6,"
Alcoa, Pittsburgh, PA, 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook Vol 5, Code 3109, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

CA.034 D357.0-T6 aluminum casting, typical tensile

stress-strain curve

Designated area, at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood

parameter, ^(tension) = 16. B basis design properties
(originally presented in ksi) for designated area within
casting: ultimate tensile strength, 338 MPa (49 ksi);
tensile and compressive yield strength, 285 MPa (41 ksi).
UNS A43570
Source: MIL-HDJBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 3-488, 3-489
 Wrought Aluminum (WA)/299

Wrought Aluminum (WA)

HitfSTjj
WA.001 Heat-treatable aluminum alloys, true stress-
7075-T6
X2020-T6 I strain curves
2024-T36 -
X2020-T6, 2014-T4, 2024-T36, 2024-T86, 6061-0,
6061-T4, 6061-T6, 6063-T6, 7075-0, 7075-T6, 7079-T6,
7178-T6

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

True strain, in./in.

98 WA.002 1060-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

strain curves

84
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
Ti both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
70 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
Nonninal
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
\\ 56 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 67.2 MPa
(9.75 ksi). True tensile strength, 86.2 MPa (12.5 ksi).
1 Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 21 MPa (3.0 ksi).
a
1l 42 w Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 42.7%. Reduction of
1 area, 91%. True strain at maximum load, 24.8%. A log-
log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
1 28 of 0.22 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
1 UNS A91060
Yi<3ld strcrngth
1 14
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
Oct 1951
1
1
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44
Strain, in./In.
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
300/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

98 WA.003 1060-H12 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
True
84
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
Nominal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
70 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
56 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 73.1 MPa
Yield1 6
strerigthl (10.6 ksi). True tensile strength, 87.6 MPa (12.7 ksi).
Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 57 MPa (8.2 ksi).
\l 42 =55 Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 31.1%. Reduction of
1 area, 90%. True strain at maximum load, 18.0%. A log-
1 log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
28 of 0.14 in the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS
1 A91060
1
ii Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
14
July 1954
1
l
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32
Strain, in./in.
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

126 WA.004 1060-H18 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

True
Nornlinal
stress-strain curves
112 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
Yi<Bid
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
str ength- 98 curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
84
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 119 MPa
70
V (17.2 ksi). True tensile strength, 121 MPa (17.5 ksi).
\
\ Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 108 MPa (15.6 ksi).
i\ 56 Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 6.7%. Reduction of
\
\\ area, 79%. True strain at maximum load, 2.0%. A log-log
42 plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n) of
\ 0.02 in the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS
\
1 28 A91060
\
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1
1 July 1954
14
1
1
b-
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
Strain, in./in.
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 301/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

112 WA.005 1100-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

True. strain curves
98 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
ISominal both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
84
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
70 to
Q_ Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
2 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 84.8 MPa
(12.3 ksi). True tensile strength, 103 MPa (15.0 ksi).
Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 33 MPa (4.8 ksi).
Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 30.0%. Reduction of
42 j® area, 88%. True strain at maximum load, 20.0%. A log-
log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
VI.eld stren 3th
28
of 0.22 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNS A91100
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1 14 July 1954
)p 1

—A— 0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32
Strain, in./in.
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

140 WA.006 1100-H12 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
N(ominal both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
N.

ff
s 106 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
N
Yield
\
\
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
stren gth \ Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
o.
2 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 111 MPa
\
\ CD (16.1 ksi). True tensile strength, 108 MPa (15.7 ksi).
\ 70 ^
\ q> Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 99.3 MPa (14.4
\ ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 8.5%. Reduction
\ of area, 76%. True strain at maximum load, 3.4%. A log-
\
\ log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n)
of 0.05 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
V
I
36 UNS A91100
I
\
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
\ July 1954
\
I
— S — 0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Strain, in./in.
1 2 3 4 5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
302/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

140 WA.007 1100-H16 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

T[ue
stress-strain curves
Nomirlal The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
Yield both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
strength
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
105 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
CO
CL
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
\ 2 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 132 MPa
\
\
(19.2 ksi). True tensile strength, 135 MPa (19.6 ksi).
\ Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 122.7 MPa
\ (17.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 6.8%.
\
I Reduction of area, 79%. True strain at maximum load,
I 1.7%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would
\
\ yield a slope (n) of 0.02 in the area of uniform plastic
I deformation. UNS A91100
1
\ Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
\ July 1954
\
i \
^
Strain, in./in.
3 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

210 WA.008 1100-H18 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
True The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
175 both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
Jominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
Yield str ength expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
140 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 171 MPa
(24.8 ksi). True tensile strength, 175 MPa (25.4 ksi).
105
\ Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 157 MPa (22.8 ksi).
\
\ Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 6.6%. Reduction of
\ area, 72%. True strain at maximum load, 2.0%. A log-log
\ 70
\ plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n) of
r \ 0.06 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
\
\ UNS A91100
\
\ 35 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
> a
\ July 1954
\
\
b—
'0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Strain, in./in.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 303/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.009 1100-H26 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length:
203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 125 MPa
(18.2 ksi). True tensile strength, 138 MPa (20.0 ksi).
Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 119 MPa (17.2 ksi).
Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 8.6%. Reduction of
area, 78%. True strain at maximum load, 3.9%. A log-log
plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n) of
0.06 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNS A91100
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954

Strain, in./in.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
304/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.010 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

80T
93 204 316
^40 room-temperature tensile properties
Effect of exposure to elevated temperature. Composition:
Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
\\ ^
\ \ Q. Source: Metallic Materials & Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,
\ \ 5 MIL-HDBK-5, Dept. of Defense, FSC 1500, Aug 1962. As published
\ \ 420
\ \ in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
\ \ Purdue University, 1995, p 19
\ \
\ <> \

\X
\ ^
\
\ S
N 280 |

• 0.5 h
o 100 h Q 0
• 1000h l »

140

540

»
420
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \ 280 f>
\ \
\ \D \
\ \
\ \
\ >
\
V
\ ^N. 140
V
— Jn

400 800
Temperature, °F
 305/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.011 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6, bar,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures. Bar diameter: 19.05 mm
(0.75 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-0.5Mg.
UNS A92014
Source: "Phase II—Cryogenic Properties of 2014-T6 and A-286,"
Bell Aerosystems Co., BLR61-35(M) Rev. A, 29 June 1962. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 19

Strain, in./in.

350 WA.012 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves
Short time
Tested at 205 °C (400 °F). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-
lSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
* 280
s Source: F.M. Howell and G.W. Stickley, "Isochronous Stress-Strain
/ 1h
/ Curves for Several Heat-Treated Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300
/ and 400 F," Alcoa Research Laboratories, 29 April 1958. As published
/
/ ——- " ToTT in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
/ Purdue University, 1995, p 25
/
210
/ £
/ > 100 h 2
/ X ,
/ / /
/ / /
/ / / 140
l / /
v /
1000 h

70

0
0.004 0.008 0.012
Strain, in./in.
306/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.013 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

Rolled b ar, rod, and siIiapes rolled bar, rod, and extrusions, tensile and
compressive stress-strain curves

420
r, thickness. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-0.5Mg.
UNS A92014
f < 3 in. ( 76 mm)
Source: Metallic Materials & Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,
Q. MIL-HDBK-5, Dept of Defense, FSC 1500, Aug 1962. As published

/
2 in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
280
Purdue University, 1995, p 18

140

/ Terision
Co mpression

1 0

I 560
Extnjsion
t>0A 500 in. (12.7 nrim)
Area:^ 2 5 in.2 (161 (;m 2 )

420

^ > f = 0.125-C>.499 in.

(3.175-12.1675 mm) Q.

/ 280 co

140

/ 4 6 10
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
 307/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.014 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

rolled and drawn rod, effect of exposure to elevated
temperature on tensile properties
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-
lMn-lSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
Source: Report on the Elevated Temperature Properties of Aluminum
and Magnesium Alloy, STP 291, ASTM, Oct 1960. As published
Exposure in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
• 30 min Purdue University, 1995, p 22
A 96 h
• 10,000

420 co
\ CL
2
\
\
\ 280 o>
\ 2?
\
\
L \k 140 '

300 400 500 700

Exposure temperature, °F
308/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.015 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

-15 95 205 315 421 forged rod, effect of exposure to elevated
>60
temperature on tensile properties
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-
9 • lMn-lSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
\ \\ CL
Source: Report on the Elevated Temperature Pwperties of Aluminum
\\ \\
\ l i
420 ~
ur=J
and Magnesium Alloy, STP 291, ASTM, Oct 1960. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
\ Purdue University, 1995, p 22
\\ \
\\ \ i
\ 280 J
Exposure time 5
• 30 min
a 100 h
• 1000h
O 10,000 h
140

560

• K. • 420

L \
\ \
\ \ ^\
\ \
280 |
\ 1 \ \
\\ \ \
\\ \
\ )1 \ V 140

\
t^io

560

280

200 400 600 800

Exposure temperature, °F
 309/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Test temperature, °C WA.016 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

sheet, effect of exposure and test temperature on
compressive yield strength
Thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al-
4.5Cu-1 Mn-1 Si-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determining Physical Properties of Ferrous and
Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
AFTR 6517, Pt 3, Dec 1953. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995,p 22

WA.017 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

sheet, uniaxial and biaxial stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal. Typical for sheet thickness
3.18 mm (0.125 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-
0.5Mg. UNS A92014
Source: E.L. Terry and S.W. McClaren, "Biaxial Stress and Strain
Data on High Strength Alloys for Design of Pressurized Components,"
ASD-TDR-62-401, Chance-Vought Corp., 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 18
310/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.018 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Sheet thick-
ness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-
lSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determining Physical Properties of Ferrous
and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
AFTR 6517, Pt 3, Dec 1953. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 19

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

WA.019 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures (1/2 hour at
temperature). Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.).
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
Source: D.E. Miller, "Determining Physical Properties of Ferrous and
Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
AFTR 6517, Pt 3, Dec 1953. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 22
 311/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.020 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

sheet, short-time total strain curves
Tested at 150-315 °C (300-600 °F). Thermal expansion
included. Sheet thickness: 1.016 mm (0.040 in.).
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-lMn-lSi-0.5Mg. UNS A92014
J.A. Van Echo, W.F. Wirth, and W.F. Simmons, "Short-Time Creep
Properties of Structural Sheet Materials for Aircraft & Missiles," AFTR
6731, Pt III, May 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3201, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 25

560 WA.021 2014-T4 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

True strain curves
490 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
Noiminal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
I 420
I
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
1 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
1 350 , YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 19.05 mm
1
1 (0.75 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal ten-
Yield sitrength 1
280 B
sile strength, 448 MPa (65.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
l
1
517 MPa (75.0 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 302 MPa (43.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
1 210 l 16.8%. Reduction of area, 32%. True strain at maximum
1
1 load, 14.1%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
1
140
would yield a slope (n) of 0.21 in the area of uniform
1
I
plastic deformation. UNS A92014
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1 70
June 1953
1
1

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Strain, in./in.
0 2 4 6 8 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.022 2014-T6 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS, yield strength. Test direction: (a) longitudinal; (b)
transverse. Test specimen thickness, 15.9 mm (5/8 in.).
Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
473 MPa (68.6 ksi). True tensile strength, 514 MPa
(74.6 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 436 MPa
(63.2 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 9.0%.
Reduction of area, 23%. True strain at maximum load,
8.6%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would
yield a slope (ri) of 0.08 in the area of uniform plastic
deformation. UNS A92014
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

100 700 WA.023 2014-T6 aluminum alloy, clad 2014-T6,

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
80 560
parameter: ^(longitudinal, tension) = 27; n(long trans-
verse, tension) = 20. UNS A92014
Longi tudinai
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
60 420
Long tramsverse 2Q_

CO

/
40 280

20 140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.024 2014-T6 aluminum alloy rolled bar, rod,
14 28 42 56 70 84,
700
and shapes, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal. Typical for thickness <76.20 mm (<3.000 in.).
560 Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 31;
n(U compression) = 25. UNS A92014
Longitudinal, tiension Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
Longitudinal, com Dression
420
Longlitudinai, cornpresssion o.
2

280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.025 2014-T6 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile
14 28 42 56 70 84. and compressive stress-strain and compressive
700
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal. Typical for extrusion thickness 3.175-12.675 mm
560
(0.125-0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L,
L, comf session L, c<impression tension) = 23; n(L, compression) = 15. UNS A92014
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
420
L, tension

/ 280

/
140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

630 WA.026 2014-T6 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
560 Tested at room temperature. Typical. UNS A92014
Longiltudinal
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
1
490
; — —*
— »
Long trainsverse
420

350 |

280 ;

210

140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.027 2014-T62 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile
and compressive stress-strain and compressive
1
14 28 42 56 70 84
80 560 tangent modulus curves
LT, cornpressionv
1_, compressionv Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
T, compreseiion nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
1
<12.675 mm (<0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
L, compre ssion"
60 420 n(L, tension) =29; n(LT, tension) = 17; n(L, compression)
L, tensior = 29; n(LT, compression) = 32. UNS A92014
i
LT, tensior
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

J2 o.
8 40 280 <o
fi
CO

20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
G
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

80 560 WA.028 2014-T651 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
Longitudin;al 6.35-50.80 mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
^ ^ L o i ng transvers;e parameter: ^(longitudinal, tension) = 30; n(long trans-
60 420
verse, tension) = 19. UNS A92014
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

£
CO
40

20
/ 280 V)

140
w
£
CO

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.029 2014-T651 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal;
LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness 6.35-50.80
mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L,
compression) =15; n(LT, compression) =18.
UNS A92014
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

560 WA.030 2014-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

I
Longitudiinal tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
—
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
>
Lo ng transveirse ness 12.70-19.025 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A92014
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

350

280 eg
%
V)

210

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

70 i ii 490 WA.031 2014-T652 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

L.ongitudin<al stress-strain curves (full range)
Long tr<ansverse
Tested at room temperature. Typical. UNS A92014
60
\
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

50 350

•55 40

30 210 co

20 140

10 70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa

WA.032 2014-T652 aluminum alloy hand forging,
14 28 42 56 70 84 tensile and compressive stress-strain and
80 i 560 compressive tangent modulus curves
/ST, compression ST, compression
LT, compression
/ LT, compression
I rnmnrpeeinn Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness 50.825-76.20 mm (2.001-3.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n(L, tension) = 18; n(LT,
tension) = 18; n(ST, tension) =13; n(L, compression) =
17; n(LT, compression) =18; rc(ST, compression) = 22.
UNS A92014
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.033 2017-T4 aluminum alloy rolled and drawn

rod, tensile stress-strain curves
560
True
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
Nominal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
\ expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
\
I essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
I YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
I
i (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
a 50
3 1 strength, 459 MPa (66.5 ksi). True tensile strength,

[
1 514 MPa (74.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
^Yieldsitrength 1
1 302 MPa (43.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
1 16.7%. Reduction of area, 38%. True strain at maximum
1
1 load, 14.8%. UNS A92017
1
1 Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
A

Strain, in./in.

630 WA.034 X2020-T6 aluminum alloy extruded bar,

tensile stress-strain curves
True
560 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
Nominal
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
, Yield sirength
490 curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
1
1 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
1 420 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
1
1
CO
CL
Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.500 in.). Gage length:
1 2 50.8 mm (2 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 552 MPa
350 co-
1 OT (80.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 586 MPa (85.0 ksi).
1 £OT
1 Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 514 MPa (74.5 ksi).
280 M
1 w
c Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 8.5%. Reduction of
1
FI 1
area, 16%. True strain at maximum load, 6.0%. A log-log
1 210 plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope (n) of
1 0.06 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
1
1 140 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
1
1
/ 1
1
70

'0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

100 700 WA.035 2024-T3 and 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, clad

2024, rolled bar, extrusion, and sheet, complete
tensile stress-strain curves
1/8 in. (3.17 5 mm)thlick extru sion, T4 icondition Test direction: longitudinal. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-
80 i
I I 560
Sheiet, T3 cc•ndition 1.5Mg-0.6Mn. U N S A92024

60
5 420
Source: A J. McEvily, Jr., W. Illig, and H.F. Hardrath, "Static Strength
of Aluminum-Alloy Specimens Containing Fatigue Cracks," NACA
TN3816, Oct 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
oo Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 15
• Rolled t>ar, T4 ccedition CL
5

40 280

20 140

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20

Strain, %

100 700 WA.036 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, true-stress, true-

strain curves
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. U N S A92024
Source: G.W. Brown and R. Ikegami, The Fatigue of Aluminum Alloys
50 350 Subjected to Random Loading, Exp. Mech.t Vol 10, Aug 1970,
p 321-327. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.037 2024-T852 aluminum alloy hand forgings,

i
^ ^ Longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves
Transverse
1 420 Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
Short transverse
Source: D.J. Brownhill et al., "Mechanical Properties, Including
Fracture Toughness and Fatigue, Corrosion Characteristics and Fatigue-
350 Crack Propagation Rates of Stress-Relieved Aluminum Hand Forgings,"
AFML-TR-70-10, Alcoa Research Laboratories, Feb 1970. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 16
280

210 co

140

r
/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.038 2024-T6 and 2024-T852 aluminum alloy

forgings, effects of heat treatment on tensile
properties
Test direction: short transverse. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-
1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
Source: J.H. Hull and S.J. Erwin, How Deformation Affects the
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Forgings, Met. Eng. Quart.,
Vol 12, Nov 1972, p 1-6. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16

Cold reduction, %
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Exposure temperature, °C WA.039 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, effects of exposure

-15 95 205 315 425,
560 to elevated temperature on tensile properties
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-
1.6Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
Source: "2024-T4 Products," Alcoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet,
\ \ CL
5 Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
420
\ \ Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
\ \
\ \
, \ \
\ \
\x s 280 ra
CD
E
\ ^ t
• 1/2 h
o 100 h

I
a 1000 h
140

420

/ \
\
a.
\ \' 280 ^
\ \ ur
\ ci \ £
\ \
k \ \ O)
\ \ \
\ \ «
V 140 £

\A v>

200 400 600 800

Exposure temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Exposure temperature, °C WA.040 2024-T81 aluminum alloy, effects of

exposure to elevated temperature on tensile
properties
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-
1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
Source: "2024-T81," Alcoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet, July 1957.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code
3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 17

T
\ s
\\ ^\ 420

\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
i \ \ 280 ?
v
\ \
x
\ \
v
\
\ \
>-
\ \
q
\
\
\ \
\ 140
\ \
----.o

200 400 600 800

Exposure temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Exposure temperature, °C WA.041 2024-T86 aluminum alloy, effects of

exposure to elevated temperature on tensile
properties
Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-
1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
Source: "2024-T86," Alcoa Research Laboratory Data Sheet, July 1957.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code
3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 17

\ \
\ \
\\ 420
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
280 B
\;\ x^ \\
\ £

\\ \\
V s
\ 140
®
>-

400 600 800

Exposure temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.042 2024-T852 aluminum alloy hand forgings,

compressive stress-strain curves
Loiigitudinal
490 Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
Short traiisverse
Source: DJ. Brownhill et al., "Mechanical Properties, Including
^ Trainsverse
Fracture Toughness and Fatigue, Corrosion Characteristics and Fatigue-
420
Crack Propagation Rates of Stress-Relieved Aluminum Hand Forgings,"
AFML-TR-70-10, Alcoa Research Laboratories, Feb 1970. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/
350
Purdue University, 1995, p 17
co
Q-
2
280 g
$
w

210

// >
140

70

4 6 8 10 12 14
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

WA.043 2024-T3, 2024-T6, 2024-T81, and 2024-T86

aluminum alloy sheet and plate, tensile stress-strain
curves
Tested at various temperatures; 30 min exposure. RT,
room temperature; 93 °C (200 °F); 100 °C (212 °F);
150 °C (300 °F); 205 °C (400 °F); 260 °C (500 °F);
315 °C (600 °F); 363 °C (685 °F). Composition: Al-
4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. U N S A92024
Source: 'Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for 2024," Alcoa Research
Laboratories Data Sheets, Oct and May 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 18
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.044 2024-T4 aluminum alloy bar and extrusions,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures. Extrusion dimensions:
6.35 x 38.1 mm (0.25 x 1.5 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-
1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
Source: S.A. Gordon, R. Simon, and W.R Achbach, "Materials-
Property-Design Criteria for Metals," WADC TR 55-150, Pt 4,
Oct 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 19

490 WA.045 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, complete

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: transverse.
Thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition: Al-
4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
Source: "Correlation of Information Available on the Fabrication of
Aluminum Alloys, Section IV," Case Institute Final Report to Nat. Def.
Res. Comm., 15 Sept 1944. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 19

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.046 2024-T3, 2024-T4, and 2024-T351

-240 -130 -15 95 205 315
±*Voo aluminum alloy sheet and plate, effects of
temperature on tensile properties
560 c Q. Tested at -195 to 370 °C (-320 to 700 °F) after 10,000 h
exposure. Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-lMn.
420 UNS A92024
c — - -a Source: "Aluminum Standards and Data," The Aluminum Association,
F 280 6th ed., March 1979. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
to 2 ty Handbook Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 19
| <D2
E

140 •
3 ?
J
• Sheet, 1•3 v V
a Plate, T-4 and T352

-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800

Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

60 420 WA.047 2024-T6 aluminum alloy, isochronous

Short time stress-strain curves in tension
Tested at 150 °C (300 °F) (top) and 205 °C (400 °F)
50 350 (bottom). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg~lMn.
y -
s UNS A92024
s
fs Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for Several Heat-Treated
/ "lOOJ^
40 / 280 Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and 400 F," Alcoa Research
/ Laboratories, 29 April 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
/ 1000 h
CO Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University,
/ / CL
/ / 1995, p 24
30 f / 210 OT
CO-
/ / /
t / / £
CO
/
/
20 140

10
¥
J 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

420

50 350
Shoi•ttime

40 280
s
s
s
/ 10 h
/
30 / 210 eg
/ £
/ CO
/ / 100 h
/ /
20 t
*- 140
/
/ 1000 h
/ J
/ /
10 / / 70
i / y
/ / / /

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

420 WA.048 2024-T81 aluminum alloy, isochronous

, ——
- stress-strain curves in tension
Sheirt
tirm
/ Tested at 150 °C (300 °F) (top) and 205 °C (400 T )
350 (bottom). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-lMn.
/
/ -"""Th U N S A92024
/ -^lOh Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for Several Heat-Treated
/ 280 Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and 400 F," Alcoa Research
/
Laboratories, 29 April 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
/ ^ 1 0 0 h
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University,
// ' "lOOOh
0.
2 1995, p 25
/ //
/
// / 210

i//y
j 140

i/,
tf//
w 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

420

350

Short
time /
S
/ 280
/
/
/ Q_
/ 2
210 g
/
/ £
CO
/
/r J 140
t /
/ "^100h
/
/ , •—Toooh
70
t / s

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.049 2024-T86 aluminum alloy, isochronous

stress-strain curves in tension
.
Tested at 150 °C (300 °F) (top) and 205 Q C (400 °F)
420
Short (bottom). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-1.5Mg-lMn.
time ^ UNS A92024
/ 350 Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves for Several Heat-Treated
/ Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and 400 F," Alcoa Research
/ Laboratories, 29 April 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
/ ^10h
/ / Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3203, CINDAS/Purdue University,
-^Tooh 1995, p 25
/
/ y 1000 h £
/ / 210 (a

if / / /
/
/ / 140
///
m
if/fs 70
W

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

490

420

350
Short
time

/
/
t/ — 1h
o
/
210 to
/ 10 h
/
t
/ J/
— 100 h 140
/
/ 1000 h
/ / 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.050 2024-T3, aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
True
490 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
Nonlinal
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
420
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
350 YS, yield strength. Test specimen thickness, 12.7 mm
(0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mm (1.75 in.). Nominal ten-
Yield strength 280 J sile strength, 464 MPa (67.3 ksi). True tensile strength,
546 MPa (79.2 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
314 MPa (45.5 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
210 20.0%. Reduction of area, 27%. True strain at maximum
load, 16.3%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
140
would yield a slope (n) of 0.21 in the area of uniform
plastic deformation. UNS A92024
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
70 Aug 1954

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
Strain, in./in.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.051 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and
14 28 42 56 70 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
80 560
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
<6.325 mm (<0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
60 420 n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) = 12; n(L, compres-
L tension f LT, compnsssion sion) = 15; n{LT, compression) =11. UNS A92024
LT, compressioi
i . /

. — - LT, tension
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
a impression
Q-
40 -
L , comprei s s i o n " A 280 w
S> (0
CO 2
co

20 140

/ | 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.052 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and
0 14 28 42 56 70 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
1.60-6.325 mm (0.063-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 50; n{LT, tension) = 15; n(L,
compression) =13;rc(LT,compression) =19.
UNS A92024
ra Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
Q.
280 w

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.053 2024-T351 aluminum alloy, clad 2024-
14 28 42 56 70 84 T351, plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
420
compressive tangent modulus curves
L, tensio n
^ LT, comfjression Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
T, tension nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
350
12.70-50.80 mm (0.500-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
compressiom
parameter: n{L, tension) = 42; n(LT, tension) = 9.0; n(L,
L, compres compression) = 9.0; n(LT, compression) = 12.
280
UNS A92024
(0 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
Q.
210 w
0)
<75

/ 140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8
6
10 12
70

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.054 2024-T351X aluminum alloy extrusion,

14 28 42 56 70 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
420
1 modulus curves
LT, comprejssion
\lL -
compressiion Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L,
longitudinal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion
350
L, compre ssion thickness 6.35-19.02 mm (0.250-0.749 in.). Ramberg-
Osgood parameter: n(L, compression) =16; n(LT, com-
L, comp ression
pression) = 17. UNS A92024
280
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

Q.
210 co

/
140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8
6
10 12
70

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

630 WA.055 2024-T36 aluminum alloy extruded plate,

tensile stress-strain curves
560 Upper curve test direction, longitudinal; lower curve test
direction, transverse. The upper row of strain values on
490 the abscissa applies to both the complete true curve and
1
1 the complete nominal curve. The lower row of strain val-
Yield streingth
1 420 ues applies to the expanded portion of the curves; this
1 (0 expanded portion is essentially identical for both the true
1 CL
1 350 into- and nominal curves. YS, yield strength. Test specimen
1 £ thickness, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mm
1 «
1
(1.75 in.). Nominal longitudinal values: Tensile strength,
280 M
1 496 MPa (72.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 546 MPa
1 (79.2 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 450 MPa
1 210
I (65.2 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 13.2%.
1 1 Reduction of area, 20%. True strain at maximum load,

/V
f I 140
1
9.2%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would
1 yield a slope (n) of 0.10 in the area of uniform plastic
I deformation. UNS A92024
70
1
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
~l
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
Strain, in./in.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.056 2024-T4 aluminum alloy rolled bar, rod,
14 28 42 56 70 84
'420
and shapes, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
350 nal. Topical for thickness <139.70 mm (<5.500 in.).
L, tension
L, comp ession t
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: n{L, tension) = 50; n(L,
— L, cc)mpression compression) = 10. UNS A92024
280 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

Q_
210 w

140

70

6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in. 6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.057 2024-T42 aluminum alloy, clad 2024-T42,
14 28 42 56 70 84 plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
1 1 350
L arid LT, compression
compressive tangent modulus curves
v L and LT, compre ssion L, terision
LT, tesnsion
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
280 12.70-25.40 mm (0.500-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: «(L, tension) = 17; n{LT, tension) = 16; n(L,
compression) =19; n(LT, compression) =19.
UNS A92024
210 Source: M1L-HDBK 5H, 1 Dec 1998

£
w
140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.058 2024-T42 aluminum alloy extrusion,

14 28 42 56 70 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
420 modulus curves
con ipression
L, cornpression Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
350
>38.10 mm (>1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
v LT, conipression n(L, compression) = 32; n(LT, compression) = 19.
LT, cornpression UNS A92024
280
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

210 w
£
CO

140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.059 2024-T42 aluminum alloy, clad 2024-T42,
14 28 42 56 70 84
420
sheet, compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
350
1.829-6.325 mm (0.072-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
yLongit udinaK parameter: ^(longitudinal, compression) = 17; «(long
transverse, compression) = 17. Tensile yield strength: lon-
gitudinal, 324 MPa (47 ksi); long transverse, 317 MPa
280
(46 ksi). UNS A92024
Long tr«ansverse / Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
I
i 210 coc-o
$
cn

140

/
/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8
6
10
V

12
70

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.060 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products),

425 effect of temperature on ultimate tensile strength
Up to 10,000 h exposure. UNS A92024
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F

Temperature, °C WA.061 2024-T62 aluminum alloy (all products),

-15 40 95 150 205 260 315 370 425 effect of temperature on tensile yield strength
100
—> Up to 10,000 h exposure. UNS A92024
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

£ 60
\ \
4h
1lOh
v / /
1 lOOh

\
\ / /
40 / y / 1lOOOh "
\ X / 110,000 h

\
20

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.062 2024-T62 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(L, tension) = 28; n(LT, tension) = 24; n(L,
compression) = 22; n(LT, compression) = 22.
UNS A92024
0_ Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
2
280

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

Temperature, °C WA.063 2024-T81, 2024-T851, 2024-T8510, and

40 95 150 205 260 315 370 425 2024-T8511 aluminum alloy (all products), effect of
100?5 — temperature on bearing ultimate strength

\
Up to 1000 h exposure. UNS A92024

}
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
V* h
80
2h
10 h
100 h
S 60
1000 h

3 40

20

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.064 2024-T81, 2024-T851, 2024-T8510, and

-15 40 95 150 205 260 315 370 425 2024-T8511 aluminum alloy (all products), effect of
100
temperature on bearing yield strength
Up to 1000 h exposure. UNS A92024
UJ3 1
/4 h Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
€ 80 2h

10 h

100 h
60

k1000 h

40

<D 2 0
O)

£<D
CL

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F

80 560 WA.065 2024-T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Longitudincil, tension
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
rng transvei•se, tension
6.350-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
60 420
parameter: n(L, tension) = 22, n(LT, tension) = 18.
UNS A92024
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
re
Q_

/
2
40 280 to
CO
.fc Q)
CO
to

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
140
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.066 2024-T851 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560 parameter: n(L and LT, compression) =17. UNS A92024
Long itudinal and long transv erse, compi ession Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

420
Q-
2

&
55
280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

630 WA.067 2024-T851 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
560 Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Lo ngitudinal 6.350-38.075 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). UNS A92024
490 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
I < ^ ^
Long tra nsverse

420

<o
350 S=

280 £

210

140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.068 2024-T86 aluminum alloy extruded plate,

tensile stress strain curves
70
\
490 Test directions: upper curve, longitudinal; lower curve,
Yield
\ strength transverse. The upper row of strain values on the abscissa
\ applies to both the complete true curve and the complete
60 420
/\ nominal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to
/ I the expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion
50 / I 350 is essentially identical for both the true and nominal
/
/ •
I curves. YS, yield strength. Test specimen thickness,
40
* 1
280
12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage length: 44.45 mm (1.75 in.).
1

30
I 1
1
1 210 i
Nominal tensile strength, 517 MPa (75.0 ksi). True ten-
sile strength, 534 MPa (77.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength
(0.2% offset), 493 MPa (71.5 ksi). Elongation (in

20
j 1
1
1
I
140
50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 5.1%. Reduction of area, 17% (top),
11% (bottom). True strain at maximum load, 3.6%. A
1
log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope
1 (ri) of 0.06 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
p
10
/ 1
1
1
70 UNS A92024
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
i.
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Strain, in./in.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

80 560
True
—o
Nominal
70 490
Yield
stren gth
<*
60 420

tr 50

/ 350 ,

3 40

30
J // V
280 S

210

/
20 140

10 70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.069 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile ultimate strength
Up to 10,000 h exposure. UNS A92024
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

Temperature, °C WA.070 2024-T861 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile yield strength
Up to 10,000 h exposure. UNS A92024
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

60 WA.071 2024-T3 (top) and 2024-T36 (bottom)

aluminum alloy, clad sheet, tensile and compressive
stress-strain curves

40
Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Composi-
S. tion: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
eg Source: L J. Klinger and G. Sachs, Dependence of the Stress-Strain
-b
V)
£ Curves of Cold Worked Metals upon the Testing Direction, J. Aer. Sci.,
w
20
Vol 15, 1948, p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3

0 0

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

420 WA.072 2024-T4 aluminum alloy, clad 2024-T4,

k, A
• _ •
sheet, effect of stretching on tensile (top) and
I • " compressive (bottom) yield strengths
^ t r
i 350 o>
- —o
Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
• J

ktt.*-
Source: L J. Klinger and G. Sachs, Dependence of the Stress-Strain
Curves of Cold Worked Metals upon the Testing Direction, J. Aer. Sci.,
280 Vol 15, 1948, p 151. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
• o 0.063 in. (1.60 mm)
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, 1995, CINDAS/Purdue University, p 4
±0.081 in. (2.06 mm)
•0.091 in. (2.31 mm)
• 0.125 in. (3.18 mm)
210
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.073 2024-T81 (top) and 2024-T86 (bottom)

aluminum alloy, clad 2024-T81 and 2024-T86, sheet,
tensile stress strain curves
RT
420
Tested at room and elevated temperature, 30 min. RT,
4
room temperature. Sheet thickness 1.626 mm (0.064 in.).
200 °F (93 °i
^ 30(3 °F (149 °C) Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. UNS A92024
7 ^ 4 0 0 °F (204 °C) jS. Source: D.E. Miller, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous
2
and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
<D WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 3, June 1954. As published in Aerospace
CO Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/Purdue
280 University, 1995, p 4

140

0
RT
/
/ -
^ 300 °F (149 °C) 560
200 °F (93' - —

400 °F- (204 °C) co

a.
280 CO-
420 OT
£
<55

140

10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.074 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, clad 2024-T3,

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures 30 min. expo-
sure at elevated temperature. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm
(0.064 in.). Composition: Al-4.5Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn.
UNS A92024
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Ferrous
and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures,"
WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 1, Sup. 1, Feb 1953. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 4
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.075 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, clad 2024-T3,

sheet, effect of exposure and test temperature on
tensile properties
Sheet thickness: 1.626 m m (0.064 in.). Composition: Al-
4.5Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn. U N S A92024
Source: Strength data: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical
Properties of Ferrous and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 1, Sup. 1, Feb
1953. Elongation data: D.E. Miller, "Determination of Physical
Properties of Ferrous and Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at
Elevated Temperatures," WADC AF TR No. 6517, Pt. 3, June 1954. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 4. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3204, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 4

420

Q_
2
280 ur

IT 1
c
£
\\
\\ 2
y
\
.\ \\ 140 M
\ \ N
NX

400
Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.076 2048-T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

1 stress-strain curves
Room teiTiperature

Test direction: longitudinal. Typical for plate thickness

420
o
76.2 m m (3 in.). Composition: Al-3.3Cu-l.5Mg-0.4Mn.
• ^ • 2 5 0 F ( 120 °C)
U N S A92048
350 Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
350 ° F ( 175 °C)
New Aerospace Structural Materials," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical Report AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH, June 1973. As published in Aerospace Structural

/
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3223, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 2
500 °F ( 260 °C)
210 £g

f / 140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

WA.077 2048-T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Test direction: transverse. Typical for plate thickness
76.2 m m (3 in.). Composition: Al-3.3Cu-l.5Mg-0.4Mn.
U N S A92048
Source: O.L. Deel, RE. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Structural Materials" Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical Report AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH, June 1973. As published in Aerospace Structural
^ Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3223, CINDAS/Purdue University,
1995, p 3
ta
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

70 490 W A . 0 7 8 2048-T851 aluminum alloy plate,

RT compressive stress-strain curves
Test direction: transverse. RT, room temperature. Typical
60 420
(121 °C) for plate thickness 76.2 m m (3 in.). Composition: Al-
3.3Cu-1.5Mg~04.Mn. U N S A92048
50 350 °F ( 177 °C) 350 Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Structural Metals," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
/ Technical Report AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute, June
1973. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
"55 40 280 £

///
500 °F (2i30 °C) Code 3223, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 4
w
w
210
JS
&
30

/ V
//
20 140

10 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

70 490 WA.079 2048-T851 aluminum alloy plate,

RT compressive stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal. RT, room temperature.
60 420
Typical for plate thickness 76.2 m m (3 in.). Composition:
250 °F (121 °C)
Al-3.3Cu-1.5Mg-04.Mn. U N S A92048
50 350 °F (177 °C)— 350 Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Structural Metals," Data Sheet F33615-72-C-1280,
Technical Report AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle Memorial Institute, June
/ 1973. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
4
1 0 Code 3223, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
•^500 °F (2 60 °C)
0
£
55
30
/a 210 25

20 r
y 140

/
/
10 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

100 700 WA.080 2090-T83 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Longiltudinal, tensi o n \
i \ 1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
80 560
1_ong transvisrse, tensior parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 14; n(45°, tension) =
18; ra(long transverse, tension) = 12. UNS A92090
45° ten:sion Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
60 420

&
40 280

/
/
20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.081 2090-T83 aluminum alloy sheet,

14 28 42 56 72 84
100 700 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
/ Long transverse, compressionN
1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 20; n(45°,
compression) = 30; n(long transverse, compression) =19.
UNS A92090
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

4 . 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.082 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Longituidinal

-Long tra isverse— 420

Typical for plate thickness 101.6 m m (4 in.).
Composition: Al-4.4Cu-l.5Mg-0.6Mn. U N S A92124
Source: R.M. Hart, "Aluminum Alloy 2124 Plate," Aluminum Company
350 of America, Alcoa Technical Center, 1 April 1982. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3221,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
280

ft
<D
210 :

/
140

/ 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10 12
70

14
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.083 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate,

compressive stress-strain curves
490 Typical for plate thickness 101.6 m m (4 in.).
Lone itudinal
Composition: Al-4.4Cu-0.5Mg-0.6Mn. U N S A92124
Long transverse
420 R.M. Hart, "Aluminum Alloy 2124 Plate," Aluminum Company of
America, Alcoa Technical Center, 1 April 1982. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3221, CINDAS/
350 2 Purdue University, 1995, p 17

// / 280

Q.
210 E
o
o

/
J 140

/ 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10 12
70

14
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.084 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate, effect of

-15 38 93 149 204 elevated temperatures on retained room-
560
temperature tensile properties
1000 h exposure. Test direction: longitudinal. Plate thick-
f\u ness: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Composition: Al-4.4Cu-l.5Mg-
490 0.6Mn. UNS A92124
1r
J- u R.R. Cervay, "Temperature Effect on the Mechanical Properties of
Aluminum Alloy 2124-T851," University of Dayton Research Institute,
AFML-TR-75-208, 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
420 22 Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3221, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 17
v

&
350 "o

LLT
o
CD
E
280 2
3

210

RA
o i
A c
o
e r>
s \ O

100 200 300 400

Exposure temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.085 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Longitijdinal Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
lg transvers e
\ v L o r
38.125-127.0 mm (1.501-5.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 22; n(long trans-
verse, tension) =16; n(short transverse, tension) =13.
hort transve

CD
UNS A92124
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

/
/ Strain, 0.001 in./in.

560 WA.086 2124-T851 aluminum alloy plate,

I
Short trans;verse v compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
Long trans\/erse \ \ modulus curves
/ Longitudi nal
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
38.125-127.0 mm (1.501-5.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
420
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 14; rc(long
transverse, compression) = 19; «(short transverse, com-
pression) = 17. UNS A92124
CO

/
CL Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
280 to

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.087 2219-T6 aluminum alloy forged rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. 100 h expo-
sure. Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0.18Zr-0.10V-
0.06Ti. UNS A92219
W.P. Achbach, R.J. Favor, and W.S. Hyler, "Material-Property-Design
Criteria for Metals," WADC TR 55-150, Part VI, Oct 1955. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9

700 WA.088 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
__ __ ____
- 4 2 3 °F (-253 °C)
Tested at low temperatures. Sheet thickness: 2.540 mm
—— (0.100 in.). Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0.18Zr-0.10V-
560
- 3 2 0 °F ( - 196 °C)
0.06Ti. UNS A92219
/ / F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MIL-
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As pub-
/ x
r ^ - n o °F (-79 °C) lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
420 CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
^ R T Q.
2
2

I
CO
280

140

' - Longitudinal
Transverse

0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

Strain, in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.089 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at low temperatures. Sheet thickness: 2.540 mm
(0.100 in.). Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0.18Zr-0.10V-
0.06Ti. UNS A92219
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MIL-
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9

WA.090 2219-T87 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at low temperatures. Sheet thickness: 2.540 mm
(0.100 in.). Composition: Al-6.3Cu-0.3Mn-0.18Zr-0.10V-
0.06Ti. UNS A92219
F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MIL-
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Progress Report No. 1, Feb 1965. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3205,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.091 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,
14 28 42 56 72 84-
350
tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
L and LT, aompression
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
x: L and LT, tension

280
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thick-
ness 3.175-50.80 mm (0.125-2.000 in.). Ramberg-
Osgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) =13; n(L and
LT, compression) = 16. UNS A92219
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-174
210
re
CL
2
£
<55
140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, psi

490 WA.092 2219-T62 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
420
and long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thickness
X 3.175-50.80 mm (0.125-2.00 in.). UNS A92219
350 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-175

£
210 co

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.093 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219-

I T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stress-strain
Long transverse
curves (full range)
420
V Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet and plate
Loingitudinal v
thickness 1.016-63.50 mm (0.040-2.50 in.).
350
UNS A92219
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-179

210 &

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.094 2219-T81 aluminum alloy sheet and 2219-
14 28 42 56 72 84 T851 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and compressive
560
stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus
curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
L and Ll tension
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thick-
/ L T , , compressio n \ /
L compressicin. \ / 420 ness 1.016-63.50 mm (0.040-2.500 in.). Ramberg-
/ /' Osgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 20; n(L,
compression) = 19; «(LT, compression) = 21.
UNS A92219
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-178
280 C
wO
CD

140

10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 1 (f psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.095 2219-T852 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
101.6-152.4 mm (4.001-6.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 22; n(long trans-
60 420
L.ongitudinal verse, tension) =17; «(short transverse, tension) =14.
Long transversev UNS A92219
Short traiisverse v
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
TO
CL
40 280 CO-
CO
2>
GO

20

/ Strain, 0.001 in./in.

10
140

12

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.096 2219-T852 aluminum alloy hand forging,
80
14 28 42 56 72 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
560
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness 101.652-152.40 mm (4.001-6.000 in.).
60 420 Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) = 20;
n(LT, compression) = 19; n(ST, compression) = 17. UNS
LT and ST A92219
L and LT
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

40 280 co"
£
ST^ CO

20

/ 2 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.097 2219-T852 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
70 490 Tested at room temperature. Typical forging thickness for
^Lon gitudinal
Short transverse
152.4-203.2 mm (6.001-8.000 in.). UNS A92219
— - K —-X Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-186

J\
60 420

^ Long traiisverse
50 350

<5
i
o
w
40 f 280 »

210
30

140
20

70
10

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.098 2219-T87 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,
80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
/ LT, cornpression ^
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet and plate thick-
L, conlpression^ ness 3.175-25.40 mm (0.125-1.000 in.). Ramberg-
60 \ 420 Osgood parameter, n(L and LT, tension) = 14; n(L and
LT, compression) = 14. UNS A92219
\ L and L"f, tension Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-189

40 280 to
CO
£
co £
55

20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.099 2219-T87 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
— J-ong transverse
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet and plate
thickness 3.175-25.40 mm (0.125-1.000 in.).
Longitud i n a T ^ s ^ c
v UNS A92219
> c
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-190
350
CO
Q_
280 co
<>
/
a>
tn
210

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.15

Strain, in./in.

560 WA.100 2219-T87 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
Long transveirse 40.64-101.6 mm (1.600-4.000 in.). UNS A92219
* X 420 Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-192
Short transv<Brse

350
CO
Q.
5
280 eg
CD

W
210

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1C

Strain, in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.101 2519-T87 aluminum alloy plate, effect of

temperature on ultimate tensile strength
Typical strength at temperature after various exposures up
to 10,000 h. UNS A92519
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998

Temperature, °C WAJ02 2519-T87 aluminum alloy plate, effect of

n18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 temperature on tensile yield strength curves
100
Typical strength at temperature after various exposures.
UNS A92519
v
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
80
>

« 60
0)
£

"CO

\\
^ 1/2 h
8. 40 ' 10 h
£
^ 100 h
^ 1 0 0 0 Ii
^/ 10,00(3 h

20

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

60 420 WA.103 2618 aluminum alloy clad sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
Room tempeirature Test direction: transverse. Heat treatment: 530 °C
122°F (50 °C)
50
212 °F (10() ° C )
350 (986 °F), 1 h, water quenched, flattened, and aged,
302 °F(15() ° C ) 200 °C (392 °F), 2 h, 1 h soak. Composition: Al-2.5Cu-
•347 °F (17 5 °C) 1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0.1 Ti. UNS A92618
40 I
\
! °F (200 °c;
II 280 Source: "Hiduminium Elevated Temperature Alloys," High Duty Alloys
437
J°F (225 °C
} Ltd., 1956, As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
CO Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 6

i/
I ° F (250 °C

///
30 210 |
s CD
(0 W

20 140

10 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

60 420 WA.104 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand-forged

billets, tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at elevated temperatures. Typical for several hand-
50 350 forged billets: 76.2 x 165.1 mm (3 x 6lA in.), 101.6 x
203.2 mm (4 x 8 in.), and 203.2 x 279.4 mm (8 x 11 in.).
Room ternperature^^
Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0.1 Ti.
40 280 UNS A92618
Source: J.A. Lumm, "Mechanical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy,"
' ^ < ^ 3 2 5 ° F (163 °C) Technical Report AFML-TR-66-238, North American Aviation, Inc.,
Q.

A
0
\400 F (204 °C) July 1966. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
V> 30 210 tf Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 6
s %
CO
f CO

//
20 / 140

10 70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.105 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

properties at various temperatures
Typical. Composition: Al-2.5Cu-l.5Mg-l.2Ni-l.0Fe-
0.2Si-0.1Ti. UNS A92618
Source: Aluminum Standards and Data, 1968-69, The Aluminum
Association, 1st ed., April 1968. As published in Aerostructural Metals-
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.106 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar, effect

93 204 316 427 of elevated temperatures and exposure time on
80"?8 560
tensile properties
Exposure
• 30 min Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0.1 Ti.
• 100 h UNS A92618
60 420 S. Source: R.H. Voorhees and J.W. Freeman, Report on the Elevated-
2 Temperature Properties of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys, STP 291,
ASTM, 1960. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
ur Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9
S

40 280 «
i
\ \
|
5
20 140

E
1 E 80
(0 o
5c
RAy
IS
. 1 1 40
"5 ro
d co> / E
-o
0©C oO

200 400 600 800

Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.107 2618-T61 aluminum alloy hand-forged

billets, compressive stress-strain curves
Tested at elevated temperature. Typical for several hand-
forged billets: 76.2 x 165.1 mm (3 x 6Vi in.), 101.6 x
203.2 mm (4 x 8 in.), and 203.2 x 279.4 mm (8 x 11 in.).
Composition: Al-2.5Cu-1.5Mg-1.2Ni-1.0Fe-0.2Si-0. ITi.
UNS A92618
Source: J. A. Lumm, "Mechanical Properties of 2618 Aluminum Alloy,"
Technical Report AFML-TR-66-238, North American Aviation, Inc.,
July 1966. As published in Aerostructural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3213, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 9

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.108 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar,
14 28 42 56 70 84 tensile and compressive stress-strain and
560
compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical for forged bar thickness 25.40 mm (1.000 in.).
Tension an<i compressio n ^ Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =
420 13; ^(longitudinal, compression) = 13. UNS A92618
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-205

/ 280 to

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10 12
140
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.109 2618-T61 aluminum alloy forged bar,

tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
490 Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical for forged bar thickness 25.40 mm (1.000 in.).
" -s UNS A92618
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-206

350
o.
2
280 g

to
210

140

70

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Strain, in./in.

140 WA.110 3003-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

strain curves
126
True^- The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
112
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
Nominai expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
98
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
84 CL YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
2 (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
I
I strength, 105 MPa (15.2 ksi). True tensile strength,
1 70
1 130 MPa (18.8 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 56 36 MPa (5.2 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
1 27.2%. Reduction of area, 71%. True strain at maximum
1
1 42 load, 21.5%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
>-Vo 1 would yield a slope of (n) of 0.24 in the area of uniform
YS 1 plastic deformation. UNS A93003
kso-C— 1 28
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
1
1 14
1
V - ^
Strain, in./in.
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 175 WA.111 3003-H12 aluminum alloy rod, tensile
stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
140
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
105 S. YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
s
(0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
strength, 138 MPa (20.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
142 MPa (20.6 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
70 119 MPa (17.3 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
9.8%. Reduction of area, 76%. True strain at maximum
load, 3.0%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope of (n) of 0.06 in the area of uniform
35 plastic deformation. UNS A93003
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954

<«J 0
0.10

175 WA.112 3003-H14 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
140
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves,
w YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
105
(0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
§ strength, 159 MPa (23.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
£ 161 MPa (23.4 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
| 147 MPa (21.3 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
70
£ 4.5%. Reduction of area, 54%. True strain at maximum
load, 1.6%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope of (n) of 0.05 in the area of uniform
35 plastic deformation. UNS A93003
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA

0.05

5
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

245 WA.113 3003-H18 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
True
210 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
*N
N both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
\
> Nominal curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
\
175 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
\ essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
\
\
YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
\ 140 (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
\ strength, 212 MPa (30.8 ksi). True tensile strength,
\
1 216 MPa (31.3 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 105=5
c 195 MPa (28.3 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
1 3.5%. Reduction of area, 34%. True strain at maximum
1
1 load, 2.0%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
1 70 would yield a slope of (n) of 0.06 in the area of uniform
1
1 plastic deformation. UNS A93003
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1 35
July 1954
1
1
\
o 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Strain, in./in.
o 1 2 3 4 5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

175 WA.114 3003-H24 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves

n
True
Nominal The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
> o c
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
S \
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
\
\ essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
\
ii YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
(
1 (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
1 strength, 145 MPa (21.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
1
I
223 MPa (32.3 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 133 MPa (19.3 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
1 10.8%. Reduction of area, 55%. True strain at maximum
1
) o 1 load, 5.8%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
1 would yield a slope of (n) of 0.06 in the area of uniform
1 plastic deformation. UNS A93003
1
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1 July 1954
1
1
i-

Strain, in./in.

Strain. 0.001 in./in.

 245 WA.115 3004-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-
strain curves
210 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
175 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
2 YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
140 * (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
| strength, 191 MPa (27.7 ksi). True tensile strength,
» 218 MPa (31.6 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
105 g 67 MPa (9.7 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
P 15.6%. Reduction of area, 47%. True strain at maximum
load, 13.1%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
70 would yield a slope of {n) of 0.24 in the area of uniform
plastic deformation. UNS A93004
35 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954

^0
0.16

280 WA.116 3004-H34 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
245 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
210
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
175 « YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
2 (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
| strength, 255 MPa (37.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
140
« 270 MPa (39.2 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
| 201 MPa (29.2 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
105 P 8.0%. Reduction of area, 54%. True strain at maximum
load, 5.8%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope of (n) of 0.14 in the area of uniform
70
plastic deformation. UNS A93004
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
35 July 1954

0.08
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.117 3004-H38 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
(0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
strength, 283 MPa (41.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
317 MPa (46.0 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
247 MPa (35.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
6.9%. Reduction of area, 46%. True strain at maximum
load, 4.9%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope of (n) of 0.10 in the area of uniform
plastic deformation. UNS A93004
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954

Strain, in./in.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

350 WA.118 3004-H39 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

True^
stress-strain curves
~ Norrlinal
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
280
\ curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
Y! \
\
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
\ essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
\ YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
1 210 i
1 (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
1 strength, 307 MPa (44.5 ksi). True tensile strength,
1
1
314 MPa (45.6 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 140 <=
273 MPa (39.6 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
1 6.6%. Reduction of area, 40%. True strain at maximum
1
1 load, 4.2%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
1 would yield a slope of (n) of 0.09 in the area of uniform
1 plastic deformation. UNS A93004
1 70
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1 July 1954
1
1
i — 0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Strain, in./in.
2 4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

245 WA.119 5052-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

strain curves
True
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to

n
Nominal 210
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
>\ 175 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
\ essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
i
o. YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
i
i 140 (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
i strength, 198 MPa (28.7 ksi). True tensile strength,
i 230 MPa (33.3 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
i
i 105 ^ 71.0 MPa (10.3 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
i 18.5%. Reduction of area, 70%. True strain at maximum
i load, 14.8%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
YS i
i 70 would yield a slope of (n) of 0.20 in the area of uniform
i plastic deformation. UNS A95052
i
i
35
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
i July 1952
i
i
^—
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
Strain, in./in.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Temperature, °C WA.120 5052-0 aluminum alloy, all products, effect

100
-18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 of elevated temperature on tensile properties

\
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h.
UNS A95052
0 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-212

\\
=55 80

ft
\\
g ^ 60

®
o. a)c
© "53

\\
1 4T40
2 32
°
& ® >,
I "s

f'
<5 © Tv
20
a. to fu

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

True,
<! I—
N<ominal \
\
280 WA.121 5052-H34 aluminum alloy rod, tensile
stress-strain curves
245 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
V
\ both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
\ curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
\ 210
'S \
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
I essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
I YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
1
1 (0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
1 strength, 262 MPa (38.0 ksi). True tensile strength,
1
1
279 MPa (40.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 211 MPa (30.6 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
1 105 l 8.6%. Reduction of area, 58%. True strain at maximum
1
1
load, 5.8%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
1 would yield a slope of (n) of 0.14 in the area of uniform
70
1 plastic deformation. UNS A95052
1
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
1 35
1
1
t l —<U
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Strain, in./in.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Temperature, °C WA.122 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

-18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 effect of elevated temperature on ultimate tensile
100

\ . 1 0 1,000 h
00 h
strength
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h.
UNS A95052
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-214
• < > 1 0 Oh
K / 1 / ; ?-10h

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.123 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and

-18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 plate, effect of elevated temperature on tensile
yield strength
.10,000 h Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h.
-1000 h

1 \ vC^
. 1 / 2 - 1 0 Oh UNS A95052
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-214

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F

Temperature, °C WA.124 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and

-18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 plate, effect of elevated temperature on ultimate
tensile strength
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h,
1/2 h ^ as indicated. UNS A95052
lOh'V
100 h ^ . Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-215
10100
10,0100 h ^

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.125 5052-H34 aluminum alloy sheet and plate,

-18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 effect of elevated temperature tensile yield strength
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h,
as indicated. UNS A95052
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-215

WA.126 5052-H38 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
(0.5 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
strength, 301 MPa (43.6 ksi). True tensile strength,
317 MPa (46.0 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
259 MPa (37.5 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
7.5%. Reduction of area, 49%. True strain at maximum
load, 5.4%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope of (n) of 0.12 in the area of uniform
plastic deformation. UNS A95052
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
July 1954

Strain, in./in.
0 2 4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.127 5052-H38 aluminum alloy, all products,

effect of temperature on ultimate tensile strength
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h.
UNS A95052
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-217

Temperature, °C WA.128 5052-H38 aluminum alloy, all products,

-18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 effect of temperature on tensile yield strength

>
100
—»
Strength at temperature after exposure up to 10,000 h.
UNS A95052

\
\ Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-217
-1/2 h
-10,000 h

\ \

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.129 5052-H38, aluminum alloy, all products,

-18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on
100
room-temperature ultimate tensile strength

10,c lOOh-O
1G»00 h /
100 h V
10h//
1/2 h '
\
\ Exposure up to 10,000 h. UNS A95052
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-218

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F

Temperature, °C WA.130 5052-H38 aluminum alloy, all products,

38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on
100"?8
room-temperature tensile yield strength
Exposure up to 10,000 h. UNS A95052
10,000 h ^ A Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-218
1000
100
10
1/2

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.131 5083-0 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and
0 14 28 42 56 70 84
175
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves

Tensior i and compr ession Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
140 ^(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 50;

/ ^(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 50.

UNS A95083

/
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-224
105
Q.
2

/
CO
70

/ 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
35

12

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.132 5083-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and
14 28 42 56 70 84
175
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
^Tensior i and compr ession Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
140 ^(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 21;
^(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 21.
UNS A95083
1

/
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-224
105
S.
2

/
70

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10
35

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.133 5083-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stress-

strain curve (full range)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical. UNS A95083
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-225

Strain, in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.134 5086-0 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and
14 28 42 56 70 84 . compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
175
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
140 ^(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 27; ^longi-
tudinal and long transverse, compression) = 27.
Tension and compre ission
UNS A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK 5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-229
105
CO
a.
2
2
oo
70

35

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.135 5086-0 aluminum alloy plate and extrusion,
14 28 42 56 70 84.. tensile and compressive stress-strain and
175
compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal

\
% Tens ion and conipression and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
140 ^(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 5.0; rc(lon-
gitudinal and long transverse, compression) = 5.0.
UNS A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-229
105
Q_
2
/
/ 70

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8
\
10 12
35

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

350 WA.136 5086-0 aluminum alloy 5086-0 sheet,

tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical. UNS A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-230

Strain, in ./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.137 5086-H112 aluminum alloy plate, tensile
0 14 28 42 56 70 84 and compressive stress-strain and compressive
175
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
, LT, tensiori and compression
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
/ L , t e insion ^J^
140 12.70-25.40 mm (0.500-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) =18; «(LT, tension) =10; n{L,
compression) = 9.3; n(LT, compression) = 10.
L, compression
/ LT, conlpression
UNS A95086
105
Q_
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-234
2

2
CO
70

35

2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.138 5086-H32 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile
14 28 42 56 70 84- stress-strain curves
350
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^lon-
gitudinal, tension) = 28; n(long transverse, tension) =10.
280 UNS A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-230
.ongitudinal, tension
1
Loiig transvers;e, tension
210
1
2

£
CO
140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.139 5086-H32 aluminum alloy sheet,

14 28 42 56 70 84
350
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(lon-
280 gitudinal, compression) = 8.0; «(long transverse, com-
Long transverse, compressio n
pression) = 10. UNS A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-231
210
o.
5
<D
55
140
Lomgitudinal, cjompressior

N
70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

350 WA.140 5086-H32 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
Long itudinal ^
•X Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Long transverse
3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Based on one lot. UNS A95086
280
Source: MIL HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-231

210
Q.
5

140

70

0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24

Strain, in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.141 5086-H34 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 24; rc(long trans-
280
Longitudirial, tension verse, tension) = 9.3. UNS A95086
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-231

i
.or e, tension

210

&
v>
140

/
/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.142 5086-H34 aluminum alloy sheet,

14 28 42 56 70 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
350
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
A_ong transv<srse, compression x parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 8.6; n(long
280 transverse, compression) =12. UNS A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-232

210
Q_
2
/ ^ Lorn jitudinal, co mpression >
\ £
co

/ \
140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10
70

12
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.143 5086-H34 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curve (full range)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical. UNS A95086
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-233

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.144 5086-H36 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and
14 28 42 56 70 84> compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
350
modulus curves

LT, compresjsion v
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
L, compres nal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
280 parameter, n(L, tension) = 27; n(LT, tension) =13; n(L,
^LT, tensio l compression) = 8.0; n(LT, compression) = 15. UNS
A95086
^ v ^ V . t ensiori^"
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-233
210
CO
CL
2

£
35
140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10 12
70
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.145 X5090-H36 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

-18 38 93 149 204
490
temperature on tensile properties after 30 min at
70
test temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Ftu, ultimate tensile strength;
>
Fy, tensile yield strength. Composition: Al-7Mg-0.2Cr-
420 0.005B-0.005Be
Source: "Properties and Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy X5090, a
High-Strength Work Hardening Sheet Material," Technical Information
Report MRL-71-TIR-5, Metals Research Laboratory, Olin Corporation,
350 11 Oct 1971. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Q. Vol 3, Code 3304, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 4
2
2
55
280

210

140
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.146 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet, stress-

strain curves at various temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal (top); long transverse
(bottom). Composition: Al-7Mg-0.2Cr-0.005B-0.005Be
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3304, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 3
280 £

<n
w
<D

210 co

140

70

490

420

350
280 £
SV)
w
210 <
£D
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.147 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

temperature on tensile properties after 20 min at
test temperature
Ftu, ultimate tensile strength; tensile yield strength.
Composition: Al-7Mg-0.2Cr-0.005B-0.005Be
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3304, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 4
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.148 X5090-H38 aluminum alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal (top); long transverse
(bottom). Composition: Al-7Mg-0.2Cr-0.005B-0.005Be
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
w Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3304, CINDAS/Purdue
^ University, 1995, p 4
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

315 WA.149 5154-0 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

True „
strain curves
280 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
Nominal
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
245 curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
210 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
\ o. YS, yield strength. Nominal size: 19 mm (3/4 in.) diam.
\\ 5 Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage length:
175
1 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 260 MPa
1
1 (37.7 ksi). True tensile strength, 307 MPa (44.5 ksi).
[YS 1 140 M
1 Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 150 MPa (21.7 ksi).
1
1 Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 21.5%. Reduction of
1 105 area, 66%. True strain at maximum load, 16.6%. A log-
1
1 log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of
1
i (n) of 0.19 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
70
1
1 UNS A95154
1
I Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
35
1
1
1
—
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
Strain, in./in.
2 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.150 5454-0 aluminum alloy sheet, plate, and
14 28 42 56 70 84, extrusion, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
/ T e r ision Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
«(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 16; ^longi-
S -Coimpression
105 tudinal and long transverse, compression) = 9.6.
UNS A95454
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-238
Q.
2
70
£O
C
\
35

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.151 5454-H32 aluminum alloy rod, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
280
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
\ essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
\ YS, yield strength. Nominal size: 19 mm (3/4 in.) diam.
YS • 210 | Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.50 in.). Gage length:
1 203.2 mm (8 in.). UNS A95454
1
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
1
1
1
1
o 1

/ 1 70

1
1
J
Strain, in./in.
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

350 WA.152 5454-H32 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 7.5; n(long trans-
280
verse, tension) = 6.8. UNS A95454
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-238
— Longitud inal
• Long trans.verse
210
D.
2

co
140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)
WA.153 5454-H34 aluminum alloy plate, tensile
stress-strain curve
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal,
tension) = 10. UNS A95454
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-239
WA.154 5454-H34 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 50; n(LT, tension) =11; «(L,
compression) = 8.1; n(LT, compression) = 9.8.
UNS A95454
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-239
 420 WA.155 5454-H38 aluminum alloy rod, tensile
stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
350 both the c o m p l e t e true c u r v e and the c o m p l e t e n o m i n a l
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
28o e s s e n t i a l l y identical f o r both the true and n o m i n a l curves.
ro YS, yield strength. Nominal size: 19 mm (3/4 in.) diam.
s Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.50 in.). Gage length:
8 203.2 mm (8 in.). UNS A95454
210 £
^ Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
"55
c

70

0.10

10
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.156 5 4 5 6 - 0 aluminum alloy, effect of low and

-240 -18 205 427
490
elevated temperature on tensile properties
ultimate tensile strength; Fty, tensile yield strength.

\
Composition: Al-5.lMg-0.8Mn-0.10Cr. UNS A95456
420
Source: Alcoa Aluminum Handbook, Aluminum Company of American,
1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3303, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 6
350

x •
— - ca

V
280 |

8>
210 co

140

70

-400
Temperature,
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.157 5456-H321 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

low and room temperature on tensile properties
Ftu, ultimate tensile strength; F^, tensile yield
strength. Sheet thickness: 31.7 mm (1/8 in.).
Composition: Al-5.lMg-0.8Mn-0.10Cr. UNS A95456
Source: J.E. Campbell, "Review of Current Data on the Tensile
Properties of Metals at Very Low Temperatures," DMIC Report 148,
Batelle Memorial Institute, 14 Feb 1961. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3303, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 6

c 30
CM
c

o ^ 20
•A E
°>E
O T-
LLJ 1G,
10
/
-AOO -200 200
Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.158 5456-H311 aluminum alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curves
Longitudlnal
T ransverse Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-51.Mg-
0.8Mn-0.10Cr. UNS A95456
280
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,
MIL-HDBK-5, Aug 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3303, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 6

210
CO
/ 4 CL
/ S 2
/ /
/ i
CO
140

70

4 8 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

350 WA.159 5456-H311 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
L.ongitudlnal
T ransverse Tested at room temperature. Composition: Al-51.Mg-
0.8Mn-0.10Cr. UNS A95456
280
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Flight Vehicle Structures,
MIL-HDBK-5, Aug 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3303, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 6

210
CL
2

140

70

4 8 12
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.160 5456-0 aluminum alloy plate, tensile stress-

strain curves
True
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
420
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
Nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
350 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
\ essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS, yield strength. Nominal thickness: 19 mm (0.750 in.)
1•
280 ' diam. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage
1 length: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
1 350 MPa (50.8 ksi). True tensile strength, 423 MPa
©
i1 210 =55 (61.3 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 163 MPa
1 (23.6 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 22.0%.
rjr o-0— t-o-o^ Reduction of area, 28%. True strain at maximum load,
YS 1
140 18.7%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would
1
yield a slope of (n) of 0.22 in the area of uniform plastic
1 deformation. UNS A95456
1 70
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
1
— L - 0
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24
Strain, in./in.
4 8 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.161 5456-0 aluminum alloy sheet and
14 28 42 56 70 84. plate, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
1 11 175
Tension and compreission v compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
140 ^(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) = 50; «(longi-
\ tudinal and long transverse, compression) = 50.
UNS A95456
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-244
105

2
co
70

35

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.162 5456-0 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile
14 28 42 56 70 84 and compressive stress-strain and compressive
175
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
and long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,

I
140 ^(longitudinal and long transverse, tension) =13; n(longi-
tudinal and long transverse, compression) =13.
UNS A95456
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-244
105
\ Q.

\ 2
£
w
70

I
35

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.163 5456-H111 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 32; n(LT, tension) = 16; n(L,
compression) = 9.5; n(LT, compression) = 16.
UNS A95456
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-245
210
CO
a.
2

CO
140

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.164 5456-H321 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
True
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
420
\ both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
Nominal 1 curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
1
350
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
1
1 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
1 YS, yield strength. Nominal thickness: 19.05 mm
1
1 280 (0.750 in.) diam. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.).
1 Gage length: 50.8 mm (2 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
1 400 MPa (58.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 452 MPa
1
1 (65.6 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 247 MPa
1 (35.8 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 13.5%.
1 Reduction of area, 17%. True strain at maximum load,
1
1 12.0%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would
1 yield a slope of (n) of 0.24 in the area of uniform plastic
1
1
deformation. UNS A95456
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1
Aug 1956
1

Strain, in./in.
6 8 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.165 5456-H321 aluminum alloy plate, tensile
and compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
15.875-31.750 mm (0.625-1.250 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 42; w(LT, tension) =16; n(L,
compression) = 7.0; n(LT, compression) =11.
UNS A95456
210
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-245

140

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 6 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.166 6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile true

stress, true strain curve
Sheet thickness: 1.60 mm (0.063 in.). Composition: Al-
0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn. UNS A96013
Source: J.W. Hardy, "Formability of Aluminum Alloy 6013 Sheet,"
Report MDC H5866, McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Co., Feb
1990. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 8

Displacement, mm WA.167 6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, load-

displacement curve (tensile test)
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen width: 12.7 mm
(0.5 in.); thickness: 2.032 mm (0.080 in.). Gage length:
50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength ( F J :
336.4 MPa (48.8 ksi). Tensile yield strength (Fty):
215.8 MPa (31.3 ksi). Elongation: 21.8%.
Electrical conductivity: 38.1%LACS. Water quenched.
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNS A96013
Source: J.T. Gutierrez, B.F. Larson, and J.F. Charles, "Fracture
Mechanics Forming and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Douglas Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 8
WA.168 6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, load-
displacement curve (tensile test)
Test direction: long transverse. Specimen width: 12.7 mm
(0.5 in.); thickness: 2.032 mm (0.080 in.). Gage length:
50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength ( F J :
340.6 MPa (49.4 ksi). Tensile yield strength (Fty):
197.9 MPa (28.7 ksi). Elongation: 22.6%. Electrical
conductivity: 38.2%IACS. Water quenched.
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNS A96013
Source: J.T. Gutierrez, B.F. Larson, and J.F. Charles, "Fracture
Mechanics Forming and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Douglas Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 8

WA.169 6013-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thick-
ness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). Ramberg-
Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 21; w(long
transverse, tension) = 1 5 . UNS A96013
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-248
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.170 6013-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, compressive
14 28 42 56 70 84 stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus
560
curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for specimen thick-
ness: 0.254-6.325 mm (0.010-0.249 in.). Ramberg-
Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 21;
420 n(long transverse, compression) = 23. UNS A96013
Longitudin al and long itransverse
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-249

Longitudi nal

/
/ Long transver s e ^ ^ ^ J
280
R
to

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
140

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

420 WA.171 6013-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Longitudinal
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
350 UNS A96013
Long transaverse
Source: "Alcoa Aluminum Alloy 6013," Alcoa Green Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
280 Vol 3, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 8
f

/ Q.
5

/
210 S

140

70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Displacement, mm WA.172 6013-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, load-

3000 r
2.29 4.57 6.86 9.14 11.43 displacement curve (tensile test)
I 13.3
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimen width: 12.7 mm
(0.5 in.); thickness: 2.032 mm (0.080 in.). Gage length:
50.8 mm (2.0 in.). Ultimate tensile strength (FJ:
398.5 MPa (57.8 ksi). Tensile yield strength (Fty):
368.1 MPa (53.4 ksi). Elongation: 11.0%. Electrical
conductivity: 42.9%LACS. Water quenched.
2000- 8.90
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNS A96013
Source: J.T. Gutierrez, B.F. Larson, and J.F. Charles, "Fracture
Mechanics Forming and Weld Properties for 6013 Sheet," Report MDC
K0818, Douglas Aircraft Co., Dec 1989. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 8
1000- 4.45

0.09 0.18 0.27 0.36

Displacement, in.

WA.173 6013-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, compressive

stress-strain curve
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse.
Composition: Al-0.90Mg-0.80Si-0.85Cu-0.50Mn.
UNS A96013
Source: "Alcoa Aluminum Alloy 6013," Alcoa Green Letter No. 225,
Dec 1987. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3226, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 10
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

420 WA.174 6061-T62 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
Specimen thickness: 3.2-41.3 mm (14-1% in.).
Longjtudinal
350 Composition: Al-1 Mg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNS A96061
Long t ransverse
Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical
280 Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched Aluminum
Alloy Extrusions," AF Contract AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
210 Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 6

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

Strain, in./in.

60 420 WA.175 6061-T62 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

and compressive stress-strain curves
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse.
50 350 Specimen thickness: 3.2-41.3 mm (]4-l % in.).
L and LT, compresslion Composition: Al-lMg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNS A96061
\
40 280 Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical
s X
L, tension LT, tesnsion
Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched Aluminum
Alloy Extrusions," AF Contract AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
30 210 « 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 7

20 140

/
10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
70
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

420 WA.176 6061-T651 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
Specimen thickness: <12.675 mm (<0.499 in.).
350 Composition: Al-lMg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
Longitudinal UNS A96061

I_ong transvers;e
Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical
280 Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched Aluminum
Alloy Extrusions," AF Contract AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
CL 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
210 w Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 7

140

70

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Strain, in./in.

50 350 WA.177 6061-T651 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
Y LT, compsession Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse.
Specimen thickness: <12.675 mm (<0.499 in.).
40 280
Composition: Al-lMg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
LT, tensio n UNS A96061
i
L, tens ion and compr•ession
Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical
Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
30 210 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched Aluminum
Q. Alloy Extrusions," AF Contract AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
2
1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 7
20 140

/
10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
70
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

420 WA.178 6061-T651 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
Specimen thickness: >76.2 mm (>3.0 in.). Composition:
350 Al-lMg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
Longitudinal
Source: O.J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical
Transve3rse
Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
280 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched Aluminum
Alloy Extrusions," AF Contract AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
CO
1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
0. Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 7
210 «
tn
<D

140

I
70

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Strain, in./in.

50 350 WA.179 6061-T651 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
v- L, tension and co mpression
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse.
Specimen thickness: >76.2 mm (>3.0 in.). Composition:
40 280
Al-lMg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
v
LT, tension
Source: O J. Brownhill, O.J. Davies, and D.O. Sprowls, "Mechanical
Properties, Including Fracture Toughness and Fatigue and Resistance to
LT, conlpression
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stress Relieved and Stretched Aluminum
30 210 Alloy Extrusions," AF Contract AF33(615)-3580, AFML TR68-34, Feb
1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 8

20 140

10 70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

Strain, in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

50 350 WA.180 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
Room temperature UNS A96061
40 280
212 °F (100 °C)
"Typical Tensile Stress-Strain Curves for 6061-T6 at Room
- 3 0 0 °F (149 °C) Temperature, 212, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 F," Physical Test No.
010758-G Data Sheets, 6 and 31 March 1958. As published in
400 °F (204 °C) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
30 210 Purdue University, 1995, p 8

500 °F (260 °C)

20 140

600 °F (3 16 °C)
10 70

7 0 0 ° F (371 °C)

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.181 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, stress-strain

- 4 2 3 °F curves at room and elevated temperatures
Tested at low temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
- 3 2 0 °F (-196 °C)
(top); transverse (bottom). Sheet thickness: 2.54 mm
> (0.100 in.). Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
s 420
UNS A96061
-110 °F (-79 °C) F.R. Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, ML-
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, Suppl. 1, Feb 1965. As published in Aerospace
om temperature CO Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue
CL
University, 1995, p 9
f 280 »
£
55

140

j 560
I ^
(-253 °C)

--—' ^423 °F

-320
420
°F (-196 °C)
- 1 1 0 ° F ( - 7 9 •C)

^ / ^ ^ ^ R o o m temperature
280 «

140

0.08 0.16
Strain, in./in.
0.24 2
WA.182 6061-T651 aluminum alloy plate, effect of
cryogenic temperatures on tensile properties
Tested to - 2 6 9 °C ( - 4 5 2 °F). Plate thickness: 31.75 mm
(llA in.). Composition: Al-lMg-0.65Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNS A96061
Source: J.G. Kaufman, K.O. Bogardus, and E.T. Wanderer, Tensile
Properties and Notch Toughness of Aluminum Alloys at -452F in
Liquid He, Adv. Cryogenic Eng., Vol 13, 1968, p 294. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 9
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.183 6061 - O aluminum alloy, effect of exposure

and test temperature on tensile properties
Exposure up to 10,000 h. Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-
0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 606l-O,"
Data sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 1 Feb 1956. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 9

Q 1
40
—*
/
0
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.184 6061-T4 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of

on"240
-129 -18 93 204 316 427 exposure and test temperature on tensile properties
60 420
Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
ur UNS A96061
280 £ Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T4
and 6062-T4," Data sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 23 Feb 1956.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
- 1/2 h Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 10
140
100 h
• • 1000h \
10,000 h E
§
I

280 !

\\ \

\\ \ 140

s. , 0 ;
0 =

/ /
// /•V
/ • ' ' /
/V
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.185 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, effect of exposure

-240 -129 -18 93 204 316 427 and test temperature on tensile properties
420
Q.
2 Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
ur UNS A96061
280 £ Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of 6061-T6
Products," Data table, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 6 Dec 1960. As
V \ published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206,
- 1/2 h \ CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 10
\ 140
100 h >
1000h ©
CO
10,000 h I
I 5

420
CL
2
:
280

\ >
\ \ \ \
\ 140 J
>\\\
\ \\ 5s

/ //
r/

* JA
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.186 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of test

temperature on stress to produce various amounts of
small plastic strain in tension
Sheet thickness: 3.17 mm (1/8 in.). RT, room temperature.
Composition: Al-1 Mg-0.6Si-0.25Cu-0.20Cr.
UNS A96061
Source: R.E. Maringer and M.M. Cho, "Stability of Structural Materials
for Space Craft Application," NASA CR 97844, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, April 1968. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 10

350 WA.187 6061-T6 aluminum alloy clad sheet,

I
200 °F (93 °i compressive stress-strain curves
Tested at 93, 204, and 316 °C (200, 400, and 600 °F) in
10-100^ ) h long transverse direction. Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-
280 0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
1/2 h
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle
Structures, MILHDBK-5B, FSC 1500, Sept 1971. As published in
400 °F (204 °C)
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
1/2 and 2 h
210 Purdue University, 1995, p 10
" 10 h
2
CD
100-1000\
CO

A 140

600 °F (316 °C)

1/2 h exposur e
70
2h

lOh

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.188 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, compressive

stress-strain curves
Tested at 149 and 260 °C (300 and 500 °F) in long
300 °F (149 °C)
i
I/O II
h CApUoUl
pynnQiire
transverse direction. Composition: Al-lMg-0.6Si-
u 280
0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061
Source: Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle
Structures, MIL-HDBK-5B, FSC 1500, Sept 1971. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
210 Purdue University, 1995, p 11
0.
2
500 °F (260 °C)
• 1/2 h is
_2h CO
140

10 h
-100 h

70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Temperature, °C WA.189 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, effect of low

-240 -184 -129 -73 -18 38 temperature on shear strength
60 420
Test direction: Longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thick-
ness: 2.54 mm (0.100 in.). Composition: Al-l.0Mg-0.6Si-
0.25Cu-0.20Cr. UNS A96061

50
\ 350
F.R Schwartzberg et al., Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook, MIL-
TDR-64-280, Aug 1964, and Suppl. No. 1, Feb 1965. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3206, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 11

£oi
40 280 §5

30 210

20 140
-400 -300 -200 -100 100
Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

175 WA.190 6061 - O aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
True
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
140
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
Nominal
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
105
(1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
strength, 123 MPa (17.8 ksi). True tensile strength,
143 MPa (20.7 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 43 MPa (6.2 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
1
23.4%. Reduction of area, 75%. True strain at maximum
1
1 load, 18.2%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
1 would yield a slope of (n) of 0.22 in the area of uniform
1
YS 1
plastic deformation. UNS A96061
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1
1
July 1954
1
1
o~J
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24
Strain, in./in.
0 2 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

350 WA.191 6061-T4 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

strain curves
True
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
Nom inai
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
280
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
1 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
1 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
CO YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
1 210 %
(1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
1

f
** strength, 285 MPa (41.4 ksi). True tensile strength,
YS
1 307 MPa (44.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 190 MPa (27.6 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
140 <=
1 17.2%. Reduction of area, 54%. True strain at maximum
1 load, 7.7%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
would yield a slope of (n) of 0.11 in the area of uniform
1
1 70 plastic deformation. UNS A96061
1
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
1 July 1954
1
—J-
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Strain, in./in.
0 2 4 6
Strain. 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.192 6061-T6 aluminum alloy rod, tensile stress-

True^^
strain curves
Nominal
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
\ both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
\ 280
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
^ YS \ expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
1 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
CO YS, yield strength. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm
1 210 |
(1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile
1
strength, 307 MPa (44.5 ksi). True tensile strength,
1 334 MPa (48.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset),
1 to 266 MPa (38.6 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.),
140 £
1 10.8%. Reduction of area, 49%. True strain at maximum
1 load, 8.6%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve
1 would yield a slope of (ri) of 0.13 in the area of uniform
plastic deformation. UNS A96061
ii 70
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
) p 1 July 1954
1
— 1 —
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Strain, in./in.
2 4 6
Strain. 0.001 in./in.

Temperature, °C WA.193 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, all products, effect

8 38 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 of exposure at elevated temperature on room
100"?

\
temperature tensile ultimate strength
Exposure up to 10,000 h, as indicated. All products.
UNS A96061
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-264

1
1/2
10
100 h ^ A
1000
10,000

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Temperature, °F
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.194 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Long transverse Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
<6.325 mm (<0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
280
Lorigitudinal ^(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(long transverse, tension)
= 21. UNS A96061
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-267
210

£
C/J
140

/
/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
70

10

175 WA.195 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at 260 °C (500 °F). Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical for sheet thickness <3.175 mm (<0.125 in.).
140
• 2 - 5 h exposure Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(2-5 h exposure) =13;
72(10 h exposure) = 13); rc(100 h exposure) = 13.
UNS A96061
10 hexpo sure Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-269
105

100 h exposuire
70

35

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.196 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, compressive
14 28 42 56 70 84 stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus
350
curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
L and LT
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
280 <6.325 mm (<0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n
(L, compression) =19; n(LT, compression) = 21.
UNS A96061
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-269
210
CL
2

/
140

/ Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
10 12
70

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.197 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile and
14 28 42 56 70 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
350
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
L, compresision% nal. Typical. Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, tension) =
- L, tensio 280 50; n(U compression) = 18. UNS A96061
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-270

210
CL
2

£
CO
140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.198 6061-T6 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

stress-strain curves
Longitudinal
Tested at room temperature. Typical for all thicknesses.
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =
Long tran sverse 280
34; n(long transverse, tension) = 29. UNS A96061
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-271

210

£
in
140

/
/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
70

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.199 6061-T6 aluminum alloy extrusion,

14 28 42 56 70 84
350
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
1 modulus curves
/ Long tranisverse^
• Longitudinal v Tested at room temperature. Typical for all thicknesses.
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, compres-
280 sion) = 38; w(long transverse, compression) = 28.
UNS A96061
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-271
210

o
co
140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.200 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curve (full range)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
\ Typical. UNS A96061
280
Y Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998. p 3-273

210

140
&

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.

i 350 WA.201 6061-T62 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

Longitu stress-strain curves (full range)
dinal
msverse N \ Tested at room temperature. Typical for all thicknesses.
Long tr< \ \ s.
UNS A96061
\ \
{ \
280
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-274

210

140

70

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
Strain, in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.202 6061-T651X, aluminum alloy extrusion,

0 14 28 42 56 70 84 tensile and compressive stress-strain and
350
compressive tangent modulus curves
/ LT, c(impression
X / L, ccimpression <
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
280 <12.67 mm (<0.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^ L, tensioin
n{L, tension) = 40; n(LT, tension) = 19; n(L, compres-
^ LT, tension
sion) = 15; n(LT, compression) = 14. UNS A96061
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998
210

140

/
/ Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
70

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.203 6061-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

0 14 28 42 56 70 84
350
tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
. LT, connipression \
/ s L, compression O
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
280 >76.20 mm (>3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(L, tension) = 45; n{LT, tension) = 24; n(L, compres-
sion) = 40; n(LT, compression) = 32. UNS A96061
L, tension > Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-272
210
\LT,te insion
CL
2

140

70

2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

350 WA.204 6061-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
b jngitudin al
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
Lorig transverse ness <12.675 mm (<0.499 in.). UNS A96061
s 280
\ Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-275

210
Q.
2
£
55
140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16

Strain, in./in.

i 350 WA.205 6061-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

Longil
tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
- - \
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
udinal \>
V ness 76.20 mm (3.000 in.). UNS A96061
Long ti se 280
\ Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-276
•ansvers

210
Q_
2
CD

55
140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

Strain, in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

112 WA.206 6063-0 aluminum alloy extruded rod,

True
tensile stress-strain curves
98 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
Nor ninal
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
\ curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
84
\ expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
V
\\ essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
70 YS, yield strength. Full specimen size. Test specimen
\
\ diam, 19 mm (3/4 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.).
I Nominal tensile strength, 89.6 MPa (13.0 ksi). True ten-
\ 56 £
sile strength, 109 MPa (15.8 ksi). Nominal yield strength
\
1 (0.2% offset), 34 MPa (4.9 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm,
1 42 i® or 2 in.), 34.5%. Reduction of area, 85%. True strain at
1
1
maximum load, 19.0%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain
YS 1 curve would yield a slope of (ri) of 0.20 in the area of
28
1 uniform plastic deformation. UNS A96063
) J
1
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
1 14
1
1
(U
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36
Strain, in./in.
4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

280 WA.207 6063-T6 aluminum alloy extruded rod,

True
tensile stress-strain curves
Nominal
245 The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
\ both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
I curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
YS ii 210
1 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
1 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
1 YS, yield strength. Rod diam, 19 mm (3/4 in.). Specimen
175
1
1 diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm (8 in.).
1 Nominal tensile strength, 243 MPa (35.3 ksi). True ten-
1 140 B
1
sile strength, 252 MPa (36.5 ksi). Nominal yield strength
1 (0.2% offset), 214 MPa (31.0 ksi). Elongation (in
I 105 £ 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 10.6%. Reduction of area, 44%. True
1
1 strain at maximum load, 7.7%. A log-log plot of the
1 stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.08 in
1 70
1
the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS A96063
1 Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
i 35 March 1953
> <5 1
1
^ 0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Strain, in./in.
2 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.208 7010-T7451 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
50.82-139.7 mm (2.001-5.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
Loiigitudinal \ parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =13; «(long trans-
60 420
\ verse, tension) = 8.8; «(short transverse, tension) = 8.7.
UNS A97010
Short traiisverse Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-285
\N i
Long trans\/erse o.
2
8 40 280 co
<1)

20 140

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.209 7010-T7451 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84. compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
80 560
1 1 modulus curves
/ L.ong transveirse v
/ / S hort transve| r s e \ \
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Longitudin;ak \ \
50.82-139.7 mm (2.001-5.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 15; «(long
60 420 transverse, compression) = 14; «(short transverse, com-
pression) = 14. UNS A97010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-285

3 40

/ 280

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10
140

12
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.210 7010-T7451 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Lcingitudinal^^ 12.7-38.1 mm (0.50-1.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parame-
^ ^ ^ L o n ig transverse ter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =12; «(long transverse, ten-
420
sion) = 10. UNS A97010
Source: MJL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-286

/ 280 w

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
140

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.211 7010-T7451 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves

y LOIrig transversi e \
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
/ Llongitudinal 12.7-38.1 mm (0.50-1.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parame-
ter, ^(longitudinal, compression) =14; «(long transverse,
420 compression) = 17. UNS A97010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-286

/ 280 co

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.212 7010-T7651 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Lon]gitudinal v
Long trainsverse Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Short trainsverse 50.82-139.7 mm (2.001-5.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 9.2; rc(long trans-
60 420
verse, tension) = 9.7;rc(shorttransverse, tension) = 8.2.
UNS A97010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-287

40 280 g
£
CO

20 140

/ 4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.213 7010-T7651 aluminum alloy plate,

100
14 28 42 56 70 84_
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
50.82-139.7 mm (2.001-5.50 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
/ Long trans\rerse v
80
Short transv/ e r s e \ \
560 parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 13; rc(long
• LongitudiinaK \ \ transverse, compression) = 13;rc(shorttransverse, com-
pression) = 12. UNS A97010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-287
60 420

40 280

20 140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.214 7010-T7651 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
12.7-38.10 mm (0.500-1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 14; rc(long trans-
Longitudinal
verse, tension) = 9.9. UNS A97010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-288
ong transve rse
420

is

/
CO
280

140

/ 4 6 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.215 7010-T7651 aluminum alloy plate,

28 42 56
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
12.7-38.10 mm (0.500-1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 12; rc(long
420 transverse, compression) = 20. UNS A97010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-288

280 co

140

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.216 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy die forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
<101.60 mm (<4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
560
rc(longitudinal, tension) = 54;rc(shorttransverse, tension)
= 29. UNS A97049, A97149
Lontjjitudinal
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-295
0
j^^ Short transvisrse
420
<0
CL
2

280

140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.217 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy die forging,
14 28 42 56 70 84_
700 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
<101.60 mm (<4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
560 ^(longitudinal, compression) = 54;rc(shorttransverse,
y j Longi tudinal
compression) = 29. UNS A97049, A97149

= = —
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-295
420
Q.

7
^ Short transverse 2
0)

/
CO
280

/
140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 10B psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.218 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy hand

forging, tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
50.083-127.0 mm (2.001-5.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560
/ Longitudirlal parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 29; rc(long trans-
j Long transsverse

J
verse, tension) = 24;rc(shorttransverse, tension) = 18.
/Short tran:sverse
UNS A97049, A97149
420 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-296
o.
2
CD

GO
280

140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.219 7049/7149-T73 aluminum alloy hand

14 28 42 56 70 84,. forging, compressive stress-strain and compressive
700
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
50.08-127.0 mm (2.001-5.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560 parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 26; rc(long
Longitijdinal and Icmg transver S6v transverse, compression) = 24; n{short transverse, com-
. Short transverse v pression) = 20. UNS A97049, A97149
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-296
420
co
Q_
2
o
CO
280

140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.220 7049/7149-T73511 aluminum alloy

extrusion, tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical for extrusion thickness <127.0 mm (<5.00 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =
22; ^(longitudinal, compression) = 20. UNS A97049,
A97149
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-298
420

280

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

100 700 WA.221 7049-T7351 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
38.12-114.3 mm (1.501-4.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
80 560
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =13; n(long trans-
Lcingitudinal x verse, tension) = 12; n(short transverse, tension) =10.
Long t ransverse^ UNS A97049
60 420 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-297
Short tr,ansverse 2Q_

/
03
40 280

/
20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.222 7049-T7351 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84_
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
38.125-114.30 mm (1.501-4.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560 parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 13; «(long
transverse, compression) = 15; n(short transverse, com-
pression) = 14. UNS A97049
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-297
420

280

140

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

80 560 WA.223 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curves
Room temperature
70 490 Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:
25Ip °F(121 °C) longitudinal. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm
(5 in.). Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-0.15Cr.
60 420
UNS A97049
35( )°F (177 °C)
Source: Private communication between O. Deel (Battelle Memorial
50 350 Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.),
(0
Q. Dec 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 17
40 280 co
2>
co

30 210

20 50C) ° F (260 °C)- 140

10 70

10 15 20 25
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.224 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:
transverse. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm (5 in.).
Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNS A97049
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-72-196,
£ Vol II, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
2 Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
« Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 17
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Test temperature, °C WA.225 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging, effect of

-18 38 93 149 204
80 r 2 f t160 exposure and test temperature on tensile properties
Forging thickness: 127 mm (5 in.). Each point average of
three tests. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNS A97049
490
Source: W.M. Pratt, "Material-Kaiser Aluminum Alloy X7049-T73,
Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties," Report FGT-
5541, General Dynamics, Fort Worth Div., Dec 1969. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/
420 Purdue University, 1995, p 18

350 E
5

Exposure time at
test terriDerature
•
A
•
1/2 h
10 h
100 h
V\ 280

RA ^

100 200 300 400 500

Test temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.226 7049-T76 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures.
Test direction: longitudinal.
Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNS A97049
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-72-196,
Vol II, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 18

560 WA.227 7049-T76 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:
transverse. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-0.15Cr.
UNS A97049
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-72-196,
Vol II, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 18

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.228 7049-T73 aluminum alloy extrusion and

bar, 7049-T76 bar, effect of temperature on tensile
properties data
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-
1.5Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97049
Source: R.E. Jones, "Mechanical Properties of 7049-T73 and 7049-T76
Aluminum Alloy Extrusions at Several Temperatures," AFML-TR-72-2,
Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, Feb 1972.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 20

Temperature, °C WA.229 7049-T73 aluminum alloy extrusion and

-73 -18 38 93 149 204 bar, 7049-T76 bar, tensile property data
Test direction: short transverse. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-
2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97049
560 ro
Q_
2 Source: R.E. Jones, "Mechanical Properties of 7049-T73 and 7049-T76
Aluminum Alloy Extrusions at Several Temperatures," AFML-TR-72-2,
A Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, Feb 1972.
490 ~
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
O) Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 20
c
2
to
420 ®
CO
?ty |

3
350 I

ur
280

O • T73 3x11% in. (76.2x285.8 mm)

intearallv stilFfened extru sion
9
210 ^
• • T73 3%x3V* in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extruded bar
A A T76 3/4x3/4 in. (82.6x88.9 mm) extru ded bar

140
-100 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.230 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging,

I
Room temperature compressive stress-strain curves

I La
70 490 Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:
250 °F (121 °C)
longitudinal. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm
(5 in.). Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-0.15Cr.
60 420
UNS A97049
350I °F (177 °C)
Source: Private communication between O. Deel (Battelle Memorial
50 350 Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.),
Dec 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 20
40 280 g
&
CO

30 210
500| °F (260 °C)

20 140

10 70

10 15 20 25
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

80 560 WA.231 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging,

Room temperature compressive stress-strain curves
70 490 Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:
2501 °F (121 °C) transverse. Typical for forging thickness 127 mm (5 in.).
Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr.
60 420
UNS A97049

j
35Cl °F (177 °C) Source: Private communication between O. Deel (Battelle Memorial
50 350 Institute) and L.J. Barker (Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.),
CO
Q. Dec 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 20

//
3 40 280 «
£ to
CO £
co

/
30

500I °F (260 °C) 210

20

J
140
10 /
70

10 15 20 25
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.232 7049-T76 aluminum alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:
longitudinal. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-
0.15Cr. UNS A97049
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-72-196,
Vol II, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

80 560 WA.233 7049-T76 aluminum alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curves
"""Room temperature
70 490 Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:
transverse. Composition: Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-0.15Cr.
25CT°F^ 121 °C) UNS A97049
60 420
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-72-196,
50 350 Vol II, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
°F (177 °C) Sept 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
I Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
40 280 CwO
£ &
CD
<o
30 // 210

20 V ' 500 °f= (260 °C)

140

10 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Test temperature, °C WA.234 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging, effect of

10 h exposure and test temperature on compressive
properties
Test direction: transverse. Forging thickness: 127 mm
(5 in.). Each point average of three tests. Composition:
Al-7.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.5Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97049
Source: W.M. Pratt, "Material-Kaiser Aluminum Alloy X7049-T73,
Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties," Report FGT-
5541, General Dynamics, Fort Worth Div., Dec 1969. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 21

Test temperature, °C WA.235 7049-T73 aluminum alloy forging, effect of

temperature on compressive yield strength
Forging thickness: 127 mm (5 in.). Composition: Al-
7.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97049
Source: "Mechanical Property Data 7049 Aluminum-T73 Forgings,"
prepared by Batelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories, issued
by Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
Dec 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3217, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.236 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Various thicknesses and test directions as indicated for
7050-T7451 (-T73651). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-
420
2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
280 a> published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 20
<fi

140

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

WA.237 7050-T74 aluminum alloy die forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Various thicknesses and test directions for 7050-T74
(-T736). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr.
UNS A97050
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 20
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.238 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Various thicknesses and test directions for 7050-T7451
(-T73651). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-
0.12Zr. UNS A97050
420
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
280 published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 20

140

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

490 WA.239 7050-T7351 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves

420
Plate thickness: 50.8-152.4 mm (2-6 in.). Composition:
Lone itudinak * Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
^ L o n jg transverse
Source: D.J. Brownhill, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and B.M.
V
x
350 Ponchel, "Exploratory Development for Design Data on Structural
Short tramsverse Aluminum Alloys in Representative Aircraft Environments,'1 AF con-
tract 33615-74-C-5089, Alcoa Laboratories, AFML TR 77-102,
July 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
280 £
Vol 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
2

210 co

140

70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.240 7050-T7651 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
70
. - - L T
490 Various thicknesses. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT,
A ^ -. - - S T
long transverse; ST, short transverse. Cross-sectional
60
/ Jy / • area: <277.4 cm2 (<43 in.2). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-
420

50
/ 350
2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: J.T. Staley, J.E. Jacoby, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
Walsh, and ER. Rudolph, "Aluminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF con-

40
/ 2 8 0
to
0-

CO-
tract 33615-73-C-5015, Alcoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
March 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
/ OT
30

20
/ 210

140

10
/ —
—
. -
<2.0 in. (<50.8 mm]I
2 - 5 in. (50.8-127 nnm)

/
70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

70 490 WA.241 7050-T7351 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
LT
60
- LT 420
Various thicknesses. Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT,
i c - "ST long transverse; ST, short transverse. Cross-sectional
//;
<* area: <277.4 cm2 (<43 in.2). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-
50
/ /
// 350 2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
// Source: J.T. Staley, J.E. Jacoby, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, J.D.
//
Walsh, and F.R. Rudolph, "Aluminum Alloy 7050 Extrusions," AF con-
* 40 280 , tract 33615-73-C-5015, Alcoa Laboratories, AFML-TR-76-129,
March 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21
30 210 m

20 140

/ — <2.0 in,. (50.8 mm)

/
- -- - 2 - 5 in. (50.8-127 rnm)
10 70

10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.242 7050-T76 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Various thicknesses and test directions. Composition: Al-
6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 21

560 WA.243 7050-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forgings,

compressive stress-strain curves
Various thicknesses. Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-
2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 24

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.244 7050-T74 aluminum alloy die forgings,

I compressive stress-strain curves
0.7 in. (18 imm) 4.25 in. (108i mm) diam
thic,k
^ y Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr.
/ / / /' UNS A97050

/ I
/
/ /
/[ / / 420 Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
/ / 6.1 iin. (155 fTim) Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
/ / ! i thick Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate, Hand
/ / i
/j / i
Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-0512 to
Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July 1975. As
I i i S. published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222,
i 2
i^ / CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 24

I:
280 g

h
/
f
/
s
V)
/ / /
/ / /
J i 140
i I i /
i / / /
- Longitudinal
/ /
/
/
•Short transver•se

/
/
/J / i
2—»
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

490 WA.245 7050-T7351 aluminum alloy plate,

I
Lorig transverse compressive stress-strain curves

420
Plate thickness: 50.8-152.4 mm (2-6 in.). Composition:
x ^ y S h c >rt transverse Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
^Lon gitudinal Source: D.J. Brownhill, R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and B.M.
350 Ponchel, "Exploratory Development for Design Data on Structural
Aluminum Alloys in Representative Aircraft Environments," AF con-
tract 33615-74-C-5089, Alcoa Laboratories, AFML TR 77-102,
July 1977. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
280 £ Vol 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 24
5

®
210 55

140

70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.246 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy plate,

compressive stress-strain curves
Various thicknesses. Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-
2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: R.E. Davies, G.E. Nordmark, and J.D. Walsh, "Design
Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Properties,
Exfoliation, and Stress-Corrosion Resistance of 7050 Sheet, Plate,
Hand Forgings, Die Forgings, and Extrusions," Report N00019-72-C-
0512 to Naval Air Systems Command from Alcoa Laboratories, July
1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 24

10 70 WA.247 7050 aluminum alloy sheet, true stress as a

function of strain rate
5.0 Tested at 482 °C (900 °F). Grain size: 14 | L t m (0.55 mil).
Total elongation shown in percent. Composition: Al-
6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: A.K. Ghosh and C.H. Hamilton, Deformation and Fracture in
1.0
120%
7.0 Al-Zn-Mg Alloys at Elevated Temperature, Strength of Metals and
Alloys, Proc. Fifth International Conference, Vol 2 (Aachen, Germany),
'55 27-31 Aug 1979. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
r f 1olOyo
W a co/
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 32
CO

£(0
®
=3
—
f
0.7
0.1

0.05
/
0.01 0.07
10 10 10" 10 ' 10 ' 10
True strain rate, s~1
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.248 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy plate,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Tested at room and elevated.temperatures. Test direction:
(top) longitudinal; (bottom) long transverse. Plate thick-
ness: 25.4 mm (1.0 in.). Composition: Al-6.2Zn-2.25Mg-
2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle's
Columbus Laboratories, June 1973. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue
University, 1995, p 32
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.249 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy plate, effect of

-18 38 93 149 204 260 316 temperature on compressive yield strength
80 560
Plate thickness: 25.4 mm (1.0 in.). Composition: Al-
6.2Zn-2.25Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97050
490 Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Structural Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Battelle's

\>v
Columbus Laboratories, June 1973. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3222, CINDAS/Purdue
420 : University, 1995, p 32

350

• Longitudinal
A Longt ransverse
\\ 280 E

210

140
o
O

100 200 300 400 500 600

Temperature, °F

80 560 WA.250 7050-T7351X aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
Long tranjsverse Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness <50.775 mm (<1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: <206
60
Longitudlinal cm2 (<32 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(longitudi-
420
nal, tension) = 25; «(long transverse, tension) = 21.
UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-317

40

/ 280 <n
is
CO

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
140
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.251 7050-T7351X aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
Longit.udinal Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
— —
ness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
Long 1transverse
area: <277 cm2 (<43 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
60 420

/
Short transverse ^(longitudinal, tension) = 22; «(long transverse, tension)
= 19, w(short transverse, tension) = 14. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-317

40 280 »

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.252 7050-T7351X aluminum alloy extrusion,

14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
80
modulus curves
/ Lorig transvers6v Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
/ / L ( Dngitudinal >
ness <50.775 mm (<1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: <206
cm2 (<32 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, «(longitudi-
60 420 nal, compression) = 39; «(long transverse, compression)
= 38. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-318

/
CL
S
40 280 V)
w
<D
to

/
20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.253 7050-T7351X aluminum alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: <277 cm2 (<43 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, compression) = 29; n(long transverse,
compression) = 33; «(short transverse, compression) =
23. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-318

280
£
w

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

560 WA.254 7050-T74 aluminum alloy die forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
Longituclinal <76.20 mm (<3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, tension) = 27; «(short transverse, tension)
420
Short trarisverse = 24. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-324

/ 280 ot
co-
©
CO

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.255 7050-T74 aluminum alloy die forging,
80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Longitudin; Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
ihort transve <76.20 mm (<3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
— — —

^(longitudinal, compression) = 44; n{short transverse,

?
60 420 compression) = 32. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-324

/
Q.

40 280 wtn
S
CO
<D

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10
140

12

80 560 WA.256 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
Longitudlnal v

/I
Long treansverse ^
12.70-101.60 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
Short trsmsverse \ parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =19; n(long trans-
60 420
verse, tension) =13; n(short transverse, tension) = 10.
UNS A97050
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-322

/
Q.

40 280 so

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10 12
140
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.257 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy plate,

80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Long trans'|/erse v
Short transv e r s e s \ Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
* Longitudinal v
12.70-101.60 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) =19; w(long
60 420 transverse, compression) = 22; w(short transverse, com-
pression) = 16. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-322

/
CL
2
40 2 8 0 co
£
CO
£
co

/
20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

80 560 WA.258 7050-T74511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
Long tudinal
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion
thickness <44.450 mm (<1.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
Long ti•ansverse
60
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 19; n(long trans-
420
verse, tension) = 26. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-325

% 40 280 «r
2 M
55 £
co

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
140

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.259 7050-T74511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive and tangent modulus stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
LTN nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
L \ <44.450 mm (<1.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
n(L, compression) =19; «(LT, compression) = 23.
60

>\ 420 UNS A97050

Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-325

/
0.

40 280 <o
2
<n

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10
140

12

80 560 WA.260 7050-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Longitudin al v Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
Long transven <177.8 mm (<7.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
Shiort transven ^(longitudinal, tension) = 14; «(long transverse, tension)
60 420
= 14; «(short transverse, tension) = 9.3. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-323

0.

40 280 to

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
WA.261 7050-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forging,
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
forging thickness <177.8 mm (<7.000 in.). Ramberg-
Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) =15; n(LT, com-
pression) = 18; «(ST, compression) = 20. UNS A97050
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-323

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

80 560 WA.262 7050-T7452 aluminum alloy die forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
LongituClinal <152.4 mm (<6.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
60
^(longitudinal, tension) =11; «(short transverse, tension)
420
Short tramsverse = 7.3. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-326

o.
40 280 w
2
to

20 140

4 6 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.263 7050-T7452 aluminum alloy die forging,
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
/ S h o i 1 transverse
ngitudinal \ Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
<152.4 mm (<6.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, compression) = 12; n(short transverse,
420 compression) = 18. UNS A97050

/ CD
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-326

/
CL

280 g

/
140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

i 560 WA.264 7050-T7651 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Long tr«ansverse Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
<50.8 mm (<2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^ Longitudinar ^(longitudinal, tension) = 19; n(long transverse, tension)
420
= 14. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-341

/ 280 co
£

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
140
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.265 7050-T7651 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
1 1 modulus curves
yb ong transversev
Longitudine
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
<50.8 mm (<2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, compression) =18; n(long transverse,
420 compression) = 21. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-341

/ 280 co

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10 12
140

80 560 WA.266 7050-T7651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves

Longitudinal
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness <50.775 mm (<1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: <206
60
Long trcinsverse cm2 (<32 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^longitudi-
420
nal, tension) = 25; rc(long transverse, tension) = 20.
UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-339
J2 £

/
5
&$ 40 280
(0 £
CO

/
20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.267 7050-T7651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

14 28 42 56 70
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness <50.77 mm (<1.999 in.). Cross-sectional area: <206
cm2 (<32 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,ft(longitudi-
420 nal, compression) = 27; n(long transverse, compression)
= 33. UNS A97050
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-340

280 co

140

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

80 I 560 WA.268 7050-T7651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

Longitudiinal v tensile stress-strain curves
L(Dng transvei se .
si lort transvei•se Tested at room temperature, typical for extrusion thick-
ness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: <277 cm2 (<43 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
60 420
^(longitudinal, tension) = 28; rc(long transverse, tension)
= 13; «(short transverse, tension) =13. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-339

/
J2
£ 40 280 «
£
w

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.269 7050-T7651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
Short transverse v modulus curves
' Long transverse y X
• Longitudi n a l\>o Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness 50.80-127.0 mm (2.000-5.000 in.). Cross-sectional
area: <277 cm2 (<43 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
60 420 ^(longitudinal, compression) = 22; n(long transverse,
compression) = 27; n(short transverse, compression) =
22. UNS A97050
Source: MIL-HDBK 5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-340

S
CD

<55
40

/ 280 CO
«
£
cn

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10 12
140

WA.270 7055-T77511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness 50.80-61.468 mm (0.500-2.420 in.). Ramberg-
Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 8.9; n(long
transverse, tension) = 10. UNS A97055
Source: J. Gilbert Kaufman
420
co
Q-

350 to

280

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 I 560 WA.271 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, tensile stress-

Room temperature
strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
70
21 2 °F (100 °C)
490 Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.3Cr.
UNS A97075
60 420 Source: "Typical Tensile Stress Strain Curves for 7075 T6," Alcoa
: Research Laboratories, 20 Dec 1957. As published in Aerospace
300 °f (149 °C)
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3207, CINDAS/Purdue
50 350 University, 1995, p 15
CD
Q_

40 280

A
CO-
CO
400 °F (204 ° C ) £

CO
30
210

20 Y
500 °F (26() ° C )
140
7
10
70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

90 630 WA.272 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, complete

i I
Rc)om tempenature stress-strain curves at room and elevated
80 560 temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-
70 490 2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. UNS A97075
300 °F (14 9 °C)
1 G. Sachs, G. Espey, and G.B. Kasik, "Correlation of Information
350 °F (177 °C) 420 Available on the Fabrication of Aluminum Alloys," Sec IV, Pt V,
60
I National Defense Research Committee, 15 Sept 1944. As published in
400 °F (204 °C)
(0 Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3207, CINDAS/

/
1 50 350 Q= Purdue University, 1995, p 16
CO
CO
<D
f 450 °F (232 °C) 280 |
5) 40
210
500 °F (260 °C)
30
140
20
70
10

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.273 7075-T6 aluminum alloy bar, complete

stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Bar diameter:
19 mm (0.75 in.). Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-
0.3Cr. UNS A97075
K.A. Warren and R.P. Reed, "Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected
Materials from 20 to 300 K," Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3207, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
420 WA.274 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, isochronous
stress-strain curves in tension
Tested at: (top) 149 °C (300 °F); (bottom) 204 °C
350 (400 °F). Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr.
UNS A97075
Source: F.M. Howell and G.W. Stickley, "Isochronous Stress Strain
280 Curves for Several Heat Treated Wrought Aluminum Alloys at 300 and
400F," Alcoa Research Laboratories, Mechanical Testing Div., 29 April
oj 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
| Code 3207, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 20
210 «
<D
GO

140

70

0
280

210

2
140 ^
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.275 7075-T6 aluminum alloy clad sheet, plate,

effect of test direction on stress-strain curves
Tv Test direction: L, longitudinal; T, transverse. Composition
(7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low
zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075
420
Source: "Strength of Metal Aircraft Elements," ANC-5, Department of
Defense, March 1955. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 2
co
o_

/
2
280 «f

/ 140
/
/
/ Tensiion
/
/ Conipression
/
/

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

"1 1 630 WA.276 7075-0 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy clad

- T6, Longitudinal sheet, complete tensile stress-strain curves at room
O, Transverse 100 °F (38 °C)
560 and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). Composition
490 (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low
zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075
420 Source: G. Sachs, G. Espey, and G.B. Kasik, "Correlation of
Information Available on the Fabrication of Aluminum Alloys," Sec IV,
Pt V, National Defense Research Committee, 15 Sept 1944. As pub-
350 |
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 2
2 8 0
<35
Room temperature

210
300 °F (149 °C)

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.277 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

Room t<Bmperature stress-strain curves at room and elevated
// o 200 °F (93 •C)
temperatures
420
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm
200 °F (93 °C) /

[/ (
(0.064 in.). Composition (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-
0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075

/
350
/ / 3 0 0 c 'F (149 °C)
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Non-
Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
400 °F (20 (1
/ 3 0 0 °F 149 °C) /
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3

ouu r 210 ,
(149 °C)

j / 500 °F (260 °C<) / 140

/ 400 °F (204 °C) 3
1/ 400 F (204 °C)
/ L 6 0 0 °F: (316 °C) 70
/ / " 6 0 0 °F (316 °C)
1/500° F (260 °C)
1 12 h IV 100 h
/
K I1 V
r 1i Y '•P00 h
^ 4 ^
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

560 WA.278 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet, compressive

stress-strain curves
Tested at room and elevated temperatures. Test direction:
transverse. Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.).
Composition (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad
with low zinc, 7072, alloy. UNS A97075
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Non-
Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.279 7075-T6 aluminum alloy clad sheet, effect

-18 93 204 316 427 of exposure and test temperature on compressive
560
yield strength
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temper-
ature; ET, elevated temperature. Composition (7075): Al-
5.5Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072,
420 alloy. UNS A97075
\ V*
Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Non-
Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
x 6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
I x A
I A Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
I \
280

1 i
\A
\\
l i \ \
\ \
V * \ \ E
\ \ o
\ \ O
\ \v ^ V 140
• 1/2 h
\\ \ \ \
O 100 h k \ \
cr v ^ v N.
• 1000 h
V 3 yr at RT
1/2 h at ET

200 400 600

Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.280 7075-T6 aluminum alloy clad sheet, effect

-18 93 204 316 427 of exposure and test temperature on tensile
80 560
properties
Sheet thickness: 1.626 mm (0.064 in.). RT, room temper-
ature; ET, elevated temperature. Note one sample was
W\ aged for 3 years. Composition (7075): Al-5.5Zn-2.5Mg-
60 420 1.6Cu-0.3Cr. Clad with low zinc, 7072, alloy.
UNS A97075
\ x
iiT Source: D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical Properties of Non-
\ V B Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AF TR
O
c<D) 6517, Pt 1, Dec 1951. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
~ 40 \ v\ \ 280 « Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3208, CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 3
1
\ i <D
\ \
A \ \
\ \ \\
\ I \\
20 \ \ 140
L
^v \ \
aO-^s >

0
560

X^N 1
60 420

40
\\ ' 1 V\x 280
7

\\ ^ v \
\ \
20
•
O
A
V
1/2 h
100 h
1000h
3 yr at RT
V\ \ *
\ \
\\ \\ K >
140

1/2 h at ET

200 400 600

Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

280 WA.281 7075-0 aluminum alloy rolled and drawn

) A
Strain, inVin.
2 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
True^
rod, tensile stress-strain curves
No minal
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
' N
245
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
210
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
175 YS, yield strength. Rod size: 19 mm (3/4 in.) diam. Test
specimen diam, 12.7 mm (1/2 in.). Gage length:
203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 241 MPa
(35.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 268 MPa (38.8 ksi).
Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 108 MPa (15.7 ksi).
105 |2 Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 11.9%. Reduction of
area, 40%. True strain at maximum load, 10.4%. A log-
log plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of
70
(n) of 0.09 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
UNS A97075
35
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
June 1953
6

WA.282 7075-T6 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS, yield strength. Test direction: longitudinal. Nominal
thickness: 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm
(8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 600 MPa (87.0 ksi).
True tensile strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi). Nominal yield
strength (0.2% offset), 531 MPa (77.0 ksi). Elongation (in
50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 10.0%. Reduction of area, 17%. True
strain at maximum load, 9.5%. A log-log plot of the
stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.10 in
the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS A97075
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
April 1951

0 2 4 6 8 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.283 7075-T6 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
YS, yield strength. Test direction: transverse. Nominal
thickness: 15.9 mm (5/8 in.). Gage length: 203.2 mm
(8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 600 MPa (87.0 ksi).
True tensile strength, 658 MPa (95.5 ksi). Nominal yield
strength (0.2% offset), 531 MPa (77.0 ksi). Elongation
(in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 10.0%. Reduction of area, 17%.
True strain at maximum load, 9.5%. A log-log plot of the
stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n) of 0.10 in
the area of uniform plastic deformation. UNS A97075
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA,
April 1951

0 2 4 6 8 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.284 7075-T6 aluminum alloy clad sheet, tensile
14 28 42 56 70 84.
700
and compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
;ompressionlv
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
AM
L c<pmpression 560 4.775-6.325 mm (0.188-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
/ / / / ' L" r, tension v parameter, n{L, tension) =17; n{LT, tension) = 15 n{L,
/ L tension v compression) =13; n(LT, compression) =12.
UNS A97075
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-371

/
C/)
280

140

/
/ \
/ 1
/ 1
/ 1
/
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.285 7075-T6 aluminum alloy clad sheet, tensile

' ^ x
stress-strain curves (full range)
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical. UNS A97075
K V L c ngitudinal
f \|_c ng transvense Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-378
420

350
<o
o_
2
280 c«o
©
GO

210

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

Strain, in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.286 7075-T6 and 7075-T651 aluminum alloy
14 28 42 56 70 84 rolled bar, rod, and shape, tensile and compressive
100 700
stress-strain and compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical for specimen thickness <76.20 mm (<3.000 in.).
80 560 Ramberg-Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =
Tension *
/ c^ompressioi 50; ^(longitudinal, compression) =13. UNS A97075
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-376
60 420

40 280

20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

630 WA.287 7075-T6 and 7075-T651 aluminum alloy

rolled or cold-finished bar, tensile stress-strain curve
*—„
(full range)
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal.
Typical. UNS A97075
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-379

<o
CL
2

Strain, in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.288 7075-T62 aluminum alloy plate, tensile and
14 28 42 56 70 84-
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves

L a nd LT, comp>ression v
L and LT, tension ^
560
' L, compr«jssion ' /
420
LT, compnassion /
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-50.80 mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n(L, tension) = 22; «(LT, tension) = 22 n(L,
compression) = 25; n(LT, compression) = 22.
UNS A97075
co_
Q Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-375
2

280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.289 7075-T62 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile
and compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
6.350-38.075 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n{L, tension) = 33; «(LT, tension) = 22 n(L,
compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 23.
UNS A97075
420
(0 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-377
CL
2

280

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 6 psi

700 WA.290 7075-T62 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

Longitudinal
stress-strain curves (full range)
630
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
C I nnn transverse
560
ness 6.35-38.07 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). UNS A97075

f 490
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-381

420
CO
CL
350 w
£
CO

I 280

210

140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, inVin.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.291 7075-T651 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
Longil:udinal x 6.35-50.80 mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560
Long trans iverse A parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 32; n(long trans-
verse, tension) = 17. UNS A97075
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-374
420
OL
2
£
280

/ 140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.292 7075-T651 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84_
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
• Long transverse v
6.35-50.80 mm (0.250-2.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
/ / Lonejitudinal v \
\
560 parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 16; /z(long
transverse, compression) = 19. UNS A97075
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-375

420

/ 280

140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 ln./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.293 7075-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
Lcmgitudinal N
Long 1transverse N
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 50; n(long trans-
verse, tension) = 22. UNS A97075
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-376

/ 420

280
-b
CO

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.294 7075-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudinal;
LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood param-
eter, «(L, compression) = 26; n(LT, compression) = 27.
UNS A97075
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-377
420

280

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.295 7075-T651X aluminum alloy extrusion,

Longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
630
— ^ —>< Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
L.ong transverse ness 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A97075
560
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-380
490

420
Q.

350

280

210

140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.1 A

Strain, in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.296 7075-T73 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile
and compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
6.35-38.07 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, n{L, tension) = 48; n{LT, tension) = 30 n(L,
compression) = 27; n(LT, compression) = 26.
UNS A97075
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-395

280
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.297 7075-T73 aluminum alloy extrusion tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness 6.35-38.07 mm (0.250-1.499 in.). UNS A97075
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-398

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.298 7075-T7351X aluminum alloy extrusion,

14 28 42 56 70 84
700
tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
L a nd LT, compsession. 560 12.7-19.0 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
LT, temsion^ \ parameter, n(L, tension) = 34; «(LT, tension) = 25 n(L,
L, tension v \
^ L,and LT, comipression compression) = 28; «(LT, compression) = 28.
UNS A97075
420
CO
Q_ Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-395
2
£
GO
280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

630 WA.299 7075-T7351X aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
560 Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
^ Longitiudinal
* ness 12.7-19.02 mm (0.500-0.749 in.). UNS A97075
at iovci ac S 490 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-397

420

350 |

280
&

210

140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.

700 WA.300 7075-T7352 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
76.2-127.0 mm (3.001-5.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =15; rc(long trans-
verse, tension) =17; «(short transverse, tension) =12.
Longituc UNS A97075
Long transverse^
420 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-396

lort transvei
280

140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.301 7075-T7352 aluminum alloy hand forging,
14 28 42 56 70 84_ compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
700
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for
560 forging thickness 76.2-127.0 mm (3.001-5.000 in.).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, n(L, compression) =15;
y ST ST.
n(LT, compression) =13; n(ST, compression) =15.
N
UNS A97075
/ / A 420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3 - 3 9 6

£8
en
280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

700 WA.302 7079-T6 aluminum alloy extrusion, tensile

True stress-strain curves
Notminal 630
The upper row of strain values on the abscissa applies to
i both the complete true curve and the complete nominal
—i— 560
YS 1 curve. The lower row of strain values applies to the
1 expanded portion of the curves; this expanded portion is
1 490 essentially identical for both the true and nominal curves.
1
1 420 (0| YS, yield strength. Test direction: longitudinal (midway
1 center to surface). Nominal size: 76 x 152 mm ( 3 x 6 in.)
1 i rectangle. Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage
1 350 &
1 w length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength,
1 d)
'U> 594 MPa (86.2 ksi). True tensile strength, 636 MPa
1 280 §
1 F (92.2 ksi). Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 545 MPa
1 (79.1 ksi). Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 9.5%.
1 210 Reduction of area, 18%. True strain at maximum load,
1
1 6.8%. A log-log plot of the stress-strain curve would
1 140 yield a slope of (n) of 0.09 in the area of uniform plastic
1 deformation. This is no longer an active alloy but is
1
1 70 included for reference purposes. UNS A97079
1
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.'
Strain, in./in.
2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

100 700 WA.303 7150-T6151 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
Longitudiinal 19.050-25.40 mm (0.750-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
80 560
parameter, n(longitudinal, tension) = 30; n(long trans-
^ L o n g transverse verse, tension) =11. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-2.4Mg-
2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
60 420 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-408

£
CO
40 280

20 140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.304 7150-T6151 aluminum alloy plate,

28 42 56 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
19.05-25.40 mm (0.750-1.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) =15; rc(long
transverse, compression) = 20. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-
2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-408

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

100 700 WA.305 7150-T61511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
Longitudiinal
ness 20.3-69.85 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
80 560
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 9.5; «(long trans-
Long traiisverse verse, tension) = 9.5. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-2.4Mg-
2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
60 420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^09
o.
5
0)
CO
<35
40 280

20

/ 4 6

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

10 12
140

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.306 7150-T61511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

14 28 42 56 70 84.
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
1 modulus curves
. 1.ongitudinal
>ng transver Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness 20.320-69.850 mm (0.800-2.750 in.). Ramberg-
560 Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 16;
n(long transverse, compression) = 27. Composition: Al-
6.4Zn-2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^09

/
420
o.
5

/ 280

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
140

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.307 7150-T7751 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
Loingitudinalx 8.636-47.625 mm (0.340-1.875 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 12; n(long trans-
verse, tension) = 11. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-2.4Mg-
Long transverse
2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
420 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-410
0.
2

280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent moduius, GPa WA.308 7150-T7751 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84.
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves

. Long transverse
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
/ /Long itudinal ^ 8.636-47.625 mm (0.340-1.875 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560 parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) =17; rc(long
transverse, compression) = 22. Composition: Al-6.4Zn-
2.4Mg-2.2Cu-0.12Zr. UNS A97150
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-410
420
CD
Q-
2

280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.309 7150-T77511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
Longitudinal ^ ^
ness 17.78-29.108 mm (0.700-1.145 in.). Ramberg-
560
Osgood parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 8.8; «(long
^ L o n g tra nsverse transverse, tension) = 8.2. UNS A97150
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-411
420

/
280

140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

100 700 WA.310 7175-T73511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for extrusion thick-
ness 25.40-50.80 mm (1.000-2.000 in.). Cross-sectional
80 560
area: 206-419 cm2 (32-65 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood param-
eter, tt(longitudinal, tension) = 41; «(long transverse, ten-
Lonelitudinal
sion) = 58. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr.
Long trans verse
UNS A97175
60 420
Q. Source: MIL HDBK 5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-420
2

en

/
40 280

/
20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.311 7175-T73511 aluminum alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: longitudinal
and long transverse. Typical for extrusion thickness
25.40-50.80 mm (1.000-2.000 in.). Cross-sectional area:
206-419 cm2 (32-65 in.2). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal and long transverse, compression) =13.
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr.
420 UNS A97175
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-420

CO
280

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

700 WA.312 7175-T74 aluminum alloy die forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
<76.20 mm (<3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
560
Longitudiirial
^(longitudinal, tension) = 50; ^(transverse, tension) = 25.
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNS A97175

A
Transverse
J 420 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-425

/
280

140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.313 7175-T74 aluminum alloy die forging,
100
14 28 42 56 70 84.
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
y Longituidinal v
/ s Transv erse
<76.20 mm (<3.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
80
/ \\ 560 ^(longitudinal, compression) = 50; ^(transverse, compres-
^ sion) = 25. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr.
—
UNS A97175
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-425
60 420

> CL
2
£

/
co &
40 280

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10 12
140

700 WA.314 7175-T74 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
<101.60 mm (<4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
560
Longitudinal ^ ^(longitudinal, tension) = 34; n(long transverse, tension)
Long tiransverse ^ = 26; n(short transverse, tension) = 13. Composition: Al-
Short tiransverse v 5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
420 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-426
(0
Q.
2

280

/
140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.315 7175-T74 aluminum alloy hand forging,
14 28 42 56 70 84_
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse, ST, short transverse. Typical for
LT
560 forging thickness <101.60 mm (<4.000 in.). Ramberg-
ST Osgood parameter, n{L, compression) = 27; n(LT, com-
.LT
L> pression) = 17; n(ST, compression) =19. Composition:
L y> L Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^26
ST

/ 280

/
140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

560 WA.316 7175-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Longitudinal v Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
Long transverse 101.625-127.0 mm (4.001-5.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
Short transverse parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) =12; «(long trans-
420
verse, tension) = 13; rc(short transverse, tension) = 10.
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-l.6Cu-0.23Cr.
UNS A97175
CL Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^27
280 ccoo-
Q)
55

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.317 7175-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forging,
0 14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thickness
Lc ngitudinal a nd long tranisverse*. 101.625-127.0 mm (4.001-5.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
< Sh ort transven parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) =13; rc(long
420 transverse, compression) = 15; n(short transverse,
compression) = 17. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-
1.6Cu-0.23Cr. UNS A97175
S. Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^27

280 co

/ Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
140

2
 560 WA.318 7175-T74 aluminum alloy die (top) and
hand forging (bottom), tensile and compressive
stress-strain curves
490

Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-

nal; T, transverse; ST, short transverse. Typical for die
420
forging thickness <76.20 mm (<3.000 in.) top, and hand
forging thickness <101.60 mm (4.000 in.) bottom.
350 Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low
<o
CL
Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
280 CC Source: C.F. Babilon, R.H. Wygonik, G.E. Nordmark, and B.W. Lifka,
AO-
(D "Mechanical Properties, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue, Environmental
to Fatigue Crack Growth Rates, and Corrosion Characteristics of High
Toughness Aluminum Alloy Forgings, Sheet and Plate," AFML-TR-73-
83, Air Force Materials Laboratory, April 1973. As published in
210
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3219, CINDAS/
Purdue University, 1995, p 10
140

70

560

490

420

350
<o
280 Q.
«
w
210

140

70

10
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.319 7175-T74 aluminum alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: longitudi-
nal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: Al-
5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low Ti,Mn,Si.
UNS A97175
Source: AMS 4038A, 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3219, CINDAS/Purdue University,
« 1995, p 12
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Temperature, °C WA.320 7175-T74 aluminum alloy forging, effect of

-18 38 93 149 204 260 31
630 temperature on tensile properties
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low
560 Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
> CL
2 Source: AMS 4038A, 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3219, CINDAS/Purdue University,
490 !JT
1995, p 14

420
£w
\
v \
\ \
f\ 350 g
\ \
\ \ or
\
> 280 |
c
N\ CD
\ \ -b
CO
\ \
\ \ 210 CH
O
Lon<gitudinal \ \ £E
_ .- A — \ \
Trarisverse \\
140
i

70

/ /
/ / '
*

' RA

XT-
—
-S—
A- ~• — e

100 200 300 400 500 600

Temperature, °F
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.321 7175-T74 aluminum alloy forging,

75 °F (24 °C) compressive stress strain curves
490 Tested at various temperatures. Test direction: longitudi-
250 °F (1121 °C) nal (top) and transverse (bottom). Composition: Al-
5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-low Ti,Mn,Si. UNS A97175
420
Source: AMS 4038A, 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
""*350°F ('177 °C) Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3219, CINDAS/Purdue University,
350 1995, p 14
£
280 eg
£

///
// 500 °F (260 °C)
210
cn

140

# 70

0
560

F (24 °C)
490

250 °F ('121 °C)

420

350 °F (177 °C)

350

S.

/ 280 «
I
w

// 500 fl F (260 °C)

210

fA 140

70

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Strain, %
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

WA.322 7178-T6 aluminum alloy extruded bar,

True tensile stress-strain curves
YS, yield strength. Nominal size: 15.9 x 76.2 mm (5/8 x
°Nor riinal 3 in.). Test specimen diam, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Gage
YS
length: 203.2 mm (8 in.). Nominal tensile strength, 655
MPa (95.0 ksi). True tensile strength, 703 MPa (102 ksi).
Nominal yield strength (0.2% offset), 600 MPa (87.0 ksi).
CL Elongation (in 50.8 mm, or 2 in.), 7.6%. Reduction of
2 area, 14%. True strain at maximum load, 7.0%. A log-log
plot of the stress-strain curve would yield a slope of (n)
of 0.08 in the area of uniform plastic deformation.
Composition: Al-6.8Zn-2.7Mg-2.0Cu-0.3Cr.

/J J
f UNS A97178
Source: Alcoa, Aluminum Research Laboratory, New Kensington, PA

1
6—

Strain, in./in.
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

560 WA.323 7249-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves
Longiltudinal
490 Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, tension) = 26.0; w(long transverse, ten-
sion) = 24.0; rc(short transverse, tension) = 14.0. Tensile
N 420
Long tramaverse yield strength: longitudinal = 461.6 MPa (67.0 ksi); long
I transverse = 454.7 MPa (66.0 ksi); short transverse =
\ s h c art transvers e
350 420.3 MPa (61.0 ksi). Composition: Al-4.7Zn-2.2Mg-
CO 1.6Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97249
CL

280 « Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-132

210

140

/
/ 4 6 8 10 12
70

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.324 7249-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forging,
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
/ Short tranisverse
490
Tested at room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter,
^(longitudinal, compression) = 20.0; n(long transverse,
\ Lone I transverse compression) = 20.0; n(short transverse, compression) =
420 23.0. Tensile yield strength: longitudinal = 420.3 MPa
(61.0 ksi); long transverse = 475.4 MPa (69.0 ksi); short
/ L.ong itudinal
350
transverse = 496.1 MPa (72.0 ksi). Composition: Al-
4.7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.15Cr. UNS A97249
Q_
Source: MJL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-432

/
280 w

/ 210

/
140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
70

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

80 560 WA.325 7249-T7452 aluminum alloy hand forging,

tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
^ Long transverise

60
Short trcmsverse
^ N '
K
Longitud i n a i ^ ,
420
Tested at room temperature. Typical for forging thick-
ness: in longitudinal and long transverse directions,
38.10-152.40 mm (1.500-6.000 in.); in short transverse
direction, 76.20-152.40 mm (3.000-6.000 in.).
Composition: Al-4.7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.15Cr.
UNS A97249
CO
Q.
Source: MIL-HDBK 5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-433
40 280 »

20 140

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16

Strain, in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.326 7475-T7351 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Plate thickness: 38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: Al-
5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
UNS A97475
60 420
Source: R.R. Cervay, "Static & Dynamic Fracture Properties for
Lon jitudinai / Aluminum Alloy 7475-T651 and T7351," AFML-TR-75-20, Air Force
Materials Laboratory, April 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural
/ Transiverse Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220, CINDAS/Purdue University,
Q.

/
2 1995,p 12
40 280 g
£
to

/ /
20 140

«— 2 — *
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

80 560 WA.327 7475-T651 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
Plate thickness: 38.1 mm (1.5 in.). Composition: Al-
5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
UNS A97475
60 420
Source: R.R. Cervay, "Static & Dynamic Fracture Properties for
Longitud i n a ^ ^ Aluminum Alloy 7475-T651 and T7351," AFML-TR-75-20, Air Force
Materials Laboratory, April 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural
^ ^ ^ r a n s iverse Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220, CINDAS/Purdue University,
CL 1995, p 12
£ 40 280 cV)
/>

/
20

/ / Strain, 0.001 in./in.

140
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

70 490 WA.328 7475-T61 aluminum alloy clad sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
j Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low
60 420
Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Longitu dinal / Source: J. A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
50

/ / Long tr ansverse
350 Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 12
•55 40

30
// / > /

210 g
JS

/ /
20 > 140

10

/ /
«—2—*
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
70

70 490 WA.329 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves

60 420
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low
Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Longitudinal / Source: J.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
50 350 Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220,
CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 12

J
/ Longt ransverse

/
40 280 ,

/ /
S
w
30 210 £
g

20 140

/
10

/
«—2—*
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
70
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

490 WA.330 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves

420
Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l .5Cu-0.21Cr-low
Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Longiti dinal /
Source: J.A. Dickson, "Alcoa 467 Process X7475 Alloy," Alcoa Green
350 Letter G.L. 216 5-70, Aluminum Co. of America, May 1970. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3220,

// (/
/ Long t ransvers e CINDAS/Purdue University, 1995, p 16
) > 280 £
2

210 55

/ /
J i 140

/ /
«—2—+
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
70

560 WA.331 7475-T651 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

Longitudinal
stress-strain curves
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
ong transve rse 6.350-38.10 mm (0.250-1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 50; rc(long trans-
420
verse, tension) = 15. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-
1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-441
(0
Q_
2
280 w

210

140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.332 7475-T651 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
I modulus curves
/ Long trarl sverse v
' . Longitijdlnal \ \ >
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
6.350-38.10 mm (0.250-1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 15; «(long
420 transverse, compression) = 18. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-
2.2Mg-1,5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^41

/ 280

/ 210

/
140

/ 4 6 8 10
70

12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

560 WA.333 7475-T7351 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
12.70-101.60 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
Longitudirial and long transverse
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 15; «(long trans-
420
verse, tension) =13; «(short transverse, tension) =13.
Shont transverse Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l .5Cu-0.21 Cr-low
350 Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
(0
Q_ Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-448
2
280 co

£
in

CO

210

/ 140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.334 7475-T7351 aluminum alloy plate,

80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves

70 490
Tested at room temperature, typical for plate thickness
/ Loing transvers 12.70-101.60 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
/ / S h i ort transven
.ongitudinal
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 20; n{long
60 420 transverse, compression) = 20; /?(short transverse, com-
pression) = 19. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-
50 350
0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
03_
Q Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^48

40

/ 280 <
w0

CO

30

20
/ 210

140

/
10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

80 560 WA.335 7475-T7651 aluminum alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves
70 490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
Transve rse 6.350-38.10 mm (0.250-1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 33; «(long trans-

//
/ y ^ Lorlg transverse
60 420
verse, tension) = 19. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-
1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
50 350
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-458
03_
Q

40 280 co-
co
30 210

20 140

/
10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.336 7475-T7651 aluminum alloy plate,

14 28 42 56 70 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
560
modulus curves
/Lorig transvers
490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for plate thickness
/ • Longitudinal 6.350-38.10 mm (0.250-1.500 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal and long transverse, compres-
420 sion) = 20. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-0.21Cr-
low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^58
CO
a.

/ 2 8 0 co

CO

/ 210

140

/
/ 4 6 8 10 12
70

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

630 WA.337 7475-T61 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves (full range)
Long trsinsverse
560 Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Lonelitudinal * 1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Composition: Al-
490 5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
UNS A97475
420 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-442
CO
350 £

<D
280
&
210

140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

700 WA.338 7475-T61 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves (expanded portion)
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
560
Lcjngitudinal parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 33; «(long trans-
verse, tension) =16. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-
Long tra nsverse 1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
420 Source: MIL HDBK 5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^39

/
280

140

/ 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.339 7475-T61 aluminum alloy sheet,

14 28 42 56 70 84
700
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Test direction: L, longitudi-
nal; LT, long transverse. Typical for sheet thickness
—•—
560 1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) =15; n(long
transverse, compression) =19. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-
== 2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475

/
420
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-439

/
w
280

/
140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.340 7475-T61 aluminum alloy clad sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves

LongitucJinal _
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
1.6-4.75 mm (0.063-0.187 in.). Ramberg-Osgood param-
Long tnansverse eter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 26; n{long transverse, ten-
420
sion) = 14. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-l.5Cu-0.21Cr-
low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Source: M1L HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-440

/
280 toco-
05

140

/
/
/
/
/
/
f
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.341 7475-T61 aluminum alloy clad sheet,
0 14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
f Long trans.verse.
y Longitudiinak Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
490
1.600-4.750 mm (0.063-0.187 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 15; «(long
420 transverse, compression) =16. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-
2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350 Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-440

/ <D

/
cn
210

140

/
/ ~ 1
1
/
1 70
/
/ 1
/ 1
f I
0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

i i 560 WA.342 7475-T761 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

IS
ong transvrerse
stress-strain curves (full range)

ill
L Lone
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
I LT 1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Composition: Al-
5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti.
420
UNS A97475
Source: MIL-HDBK5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-459
350
to
0.

280 «
I
CO

210

140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.

80 560 WA.343 7475-T761 aluminum alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Longitijdinal
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
/ X u >ng transver se parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 26; w(long trans-
60 420
verse, tension) = 16. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-
1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-454
Q_

40 280 w
<D
CO

/
20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 inTin.
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.344 7475-T761 aluminum alloy sheet,

14 28 42 56 70 84 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
80 560
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
/ L ong transve:rse v
Longitudimal. \ 1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 15; n(long
60 420 transverse, compression) =19. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-
2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-454

40
\ 280 co
J3
CO

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
140

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

560 WA.345 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,

Long trsinsverse tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
\ 1.016-6.325 mm (0.040-0.249 in.). Based on two lots.
\ Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21 Cr-low
420
\ Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-460
350

280 co
CO
S
CO

210

140

70

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.
312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.346 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,

Longitij d i n a l ^ ^
^ ^ L o n g transverse
420
tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
1.016-1.575 mm (0.040-0.062 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 9.0; rc(long trans-
verse, tension) = 9.1. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-
1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-455

280 co

140

/
/
/
/
/
t
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.347 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves

490
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
y L ong transveirse v 1.016-1.575 mm (0.040-0.062 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
' Longitudinal v N v , parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 12; rc(long
420 transverse, compression) = 16. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-
2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-456
CO
O-

280 co
CO
<D

210

140

/
/ >
*
/ 70
/ 1
/
/ 1
f I
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

560 WA.348 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves
490 Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Longitudl i n a l ^ ^ ^ 1.600-4.750 mm (0.063-0.187 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
^ T o n g ti•ansverse parameter, «(longitudinal, tension) = 9.0; n(long trans-
420
verse, tension) = 9.1. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-
1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
350 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3-455
w
o.
280 »

/
/
/ 210

140

/
/ 70
/
/
/
f
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.349 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
y L.ong transve|rse v 1.600-4.750 mm (0.063-0.187 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
, Longitudina k parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) = 12; «(long
420 transverse, compression) = 16. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-
2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3 ^ 5 7
(0
D.

/
280 w
®
55

140

/
/
/ \
N
\
1
/ 1
/ 1
/
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 |
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

80 560 WA.350 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
Longitiidinal^^a 4.775-6.325 mm (0.188-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
60
^ ^ L o n g transverse parameter, ^(longitudinal, tension) = 9.0; n{long trans-
420
verse, tension) = 9.1. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-2.2Mg-
1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3^156
Q_
40 280 w
V)
£
CO

20 140

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
4 6 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa WA.351 7475-T761 aluminum alloy clad sheet,
80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves
Tested at room temperature. Typical for sheet thickness
. Long transve rse v 4.775-6.325 mm (0.188-0.249 in.). Ramberg-Osgood
i \
' Longitudina U \ parameter, ^(longitudinal, compression) =12; «(long
60 420 transverse, compression) = 16. Composition: Al-5.6Zn-
2.2Mg-1.5Cu-0.21Cr-low Si,Fe,Mn,Ti. UNS A97475
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, 1 Dec 1998, p 3 ^ 5 7

40

20

/
/ \
\
280 w

140

/ 1
/ 1
/
/ 1
/
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
 312/Wrought Aluminum (WA)

100 700 WA.352 8090-T8 aluminum alloy plate, monotonic

and stabilized cyclic stress-strain curves
Solution heat treated with cold water quench followed
by 3% stretch and artificial aging at 198 °C (389 °F)
80 560
for 16 h. Test direction: Longitudinal. Composition: Al-
2.5Li-1.3Cu-1 .OMg. UNS A98090
Source: K.T. Venkateswara Rao and R.O. Ritchie, Fatigue of Aluminum
Lithium Alloys, Int. Mater. Rev., 1992. As published in Aerospace
60 420
Q.
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3225, CINDAS/Purdue
2 University, 1995, p 26
CD

CO
40 280

O Moinotonic
• Cy(;lic R = - 1

20 140

/
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Total strain, %
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

Aluminum Laminates (LA)

60 420 LA.001 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-
reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
Lcjngitudinal typical tensile stress-strain curves
50 350 Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 621 MPa (90 ksi); long transverse, 331 MPa
(48 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal, 331 MPa
40 280 (48 ksi); long transverse, 228 MPa (33 ksi). Ramberg-

/ Lorig transvers e

210 g
1
Osgood parameter, rc(long transverse, tension) = 1 2
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 4

//
30
CD
a>
O) CO

20 140

10
// 70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

420 LA.002 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
Longitudimal typical tensile stress-strain curves
350 Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 662 MPa (96 ksi); long transverse, 303 MPa
(44 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal, 338 MPa
280 (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi). Ramberg-

/ - Long transvers*j

210
o.

co
Osgood parameter, rc(long transverse, tension) = 9.9
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 4

// 140

/
/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
70
Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

420 LA.003 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
Longitudinal typical tensile stress-strain curves
350 Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 696 MPa (101 ksi); long transverse,
296 MPa (43 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
280 338 MPa (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi).

/ L.ong transve>rse
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, «(long transverse,
tension) = 1 1

//
210 w Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 5
</)
Q)

55

140

/
70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

420 LA.004 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
Longitudin*al typical tensile stress-strain curves
350 Thickness, 2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 696 MPa (101 ksi); long transverse,
290 MPa (42 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
280 338 MPa (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi).

/ co
Ramberg-Osgood parameter, «(long transverse,
tension) = 12

//
CL
Lorig transversae
210 w Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 5
to
a>
co

140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
70

12
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa LA.005 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

14 28 42 56 70 84v reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
350
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Compressive yield

%
f Long trans

CD
1 \ 280 strength: longitudinal, 241 MPa (35 ksi); long transverse,
. Longituidinal
228 MPa (33 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
^(longitudinal, compression) = 13; w(long transverse,
compression) = 1 2

//
210
GL
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-36
2

£O
C

/
140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10 12
70

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa LA.006 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

14 28 42 56 70 reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Compressive yield
strength: longitudinal, 241 MPa (35 ksi); long transverse,
207 MPa (30 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
^(longitudinal, compression) =13; «(long transverse,
compression) = 1 3
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-36

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa LA.007 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

0 14 28 42 56 70 84 reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,
350
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.). Compressive yield
280 strength: longitudinal, 234 MPa (34 ksi); long transverse,
•Longitu<Jinak ^ ^ 207 MPa (30 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
^(longitudinal, compression) =12; n(long transverse,
compression) = 1 2
210
Source: MILHDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-37

i=
ng transvers> e /
\
w
140

//
/ Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
70

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa LA.008 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

0 14 28 42 56 70 84
350
reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Thickness, 2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Compressive yield
280 strength: longitudinal, 228 MPa (33 ksi); long transverse,
LongitucIinal v 207 MPa (30 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
^(longitudinal, compression) =12; «(long transverse,
compression) = 1 2
210
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-37

C0
140

/
f / ^Lon g transversi y

/
70

2
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

100 700 LA.009 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

t
reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
jngitudinal
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
80 560
longitudinal, 621 MPa (90 ksi); long transverse, 331 MPa
(48 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal, 331 MPa
(48 ksi); long transverse, 228 MPa (33 ksi)
60

I Long trans
X
420
(0_
Q
2
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, change notice 1, Oct 2001, p 7-38

S
<D
CO
40 280

20 140

30 60 90 120 150 180

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

840 LA.010 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 3/2 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700 Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
/ Lorigitudinal longitudinal, 662 MPa (96 ksi); long transverse, 303 MPa
(44 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal, 338 MPa
560 (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, change notice 1, Oct 2001, p 7-38

420 </>
o(0
Long tranjsverse CO

280

140

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

840 LA.011 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 4/3 lay-up,

/ 700
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:

//
/ Loiigitudinal
longitudinal, 696 MPa (101 ksi); long transverse,
296 MPa (43 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
560 338 MPa (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi)
Source: MJL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, change notice 1, Oct 2001, p 7-39

420 ccoo-
£
cn
Long tranjsverse
X
280

140

30 60 90 120 150 180

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

840 LA.012 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4254), 5/4 lay-up,

I 700
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
Thickness, 2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:

//
/ Lorigitudinal longitudinal, 696 MPa (101 ksi); long transverse,
290 MPa (42 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
560 338 MPa (49 ksi); long transverse, 207 MPa (30 ksi)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, change notice 1, Oct 2001, p 7-39

420 »

rI
Long trainsverse
X
280

140

30 60 90 120 150 180

Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

100 700 LA.013 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 2/1 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
80 560
longitudinal, 710 MPa (103 ksi); long transverse,
Longitudiinal
386 MPa (56 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
524 MPa (76 ksi); long transverse, 331 MPa (48 ksi).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal, tension) =
60 420
6.4; «(long transverse, tension) = 6.1
Long trans.verse
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 ^ 2

40 280

20
/ 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

100 700 LA.014 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
Longitudiinal
typical tensile stress-strain curves
Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
80 560
longitudinal, 765 MPa (111 ksi); long transverse,
352 MPa (51 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
565 MPa (82 ksi); long transverse, 296 MPa (43 ksi).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal, tension) =
60 420
5.2; fl(long transverse, tension) = 5.8
Long trarisverse Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 4 2
£
0)
40 280

20
/ 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

100 700 LA.015 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and 5/4
lay-ups, typical tensile stress-strain curves
Lorigitudinai .
Data for 4/3 lay-up: Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.).
80 560
Ultimate tensile strength: longitudinal, 786 MPa
(114 ksi); long transverse, 345 MPa (50 ksi). Tensile
yield strength: longitudinal, 565 MPa (82 ksi); long
transverse, 290 MPa (42 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood

/
60 420
parameters: ^(longitudinal, tension) = 5.5; n(long
transverse, tension) = 7.5. Data for 5/4 lay-up: Thickness,
Long transverse 2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 800 MPa (116 ksi); long transverse,
40 280
331 MPa (48 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,

20
/ 140
579 MPa (84 ksi); long transverse, 276 MPa (40 ksi).
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal, tension) =
5.7; n(long transverse, tension) = 6.4
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 ^ 3

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa LA.016 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 2/1 lay-up,
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Compressive yield
strength: longitudinal, 317 MPa (46 ksi); long transverse,
60 420 352 MPa (51 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
I \

Lc)ngitudinal v ^(longitudinal, compression) = 6.7; n(long transverse,

compression) = 1 3
se <0
Q- Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 ^ 3

40 280 w
<D
£

/
CO

20 140

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10 12
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa LA.017 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

14 28 42 56 70 84 reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
80 560
typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
tangent modulus curves
Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Compressive yield
strength: longitudinal, 317 MPa (46 ksi); long transverse,
60 420 331 MPa (48 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
^(longitudinal, compression) = 6.2; rc(long transverse,
V / Longitudinal compression) = 1 4
co Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7 ^ 4
a.
ig transvers•e 2
40 280 to«
£
W

/
20

} 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

10 12
140

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa LA.018 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

80
14 28 42 56 70 84
560
reinforced sheet laminates (AMS 4302), 4/3 and
5/4 lay-ups, typical compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves
Data for 4/3 lay-up: Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.).
Compressive yield strength: longitudinal, 303 MPa
60
\
420 (44 ksi); long transverse, 324 MPa (47 ksi). Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal, compression) = 5.3;
\ y L ongitudinal
rc(long transverse, compression) =15. Data for 5/4 lay-
up: Thickness, 2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Compressive yield
/ J Lorig transverse
strength: longitudinal, 303 MPa (44 ksi); long transverse,
40
1
280 to"
to
310 MPa (45 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
^(longitudinal, compression) = 5.8; rc(long transverse,
compression) = 14
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-44

/
20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

120 r 840 LA.019 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 2/t lay-up,
/ * typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700 Thickness, 0.81 mm (0.032 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
/ L o n e itudinal
longitudinal, 710 MPa (103 ksi); long transverse,
386 MPa (56 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
560 524 MPa (76 ksi); long transverse, 331 MPa (48 ksi)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 4 5
CO
Q.

420 CO-
CO
Long transverse o
w
280

140

10 20 30 40 50
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

120 840 LA.020 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 3/2 lay-up,
X c jngitudinal typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)

/
100 700 Thickness, 1.35 mm (0.053 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 765 MPa (111 ksi); long transverse,
352 MPa (51 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
80 560 565 MPa (82 ksi); long transverse, 296 MPa (43 ksi)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 4 6
Q_

60 420 co

Long transverse

40 280

20 140

10 20 30 40 50
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Aluminum Laminates (LA)/503

980 LA.021 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 4/3 lay-up,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
I* 840
Thickness, 1.88 mm (0.074 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
L ngitudinal longitudinal, 786 MPa (114 ksi); long transverse,
/ °
345 MPa (50 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
700
565 MPa (82 ksi); long transverse, 290 MPa (42 ksi)
/ 560 ,
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 ^ 7

420 w
£
—X
Long 1transverse

280

140

10 20 30 40 50
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

840 LA.022 7475-T761 aluminum alloy, aramid-fiber-

reinforced sheet laminate (AMS 4302), 5/4 lay-up,
/ L o n e jitudinal typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
700 Thickness, 2.39 mm (0.094 in.). Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal, 800 MPa (116 ksi); long transverse,
331 MPa (48 ksi). Tensile yield strength: longitudinal,
560 579 MPa (84 ksi); long transverse, 276 MPa (40 ksi)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 4 8

420

—X
Long transv erse
280

140

10 20 30 40 50
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Copper (Cu)/515

Copper (Cu)
90 630 Cu.001 Oxygen-free copper (UNS C10200) bar,
stress-strain curves showing effect of low
560 temperatures
Cold drawn 60%. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
490
Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
4K Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
%120 K
420 101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,

I
76 K \ 1967
195 K
350 |

&
280 *
295 K \ }

210

140

70

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain, in./in.

Cu.002 Electrolytic tough-pitch copper (UNS

C11000) strip, stress-strain curves showing effect
of cold rolling
Copper strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-
finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin auto-
matic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |Lim (10 |Liin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
the closest current designation is given for reference.
The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 371 °C (700 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 7
516/Copper (Cu)

420 Cu.003 Electrolytic tough-pitch copper (UNS

C11000) strip, stress-strain curves showing effect
385
- 1 of cold rolling
350
Copper strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-
— 2
315
finish grain size of 0.045 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin auto-
— 3
280 matic extensometer accurate to 0.254 jum (10 [tin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
245 to
Q_ ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
/ the closest current designation is given for reference.

V
210 g
& The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
j 175 w change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
140
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
/V 105
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;

7
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;

A// temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,

70
— 5
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra

7
35
hard; annealed at 427 °C (800 °F) for 1 h
0 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
0.5 1 1 5 2 2.5 3 3 .5 4 4.1 5.5 6
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 7
Strain, 0.001 in ./in.

Cu.004 Phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual

phosphorus (UNS C12200) bar, stress-strain curves
showing effect of low temperatures
Bar in annealed condition. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
 Copper (Cu)/517

630 Cu.005 Phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual

phosphorus (UNS C12200) bar, stress-strain curves

V20K 560 showing effect of low temperatures

4K
Bar cold drawn 26% and aged.
490 Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
NJ6K
Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
420 Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
"^195K
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
CD 1967
350 9=

\ \ 280 *

295
X 210

140

70

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain, in./in.

420 Cu.006 Arsenical tough-pitch copper (UNS C14200)

strip, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
385
1 rolling
350 Copper (99.50% Cu, 0.45% As) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)
^-2
315
thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.050 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
280 Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 jam
3 (10 pin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
245 co dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
CL

/ nations, but the closest current designation is given for

r
210 co-
4 co
<D reference. The cold working of each specimen was
175 ®
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction
140 in area (RA). It was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
105
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
70
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%, temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
5 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
35 RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 704 °C (1300
°F) for 1 h
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Strain, 0.001 in./in. Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 21
518/Copper (Cu)

420 Cu.007 Arsenical tough-pitch copper (UNS C14200)

1 strip, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
385
rolling
2
350 Copper (99.50% Cu, 0.45% As) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)
/ 315
thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.020 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
3
280 Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jim
(10 jiin.) were used. Tested in accordance with ASTM E
245 ca
4 Q. 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest
210 to
current designation is given for reference. The cold work-
ing of each curve was defined by the change in strip
175 thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage units and the reduction in area (RA) and assigned a
140
commercial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA,
105
60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%;
2, 4 X temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%: temper, half
#1,3
70 hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
5
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
35
annealed 371 ° C (700 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 21
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

630 Cu.008 Zirconium copper (UNS C15000) bar, stress-

strain curves showing effect of low temperatures
4 K ^\ 2 0 K
560 Bar cold drawn and aged. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.).
76 K
Composition: 0.18% Zr
490
Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical

\\
-^195 K
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
v \ 420
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967

350 9=

295 K \
280 *

210

140

70

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain, in./in.
 Copper (Cu)/519

Cu.009 Dispersion strengthened copper (UNS

C15725) plate, engineering stress-strain showing
effects of temperature
Dispersion strengthened (DS) copper AL25, LOX-8O
plate (99.43 Cu, 0.25 Al, aluminum oxide 0.48% by
weight). Plate 2.5 X 102 X 102 cm (1 X 40 X 40 in.),
extruded and cross rolled, annealed at 1000 °C.
Source: J.W. Davis, ITER Material Properties Handbook, aries.ucsd.edu
web site, May 2002

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Cu.010 Copper beryllium (UNS C17200) bar and
28 56 84 112 140 168 rod, TF00 temper, tensile and compressive stress-
1400
1 1 strain and compressive tangent modulus curves
.L and SIT, compresisionv

Typical for bar and rod 41.27-101.6 mm (1.625^1.000

in.) thick. Test direction: L, longitudinal; ST, short
1120 transverse. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) =
^ L and SIf, tension
11, n(ST, tension) = 9.6, n(L, compression) = 7.1, n(ST,
compression) = 6.7
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-18
840

-b
CO
560

280

8 12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
520/Copper (Cu)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
Cu.011 Copper beryllium (UNS C17200) bar and
rod, TH04 temper, tensile and compressive stress-
strain and compressive tangent modulus curves
typical for bar and rod 12.7-76.20 mm (0.500-3.000 in.)
thick. Test direction: L, longitudinal; ST, short transverse.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, tension) = 8.0,
rc(ST, tension) = 7.9, n(L, compression) = 6.8, n(ST,
compression) = 7.5
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-19

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Cu.012 Copper beryllium (UNS C17200) tubing,
200
28 56 84 112 140 6
?400
TF00 temper, tensile and compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves
, LT, conipression ^
/ / L f comipression v
Typical for mechanical tubing with wall thickness
tension
19.05^11.27 mm (0.750-1.625 in.). Test direction: L,
160 1120 longitudinal; ST, short transverse. Ramberg-Osgood
1
\ L, tension parameters: n(L, tension) = 8.2, n(ST, tension) = 5.1,
n(L, compression) = 8.6, n(ST, compression) = 8.5
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-19
120 840

<D 2
O) CO
80 560

40 280

8 12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
 Copper (Cu)/521

490 Cu.013 Copper gilding-metal (UNS C21000), stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold working
455
1
Gilding-metal (94.59% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)
420
2 thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A
385 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
350
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |im
(10 jjin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
3
315 dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
280 S. nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each curve was defined

/
f J
4
245 g

210 ft
<D
by the change in strip thickness based on the Brown and
Sharpe (B&S) wire gage units and the reduction in area
/ (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper desig-
175 nation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring.
140
Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3:

J 7
5
105
B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1;
RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA,
70 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed 482 °C (900 °F) for
lh
35
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.i 5.5 ,0 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 33
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Cu.014 Copper gilding-metal (UNS C21000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold working
Gilding-metal (94.59% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)
thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 jam
(10 |iin.) were used. Composition: 94.59% copper. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 538 °C (1000 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 33
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
522/Copper (Cu)

630 Cu.015 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) bar,

stress-strain curves showing effect of low
560 temperatures
20 K Bar was annealed. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
490
Source: R.P. Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
4K
420 101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
76 K
350 &

195 K
280
co
295 K

210

140

10 70

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Strain, in./in.

Cu.016 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold working
Commercial bronze (government-gilding) (89.74% Cu)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 |LLm (10 |Liin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 482 °C (900 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p. 37
 Copper (Cu)/523

Cu.017 Commercial bronze (UNS C22000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold working
Commercial bronze (government-gilding) (89.74% Cu)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.070 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter 0.254 |im (10 |iin.) accurate to 0.254 |im
(10 |iin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Shaipe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 760 °C (1400
°F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 38

630 Cu.018 Red-brass (UNS C23000) bar, stress-strain

curves showing effect of low temperatures
560 Bar cold drawn 14%. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.).
20 K ,
Red brass (85% Cu, 15% Zn)
490
Source: R.P. Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
c 101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
420
76 K 1967

1
(0
350 £

4
195 K

\ \
280 *

f/t
295 K

r 210

rf 140

10 70

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Strain, in./in.
524/Copper (Cu)

630 Cu.019 Red-brass (UNS C23000) strip, stress-strain

- 1
curves showing effect of cold working
560
Red-brass (85.42% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,
2
having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268
490 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |Lim
/ 420 (10 |Liin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
— 3
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
CD
350
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
— 4
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
280 *
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
210
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
140 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
70 RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 427 °C (800
°F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 44
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Cu.020 Red-brass (UNS C23000) strip, stress-strain

curves showing effect of cold working
Red-brass (85.42% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,
having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070 mm. A 2268
kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |Lim
(10 jLiin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 593 °C (1100
°F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 44
 Copper (Cu)/525

490 Cu.021 Low-brass (UNS C24000) strip, stress-strain

2
curves showing effect of cold working
455
1
80-20 low-brass (80.41% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.)
420
3 thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.020 mm. A
385 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
4
350
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 (im
(10 |iin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
f A> 315 dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
280 I nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
245
^ C«
O
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
210 co Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
/ area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper

Av/
175
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
140 spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
5 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,

7
/ 105
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5:

J
/ 70 B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at

r 35 427 °C (800 °F) for 1 h

0 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3 .5 4 4.5 5.5 6 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 50
Strain, 0.001 ini./in.

Cu.022 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
Special spring-brass (74.69% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040
in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
0.254 (Im (10 pin.) were used. These tests were con-
ducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the spring brass composition is
similar to C25600. The cold working of each specimen
was defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 427 °C (800
°F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 57
526/Copper (Cu)

Cu.023 Spring-brass (UNS C25600) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
Special spring-brass strip (74.69% Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040
in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.095
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
0.254 |Lim (10 |iin.) were used. These tests were con-
ducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
420
the UNS designations, but the closest current designation
350
is given for reference. The cold working of each speci-
men was defined by the change in strip thickness based
is
280
<n on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 593 °C (1100 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 57

700 Cu.024 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold working
630
- 1
70-30 cartridge brass (69.83% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040
in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015
560
2 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
490
0.254 |im (10 join.) were used: These tests were con-
3
^ ducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
420
(0 the UNS designations, but the closest current designation
Q_ is given for reference. The cold working of each speci-
— 4
350 co-
co men was defined by the change in strip thickness based
V) on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the

—Ml
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
280 cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;

r
5 temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
210 hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.

(f 7
140

70
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%: temper, extra hard;
annealed at 482 °C (900 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
3 4 5 6 7 8 10 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 62
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Copper (Cu)/527

Cu.025 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold working
70-30 cartridge brass (69.83% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040
in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
0.254 |Lim (10 |iin.) were used. These tests were con-
ducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the closest current designation
is given for reference. The cold working of each speci-
men was defined by the change in strip thickness based
on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 704 °C (1300 °F) for 1 h
Source: R A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 62

900 T i i• i i i Cu.026 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) thin-wall

tubes, von Mises true stress-strain curves
800 -
Results of path-change experiments on 70-30 brass.
Compression
Curves (A) through (D) represent axial tension in thin-
700 wall tubes following torsional prestraining to von Mises
_——— Torsion
strains indicated. A series of experiments were conducted
| 600 - by prestraining in torsion followed by uniaxial tension.
All specimens were thin-wall tubes. Test sections were
£ 500
25.4 mm (1 in.) long, 12.14 mm (0.48 in.) in diameter,
(O and 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) in wall thickness. Specimens
0)
2 were carefully machined, annealed, and electropolished
i 400 - j/ Axial tension before twisting. After twisting, they were unloaded, re-
CO following
1 torsion electropolished, and strain gaged for tension testing. The
o 300 prestrain resulting tensile curves are shown superimposed on the
previous torsion and compression curves. The two curves
200 at smaller prestrains showed little uniform elongation;
most of the deformation occurred in a localized neck.
100 - A B C D Hence, these flow curves are questionable. The two
curves for large prestrains definitely show that significant
0 _ i i i i plastic flow in tension following torsional prestraining
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 takes much higher stresses than does continued torsion.
von Mises true strain In fact, the flow curves are very close to that observed for
compression at the same von Mises strain level.
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, papers
presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St.
Louis MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 12
528/Copper (Cu)

Cu.027 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) thin-wall

i — - tubes, von Mises true stress-strain curves
"Uniaxial aDtnpression
/ Thin-wall tubes, 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) long, 12.14 mm
s
s Torsion (0.48 in.) diameter, 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) wall thickness.
/
/ _ ' Comparison of stress-strain curves for 70-30 brass for
/
/ ^ uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, and torsion.
Uniaxial
tension / / Tension and torsion were carried out on identical thin-
wall tubes. Compression was carried out on solid rod,
;/ which was remachined often to avoid barreling.
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, papers

f
presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St.
Louis MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 7

1
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
von Mises true strain

Cu.028 Cartridge brass (UNS C26000) thin-wall

tubes, von Mises true stress-strain curves
Thin-wall tubes, 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) long, 12.14 mm
(0.48 in.) diam, 0.589 mm (0.023 in.) wall thickness.
Comparison of stress-strain curves for thin-wall 70-30
brass tubes. Curve 1: uniaxial hoop tension. Curve 2: the
results for three different stress states—torsion, plane
strain with no length change (ez = 0), and plane strain
with no diameter change (e0 = 0). Curve 3: uniaxial ten-
sion. Curve 4: balanced biaxial tension
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, papers
presented at the ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St.
Louis MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 8
 Copper (Cu)/529

Cu.029 High-brass (UNS C27000) strip, stress-strain

curves showing effect of cold rolling
Common high-brass (66.49% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040
in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
0.254 |im (10 |Liin.) were used. These tests were con-
ducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
the UNS designations, but the closest current designation
is given for reference. The cold working of each speci-
men was defined by the change in strip thickness based
on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 371 °C (700 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 72

525 Cu.030 High-brass (UNS C27000) strip, stress-strain

490 curves showing effect of cold rolling
455 Common high-brass (66.49% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040
/ in.) thick, having a ready-to-fmish grain size of 0.070
420
mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing
385 machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to
350 0.254 |Lim (10 nin.) were used. These tests were con-
315
ducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate
(0 the UNS designations, but the closest current designation
CL
280 2 is given for reference. The cold working of each speci-
4 245 | men was defined by the change in strip thickness based
210*
on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-

A
175 cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
140 temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
105
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
5
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
70
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
35 annealed at 538 °C (1000 °F) for 1 h
0 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3. 5 4 4.5 5.5 6 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 72
Strain, 0.001 in ./in.
530/Copper (Cu)

Cu.031 Muntz metal copper (UNS C28000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
Muntz metal (60.50% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,
having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268
kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 (Lim
(10 jiiin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 482 °C (900
°F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 82

Cu.032 Muntz metal copper (UNS C28000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
Muntz metal (60.50% Cu) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick,
having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.045 mm. A 2268
kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |Lim
(10 |lin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 538 °C (1000
°F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 82
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Copper (Cu)/531

100 700 Cu.033 High leaded brass (UNS C33200) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
90 1 630
High leaded brass (65.19% Cu, 1.09% Pb, balance Zn)
2 strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) stock, having a ready-to-finish
80 560
grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
70 490
3 someter accurate to 0.254 |nm (10 |nin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
60 420
CO
!a. tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest in
\ 2 composition current designation is given for reference.
<D 50 350 (C33200 is for tube.) The cold working of each specimen
to 4 %
CO
was defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
40 280 Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
5 210
30 designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
20 140 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
10 70 RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 427 °C (800
°F) for 1 h
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 100

100 700 Cu.034 High leaded brass (UNS C33200) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
90 630
1 High leaded brass (65.19% Cu, 1.09% Pb, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) stock, having a ready-to-finish
80 560
grain size of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
/ hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
70 490
2 someter accurate to 0.254 Jim (10 |nin.) were used. These
60
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
420
a. tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
2 rent designation in composition is given for reference.

/A
50 350
3 C33200 is for tube. The cold working of each specimen
CD

to was defined by the change in strip thickness based on the

At
40 280
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
4
30 210
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper

r
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve

/
20 140
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,

r
10
5
70
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 649 °C (1200
°F) for 1 h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 100
532/Copper (Cu)

Cu.035 High leaded brass (UNS C34200) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
High leaded brass (63.35% Cu, 2.79% Pb, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 \im (10 jiin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
rent designation is given for reference. The cold working .
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 427 °C (800 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 106

Cu.036 High leaded brass (UNS C34200) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
High leaded brass (63.35% Cu, 2.79% Pb, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 \im (10 jiin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 760 °C (1400 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 106
 Copper (Cu)/533

Cu.037 Lancashire brass strip, stress-strain curves

showing effect of cold rolling
Lancashire brass (73.53% Cu, 2.24% Pb, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 (im (10 |iin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 427 °C (800 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 96

420 Cu.038 Deep-drilling copper (UNS C35330) rod,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold drawing
-1 385
Deep-drilling copper (62.11% Cu, 4.00% Pb, balance Zn)
350 rod less than 25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter, previously
extruded to a grain size of 0.050 mm. A 45,359 kg
315
(100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
CM

280 Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 jum

(10 |iin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-

/
ir
/
3
245 co
Q.

210 u
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 32%; curve 2,
175
19.5%; curve 3, 10%; curve 4, 32%, also annealed at

J\
140 649 °C (1200 °F) for 1 h
105 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
4
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 122

// i 70

35

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
534/Copper (Cu)

Cu.039 Forging brass (UNS C37700) forged rod,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold drawing
Standard brass (60.05% Cu, 2.12% Pb, balance Zn) forg-
ing rod less than 25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter, previously
extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. A 45,359 kg
(100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 jam
(10 |nin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 17.5%; curve 2,
8.5%; curve 3, 17.5%, also annealed at 482 °C (900 °F)
for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 124

700 Cu.040 Pen-metal copper strip, stress-strain curves

1 showing effect of cold rolling
630
Pen-metal copper (83.32% Cu, 1.32% Sn, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
2 560
grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
3
/ hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
490
someter accurate to 0.254 |im (10 jllin.) were used These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
420
Q_
CO tests predate the UNS designations, this alloy is in the
family of Cu-Zn-Sn tin brasses. The cold working of each
4 350 cc
oo
-
CD specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness
o5 based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
5 280
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;

f
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
210
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
140
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 538 °C (1000 °F) for 1 h
70
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 143
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Copper (Cu)/535

Cu.041 Pen-metal copper strip, stress-strain curves

showing effect of cold rolling
Pen-metal copper (83.32% Cu, 1.32% Sn, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 fim (10 fiin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
420
Q. tests predate the UNS designations, this alloy is in the
2 family of Cu-Zn-Sn tin brasses. The cold working of each
350
specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness
co based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
280
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 704 °C (1300 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 143
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Cu.042 Admiralty brass (arsenical) (UNS C44300)

bar, stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
Bar in annealed condition. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
Source: R.R Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
536/Copper (Cu)

110 770 Cu.043 Admiralty brass (antimonial) (UNS C44400)

1
strip, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
100 700 rolling
90 630 Admiralty brass (70.37% Cu, 1.01% Sn, balance Zn) strip
-—2
1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain
80 560 size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
3
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
70 490 someter accurate to 0.254 |im (10 pin.) were used. These
!
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
60 420
•4 tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
50 350 2
rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
40 280 thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
5
30 210 assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
20 140 RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
10 70
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 427 °C (800 °F) for 1 h
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 147

100 700 Cu.044 Admiralty brass (antimonial) (UNS C44400)

strip, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
1
90 630 rolling
Admiralty brass (70.37% Cu, 1.01% Sn, balance Zn) strip
80 560
2
1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-fmish grain
size of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
70 490
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 |Lim (10 jLiin.) were used. These
60 420
Q_ tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
2 tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
50 — oo 350
<D rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
CO
40 // *t 280
& of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
A gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then

/
30 210
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
20 140
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
10

t
/ 5
70
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 649 °C (1200 °F) for 1 h
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 147
 Copper (Cu)/537

840 Cu.045 Naval brass (UNS C46400) bar, stress-strain

curves showing effect of low temperatures
770
20K__ Bar in annealed condition. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
700
Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
630
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
\
560
" 76 K
490 co
Q.
420 <V)
a
o
^295 K
35
350

280

210

140

70

0.1 ).2 0.3 0.4 0.J

Strain, in./in.

Cu.046 Naval brass (UNS C46400) strip, stress-strain

curves showing effect of cold rolling
Naval brass (61.51% Cu, 0.57% Sn, balance Zn) strip 1
mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size
of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic
testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer
accurate to 0.254 |im (10 pin.) were used. These tests
were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests
predate the UNS designations, but the closest current des-
ignation is given for reference. The cold working of each
specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness
based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 482 °C (900 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 155
 700 Cu.047 Naval brass (UNS C46400) strip, stress-strain
curves showing effect of cold rolling
630
Naval brass (61.51% Cu, 0.57% Sn, balance Zn) strip 1
mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain size
560
of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic
testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer
490
accurate to 0.254 (10 pin.) were used. These tests
were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests
420
£ predate the UNS designations, but the closest current des-
2 ignation is given for reference. The cold working of each
350 co
| specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness
280 w based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
210
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
140
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
70 Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 649 °C (1200 °F) for 1 h
0 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
11
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 155

980 Cu.048 Phosphor bronze (UNS C51000) 5% grade A

bar, stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
840
Copper alloy No. 510 cold drawn 85%.
770 Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
700 Source: R.P. Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
ioi, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1 % 7
560 £

490 g
£

420 co

350

280

210

140

70
 Copper (Cu)/539

Cu.049 Phosphor bronze (UNS C51000) 5% grade A

strip, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
rolling
5% grade A phosphor bronze (4.09% Sn, 0.035% P,
balance Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-
finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin auto-
matic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |nm (10 |Liin.) were
420
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
350 w
the closest current designation is given for reference.
I
CO The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
280
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 538 °C (1000 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 269

700 Cu.050 Phosphor bronze (UNS C51000) 5% grade A

strip, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
630 rolling
1
5% grade A phosphor bronze (4.09% Sn, 0.035% P,
560
balance Cu) 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-
/ 490
finish grain size of 0.070 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb)
~—2 capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin auto-
0 42
0 CO
«
matic extensometer accurate to 0.254 \im (10 |Liin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
Q-
•3 5 ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
350 ri
£ the closest current designation is given for reference.
s
CO The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
4 change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
280
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
210
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
5
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
140
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
70
hard; annealed at 760 °C (1400 °F) for 1 h
2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
0 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
Strain, 0.001 inVin.
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 269
 980 Cu.051 Aluminum bronze D (UNS C61400) bar,
910 stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
840
Bar in annealed condition. Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
770
Source: RJP. Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
700 Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
630 1967
560 S.
490 »
<D
420 ft
350
280

210

140
70

0<P

455 Cu.052 Aluminum bronze (UNS C63000) extruded

42Q rod, stress-strain curves showing effect of cold
working and annealing
385
10% aluminum bronze (88.83% Cu, 10.02% Al, 0.77%
350 Fe, 0.31% Mn) previously extruded rod. Applicable to
rod less than 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) diameter. A 45,350 kg
315
(100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
280 Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |Lim
£ (10 |Hin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
245
^ dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
210 g nations, but the closest current designation is given for
w reference. The cold working of each specimen was
175
defined by the reduction in area: curve 1, 5%; curve 2,
140 0% as extruded 25.4 mm (1 in.) diam; curve 3, 5%, also
annealed at 260 °C (500 °F) for 1 h
105
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
70 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 262
35

0
11
 Copper (Cu)/541

700 Cu.053 Silicon aluminum bronze (UNS C64210) rod,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold working
630 and annealing
Silicon aluminum bronze (7.01% Al, 1.98% Si, balance
560
1 Cu) previously extruded rod. Applicable to rod less than
25.4 mm (1 in.) in diameter. A 45,359 kg (100,000 lb)
490
2 capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin auto-
matic extensometer accurate to 0.254 \im (10 Jiin.) were
420
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
350 co
£ the closest current designation is given for reference. The
CO cold working of each specimen was defined by the reduc-
280
tion in area: curve 1, 10.5%; curve 2, 8%; curve 3,
3 10.5%, also annealed at 649 °C (1200 °F) for 1 h
210
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
140
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 265

70

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

980 Cu.054 Copper-nickel-silicon (UNS C64700) bar,

910
stress-strain curves showing effect of low
temperatures
840
^ \ 20 K Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.). Aged at 450 °C (842 °F)
\\ 770

700
for 2 h. This alloy was the strongest tested in this series
of low-temperature tests.
\ 76 K
630 Source: R.R Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
2! >5 K \ I Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
560 S. 101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
X
490 £
195K CD

420 co

350

280

210

140

70

0.1 ).2 0.3 0.' 0.5

Strain, in./in.
542/Copper (Cu)

630 Cu.055 Low-silicon bronze type B (UNS C65100) rod,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold drawing
560
1 type B silicon bronze rod less than 25.4 mm (1 in.)
2 diameter, (1.76% Si, 0.35% Mn, balance Cu) having a
490 ready-to-finish grain size of 0.115 mm. A 45,359 kg
(100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
3 420 Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 jam
(10 |Llin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
CO
A A 350 2= dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
<r reference. The cold working of each specimen was
280 *
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
210 area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
140 spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
5
70 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 649 °C (1200
°F) for 1 h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 248

840 Cu.056 High-silicon bronze A (UNS C65500) bar,

stress-strain curves showing effect of low
770
20K, temperatures
700 Specimen in annealed condition.
4Kgg
Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
630
76 K Source: R.P. Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph

/
560
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
1967
v) 195 K
490 ro
Q_

420 eg
S
£
295 K w
350

280

210

140

70

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Strain, in./in.
 Copper (Cu)/543

100 700 Cu.057 Copper-nickel 10% (UNS C70600) bar,

stress-strain curves showing effect of low
90 630 temperatures
20 K
Specimen in annealed condition.
80 560
Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
^4K
70 490 Source: R.P. Reed and R.P. Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
76
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
60 420 1967
195 K Q.
2
50 350 «
' 295 K

40 280
£

30
V 210

20 140

10 70

0
0.1 ).2 0. 3 0J 0.5
Strain, in./in.

90 630 Cu.058 Copper-nickel 20% (UNS C71000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
1
80 — 560
80-20 copper-nickel (78.18% Cu, 20.65% Ni, 0.51% Mn)
2
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
70 490 grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
/ someter accurate to 0.254 |Lim (10 |Liin.) were used. These
60
/ 420
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
co tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
^ 50 350 £
4 rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
to"
CO
<D of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
280 |
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
CO 40 gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
210 assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
30
5
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
140 RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
20 temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
70 quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
10 hard; annealed at 649 °C (1200 °F) for 1 h.
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 237
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
630 Cu.059 Copper-nickel 20% (UNS C71000) strip,
stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
560
80-20 copper-nickel (78.18% Cu, 20.65% Ni, 0.51 % Mn)
strip 1 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
490 grain size of 0.055 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
420 someter accurate to 0.254 \im (10 jiin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
350 2 tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
gj of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
w thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
210
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
140 RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
70 quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 871 °C (1600 °F) for 1 h
0 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 237

770 Cu.060 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) bar,

stress-strain curves showing effect of low
700
temperatures
630 Specimen in annealed condition.
Bar thickness: 19 mm (3/4 in.)
560
Source: R.R Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
490 ioi, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
<o 1967
420 |
V)
CO
350 £
tn

280

210

140

70
 Copper (Cu)/545

700 Cu.061 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
630
1 70-30 copper-nickel (68.94% Cu, 29.61% Ni) strip
2 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain

£
560
— 3
size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-

/ -J
490
someter accurate to 0.254 Jim (10 jiin.) were used These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8.
420
7 4 0. The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest
2 current designation is given for reference. The cold work-
350
ing of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
280
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
210
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
5
140
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
70
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 704 °C (1300 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 230
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Cu.062 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) rod,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold drawing
70-30 copper-nickel (68.56% Cu, 30.48% Ni, 0.39% Fe,
0.57% Mn) rod, having a ready-to-finish grain size of
0.035 mm. A 45,359 kg (100,000 lb) capacity hydraulic
testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer
accurate to 0.254 \im (10 jiin.) were used. These tests
were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests
420
a. predate the UNS designations, but the closest current des-
2 ignation is given for reference. The cold working of each
350
specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness
£
CO
280
based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
annealed at 704 °C (1300 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 233
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
546/Copper (Cu)

Cu.063 Copper-nickel 30% (UNS C71500) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
70-30 copper-nickel (68.94% Cu, 29.61% Ni) strip
1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain
size of 0.070 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 |Ltm (10 |nin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8.
The tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest
current designation is given for reference. The cold work-
ing of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 871 °C (1600 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 230

Cu.064 Nickel silver (UNS C74400) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
5% nickel silver (63.55% Cu, 5.14% Ni, balance Zn) strip
1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain
size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 |im (10 |iin.) were These tests
were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The tests
predate the UNS designations, but the closest current des-
ignation is given for reference. The cold working of each
specimen was defined by the change in strip thickness
co based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the
5 280 reduction in area (RA) and was then assigned a commer-
cial temper designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%;
210 temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper,
hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard.
140 Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard.
Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard;
70 annealed at 482°C (900 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11° McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 220
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Copper (Cu)/547

Cu.065 Nickel silver (UNS C74400) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
5% nickel silver (63.55% Cu, 5.14% Ni, balance Zn) strip
1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish grain
size of 0.110 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 Jim (10 jiin.) were used. These
490 tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
ra tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
420 1 rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
i
350 S>
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 760 °C (1400 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 220
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Cu.066 Nickel silver (UNS C74500) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
10% nickel silver (66.02% Cu, 10.73% Ni, balance zinc)
strip, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |im
(10 |iin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 593 °C (1100
°F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 215
548/Copper (Cu)

Cu.067 Nickel silver (UNS C74500) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
10% nickel silver (66.02% Cu, 10.73% Ni, balance zinc)
strip, having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm. A
2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and
Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |nm
(10 |Llin.) were used. These tests were conducted in accor-
dance with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS desig-
nations, but the closest current designation is given for
reference. The cold working of each specimen was
defined by the change in strip thickness based on the
Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in
area (RA) and was then assigned a commercial temper
designation. Curve 1: B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper,
spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve
3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S,
1; RA, 11.0%; temper, quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6;
RA, 50.0%; temper, extra hard; annealed at 704 °C (1300
°F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 215

Cu.068 Nickel silver 65-18 (UNS C75200) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
18% deep-drawing nickel silver (66.00% Cu, 18.00% Ni,
balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin auto-
matic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |Lim (10 |Liin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
the closest current designation is given for reference. The
cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 593 °C (1100 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 200
 Copper (Cu)/549

110 770 Cu.069 Nickel silver (UNS C75400) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
100 700
15% nickel silver (66.18% Cu, 15.05% Ni, balance Zn)
1
90 630 strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
2 grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
80 560 hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
3 someter accurate to 0.254 jim (10 |iin.) were used. These
70 490 tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
<o tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
60 420 |
4 rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
8 of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
£ 50 350 £
0) thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
J gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then

{//
40
280 assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
5
30 B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
210

/
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
20 I
140
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
V
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
10
70 hard; annealed at 593 °C (1100 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 208
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Cu.070 Nickel silver (UNS C75400) strip, stress-

strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
15% nickel silver (66.18% Cu, 15.05% Ni, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.100 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 |im (10 |iin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 760 °C (1400 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
3 4 5 6 7 10 11 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 208
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
550/Copper (Cu)

Cu.071 Nickel silver 65-12 (UNS C75700) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
12% nickel silver (66.24% Cu, 11.57% Ni, balance Zn)
strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 Jim (10 jiin.) were used. These
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
tests predate the UNS designations, but the closest cur-
rent designation is given for reference. The cold working
of each specimen was defined by the change in strip
thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe (B&S) wire
gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was then
assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 760 °C (1400 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 212

Cu.072 Nickel silver 55-18 (UNS C77000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold rolling
18% spring-stock nickel silver (56.56% Cu, 17.77% Ni,
balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin auto-
matic extensometer accurate to 0.254 Jim (10 jiin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
the closest current designation is given for reference. The
cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 760 °C (1400 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 203
 Copper (Cu)/551

700 Cu.073 Leaded nickel silver (UNS C79000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold working
1
630
Leaded 12% nickel silver (65.49% Cu, 12.11% Ni, 1.96%
2 Pb, balance Zn), strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
560
ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000
lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin auto-
490
3 matic extensometer accurate to 0.254 jim (10 jiin.) were
used. These tests were conducted in accordance with
420
ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations, but
4 the closest current designation is given for reference. The
350 «
£(O cold working of each specimen was defined by the
tn change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
280
5 (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
210
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60..5; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4; RA,
140
37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%; tem-
per, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
70
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 538 °C (1000 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 225
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Cu.074 Leaded nickel silver (UNS C79000) strip,

stress-strain curves showing effect of cold working
Leaded 12% nickel silver (65.49% Cu, 12.11% Ni, 1.96%
Pb, balance Zn) strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a
ready-to-finish grain size of 0.060 mm. A 2268 kg
(5000 lb) capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin
automatic extensometer accurate to 0.254 |im (10 |iin.)
were used. These tests were conducted in accordance
with ASTM E 8. The tests predate the UNS designations,
but the closest current designation is given for reference.
The cold working of each specimen was defined by the
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 816 °C (1500 °F) for 1 h
Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 225
552/Copper (Cu)

110 770 Cu.075 Silicon brass No. 1 strip, stress-strain curves

showing effect of cold rolling
100 1 700
Silicon brass No. 1 (77.74% Cu, 1.30% Si, balance Zn)
90 630 strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.090 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity

£
2
80 560 hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 |im (10 |iin.) were used These
70 490 tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
3 60
3 cold working of each specimen was defined by the
420 ;
CO
CO
a
& 50
A 350 .
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
( then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
40 /// 280
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;

30 Af 4
210
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
20 J

/V
ft 140 hard; annealed at 704 °C (1300 °F) for 1 h
5
10 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
70 McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 181
r 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 110
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

110 770 Cu.076 Silicon brass No. 2 strip, stress-strain curves

showing effect of cold rolling
100 700
Silicon brass No. 2 (72.36% Cu, 0.47% Si, balance Zn)
90 9 630 strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
grain size of 0.015 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
80 560 hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
•3 someter accurate to 0.254 |im (10 |iin.) were used. These
70 490 tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
cold working of each specimen was defined by the
I> 60
| 420 |
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
V (B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
= 50

40 £
A
f /
4
350 £

280
co then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
30 ft
7 210 temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,
-5 quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
20 140 hard; annealed at 538 °C (1000 °F) for 1 h
10 70 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 185

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Copper (Cu)/553

110 770 Cu.077 Silicon brass No. 2 strip, stress-strain curves

showing effect of cold rolling
100 700
Silicon brass No. 2 (72.36% Cu, 0.47% Si, balance Zn)
1 strip 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick, having a ready-to-finish
90 630
grain size of 0.080 mm. A 2268 kg (5000 lb) capacity
80 2 560 hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten-
someter accurate to 0.254 |im (10 |iin.) were used. These
70
jf 490
co
tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 8. The
cold working of each specimen was defined by the
60 // 3
420 |
change in strip thickness based on the Brown and Sharpe
(B&S) wire gage and the reduction in area (RA) and was
& 50 350 £
co then assigned a commercial temper designation. Curve 1:
40 280
B&S, 8; RA, 60.5%; temper, spring. Curve 2: B&S, 4;
4
RA, 37.2%; temper, hard. Curve 3: B&S, 2; RA, 20.7%;
30 210 temper, half hard. Curve 4: B&S, 1; RA, 11.0%; temper,

20
A 140
quarter hard. Curve 5: B&S, 6; RA, 50.0%; temper, extra
hard; annealed at 649 °C (1200 °F) for 1 h
5
10 Source: R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys,
70
McGraw-Hill, 1943, p 185

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11.0
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

2500 Cu.078 Tungsten copper composite wires,

comparison of stress-strain curves
Tunigsten wire
Experimental composites with tungsten wires in a copper
2000
matrix at the volume percentage shown.
< Tungsten wire
Source: R.W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals, 2nd
ed., American Society for Metals, 1984, p 260 (After D.L. McDanels,

I
f ! R.W. Jech, and J.W. Weeton, Metal Progress, Vol 78, Dec 1960, p 118)
1500

46.5 vo l% fiber

1000
1
500
11.9 v(3l% fiber

Copper

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

Strain, % elongation
554/Copper (Cu)

980 Cu.079 Copper-nickel-aluminum sand cast billet,

910
stress-strain curves showing effect of low
4 K ^ temperatures
840
As cast. Brittle at low temperature. Composition: 9.95%
770 Al, 5.20% Ni, 3.35% Fe, 0.3% Mn, balance Cu
20 K n K
700 Source: R.P. Reed and R.R Mikesell, Low Temperature Mechanical
195K^- Properties of Copper and Selected Copper Alloys, NBS Monograph
630 101, Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards,
""295 K
560 S.
1967

490 eg

420 w
S
350

280

210

140

10 70

o; 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.1 i

Strain, in./in.
 Magnesium (Mg)/555

Magnesium (Mg)
Mg.001 Magnesium single crystal,
stress-strain curves
Arrows indicate yield strengths. Relationship between
specimen and slip plane orientation is shown.
Source: C.R. Brooks, Heat Treatment, Structure, and Properties of
Nonferrous Alloys, American Society for Metals, 1982, p 6 (as
published in E.C. Burk and W. R. Hibbard, Trans AIME, Vol 194,
1952, p 295)

245 Mg.002 AZ31B-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
Tension

/^ 210
Composition: Mg-3Al-lZn. UNS Ml 1311
Source: ASM Specialty Handbook, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys,
ASM International, 1999, p 166
175

Compression

g>
105 55

/
/ 70

/ 0.2 0.4
Strain, %
0.6 0.8
35

1.0
556/Magnesium (Mg)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Mg.003 AZ31B-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile
14 28 42 56 70 84 and compressive stress-strain and compressive
350
tangent modulus curves
Typical room-temperature values. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: n(tension) = 4.3; ^(compression) = 15.
280 Composition: Mg-3Al-lZn. UNS Ml 1311
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-14
ension

210
•—' "Ccimpression

140

/
70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Mg.004 AZ31B-0 magnesium alloy sheet and plate,
14 28 42 56 70 84 .
175
tensile and compressive stress-strain and
1 compressive tangent modulus curves
•—"^Tensi on
Typical room-temperature values. Ramberg-Osgood
parameter: ^(longitudinal, tension) = 12, ^(longitudinal,
140 compression) = 30. Composition: Mg-3Al-lZn. UNS
M11311
Coimpression Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-11

105

/
70

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
10
35

12
 Magnesium (Mg)/557

Temperature, °C Mg.005 AZ61A magnesium alloy extrusion, low- and

high-temperature effects on tensile properties
Ft,,, ultimate tensile strength; Fty, tensile yield strength.
Composition: Mg-6Al-lZn. UNS Ml 1610
Data from three sources: circle, Mg-43, Alloy Digest, Aug 1959; tri-
angle, Properties and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8th ed., Metals Hand-
book, American Society for Metals, 1961; square, C.R. Tipton, Reactor
Handbook, Vol I, 2nd ed., Interscience Publishing, 1960. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3

Temperature, °F
 280 Mg.006 AZ61A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile
stress-strain curve
Composition: Mg-6Al-lZn. UNS Ml 1610
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3

140 w

70

12

210 Mg.007 AZ61A magnesium alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curve
Composition: Mg-6Al-lZn. UNS M l 1610
175
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4

105
£
GO

70

35
 Magnesium (Mg)/559

280 Mg.008 AZ61A magnesium alloy forging, tensile

stress-strain curve
Composition: Mg-6Al-lZn. UNS M l 1610
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
210
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
/
/
/
140
// 5£
35

/ \

4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
10
70

12

210 Mg.009 AZ61A magnesium alloy forging,

compressive stress-strain curve
/ Composition: Mg-6Al-lZn. UNS M l 1610
/ 175
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published
/ in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
/ USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
f/ 140
/
/ ^ a
105 tf
£
GO

/ 70

/ 4 6
35

10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
560/Magnesium (Mg)

175 Mg.Ol 0 AZ63A-F, AZ63A-T4 magnesium alloy sand

cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
RT, room temperature. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS
140
Ml 1630
RT
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesium
Cast Alloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As pub-
300^3F (149 °C) lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603,
105 CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
(5
400 F (204 °C) 1995, p 3
AZ63A-F v
N
RT

i!
W
Y / c 70
A 500 F (260 °C)
/Vs

If/ 600 c F (316 °C)

35

700° F (371 °C)

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

210 Mg.011 AZ63A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
175 Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS Ml 1630
Roonn temperature
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesium
Cast Alloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
140 published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
300°F (149 °C) 1995, p 4
CO
Q_

105 J
400°F (204 °C) <D
W

70
500 °F (260 °C)

600 °F (316 °C)

35
/
/ 700 °F (371 °C)

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Magnesium (Mg)/561

Temperature, °C Mg.012 AZ63A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

-18 38 93 149 204 high-temperature effect on tensile properties
F m , ultimate tensile strength; Fty, tensile yield strength.
Tested at room temperature after exposure to elevated
temperatures. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS Ml 1630

•
>

i»
i J
1
]r
280
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
<0 USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
CL
2>
210
Exposure (t<ested at
£
room tempe mature) oo
O 100 h
• 1000h
•3 1-) m 140

70

100 200 300 400 500

Temperature, °F
Mg.013 AZ63A magnesium alloy sand cast bar,
high-temperature effect on tensile properties
Effect of 10 min exposure and test temperature on three
tempers. Composition: Mg-6Al-3Zn. UNS M l 1630
Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3603, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
 Magnesium (Mg)/563

Mg.014 AZ80A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

Tension/, tensile and compressive stress-strain curves
250
Composition: Mg-8.5Al-0.5Zn. UNS M l 1800
impression
Source: ASM Specialty Handbook, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys,
ASM International, 1999, p 166
— 200

— 150

d>
CO
100
/

/
/
- 50

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Strain, %

280 Mg.015 AZ80A-T5 magnesium alloy forging, tensile

Tension.,,^-—• and compressive stress-strain curves
Composition: Mg-8.5Al-0.5Zn. UNS M l 1800
Compression Source: "Magnesium Design," Dow Chemical Co., 1957. As published
/ / 210
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3501, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 2

Q_

140 w
(0
(D
tn

/
70

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

564/Magnesium (Mg)

175 Mg.016 AZ91A-F magnesium alloy die-cast bar,

tensile stress-strain curve
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. U N S M l 1910

140 Source: "Magnesium Design," Form No. 141-91-457, Dow Chemical

Co., 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3402, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 12

105 «o

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

25 175 Mg.017 AZ91C-T4 magnesium alloy sand cast

bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperature
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. U N S M l 1914
20 140
5 —— Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesium
Cast Alloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
SJgS^ published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3402,
300JXJ
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
J2 15 105 > 1995, p 12
^ 3 °F (204 °C)

£ 10 70 <=

35

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Magnesium (Mg)/565

210 Mg.018 AZ91C-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperature
Room 1temperature
175 Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. U N S M l 1914
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesium
300 °F (149 °C) Cast Alloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
140 published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3402,
09 CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
Q_
400 °F (204 °C) 2 1995, p 12

105 B
05
®

/[
70

35

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

425 °F (218 °C)
Mg.019 AZ91C-T4 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,
effect of elevated temperature on room-temperature
properties
Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. U N S M l 1914
Source: "Magnesium Design," Form No. 141-91-457, Dow Chemical
Co., 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3402, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 16
566/Magnesium (Mg)

20 140 M g . 0 2 0 A Z 9 1 C - T 4 m a g n e s i u m a l l o y s a n d c a s t bar,
i s o c h r o n o u s stress-strain c u r v e s

F m , ultimate t e n s i l e strength; F^, t e n s i l e y i e l d strength.

Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. U N S M l 1914

15 105 Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves of Magnesium Casting

Alloys," Dow Chemical Co., 31 Oct 1958. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3402, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
to Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12

CO
CO
10 70 £

35

0 0
 Magnesium (Mg)/567

Temperature, °C Mg.021 AZ91-T4, AZ91-T6 magnesium alloy sand

-18 36 93 149 204 260 316 cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
50 350
elevated temperatures
• • T 6 condition
O T 4 condition Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn
280 Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesium
1 Cast Alloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3402,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
210 ra 1995,p 14
Q_
2
i
&
w
• 140
Sw
o- -
<
70

1 I
• O 10 'min
A t t e n iperature
• >10 m ! n }
A i

or "

100 200 300 400 500 600

Temperature, °F
568/Magnesium (Mg)

315 Mg.022 AZ91E-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

effect of elevated temperature on room-temperature
tensile properties
280 Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. U N S M l 1918
Source: B. Geary, "Corrosion Resistant Magnesium Casting Alloys,"
Magnesium Elektron, Ltd, Manchester, England. As published in
245 Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3402, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
'tu ^
9

210 m

175

>• ^y
•— 140
•

135

200 400 600 800 1000

Exposure time, h
 Magnesium (Mg)/569

175 Mg.023 AZ91C-T6/AZ91E-T6 magnesium alloy

S Room t jmperature
140
^ ^ 3 0 0 °F (149 °C)
casting, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
Exposure: 1/2 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameter: «(room
temperature) = 4.5; n(300 °F [or 149 °C]) = 3.9; «(400 °F
[or 204 °C]) = 5.3. Composition: Mg-9Al-0.7Zn. The C

A
and E versions have similar mechanical properties. The E
°F (204 °C)
version is purer and more corrosion resistant. AZ91C:
105
ra UNS M l 1914. AZ91E: UNS M l 1918
Q.
2 Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-32

hV 70

t 35

! 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12

196 Mg.024 AZ92A-F, AZ92A-T4, AZ92A-T6 magnesium

alloy cast bar, tensile stress-strain curves at
room temperature
168
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M l 1920
>/T6 Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
140 Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3

w
CO
<D
84 5)

56

28

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

196 Mg.025 AZ92A-F, AZ92A-T4, AZ92A-T6 magnesium
alloy cast bar, compressive stress-strain curves at
room temperature
168
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M l 1920
Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
140 Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4

112r

84 w

56

28

196 Mg.026 AZ92A-F, AZ92A-T4, AZ92A-T6 magnesium

alloy cast bar, tensile tangent modulus stress-strain
curves at room temperature
168
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M l 1920
Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
140 Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4

112;

2
84 co

56

28
 Magnesium (Mg)/571

196 Mg.027 AZ92A-F, AZ92A-T4, AZ92A-T6 magnesium

alloy cast bar, compressive tangent modulus stress-
strain curves at room temperature
168
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M l 1920
\T6 Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
140 Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4

\J4 \
112 r
F

84 co

56

28

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Temperature, °C Mg.028 AZ92A-T5, AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy cast

18 38 93 149 204 260 316 371
350
bar, temperature effects on tensile properties
50
Flu, ultimate tensile strength; Fty, tensile yield strength.
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M l 1920
O-~ 280 Source: "Magnesium Design," Form 141-91-57, Dow Chemical Co.,
- 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Fk Code 3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
r \ University, 1995, p 5

t \ ~J<
140 i

70
Coridition
•
T5
o T6
i

r
r^pJ
1
r

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Temperature, °F
572/Magnesium (Mg)

175 Mg.029 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
x>m temper;ature elevated temperatures
Exposure: 1/2 h. Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn.
140

y
UNS M l 1920

s
3( 30 °F (149 ° 0) Source: MIL HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-38

105

/ '/C
> — 4 ( 30 °F (204 °i

/r
70

35

10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
Mg.030 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy casting, typical
compressive stress-strain and tangent modulus
curves at room temperature
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. UNS M l 1920
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-38

105
Q-

-t
CO
70

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

 Magnesium (Mg)/573

168 Mg.031 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

isochronous stress-strain curves
300 °F (149 °C)
Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. U N S M l 1920
15 s^.
140
Source: "Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves of Magnesium Casting
5 min^- Alloys," Lett. Enc., Code 1.8 HB, Dow Chemical Co., 31 Oct 1958. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3403,
15 min^
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
112 1995, p 7

Q.

£i
84
lOh"
cn

56

28

168

400 °F (204 °C)

140

112
15s _

5 min _ 5
84 g
15 min_ £
oo

56

10 h

28

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
574/Magnesium (Mg)

Temperature, °C M g . 0 3 2 AZ92A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

-18 93 204 316 427 bar, e f f e c t o f e x p o s u r e a n d t e s t t e m p e r a t u r e o n
50 r 350
tensile properties

F t u , ultimate t e n s i l e strength; F t y , t e n s i l e y i e l d strength.

Composition: Mg-9Al-2Zn. U N S M l 1920
40 280
Source: "Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures of AZ 92 A-T6
Sand Castings," Data Sheet, Alcoa Research Laboratories, 29 Aug 1957.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code
3403, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
30 210 1995, p 5
\ V

£
CO
20 140

10 70
Exposure
• 1/2 h
O 100 h
• 1000h
0

160

Q OB—AOe—

o 80

o
L±J

200 400 600 800

Temperature, °F
 Magnesium ( M g ) / 5 7 5

196 Mg.033 EK31XA-T6 magnesium alloy forging,

isochronous stress-strain curves
Composition: Mg-3Di-0.5Zr. Didymium is a natural
168
" "300 *F ( 149 °C)
mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
*
( •* praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di.
140
1.99 mm (0.505 in.) bar cut from large forging
y '

IA
Source: "Magnesium Forging Alloys for Elevated Temperature Service,"
500 °F (:260 °C) Dow Chemical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3502, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
—•— s Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5

[f £
84 co

•
[ / 56
j / ( x'' 3 h exposure
/
5s
r ' 30 min
t ^ 28
1h
//
• • - - • 2h
10 h
0

196

168

400 °F (:204 °C)

140

//
/
! s 1122
2

84 w

600 °F (3 16 °C)
56

L'S
r '
// • .«""
«* 28
f1*

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
576/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.034 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, tensile stress-strain curve at room and
elevated temperatures
Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M12330
Source: "Room and Elevated Temperature Properties of Magnesium
Cast Alloys," Bulletin No. 141-176, Dow Chemical Co., 1958. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3404,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 9

Mg.035 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 °C
-
(400 °F)
Specimens exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h before
loading. Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M l 2 3 3 0
15s
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 504

I
f
-

Strain, %
 Magnesium (Mg)/577

Mg.036 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, isochronous stress-strain curves at 260 °C
(500 °F)
Specimens exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h before
loading. Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M12330
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 504

Strain, %

Mg.037 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, isochronous stress-strain curves at 316 °C
(600 °F)
Specimens exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h before
loading. Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M12330
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 1990,
p 504
578/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.038 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, isochronous stress-strain curves at 371 °C
(700 °F)
Specimens exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h before
loading. Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M l 2 3 3 0
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 505

1.2 1.6
Strain, %

Mg.039 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast test

bar, isochronous stress-strain curves at 427 °C
(800 °F)
Specimens exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h before
loading. Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M l 2 3 3 0
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 505

1.2 1.6
Strain, %
 Magnesium (Mg)/579

Mg*040 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy cast, tensile

stress-strain curve at room temperature
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: «(room temperature) = 15.
Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M12330
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-43

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Mg.041 EZ33A-T5 m a g n e s i u m alloy sand cast plate,
e f f e c t of e n d chill o n tensile properties

T h i c k n e s s : 1 in. ( 2 5 m m ) and 2 in. ( 5 1 m m ) .

Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. U N S M 1 2 3 3 0
Source: B. Lagowski and J.W. Meier, Premium Strength in Sand-Cast
Magnesium Alloys, AFS Trans., Vol 72, 1964, p 673-685. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3404, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
 Magnesium (Mg)/581

30 210 Mg.042 EZ33A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

effect of exposure at elevated temperatures on
room-temperature tensile properties
Exposure: Composition: Mg-3RE-3Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M12330
J2 28 • 400 °f1 (204 °C) 196
A 500 °f - (260 °C) Source: "Magnesium Design," Form No. 141-91-457, Dow Chemical
• 600 °f- (316 °C) Co., 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3404, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 9
I 26
l 182

•±s
i 24
•
168
Z)

154

154

140

ur
xz
126

112

98

E
| 4
in

•2 2

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Exposure time, h
582/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.043 HK31A magnesium alloy separately cast bar,

tensile stress-strain curves
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M l 3 3 1 0
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
1990, p 505

0.6 0.8
Strain, %

Mg.044 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal. Typical yield strength: 21 °C (70 °F),
205 MPa (30 ksi); 149 °C (300°F), 165 MPa (24 ksi);
204 °C (400 °F), 145 MPa (21 ksi); 260 °C (500 °F),
115 MPa (17 ksi); 316 °C (600 °F) 48 MPa (7 ksi);
343 °C (650 °F), 28 MPa (4 ksi). Composition: Mg-3Th-
0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, 9th ed., Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals,
1979, p 558
 Magnesium (Mg)/583

300 Mg.045 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
transverse. Typical yield strength: 21 °C (70 °F), 205
MPa (30 ksi); 149 °C (300°F), 165 MPa (24 ksi); 204 °C
(400 °F), 145 MPa (21 ksi); 260 °C (500 °F), 115 MPa
(17 ksi); 316 °C (600 °F) 48 MPa (7 ksi); 343 °C
(650 °F), 28 MPa (4 ksi). Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr.
UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 558

0.8 1.2
Strain, %

300 Mg.046 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves
40
at various temperatures
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
30 Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 558
24 °C (75 °F)
149 °C (300 °F)
204 °C (400 °F)
260 °C (500 °F)~

316 °C (600 T )
10

343 °C (650 °F)

0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0

Strain, %
584/Magnesium (Mg)

300 Mg.047 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves
- 40
at various temperatures
250
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
transverse. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
30 Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
200 Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 558
24 °C (7 5 - F )
- 149 °C (30C)°F)
- 204 °C (40(
150
—- 260 °C (5()0 °F) — 20 £

i/
CO

100

316 °C; (600 °F)

10
50

/ / / 371 °C: (700 °F)

—
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
Strain,c

140 Mg.048 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 °C (400 >F)
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed
to elevated temperatures for 3 h before loading.
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 560

1.2 1.6
Strain,1
 Magnesium ( M g ) / 5 8 5

Mg.049 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 2 6 0 °C ( 5 0 0 °F)
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed
to elevated temperatures for 3 h before loading.
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 560

140
- 20
M g . 0 5 0 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,
isochronous stress-strain curves at 3 1 6 °C (600 °F)

120
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed
to elevated temperatures for 3 h before loading. Composi-
16 tion: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
100 Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 560
5 8 6 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

245 Mg.051 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,

70 °F (2
Longrtudirlal
— —
tensile stress-strain curves at room and
— — Transvers 9 elevated temperatures
A
210
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Typical shear
3l00 °F (149 °C)
ultimate strength in the lowest strength direction,
175 180 MPa (26.0 ksi) for sheet 0.406-6.350 mm (0.016-
0.250 in.) thick and plate 25.42-76.20 mm (1.001-
/ 4lDO °F (204 •C)
3.000 in.) thick. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS
M13310
5(Do"°F (260 °C) Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
<D Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,

I/
105 co Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 6

6(DO °F (316
M M 70

tr
. — — -— — ——

35

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Strain, %

Mg.052 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Typical
bearing ultimate strength in the lowest strength direction
with edge-to-diameter ratio of 2.5, 450 MPa (65.0 ksi) for
sheet 3.20-6.350 mm (0.126-0.250 in.) thick and plate
25.42-76.20 mm (1.001-3.000 in.) thick. Composition:
Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 9
 Magnesium (Mg)/587

182 Mg.053 HK31A-H24 magnesium alloy sheet, effect

of elevated temperatures on room-temperature
• 1
400 °F [204 °C)
compressive properties
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M l 3 3 1 0
168
Source: "Magnesium in Design" Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 7
154
(260 °C)
1
2

£
55
140

126
(316 °C)

' * --JP
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Exposure time, h

Mg.054 HK31A-0 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 559

Strain, %
588/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.055 HK31A-0 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
transverse. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M l 3 3 1 0
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 559

Mg.056 HK31A-0 magnesium alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.)- Test direction:
longitudinal. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 559
 Magnesium (Mg)/589

Mg.057 HK31A-0 magnesium alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Test direction:
transverse. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 559

210 Mg.058 HK31A-0 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

!LongitudirIlal stress-strain curves at room and elevated
Transvers e temperatures
175 Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Composition:
70 °F (21 °C) Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
140 Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 6
300 °l|-j149 °C)
105 <»
400 °l= (204 °C)
£
f ^ ^ to
500 °F (260 °C)
fa' 70

600 °lr (316 °C)

s
35

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Strain, %
590/Magnesium (Mg)

420 M g . 0 5 9 H K 3 1 A - 0 magnesium alloy sheet, c o m p l e t e

tensile stress-strain curves at l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s
- 4 2 14 °F (-25:r c ) - 3 2 3 °F ( - 1 9 7 ° C )
/ Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. U N S M l 3 3 1 0
350

A
Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 61—73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
280 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
- 1 0 9 °F (-78 °C

(0

210 »
80 °F i(27 °C) <d
<6

140

70

10 15 20 25 30 35
Strain, %

M g . 0 6 0 H K 3 1 A - 0 magnesium alloy sheet,

c o m p r e s s i v e stress-strain c u r v e s at r o o m and
elevated temperatures

Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. U N S M l 3 3 1 0
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 9
 Magnesium ( M g ) / 5 9 1

Mg.061 H K 3 1 A - 0 magnesium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 2 0 4 °C (400 °F)
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed
at testing temperature for 3 h before loading. Composi-
tion: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 561

Strain, %

Mg.062 H K 3 1 A - 0 magnesium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 2 6 0 °C (500 °F)
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed
at testing temperature for 3 h before loading. Composi-
tion: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 561
592/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.063 HK31A-0 magnesium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 316 °C (600 °F)
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens exposed
at testing temperature for 3 h before loading. Composi-
tion: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 561

Mg.064 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Specimens exposed at testing temperature for 3 h before
loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 583
 Magnesium (Mg)/593

150 Mg.065 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy separately cast

test bars, isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 °C
- 20 (400 °F)
. 15s
125 » iu
m nh Specimens exposed at testing temperature for 3 h before

Q
2_
100
I 15
loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 583

©
« 75
f 10

50
/ -

25

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8

Strain, %

150 Mg.066 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy separately cast

test bars, isochronous stress-strain curves at 260 °C
- 20
(500 °F)
125 Specimens exposed at testing temperature for 3 h before
1 5 ^
loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310

100
/ 10 h
15
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 583

75
10

50
t -

25

I
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Strain, %
 Mg.067 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy separately cast
test bars, isochronous stress-strain curves at 316 °C
(600 °F)
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 583

- 5

2.8

350 Mg.068 HK31A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast

test bar, complete tensile stress-strain curves
at low temperatures
Composition: Mg-3Th-0.7Zr. UNS M13310
Source: R.P. Reed, R.R Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures," ASTM STP
287, 1961, p 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3503, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
210 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7

co
140

70

15
 Magnesium (Mg)/595

Mg.069 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimens held at test
temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2Th-
0.8Mn. UNS M13210
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 562

Mg.070 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Specimens held at test
temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2Th-
0.8Mn. UNS M13210
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 562
596/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.071 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves
at various temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Specimens held at test
temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2Th-
0.8Mn. UNS M13210
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 562

Mg.072 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy

sheet, compressive stress-strain curves
- 20
at various temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Specimens held at test
temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-2Th-
24 ; (75 °F)
0.8Mn. UNS M13210
15
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 562

/ 10

/
/
-

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Strain, %
 Magnesium ( M g ) / 5 9 7

1
140 20 Mg.073 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet,
15 s ! 1 min isochronous stress-strain curves at 2 0 4 °C (400 f)
1h Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens held at
120 — 1 0 -
test temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-

CO
CL
S
100

wCO 80
1 -100
- 16

12.
2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M13210
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 563

60

40

20

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8

Strain, %

140 Mg.074 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 2 6 0 °C (500 F)
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens held at
test temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-
2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M13210
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 563

1.2 1.6
Strain, %
5 9 8 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

Mg.075 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 3 1 6 °C (600 °F)
Sheet thickness: 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Specimens held at
test temperature 3 h before testing. Composition: Mg-
2Th-0.8Mn. U N S M 1 3 2 1 0
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 563
 Magnesium (Mg)/599

210 Mg.076 HM21A-T8 magnesium alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
175 Top curves are for the longitudinal direction. Bottom
curve is transverse. Composition: Mg-2Th-0.8Mn. UNS
70 °F (21 M13210
D °F (149 °C)
140 Source: "Magnesium in Aerospace Design," Bulletin 141-213, Dow
^ - ^ 4 0 0 °F (204 °C)
Chemical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
(0 Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
°F (260 °C) Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
105 i
60!D °F (316 °C) £
55

/
70

/ 35

210

175

70 °F (:21 °C)
140

Q.

105 co-
co
£
55
/

/ 70

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
35

10
600/Magnesium (Mg)

40 280 Mg.077 HM21A-T81 magnesium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
35 245 Sheet thickness: 4.826 mm (0.190 in.). Composition: Mg-
^ 7 5 °F (24 °C)
2Th-0.8Mn. UNS M13210
30 210 Source: "Magnesium in Aerospace Design," Bulletin 141-213, Dow
300 °F (1 49 °C) Chemical Co., 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3504, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
25 175 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
500 °F (2i60 °C) (0
Q_
2
20 140
-b
03
J y 600 °F (^16 °C)
15
y 105

700 °F (3;71 °C)

10 -

/
sf 70
i

800 °F (4:27 °C)

J T / 35

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

400 Mg.078 HM31A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Extrusion ratio of 25:1 approximate. 50.8 x 25.4 mm
( 2 x 1 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal direction.
Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 566
 Magnesium (Mg)/601

350 Mg.079 HM31A magnesium alloy extrusion, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Extrusion ratio of 67:1 approximate. 9.525 x 50.8 mm
(0.375 x 2 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal
direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 566

0.6 0.8
Strain,'

250 Mg.080 HM31A magnesium alloy

35
extrusion, compressive stress-strain
curves at various temperatures
30 Extrusion ratio of 25:1 approximate. 50.8 x 25.4 mm
200
( 2 x 1 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal direction.
Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
25
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
150
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 566
24 °C (75 °F)
20 J2
149 °C (300 °F) ai
204 °C (400 °F)
t/)
£
260 °C (500 °F) aS
100 316 °C (600 °F)- 15

10

0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Strain, %
602/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.081 HM31A magnesium alloy

extrusion, compressive stress-strain
curves at various temperatures
Extrusion ratio of 67:1 approximate. 9.525 x 50.8 mm
(0.375 x 2 in.) rectangles tested in the longitudinal
direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M l 3 3 1 2
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 566

Strain, %

Mg.082 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion, stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in.2) cross section tested in
longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn.
UNS M13312
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141-
199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
 Magnesium (Mg)/603

M g . 0 8 3 HM31A-F m a g n e s i u m alloy extrusion,

c o m p r e s s i v e stress-strain c u r v e s at r o o m and
elevated temperatures

E x t r u s i o n s u p t o 2 5 . 8 c m 2 ( 4 . 0 in. 2 ) c r o s s s e c t i o n tested i n
longitudinal direction. C o m p o s i t i o n : M g - 3 T h - 1 . 5 M n .
UNS M13312
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 6

560 M g . 0 8 4 HM31A-F m a g n e s i u m alloy extrusion,

c o m p l e t e stress-strain curves at l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s
424 °F (-253 °C)
490 Tested i n longitudinal direction. C o m p o s i t i o n : M g - 3 T h -
1.5Mn. U N S M 1 3 3 1 2
- 3 2 3 °F (-197 °(i)
420 Source: R.P. Reed, R.P. Mikesell, and R.L. Greeson, "Some Mechanical
Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures " ASTM STP
e
109 F (-78 °C) 287, 1961, p 61-73. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
350 Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5

80 °F (27 °C)
280 g
£
<55
210

140

70

10 15 20
Strain, %
6 0 4 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

168 Mg.085 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

15s
isochronous stress-strain curves at 1 4 9 °C (300 F)
1 min

10 h Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in.2) cross section,

140 exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h prior to loading.
Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141-
112 199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8

84 w

56

28

0
0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2
Strain, %

M g . 0 8 6 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 2 0 4 °C (400 °F)
Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in.2) cross section,
exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h prior to loading.
Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M l 3 3 1 2
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141-
199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
 Magnesium ( M g ) / 6 0 5

24 168 Mg.087 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 2 6 0 °C (500 °F)
Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in.2) cross section,
20 1f> s 140
1 min exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h prior to loading.
30 min Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M13312
2h
5h Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141-
16 10 h 112 199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
"en

812
© 84
8
£
So

8 56

28

0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2°

Strain, %

20 140 M g . 0 8 8 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extrusion,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 3 1 6 °C (600 F)
Solid extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in.2) cross section,
exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h prior to loading.
16 112
Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M l 3 3 1 2
15s 1 min
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141-
10 min 199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
30 min Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
12 84 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
2h
5h
10 h
•b
CO
56

28

—1 0
0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2
Strain, %
606/Magnesium (Mg)

168 Mg.089 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extruded tubing,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 260 °C (500 °F)
25.4 cm (10 in.) OD x 8 mm (0.315 in.) wall. Short-time
/1 5s
140 tests after 5 s exposure to test temperature prior to
10 s loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M l 3 3 1 2
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions," Bulletin No. 141-
/
/
112 199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9

84 co-

se

1
28

0
0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2
Strain, %

168 Mg.090 HM31A-F magnesium alloy extruded tubing,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 316 °C (600 °F)
25.4 cm (10 in.) OD x 8 mm (0.315 in.) wall. Short-time
140 tests after 5 s exposure to test temperature prior to
loading. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M l 3 3 1 2
5s 10s 30 s
Source: "HM31XA Magnesium Alloy Extrusions " Bulletin No. 141-
- — " 5 min^-.— T o min
112 199, Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
min
84 <»

56

28

0
0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2
Strain, %
 Magnesium (Mg)/607

Mg.091 HM31A-T5 magnesium alloy

extrusion, stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Extrusions up to 25.8 cm 2 (4.0 in.2) cross section tested in
longitudinal direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn.
UNS M13312
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 4

Strain, %
6 0 8 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

Mg.092 HM31A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Top curves for extrusions with cross section less than
6.45 cm 2 (1 in.2). Bottom for extrusions with cross
section 6.45-25.8 cm 2 (1^4 in.2). Tested in longitudinal
direction. Composition: Mg-3Th-1.5Mn. UNS M l 3 3 1 2
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3505, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 6
 Magnesium (Mg)/609

Mg.093 HZ32A-T5 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

tensile stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Composition: Mg-3.2Th-2.1Zn-0.7Zr. UNS M13320
Source: "Design," Booklet by Magnesium Elektron Ltd. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3408, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3

20 Mg.094 HZ32A-T5 magnesium alloy separately sand

cast test bar, isochronous tensile stress-strain curves
18 at 204 °C (400 °F)
Specimens exposed to elevated temperature for 3 h before
- 16 loading. Composition: Mg-3.2Th-2.1Zn-0.7Zr. UNS
M13320
14
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 585
12 £
_ 2 min
CO
CO
15s. <1)
-

// 10 5
w
1h ~ \ o h

6
-

4
-

2
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4
Strain, %
6 1 0 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

I 224 Mg.095 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand

^ 68 °F (20 °C)
casting, stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
196

9
Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didymium is a
^ '302' F (150 °C)
natural mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
168

/ — ~392 r (200 °C)

140
praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS
M l 8220

/// -- 4 8 ?T (250 °C)

112 w
CO
Q_
Source: "Design," Booklet by Magnesium Elektron Ltd. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3406, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4

(O
fU 84

572' 5F (300 °C)

56

28

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0°

Strain, %

50 350 Mg.096 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy casting,

typical stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
RT, room temperature. Specimens exposed to elevated
40 280
temperatures for 0.5 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
^ R T n{RT) = 6.5, n{300 °F [or 149 °C]) = 7.9, n(400 °F [or
204 °C]) = 9.0, n(600 °F [or 314 °C]) = 4.8, n{700 °F [or
371 °C]) = 3.9. Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr.
30 300 °F; (149 °C)— 210
Didymium is a natural mixture of rare-earth elements
neodymium and praseodymium given the quasi-chemical

20
/ ^"^400 °Fj (204 °C)

500 °F; (260 °C)

140
-t
C0
symbol Di. UNS M l 8 2 2 0
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4~A1

J e —•— - 600 °F (3 16 °C)

/
10 70

— 700 °|F (371 °C)

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Magnesium ( M g ) / 6 1 1

Temperature, °C Mg.097 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast test

-240 -129 -18 93 204 316 427 bar, effect of temperature on tensile properties
60 420
F w ultimate tensile strength; Fty, tensile yield strength.
Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didymium is a
350 natural mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS
M l 8220
280 Source: J.B. Hallowell and H.R. Ogden, "An Introduction to
Magnesium Alloys," DMIC Report 206, Battelle Memorial Institute,
1964. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
i o. Code 3406, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
210 co
University, 1995, p 4
(A
<D
W

140

70
6 1 2 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

Mg.098 QE22A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast bar,

• ~ 48 2 °F (250 °C)
572 °F (:300 °C)
effect of overaging on tensile properties
Composition: Mg-2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didymium is a
natural mixture of rare-earth elements neodymium and
praseodymium given the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS
M l 8220
Source: "Crucible Melting of Magnesium Alloys," Bulletin No. 181-27,
Dow Chemical Co. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3406, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4

\ • X

•\ ^

\2 °F (250 °C)
A
•
A
572' T (300 °C)

20
0.1 10 10 10
Time, h
 Magnesium ( M g ) / 6 1 3

50 350 Mg.099 QE22A-T8 magnesium alloy sand cast, effect

of cold work on tensile properties
Ftu, ultimate tensile strength; Fty, tensile yield strength.
Effect of casting process is shown. Composition: Mg-
45 315
2.5Ag-2.0Di-0.4Zr. Didymium is a natural mixture of
rare-earth elements neodymium and praseodymium given
the quasi-chemical symbol Di. UNS M l 8 2 2 0
40 280 Source: B. Lagowski and J.W. Meier, Effect of Cold Work on Tensile
y v
y y CL Properties of Magnesium Alloys, AFS Trans., Vol 76, 1968, p 174-182.
2 As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code
3406, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
/ ^ * £
co
1995, p 4
35 x / 245
/ /
X /
y
/
s
30 210
/ /
x
Chilled casting
/
/ Uncihilled casting

25 1 175

Reduction, %
6 1 4 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

245 M g . 1 0 0 ZE10A-H24, Z E 1 0 A - 0 magnesium alloy

sheet, tensile stress-strain curves

210 Curves generated with a strain rate of 0.005/min. Solid

line curves for 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick sheet and dashed
line curves for 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) thick sheet.
175 Composition: Mg-lZn-0.2RE. UNS M16100
Source: "Stress-Strain Curve for ZE 10A (Sheet)" Dow Chemical Co.,
/Cft 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3602, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue

// University, 1995, p 2

105 £

/ 70

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
35

12

210 Mg.101 ZE10A-H24, Z E 1 0 A - 0 magnesium alloy

• sheet, compressive stress-strain curves
^ H24 Curves generated with a strain rate of 0.005/min. Solid
175 line curves for 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) thick sheet and dashed
/ line curves for 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) thick sheet.

/ 140
Composition: Mg-lZn-0.2RE. UNS M16100
Source: "Stress-Strain Curve for ZE 10A (Sheet)," Dow Chemical Co.,

r
L O
co
Q

105 co-
OT
_
1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3,
Code 3602, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 2

!
8
co

70

35

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Magnesium (Mg)/615

Mg.102 ZE41A-T5 magnesium alloy sand casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
RT, room temperature. Specimens exposed to elevated
temperatures for 0.5 h. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n{RT) = 3.6, «(212 °F [or 100 °C]) = 3.4, n{302 °F [or
150 °C]) = 3.1, «(392 °F [or 200 °C]) = 2.9. Composi-
tion: Mg-4Zn-1 RE-0.7Zr. UNS M16410
S. Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-52

Mg.103 ZE41A-T5 magnesium alloy separately sand

cast test bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
24 °C (7J>°F) _ 25 elevated temperatures
Composition: Mg-4Zn-lRE-0.7Zr. UNS M16410
Source: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals,
149 °c (:BOO °F) - 20 Vol 2, Metals Handbook, American Society for Metals, 1979, p 591

204 °C (<100 °F)

260 °C (!500 °F)

316 °C (<300 °F) _

10

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Strain, %
616/Magnesium (Mg)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
Mg.104 ZE41A-T5 magnesium alloy sand casting,
typical compressive stress-strain and tangent
modulus curves at room temperature
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: w(compression) = 3.7.
Composition: Mg-4Zn-lRE-0.7Zr. UNS M16410
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-52

105

70

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

210 Mg.105 ZH62A-T5 magnesium alloy sand

//
80°F(27 casting, complete tensile stress-strain curves
at various temperatures
175 Strain rate: 0.03/min. Composition: Mg-5.7Zn-l.5Th-
0.7Zr. UNS M l 6 6 2 0
Source: H.E. Dedman, E.J. Wheelahan, and J.R. Kattus, 'Tensile
140 Properties of Aircraft Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading
^ 300 °F 149
( °C) after Rapid Heating," WADC Technical Report 58-440, Part 1, ASTIA
CO Doc. No. 206074, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Q.
Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3407, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
105 coCO
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
<D
CO

70
450 °F (230 °C)

35

600 °lF (316 °C)

6 9 12 15
Strain, %
 Magnesium (Mg)/617

Mg.106 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy

extrusion, typical tensile stress-strain curves
at room temperature
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: «(room temperature) = 7.0.
Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M l 6 6 0 0
Source: MIL-HDBK 5H, Dec 1998, p 4-23

Mg.107 ZK60A-F, -T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curves at room
temperature
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse;
ST, short transverse. Curves for extrusions in different
conditions, orientations, and section sizes. Composition:
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
210 Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
(0_
Q Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
175 n Purdue University, 1995, p 4

140

Strain, %
6 1 8 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

Temperature, °C Mg.108 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

490 of temperature on tensile properties
Test direction: longitudinal. Ftu, ultimate tensile strength;
Fty, tensile yield strength. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr.
420
UNS M l 6 6 0 0
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
350
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 8
1u

210 co

140

70

—400 -200 0 200 400 600

Temperature, °F
 Magnesium (Mg)/619

100 700 M g . 1 0 9 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

stress-strain c u r v e s at r o o m and l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s

Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. U N S M 1 6 6 0 0

560 Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
80
'The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at
Very Low Temperatures," Battelle Memorial Institute, WADC TR58-
386, 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
60 420 Purdue University, 1995, p 8
-42: \ °F (-253 ° C > \ A
i X
- 3 2 1' °F (-196 °<

^ ^ 1 0 8 ° F (-78 °C)

40 280
r 7 9 ° F ( : 26 °C)

20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Temperature, °C M g . 1 1 0 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

-18 38 93 149 204 260 of elevated temperature o n tensile properties
60 420
Test direction: longitudinal. F w ultimate t e n s i l e strength;
Fty, t e n s i l e y i e l d strength. C o m p o s i t i o n : M g - 5 . 5 Z n - 0 . 5 Z r .
50 350 UNS Ml6600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
^ X Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
40 280 Purdue University, 1995, p 8
V \
V *
V "
30 ^ x 210 w
F
ty

n N
\
20 * 140

Exposuire
10 — 10 min 70
, i p
- 1000h
— -

200 300 400 500

Temperature, °F
6 2 0 / M a g n e s i u m (Mg)

Mg.111 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion,

compressive stress-strain curve at room temperature
Tested in longitudinal direction. Extrusions with cross-
sectional area less than 12.90 cm 2 ( 2.000 in.2). Composi-
tion: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
Source: MIL HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 4-23

280 Mg.112 ZK60A-F, ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy

i i r
<2 in? (12.9 cm2) (L)
2-3 inf (12.9-19.4 cm2) (L)~ 245
^3-5 in.2 (19.4-32.2 cm2) (L)
L 210
175
5 - 4 0 in? (32.2-258 cm2) (L)
5-40 in. (32.2-258 cm2) (LT)
140 w
5-40 inf (32.2-258 cm2) (ST)
extrusion, compressive stress-strain curves
at room temperature
Test direction: L, longitudinal; LT, long transverse;
ST, short transverse. Curves for extrusions in different
conditions, orientations, and section sizes. Composition:
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
OJ Purdue University, 1995, p 6
<D
CO

105

70
• T5
•F
35

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Strain, %
 Magnesium (Mg)/621

M g . 1 1 3 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy extrusion, effect

of elevated temperature o n compressive yield
strength at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e

Test direction: longitudinal. C o m p o s i t i o n : M g - 5 . 5 Z n -

0.5Zr. U N S M l 6 6 0 0
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
175 Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 6

140 ri
&
CO
105

M g . 1 1 4 ZK60A-T5 m a g n e s i u m alloy forging,

i s o c h r o n o u s s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e s a t 1 4 9 ° C ( 3 0 0 °F)

A x i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m aircraft w h e e l rim. C o m p o s i t i o n :
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. U N S M l 6 6 0 0
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10

Strain, %
622/Magnesium (Mg)

20 140 M g . 1 1 5 ZK60A-T5 m a g n e s i u m alloy forging,

i s o c h r o n o u s stress-strain c u r v e s at 2 0 4 °C ( 4 0 0 F)

A x i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m aircraft w h e e l rim. C o m p o s i t i o n :
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. U N S M 1 6 6 0 0
16 112
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
5s Purdue University, 1995, p 10
30 s
12 >
84
CO
Q-
5
•2 min
<D
•5 min £
GO
GO
56

15 rnin

-1 h
28

5h

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

Strain, %

20 140 M g . 1 1 6 ZK60A-T5 m a g n e s i u m alloy forging,

i s o c h r o n o u s stress-strain c u r v e s at 2 6 0 °C ( 5 0 0 F)

A x i a l s p e c i m e n s f r o m aircraft w h e e l rim. C o m p o s i t i o n :
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. U N S M 1 6 6 0 0
16 112
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10
12 84
1
2

£
55
56
^5s
' 30 s

• 2 min
28
•
—•—'
15 min
1h

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0

Strain, %
 Magnesium (Mg)/623

40 280 Mg.117 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging/ stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
35 245 Forged at 316 °C (600 °F) from extruded material
75 °F (24 °C) Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
30 210 Source: Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties
and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, p 1095-1112. As published in Aerospace
25 175 Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
(0 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7

20 140 »
& £
CO
300 °F (149 °C)
CO

15 105

10 / 400 °F (2 04 ° C ) — 70

/A 500 °F (260 °C)

600 °F (316 °C)
35

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Strain, %

40 iI 280 Mg.118 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging, stress-

75 °F (24• °C) strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
35 245 Forged at 316 °C (600 °F) from extruded material.
Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M l 6 6 0 0
30 210 Source: Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties
and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, p 1095-1112. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA

/
25 175
CO
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
300 °F (149 °C)
8 20 140 »
5 S

/
CO

15 400 °F (2 04 °C) 105

10 70

500 °F (2!60 °C)

i 35
600 °F (316 °C)

0.2 0.4 ).6 0.* 1.0 1.2 1

Strain, %
 75 °F (24 °C)
280 Mg.119 ZK60A-T5 magnesium alloy forging, stress-
strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
245 Forged at 427 °C (800 °F) from cast material.
Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
210 Source: Properties of .Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties
and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8 th ed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, p 1095-1112. As published in Aerospace
300 °F (149 °C) 175
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7

140 »
£
CO

co
4 0 0 °F (204 °C) 105

70

500 °F (260 °C)

35
6 0 0 °F (316 °C)

1.0 1.2

280 Mg.120 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging, stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
245 Forged at 427 °C (800 °F) from cast material.
Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
210 Source: Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys, Properties
and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, 8th ed., Metals Handbook, American
Society for Metals, 1961, p 1095-1112. As published in Aerospace
175
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7

140 co

-t
co
105
 Magnesium (Mg)/625

Temperature, °C Mg.121 ZK60A-T5, ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy

-18
50
38 93 149 204
50
forging, effect of temperature on tensile properties
\ Longitudinal specimens. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr.

.\ \
V s. T5
- L -
UNS Ml6600
T6
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
280 Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
X ^ 1
\ Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 8
\ N
\ v \ 210
X j y r ^

V v \ \
» £
CO
140

/ N N

70

200 300 400 500

Temperature, °F
626/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.122 ZK60A-T5, ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy roll-

forged rings, effect of rolling reduction and
orientation on compressive yield strength
Top: T5; bottom: T6. Roll forged rings produced directly
from cast blanks. Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS
Ml 6600
Source: "Magnesium Rolled Rings," Code 0.4 JFP/HB, Dow Chemical
Co., 1964. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 6
 Magnesium (Mg)/627

Mg.123 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 149 °C (300 °F)
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims.
Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10

196 Mg.124 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 204 °C (400 °F)

168
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims.
Composition: Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
140 Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
^ 5s Purdue University, 1995, p 10

0s
2 min

—10 min 84 £
%
30 min

• 2h
56

10 h

28

0
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Strain, %
628/Magnesium (Mg)

Mg.125 ZK60A-T6 magnesium alloy forging,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 260 °C (500 °F)
Axial specimens from aircraft wheel rims. Composition:
Mg-5.5Zn-0.5Zr. UNS M16600
Source: "Magnesium in Design," Form No. 141-213-67, Dow Chemical
Co., 1967. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3506, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10

35 245 Mg.126 ZK61A-T5, ZK61A-T6 magnesium alloy

_ T6
sand cast test bar, stress-strain curves for
T5 various conditions
30 210
Composition: Mg-6Zn-0.8Zr. UNS Ml6600
Source: J.W. Meier and M.W. Martinson, Development of High-
25 175 Strength Magnesium Casting Alloy ZK61, Trans. AFS, Vol 58, 1950,
As cast p 742-751. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 3, Code 3409, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Cast and iiged at 75 °F Purdue University, 1995, p 4
•55 20 (24 °C) 2 rnonths 140

0)
15 105 co

/
10 70

/ 0.2 0.4
Strain, %
0.6 0.8
35

1.0
 Magnesium (Mg)/629

Temperature, °C Mg.127 ZK61A-T6 magnesium alloy sand cast test

-18
50
38 93 149 bar, effect of temperature on tensile properties
F w ultimate tensile strength; Fty, tensile yield strength.
Composition: Mg-6Zn-08Zr. UNS M16600
Source: J.W. Meier, Characteristics of High-Strength Magnesium
280 Casting Alloy ZK61, Trans. AFS, Vol 61, 1953, p 719-728. As pub-
• lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 3, Code 3409,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 4
210
CL
5

140

70

200 400
Temperature, °F
 Nickel (Ni)/631

Nickel (Ni)
Ni.001 Ni 200 annealed nickel sheet, engineering
stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.787 mm
(0.031 in.). Commercially pure nickel (UNS N02200).
0.2% yield strength = 185 MPa (26.9 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 434 MPa (63.0 ksi); elongation =
39.5%; strength coefficient (.K) = 138.2; strain-hardening
exponent (n) = 0.387. Composition: Ni 99.0 min
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

30 210 Ni.002 Ni 200 annealed nickel sheet, engineering

stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.787 mm
(0.031 in.). Commercially pure nickel (UNS N02200).
0.2% yield strength = 180 MPa (26.1 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 414 MPa (60.1 ksi); elongation =
20 140 co 39.0%. Composition: Ni 99.0 min
Q.
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
632/Nickel (Ni)

1120 Ni.003 B-1900 as-cast and heat treated nickel alloy,

stress-strain curves at room temperature
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Heat treatment: 1065 °C
(1950 °F), 4 h, rapid air cooled + 899 °C (1650 °F), 10 h,
air cooled. Curves given for various ultimate strengths.
Composition: Ni-10Co-8Cr-6Mo-6Al-4Ta-l(Ti + C +
Zr + B)
Source: Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Communication to MPDC. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4213,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 13

0.6 0.8
Strain, %

1120 Ni.004 B-1900 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

curves at room temperature
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Curves given for various
ultimate strengths. Composition: Ni-10Co-8Cr-6Mo-6Al-
4Ta-l(Ti + C + Zr + B)
840
Source: Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Communication to MPDC. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4213.
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 13

560 w

280

0.6 0.8
Strain,£
 Nickel (Ni)/633

160 1120 Ni.005 B-1900 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

109 ksi (752 MPa), 1200 °F (649 °C) curves at elevated temperature
110 ksi (758 MPa), 1400 °F (760 °C)
25.4 mm (1 in.) gage length. Curves given for various
78 ksi (538 MPa), 1800 °F (982 °C)
27 ksi (186 MPa), 2000 °F (1093 °C)
ultimate strengths and test temperatures. Composition:
Ni-10Co-8Cr-6Mo-6 Al-4Ta-1 (Ti + C + Zr + B)
120 840
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4213,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995,p 15
634/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.006 Inco 713LC nickel alloy, true stress-strain

flow curves in interrupted tests
Effects of prestrain at 0.98/s (top) and 0.09/s (bottom) on
flow curves at different strain rates (s_1) and 1050 °C.
Composition: 74Ni-12Cr-6Al-4.5Mo
Source: J.P.A. Immarigeon and P.H. Floyd, Microstructural Instabilities
During Superplastic Forging of a Nickel-Base Superalloy Compact, as
published in Production to Near Net Shape Source Book, American
Society for Metals, 1983, p 347
 Nickel (Ni)/635

700 Ni.007 Inconel 713C cast nickel alloy, compressive

yield stress-strain curve at 1177 °C (2150 °F)
560
Specimen diameter = 9.5 mm (0.375 in.). As cast in
vacuum of (10-3 Hg). Held at temperature a minimum of
420 15 min before test. Composition: Ni-13Cr-6Al-4Mo-2Nb-
CD
Q_ 0.7Ti. UNS N07713
350 «^
0) Source: D.R. Carnahan, D.S. Michlin, and V. DePierre, "Extrusion of
0)
Refractory Metals and SuperalloysAFML-TR-66-344, Dec 1966,
280 " p 137. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4,
03 Code 4119, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue

cr
210 1 University, 1995, p 16
0.235
ct = 28.fi
le
£
o
o
140

>

70
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 10
Strain rate, 0.1s

Ni.008 Inconel 713C rolled and heat treated nickel

alloy sheet, effect of strain rate on ultimate tensile
strength at 1038 °C (1900 °F)
Rolled from 2.54-0.381 mm (0.10-0.015 in.). Heat
treatment: 1177 °C (2150 °F), 40 h + 871 °C (1600 °F),
B 24 h. Composition: Ni-13Cr-6Al-4Mo-2Nb-0.7Ti.
| UNS N07713
£ Source: H. Greenewald, Jr. and T.J. Riley, "Development of a Nickel-
§ Base Alloy Sheet for High Temperature Applications,'" ASD-TDR-62-
w 869, April 1963, p 86. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
| Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4119, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
g Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13
636/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.009 Incoloy C276 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.067 mm
(0.042 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 385 MPa (55.8 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 839 MPa (121.7 ksi);
elongation = 58.2%. Composition: 57.25Ni-15.5Cr-5.5
Fe-3.75W-2.5Co. UNS N10276
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

490

Ni.010 Incoloy C276 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

1\
420
engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.067 mm

/ 350 (0.042 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 372 MPa (53.9 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 812 MPa (117.8 ksi);
elongation = 55.8%. Composition: 57.25Ni-15.5Cr-5.5

/ 280 Fe-3.75W-2.5Co. UNS N10276

Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

/ 210 «

/ 140

/ 4
Strain x 0.001
6
70

10
 Nickel (Ni)/637

Ni.011 Inconel 600 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.864 mm
(0.034 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 332 MPa (48.1 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 747 MPa (108.4 ksi);
elongation = 37.5%. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.
UNS N06600
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

420 Ni.012 Inconel 600 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.864 mm
350 (0.034 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 328 MPa (47.6 ksi);
\ ultimate tensile strength = 721 MPa (104.5 ksi);
elongation = 37.0%. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.
280 co UNS N06600
Q.
2 Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

/
210

// 140 w

70

3 4 5
Strain x 0.001
638/Nickel (Ni)

140 Ni.013 Inconel 600 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

1300 °F (704 °C) isochronous stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
112
/
Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm (0.060 in.). Cold work 20%,
(
+ anneal at 1038 °C (1900 °F), 4.5 min. Tested in argon
f 84 <Q.
? at temperature. Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe.
5 UNS N06600
Source: J.R. Wier, Jr., D.A. Douglas, and W.D. Manly, "Inconel as a
( 56 £
Structural Material for a High Temperature Fused Salt Reactor," ORNL-
100 h ^ ^ Rupture
2264, June 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
500 h Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4101, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
1000 h-V--—*
28 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
2000 h

1500 °F (816 °C) /

^ / //
/ 42
/

V 28
100 h ^

500 h ^ ^ ^ Z ^
mm
IUUU nh •—
V Rupture
14
2000 h

1650 °F (899 °C)

42

J 28
/

* 14
100 h ? (
Rupture
H
500
1000 h — "20SD h
0
0.1 100
Total strain,
 Nickel (Ni)/639

140 Ni.014 Inconel 600 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

1300 °F (704 °C) isochronous stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
112
Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm (0.060 in.). Annealed at
1
1121 °C (2050 °F), 2 h. Tested in argon at temperature.
84 Composition: 72Ni-15.5Cr-8Fe. UNS N06600
Source: J.R. Wier, D.A. Douglas, and W.D. Manly, "Inconel as a
Structural Material for a High Temperature Fused Salt Reactor," ORNL-
56 &
CO
2264, June 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
100 h ^ - — Rupture
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4101, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
500h Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
28
1000h 2000 h

0
56

1500 °F (816 °C)

y v
42
^• / / /

-A 28 «

' ' (
Rupture
100
14
500 h —

2000 h
0
42

1650 °F (899 °C)

28 co
Q_
5
r— /
14 '

100h ^ ^ J ^ ^ s
Rupture
1000 h -2000 h
0
0.1 10 100
Total strain, %
640/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.015 IN 100 as-cast nickel alloy, stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
Composition: Ni-15Co-10Cr-5.5Al-4.7Ti-3Mo-0.95V.
UNS N13100
Source: W.F. Simmons and R.B. Gunia, "Compilation of Trade Names,
Specifications, and Producers of Stainless Alloys and Superalloys,"
ASTM Data Series DS 45, 1969, p 7, 10, 115, revised by personal com-
munication, Metcut to MPDC 13 June 1978. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4212, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24

Ni.016 IN 100 nickel alloy, cast and JO coated,

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Cast to 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) diam bar; 50.8 mm (2 in.)
gage length. JO coated by TRW with PWA A47 coating
plus 1079 °C (1975 °F), 4 h in vacuum, + rapid argon
quenched. Composition: Ni-15Co-10Cr-5.5Al-4.7Ti-
3Mo-0.95V. UNS N13100
Source: W.F. Simmons and R.B. Gunia, "Compilation of Trade Names,
Specifications, and Producers of Stainless Alloys and Superalloys,"
ASTM Data Series DS 45, 1969, p 7, 10, 123. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4121, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
 Nickel (Ni)/641

Ni.017 Inconel 702 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-

strain curves at various temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.016 mm (0.040 in.). Heat treatment:
1079 °C (1975 °F), 0.5 h, air cooled + 760 °C (1400 °F),
5 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-3Al-0.5Ti.
UNS N07702
Source: "Research Investigation to Determine Mechanical Properties of
Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys for Inclusion in Military Handbook 5,"
Vol I, II, TDR No. ML-TDR-64-116, 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3

Ni.018 Inconel 702 nickel alloy sheet, compressive

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.016 mm
(0.040 in.). Heat treatment: 1079 °C (1975 °F), 0.5 h, air
cooled + 760 °C (1400 °F), 5 h, air cooled. Composition:
Ni-15Cr-3 A1-0.5TL UNS N07702
Source: "Research Investigation to Determine Mechanical Properties of
Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys for Inclusion in Military Handbook 5,"
Vol I, II, TDR No. ML-TDR-64-116, 1964. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 3
642/Nickel (Ni)

84 Ni.019 MA 6000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened

nickel alloy, rolled product, tensile stress-strain
curve at 1100 °C (2012 °F)
70 As hot rolled. Average grain diam 0.26 {im. Strain rate =
~2.0/s. Calculated assuming uniform deformation.
Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0
56 Ta-1.1Y203
Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengthened
Alloys, Metall Trans., Vol 16A (No. 5), 1985, p 777-787. As published
42
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code #4122,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 16
28

14

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

True strain

1400 Ni.020 MA 6000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened

nickel alloy bar, compressive stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
Rc)om temperatiire
/ I
Annealed at 1000 °C (1832 °F), 1 h, air cooled in argon-
/ 75:2 °F (400 °C)
/ V I 10% hydrogen. Grain aspect ratio = 17:1. Initial strain
1050
/ / 1112 °F (600 °C) rate = 0.00015/s. Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-
1472 °F (800 °C) 2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0Ta-1.1Y203
Source: B. Reppich, W. Listl, and T. Meyer, Particle-Strengthening
Mechanisms in ODS Superalloys, Conf. High Temperature Alloys for
1562 °F( 850 °C) Gas Turbines and Other Applications 1986 (Liege, Belgium), 1986,
700 g
Part II, p 1023-1035. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4122, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

looz r \ 1000 °C)

350

2192 QF (1200 °C)

0
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
True strain
 Nickel (Ni)/643

Ni.021 MA 6000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened

nickel alloy bar, effect of strain rate on true stress-
strain curves at 760 °C (1400 °F)
Test direction: longitudinal. Annealed bar with coarse,
elongated grain structure. Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-
4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0Ta-1.1Y203
Source: E.G. Jacobs, "Understanding the Stress-Resisting Creep and
to Hot Tensile Deformation in ODS Superalloys," Dissertation, Columbia
^ University, UMI Dissertation Information Service, 1990. As published
tn in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4122,
<!> CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
5 1995, p 16

420 Ni.022 MA 6000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened

/ nickel alloy bar, as hot rolled, effect of strain rate
1652°F (900 °C
280 and temperature on flow stress of fine-grained alloy
Average grain diameter: 0.26 jLim. Composition:
[ 'rf Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0Ta-1.1 Y2Os
140
/ C Source: J.K. Gregory, J.C. Gibeling, and W.D. Nix, High Temperature
•
/
c )Y
/ Deformation of Ultra-Fine-Grained Oxide Dispersion Strengthened
Alloys, MetalL Trans., Vol 16A (No. 5), 1985, p 777-787. As published

y
pr
>i 70
56
2
g
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code #4122,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 18
t
42

1832I °F (10()0 ° C ) /
28
f 2 0 1 2 ' °F (110() - C )
/ A
A
/
14

0 /

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Strain rate, %/h
644/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.023 MA 6000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened

nickel alloy rod, cyclic and monotonic stress-strain
curves at various temperatures
Annealed: 1232 °C (2250 °F), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 954 °C
(1750 °F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 °C (1550 °F), 24 h, air
cooled. Solid line: Cyclic load, R = -1, strain rate =
10_2/s. Dashed line monotonic, strain rate not reported.
Composition: Ni-15Cr-4.5Al-4.0W-2.5Ti-2.0Mo-2.0
Ta-1.1Y203
Source: M. Marchionni, D. Ranucci, and E. Picco, Influence of
Environment on High Temperature Low Cycle Failure of an Oxide
Dispersion Strengthened Nickel Base Superalloy, Conf. High
Temperature Materials for Power Engineeing 1990 (Liege, Belgium),
Part II, 1990, p 1195-1204. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4122, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24

Ni.024 Inconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Sheet heat treated to an ultimate strength of 1069 MPa
(155 ksi). Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-lNb-0.7Al.
UNS N07750
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Mechanical
Properties Data Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1981, p 9
 Nickel (Ni)/645

1120 Ni.025 Inconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
- 4 2 3 °F ( - 2 5 3 °C) _
980 Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm
^ ^320°F (-196 °C)
(0.050 in.). Precipitation-treated condition: 982 °C
(1800 °F), 1 h, force cooled to 704 °C (1300 °F), held
840
- " " " T o ° F ( :21 ° C ) 20 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-lNb-
0.7A1. UNS N07750
700
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar and Cast
Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Rocketdyne, R-7564,
30 Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
560 co
Vol 4, Code 4105, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
g
co Purdue University, 1995, p 16

/ 420

/ 280

/ 4

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

6 10
140

280 1960 Ni.026 Inconel X-750 nickel alloy bar, complete

stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
- 4 2 3 °F ( - 2 5 3 °C)

240
. I 1680 Bar diameter = 3.81 mm (0.150 in.). Precipitation-treated
- 3 2 0 ° F ( - 1 S16 ° C )
condition: solution treated + 704 °C (1300 °F), 20 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-lNb-0.7Al.
200 1400 UNS N07750
-110 °F ( - 7 9 °C)
Source: K. A. Warren and R.P. Reed, "Tensile and Impact Properties of
I Selected Materials From 20 to 300 K," Monograph 63, National Bureau
\ Room t emperatijre
-co 160 of Standards, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4105, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
8
<D
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 16
120

840 co

80

560

40 280

0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Strain, in./in.
646/Nickel (Ni)

120
I
840 Ni.027 Inconel X-750 nickel alloy sheet, compressive
Room tenl peratu stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
400, 600 °F (20
100 700 Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet
^ 800 °F (427 °C )
thickness = 1.63 mm (0.064 in.). Precipitation-treated
condition: annealed, + 704 °C (1300 °F), 20 h, air cooled.
80 560 Composition: Ni-15Cr-7Fe-2.5Ti-lNb-0.7Al.
/f/f\
/ / /
30 °F1(538
0(

1200 °F (649°C)
°C) UNS N07750
Source: PJ. Hughes, J.E. Inge, and S.B. Prasser, "Tensile and
Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Some High-Strength Sheet
60 420 </>
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," NACA TN-3315, Nov 1954. As pub-
&
0) lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4105,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995,p 19
40 280

20 140

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ni.028 Udimet 700 wrought nickel alloy, typical

stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
Fully heat treated. Composition: Ni-18Co-15Cr-5Mo-
4.5Al-3.5Ti-0.03B
Source: "Udimet 700-Alloy Performance Data," Brochure No. 8595,
Kelsey Hays Co., Metal Division, 1959. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4207, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18
 Nickel (Ni)/647

Ni.029 Udimet 700 nickel alloy bar, stress-offset

strain curves at room temperature
Round bar (9.373 mm, or 0.369 in., diam) and sheet
0.368 x 0.012 in. (2 grains thick) specimens machined
from 25.4 mm (1 in.) diam round bar. Heat treated in
argon atmosphere: solution at 1163 °C (2125 °F) for 4 h,
forced air cooled, primary age at 1079 °C (1975 °F), 4 h,
forced air cooled, stabilized 843 °C (1550 °F), 4 h, forced
air cooled, final aging 760 °C (1400 °F), 16 h, forced air
cooled. Sheet was spark machined, hand polished, and
electropolished from the round bar. Composition: Ni-
18Co-15Cr-5Mo-4.5Al-3.5Ti-0.03B
Source: C.H. Wells and C.P. Sullivan, The Low Cycle Fatigue
Characteristics of a Nickel Base Superalloy at Room Temperature,
Trans. ASM Quart., Vol 57, 1964, p 841-855

980 Ni.030 Nimonic 75 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)

840
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 3.0 mm
(0.118 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 387 MPa (56.1 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 797 MPa (115.6 ksi);
700 elongation = 36.7%. Composition: Ni-19.5Cr-0.4Ti.
(0 UNS N06075
Q_
2 Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
560 w

420

280

140
Nli.031 Nimonic 75 annealed nickel alloy sheet,
engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 3.0 mm
(0.118 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 385 MPa (55.9 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 799 MPa (115.9 ksi);
elongation = 36.7%. Composition: Ni-19.5Cr-0.4Ti.
UNS N06075
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 Nickel (Ni)/649

1120 160 1120

^ 1
Room temperature

980
800 °lF (427 °C)
1
1200 °lF (649 °C)
840

/ 700

//
// 1600 °lF (871 °C)
560 to'
CO
fi
CO
Q.

420

280

1800 IF (982 °C)- 140

/

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in. Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(b)
1120 1120
I
Room temperature 160
Room temperature
/ 980 980
800 °F| (427 °C)
140 / 1000 °F (538 °C)
1200°F (649 °C) 1200
° F C649 ° c )
7 i i
840 840

/
i4UU r (/6IJ U)

j 120

fs
f\
1600 °F (871 °C)
700 700

//
CO
Q.

///
100
^ 1600 °F (JB71 °C)

//// t — 1800 0 F (982 °C)

560 «T

420
"w

& 80
60
1/1/
560

420

// 2000 °F (1093 °C)

280 40
¥ 280

// 1800 °F (9J32 °C)

140 20 140

0
4 6 8 10 12 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Strain, 0.001 in./in. Strain, in./in.
(c) (d)

Ni.032 Rene 41 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet solution treated 1066 °C (1950 °F), 0.5 h, rapid air cooled, aged 760 °C (1400 °F), 16 h, air cooled, (a) Sheet thickness =
1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate = 0.00060 in./in./min. (b) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate = 0.060 in./in./min.
(c) Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.). Strain rate = 6 in./in./min. (d) Sheet thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Strain rate =
0.005 in./in./min. Composition: Ni-19Cr-llCo-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-l.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: "Mechanical Properties of Rene 41 Sheet Materials," Report No. BLR 61-21(M), Bell Aerosystem Co., 29 June 1962; "Tensile and Creep Properties of
0.010 and 0.050 Inch Rene 41 Alloy Sheet from Room Temperature to 2000F," Report PR 281-1Q-1, The Marquardt Corp., 12 Sept 1962. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 34
650/Nickel (Ni)

280 1960 Ni.033 Rene 41 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-strain

I I
-A2\ 3 °F (-253 curves at room and low temperatures
3 -

1680
Bar diameter = 19.05 mm (0.750 in.). Heat treatment:
240
- 3 2 0 °F (-196 °C) 1079 °C (1975 °F), 4 h, water quenched, + 760 °C
-110 °F (- 7 9 °C)
(1400 °F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-llCo-
200 1400 9.8Mo-3.2Ti-1.5A1-0.006B. UNS N07041
7C) °F (21 °C0 ^ Source: F.R. Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, R.D. Keys, and T.F. Kieffer,
"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," ML-TDR-64-280, Air Force
-55 160 1120; Materials Laboratory Report, Aug 1964; K.A. Warren and R.R Reed,
"Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to 300
degrees K," Monograph 63, National Bureau of Standards, June 1963.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code
120 840 co
4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 34

80 560

40 280

0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28

Strain, in./in.
 Nickel (Ni)/651

160 I
1120 160 1120
Room ternperature
Room teniperature

140 980 140 980

800 °F (427 °C)
800 °F (4 27 °C)
1200 °F (649 °C)
120 840 120 840
1200 °F (I349 °C)
/
700
/
100 100 700

///
1600 °F (871 °C) CO
1600 ° F (871 °C) £L

i
////
80 560 80 560 to
W
CD

V/
55
60 420 60

40
V 280 40
420

1800 °F(!982 °C) 1800 °F( 982 °C)

4- L 280
/
20 140 20
/ 2000 °F ( 1093°C)
/ 2000 °F ( 1093 °C) /
140

I
4 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in. Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(a) (b)

160 1120

Room temperature
140 980
800 T (427 °C)

1200 °F (649 °C)

120 840

/
100
/ 700

// Q.
CO

£8
///
80 560 w

w
0>
60 420

40
f 1600 °l1 (871 °C)

280

20 140
1800 °f1 (982 °C)
j^
^C—
2000 °F (1093 °C)
6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(c)

Ni.034 Rene 41 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stress-strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Strain rate = (a) 6 in./in./min. (b) 0.6 in./in./min. (c) 0.0006 in./in./min. Heat treatment: 1079 °C (1975 °F), 0.5 h, water
quenched + 760 °C (1400 °F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-llCo-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-l.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: P.R. Dioguardo and R.D. Lloyd, "Investigation of the Effects of Rapid Loading and Elevated Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties of Compressive
and Column Members," ASD-TR-62-199, Jan 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4205, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 43
652/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.035 Rene 41 nickel alloy forged bar and turbine

wheel forging, stress-strain curves at 538 °C
(1000 °F)
Heat treatment: 1079 °C (1975 °F), 2 h, oil quenched, +
774 °C (1425 °F), 16 h, air cooled. Wheel yield strength
= 883 MPa (128 ksi); ultimate strength = 1220 MPa
(177 ksi). Bar yield strength = 841 MPa (122 ksi);
ultimate strength = 1151 MPa (167 ksi). Composition:
Ni-19Cr-llCo-9.8Mo-3.2Ti-l.5Al-0.006B. UNS N07041
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Mechanical
Properties Data Center, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1978, p 22

Ni.036 Inconel 718 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm
(0.060 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 346 MPa (50.2 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 820 MPa (118.9 ksi);
elongation = 53.8%. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb
+ Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 Nickel (Ni)/653

Ni.037 Inconel 718 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm
(0.060 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 348 MPa (50.5 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 821 MPa (119.0 ksi);
elongation = 52.8%. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb
+ Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

1260

• B
C
1120 Ni.038 Inconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain
curves with effect of heat treatment conditions
980
Sheet thicknesses = 17.78 and 2.54 mm (0.70 and 0.100
in.). Heat treatment: A: 954 °C (1750 °F), 0.5 h, air
840
cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), 10 h, force cooled, to 621 °C
CO
(1150 °F), + 621 °C (1150 °F) for total age time 20 h, air
700 S= cooled. Or 1010 °C (1850 °F), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 718 °C
(1325 °F), 10 h, force cooled to 635 °C (1175 °F), +
560
i 635 °C (1175 °F) for total age time 20 h, air cooled. B:
1066 °C (1950 °F), 0.5 h, air cooled, + 760 °C (1400 °F),
420 10 h, force cooled to 649 °C (1200 °F), + 649 °C
(1200 °F) for total age time of 20 h, air cooled. C:
280 1121 °C (2050 °F), 0.5 h, air cooled + 760 °C (1400 °F),
10 h, force cooled to 649 °C (1200 °F), + 649 °C
140
(1200 °F) for total age time of 20 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-
0.5Al. UNS N07718
0.4 ).8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Source: "Effect of Heat Treatment and Surface Oxidation on the Low-
Strain, %
Cycle Fatigue Life of Alloy 718," Report MPR No. 9-176A-77,
Rocketdyne, May 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 42
654/Nickel (Ni)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ni.039 Inconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, typical tensile
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 and compressive stress-strain and compressive
I r ^400
L compression tangent modulus curves at room temperature
" \ T , com 3iression
/ Test direction: longitudinal (L) and long transverse (LT).
Sheet thickness = 0.254-6.35 mm (0.010-0.250 in.).
1120
Solution treated and aged Inconel 718, heat-resistant
L and LT, tension
Y
i alloy (AMS 5596). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L,
tension) = 21; n(LT, tension) = 22; n(L, compression) =
21; n(LT, compression) = 24. Composition: Ni-19Cr-
840
Q_
2
18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-58

560

280

4 6 8 10 12 14
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
I L J I I L_
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

Ni.040 Inconel 718 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-

strain curves at room and low temperatures
Heat-resistant alloy, solution annealed and aged
(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-
5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast
Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," NASA CR-111396,
30 Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 50
 Nickel (Ni)/655

Ni.041 Inconel 718 nickel alloy plate, tensile stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures in
hydrogen at 34.5 MPa (5.0 ksi)
Heat treatment: 1037 °C (1900 °F), 1 h, air cooled, +
760 °C (1400 °F), 10 h, force cooled to 649 °C (1200 °F)
and held for total age time of 18 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-
0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: J. Mucci and J.A. Harris, Sr., "Influence of Gaseous Hydrogen
on Mechanical Properties of High Temperature Alloys," FR-7746, Pratt
& Whitney Aircraft Group, July 1976. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 34

240 1680

70 °F (: >1 °C)

200 1400
Ni.042 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-
strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
160 1120 Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged
12(30 °F (649 °C)
(conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-
0- 5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
120 840 g Source: G.L. Heslington and S.D. Foster, "Stress-Strain Diagrams in the
£ Elastic and Plastic Regions at Elevated Temperatures," Report MPR
55 14 00 °F (7610 *C) £
CO 8-176A-37, Rocketdyne, 17 Oct 1968. As published in Aerospace

80 h 560
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 39

40 280

6 8 10 12 14 16
Strain, %
656/Nickel (Ni)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ni.043 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, typical tensile
35 70 105 140 175 210 245
1400
and compressive stress-strain and compressive
I tangent modulus curves
/ L a r id ST, corripression v

L, tensii Test direction: longitudinal (L) and short transverse (ST).

Solution treated and aged (creep rupture application).
ST, temsion
1120 AMS 5662 and 5663. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(U tension) = 18; n{ST, tension) = 14; n{L and ST,
compression) = 13. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1
(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
840
\ CO
Q.
2
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-58

560

280

4 6 8 10 12 14
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
J I I I I I
10 15 20 25 30 35
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

240 1680 Ni.044 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-
strain curves at room and low temperatures
-42!3 °F (-25:3°C) Heat-resistant alloy, solution annealed and aged
200 1400 (conditioning not reported). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-
320 °F (-196 °C)
5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar, and Cast
160 7ri °C
. /Ot
y*. I "r^
v- 1120 Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," NASA CR-111396,
30 Aug 1968. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
CL
Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 50
% 120 840 co

80 560

40 280

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Strain, %
 Nickel (Ni)/657

Ni.045 Inconel 718 nickel alloy bar, isochronous

stress-strain curves (actual and predicted) at various
temperatures
Data points: actual data. Line: predicted from log-log
curve. Heat-resistant alloy conditioned 982 °C (1800 °F),
2 h, air cooled + 718 °C (1325 °F), 8 h, force cooled
56 °C/h (100 °F/h) to 621 °C (1150 °F), held 8 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-
0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: R.M. Goldhoff, Methods for Constructing Isochronous Creep
Curves, The Generation of Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves, AS ME
Pamphlet, Nov 1972, p 67-85. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 62
658/Nickel (Ni)

200 1400 Ni.046 Inconel 718 nickel alloy roll-formed sheet L

""" 75 °F [24 °C) and E shapes, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
175 1225
Conditioned 996 °C (1825 °F) in hydrogen, + 718 °C

///
/ 1200 °lF (649 °C) (1325 °F), 8 h in argon, force cooled to 621 °C (1150 °F)
150 1050
at 639 °C/h (1150 °F/h), + 621 °C (1150 °F), 8 h, force
cooled to room temperature in argon. Heat-resistant alloy.
125 875 Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti~
0.5A1. UNS N07718
1400 °F (760 °C)
: 100 700 cCO
o Source: G.N. Wassil et al., "Form Rolling Close Tolerance Shapes of

///
0) Superalloys," A.F. Contract No. AF33(615)-3545. As published in
CO Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook. Vol 4, Code 4103, CINDAS/

\
75 525 USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 49

50 350

25
1 175

f 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Strain, %

160 1120 Ni.047 Inconel 718 nickel alloy investment casting,

typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature (full range)
140 980
Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged Inconel
718 (AMS 5383). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1
120 840
(Nb + Ta)-3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-60
100 700

80 560 cCO
o
& <D
<n GO

60 420

40 280

20 140

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
 Nickel (Ni)/659

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa
Ni.048 Inconel 718 nickel alloy investment casting,
typical tensile and compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at room
temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 12.7 mm
(0.500 in.). Heat-resistant alloy, solution treated and aged
(AMS 5383). Composition: Ni-19Cr-18Fe-5.1(Nb + Ta)-
3Mo-0.9Ti-0.5Al. UNS N07718
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-59

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 6 psi

160 1120 Ni.049 Inconel MA 754 oxide-dispersion-

strengthened annealed nickel alloy sheet,
engineering stress-strain curve
980
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.448 mm
(0.057 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 614 MPa (89.0 ksi);
840
ultimate tensile strength = 932 MPa (135.2 ksi);
elongation = 16.6%, strain-hardening exponent
700 : (n) = 0.2245. Composition: Ni-20.0Cr-1.0Fe-0.5Ti-0.3
A1-0.05C-0.6Y203. UNS N07754
560 Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

420
LU

280

140
660/Nickel (Ni)

160 1120 Ni.050 Inconel MA 754 oxide-dispersion-

strengthened nickel alloy bar, compressive true
stress-strain curve at room and elevated
temperatures
752 °F 400 °C)
Cylindrical specimens, 4.064 mm (0.16 in.) diam,
120 840
6.096 mm (0.24 in.) long. Strain rate = 1 . 5 x 10"7s.
Average grain intercept 3.2 mm (longitudinal), 0.113 mm
1112 °F (600°'C) (transverse), aspect ratio = 28/1. Composition:
Ni-20.0Cr-1.0Fe-0.5Ti-0.3 A1-0.05C-0.6Y203.
RT / /
UNS N07754
560
Source: B. Reppich, W. Listl, and T. Meyer, Particle-Strengthening
Mechanisms in ODS Superalloys, Conf. High Temperature Alloys for
£ Gas Turbines and Other Applications 1986 (Liege, Belgium), Part 2,
1986, p 1023-1035. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
147r2 °F (800°C) Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4106, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
40 280 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 16

i5e>2 °F (850°C)
1832 °F (1000°C)

2192 °F(1200°C)
I Ii
10 20 30 40 50
True strain, %

840 Ni.051 Inconel 725 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.22 mm
(0.048 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 387 MPa (56.1 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 824 MPa (119.5 ksi);
elongation = 57.4%. Composition: 57Ni-20.75Cr-
8.25Mo-bal Fe. UNS N07725
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 Nickel (Ni)/661

Ni.052 Inconel 725 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.22 mm
(0.048 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 423 MPa (61.4 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 825 MPa (119.6 ksi);
elongation = 58.0%. Composition: 57Ni-20.75Cr-
8.25Mo-bal Fe. UNS N07725
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

1260 Ni.053 Waspaloy nickel alloy all products, typical

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
1120 temperatures
80 °F (27 °C) Heat-resistant alloy. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo-
980 3Ti-lAl. UNS N07001
800 °F (427 °C)
/ 1( DOO °F (53*r q Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-95
840

1400 °F (760 °C) (0

700 |
\ 2 0 0 °F (649 °C

560 "
i
CD
/

420

280

140

10 15 20 25 30 35
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
662/Nickel (Ni)

100 700 Ni.054 Waspaloy nickel alloy, effect of temperature

on compressive flow curves
Solution annealed 0.5 h, 1200 °C (2192 °F), force cooled
or heated to test temperature. Strain rate 5/min.
80 560
Composition: Ni-20Cr~14Co-4Mo-3Ti-lAl. UNS N07001
Source: A.A. Guimaraes and J.J. Jonas, Recrystallization and Aging
Effects Associated with the High Temperature Deformation of Waspaloy
and Inconel 718, Metall TransVol 12A (No. 9), 9 Sept 1981, p
- 60 420 £ 1655-1666. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
2
Vol 5, Code 4208, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
17'12 °F (950 ° C )
Purdue University, 1995, p 23

40 280 i
18:32 °F (1000 °C)

20
f c r
I -+•
1922 °F (1050 °C)

140
^ 2012 °F (1t00 °C)

r /
2102 °F (1150 °C)
2228 °F (1220 °C)
I I
0.1 0.2 ).3 0.4 0.J 0.6 0.7 0.8
True strain

100 700 Ni.055 Waspaloy nickel alloy, effect of strain rate on

compressive flow curves at 950 °C (1742 °F)
Solution annealed 0.5 h, 1200 °C (2192 °F), force cooled
Strai i rate to test temperature. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo-
80 560
3Ti-lAl. UNS N07001
Source: A.A. Guimaraes and J.J. Jonas, Recrystallization and Aging
• ^ 2 3 / nin
Effects Associated with the High Temperature Deformation of Waspaloy
and Inconel 718, Metall Trans., Vol 12A (No. 9), 9 Sept 1981,
. 60 420 S. p 1655-1666. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
5/r lin
Vol 5, Code 4208, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 23
min

40 280

0.03 'min

20 140

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

True strain
 Nickel (Ni)/663

280 1960 Ni.056 Waspaloy nickel alloy forging, true stress-

strain curves at room temperature

240 1680 Square: Bar cut from turbine disk specimen 10.2 mm
(0.4 in.) thick by 121.9 mm (4.8 in.) diam fully heat
treated. Circle: Specimen from disk after overspeed burst,
200 1400 corrected for straining. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-
4Mo-3Ti-lAl. UNS N07001
Source: L. Islip, Component Design and Material Selection,
- 160 1120 : Engineering in High Duty Materials, Bulleid Memorial Lectures,
Vol IV, University of Nottingham, 1967. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4208, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
120 840 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 17

560

280
664/Nickel (Ni)

200 1400 Ni.057 Waspaloy nickel alloy forging, static and

cyclic stress-strain curves at room temperature
Q.
Specimens 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) bar eloxed from turbine
® 150 1050 ^
- n «i wheel forging, heat treated. Cyclic R = -1. Heat
2 treatment: (a): 1079 °C (1975 °F), 4 h, air cooled, +
^Cyclic
843 °C (1550 °F), 2-4 h, force cooled, + 760 °C
100 700 (1400 °F), 16 h, force cooled, (b): 996-1010 °C
• /
J
a.
(1825-1850 °F), 4 h, oil quenched, + 843 °C (1550 °F),
Static
E 2-4 h, air cooled, + 760 °C (1400 °F), 16 h, air cooled,
50 350 (c): Same as B from different vendor. Data points indicate
half-life value. Composition: Ni-20Cr-14Co-4Mo-3Ti-
1A1. UNS N07001
0 Source: J.D. Morrow and F.R. Tuler, Low Cycle Fatigue Evaluation of
(a) Inconel 713C and Waspaloy (Paper No. 64 MET-15), Trans. ASME, J.
200 1400
Basic Eng. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Cyclte^- Vol 5, Code 4208, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
J2 Q. Purdue University, 1995, p 17
2
aT 150 1050 „
c
2 ^Static
CNJ

<D
"D 100 700
"a.
E
CD
(0
P 50 350 %
•b o
CO
 Nickel (Ni)/665

Ni.058 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain

curves at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
(0.062 in.). Strain rate = 0.003/min. Sheet mill annealed
with varying amounts of cold rolling (CR) and aging (air
cooled, AC). Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-l.5Al.
UNS N07090
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys
under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short Times at
Temperatures," Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel
Co., Inc., April 1959; J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of
Structural Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading
and Short Times at Temperature," Supplementary Report by Southern
Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., 5 June 1959.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 4210, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 5

Ni.059 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.778 mm
(0.070 in.). Heat treatment: 954 °C (1750 °F), 0.25 h, air
cooled, + 732 °C (1350 °F), 4.5 h, air cooled.
Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-l.5Al. UNS N07090
Source: D.C. Hayward, 'The Mechanical Properties of Nimonic 80, 90
and 100 Sheet at Room and Elevated Temperatures," Technical Note
No. Met. 266, Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4210, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
 980 Ni.060 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, compressive
stress-strain curves at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet
thickness = 1.778 mm (0.070 in.). Heat treatment: 954 °C
(1750 °F), 0.25 h, air cooled, + 732 °C (1350 °F), 4.5 h,
700 air cooled. Compressive yield strength: longitudinal,
896 MPa (130 ksi); transverse, 903 MPa (131 ksi).
Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-l.5Al. UNS N07090
560 £ Source: D.C. Hay ward, "The Mechanical Properties of Nimonic 80, 90
^ and 100 Sheet at Room and Elevated Temperatures," Technical Note
» No. Met. 266, Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1957. As published in
420 & Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4210, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6

280

140

10
 Nickel (Ni)/667

200 1400 200 1400

0% CR 10% CR

75 °F (24 °C)

160 1120 160 1120

75 °F (24 °C)j 1400 °F (760 °C)

120 840 120 840

1400 °F (760 °C) CD
0_ « 1600 °F (871 C)
° CL
2 2

£
h$ a
rn £
55
80 560 80 560

1800 °F (982° C)

40 —1800 °F (982 ®C) 280 40 280

10 15 20 10 15 20
Strain, 0.001 in./in. Strain, 0.001 in./in.
(a) (b)

200 1400
75 °F (24 °C)
20% CR

160 1120
1400 °F (760 °C)

1600 °F (871 °C)

120 840
CL
2

80 560
1800 °F (982 °C)

40 280

10 15 20
(c) Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ni.061 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain curves at various temperatures showing effects of cold working
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Sheet exposed to rapid heating, 10 s heat time, and rapid
strain rate of 0.1/s. Treatment: mill annealed, varying amounts of cold rolling (CR); aging: 0% CR, 760 °C (1400 °F), 16 h, air
cool; 10 and 20% CR, 732 CC (1350 °F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-l.5Al. UNS N07090
Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading, and Short Times at Temperatures,"
Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., April 1959; J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys under Conditions of
Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at Temperature," Supplementaiy Report by Southern Research Institute, for The International Nickel Co., Inc., 5
June 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4210, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,' 1995, p 7
668/Nickel (Ni)

1960 Ni.062 Nimonic 90 nickel alloy sheet, stress-strain

30% CR curves at various temperatures showing effects of
cold working
1680
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm
70 °F (21 °C) (0.062 in.). Sheet exposed to rapid heating, 10 s heat
1400 time, and rapid strain rate of 0.1/s. Treatment: mill
annealed, varying amounts of cold rolling (CR); aging:
1400 °F (760
30% CR, 704 °C (1300 °F), 16 h, air cool; 50% CR,
677 °C (1250 °F), 16 h, air cooled. Composition:
Ni-20Cr-18Co-2.5Ti-l.5Al. UNS N07090
1600 °F (871 °C) Source: J.R. Kattus, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys
840
under Conditions of Rapid Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at
Temperature," Supplementary Report by Southern Research Institute,
for The International Nickel Co., Inc., 5 June 1959. As published in
560 Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4210, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7
1800 °F (982
280

5 10 15 20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1960

50% CR
70 °F (21 °C)
1680

1400

\ 1400 °F (760

/ 1600 °F (871 °C)

840 co

// 1800 °F (982
560

280

r 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
15 20

(b)
 Nickel (Ni)/669

Ni.063 Nimonic 263 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.990 mm
(0.039 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 345 MPa (50.0 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 851 MPa (123.4 ksi);
elongation = 54.3%. Composition: Ni-20Cr-20Co-2.15Ti.
UNS N07263
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

Ni.064 Nimonic 263 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.990 mm
(0.039 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 345 MPa (50.0 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 851 MPa (123.4 ksi);
elongation = 54.3%. Composition: Ni-20Cr-20Co-2.15Ti.
UNS N07263
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 980 Ni.065 Inconel 625 annealed nickel alloy sheet,
engineering stress-strain curve (full range)

840
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.940 mm
(0.037 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 488 MPa (70.8 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 963 MPa (139.6 ksi);
700 elongation = 47.1 %. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-
3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
560 g

420

280

140

0
0.30

560 Ni.066 Inconel 625 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
490 Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.940 mm
(0.037 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 473 MPa (68.6 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 927 MPa (134.5 ksi);
elongation = 46.2%. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-
3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
o.
350 2 Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
W
£
280 £
c
•C
©
<D
210 §3

70

10
 Nickel (Ni)/671

100 700 Ni.067 Inconel 625 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures

J
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet
80 560
thickness = 1.27-6.35 mm (0.050-0.250 in.). 0.5 h
— Room te mperature exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 23; n(800 °F) = 24; «(1200 °F) =
30; «(1600 °F) = 12. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-
60 420
a.
3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
800 °F (42!7 °C) 2
— - Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 6 - 3 9
1200 °F (64 9 °C)
£
in £
55
40 280

160i0 6 F (871

V
20 140

2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ni.068 Inconel 625 annealed nickel alloy sheet,
100
35 70 105 140 175 210 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
700
modulus curves at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet
thickness = 1.27-6.35 mm (0.050-0.250 in.). 0.5 h
80 560 exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(room temperature) = 32. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-
9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 6 - 3 9
60 420

/ Q.
2

/
co
40 280

20

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10 12
140

J I I I J
5 10 15 20 25 30
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
672/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.069 IN 625 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.575 mm (0.062 in.). Heat-resistant
alloy annealed at 1038 °C (1900 °F), 5 min. Strain rate =
0.005/min to yield. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-
3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
Source: J. Huebner, "Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties of Inconel
625 Nickel-Chromium Alloy," AF33(657)-7749 and BPSN: 2 (8-7381),
McDonnell, 10 Jan 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4117, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 31

100 700 Ni.070 IN 625 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet
thickness = 3.175 mm (0.125 in.). Heat-resistant alloy
80 560
annealed at 1149 °C (2100 °F), 1 h. Composition: 58Ni-
21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
Source: "Preliminary Data Inconel Alloy 625," International Nickel Co.,
Rc>om tempenature 1962; "Data Sheet, Inconel 625 " International Nickel Co., Huntington
V 60 420 |
Alloy Products Division, 1964

80 0 °F (427 °C
1 r»
£ 40 12 »C) 280 £

00 °F (649 <
16 C)

20 00 °F (871 ' 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Nickel (Ni)/673

700 Ni.071 IN 625 nickel alloy plate, tensile stress-strain

75Tp°C)
curves at room and elevated temperatures tested in
pressurized helium
600 °F (316 °C)
Heat treatment: annealed at 982 °C (1800 °F), 2 h, air
560
900 °F (482 °C) cooled. Tested in 34.5 MPa (5000 psig) He. Composition:
58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1 Co. UNS N06625
* 1200°F(649 °C)
Source: "Data Sheet, Inconel 625," International Nickel Co., Huntington
Alloy Products Division, 1964
420

280

140

2 3
Strain, %

700 Ni.072 Inconel 625 nickel alloy bar, typical tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and short transverse. Bar
thickness = 12.7-101.6 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). Ramberg-
560
Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal, tension) = 27; rc(short
Longitudinai transverse, tension) = 25. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-
9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1 Co. UNS N06625
Short 1transverse
420 Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-40

£
V)
280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
674/Nickel (Ni)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa IMi.073 Inconel 625 nickel alloy bar, typical
35 70 105 140 175
100 00 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
modulus curves at room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and short transverse. Bar
thickness = 12.7-101.6 mm (0.500-4.000 in.). Ramberg-
80 560 Osgood parameters: ^(longitudinal, compression) = 26;
Sh art transvense
^(short transverse, compression) = 27. Composition:
58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo. UNS N06625
Source: MIL-HDBK 5H, Dec 1998, p 6-40
60 420
Longitudinal

is
W
40 280

20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
J_
5
J10 I
15
L
20 25
J
30
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi

400 2800 Ni.074 IN 625 nickel alloy rod, true stress-strain

curves
300 Solid line for rod, cold drawn, annealed 982 °C
(1800 °F), 1 h. Dashed line for rod hot rolled, annealed
1149 °C (2100 °F), 1 h. Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-
9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-1 Co. UNS N06625
200
Source: "Inconel Alloy 625," International Nickel Co., Huntington Alloy
Products Div., 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4117, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25

100

0.04 0.06 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.60

True strain, in./in.
 Nickel (Ni)/675

Ni.075 IN 625 cast nickel alloy, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures tested in
pressurized helium
Heat treatment: annealed at 1149 °C (2100 °F), 2 h, force
cooled. Tested in 34.5 MPa (5000 psi gage) He.
Composition: 58Ni-21.5Cr-9Mo-3.65Nb-5Fe-lCo.
UNS N06625
Source: J. Mucci and J.A. Harris, Jr., "Influence of Gaseous Hydrogen
on the Mechanical Properties of High Temperature Alloys," NASA CR-
149962, United Technologies Corp., 1976, p II-3. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4117, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 32

Ni.076 Incoloy 800 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.193 mm
(0.047 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 330 MPa (47.8 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 665 MPa (96.5 ksi); elongation
= 36.1%. Composition: 33Ni-21Cr-0.4Ti-0.4Al-bal Fe.
UNS N08800
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
676/Nickel (Ni)

420 Ni.077 Incoloy 800 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.193 mm
350 (0.047 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 327 MPa (47.4 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 649 MPa (94.1 ksi); elongation
= 36.7%. Composition: 33Ni-21Cr-0.4Ti-0.4Al-balFe.
280 co UNS N08800
£L
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

210

140 UJ

70

4 6 10
Strain x 0.001

210 Ni.078 Incoloy 800H nickel alloy bar, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 649 °C (1200 °F)
Monotonic Monotonic curve from Case 1592. Other curves
175 constructed from monotonic curve and creep data
relations from M.K. Booker, V.B. Baylor, and B.L.P.
103h Booker, "Survey of Available Creep and Tensile Data for
140 Alloy 800H," ORNL/TM-6029, 1978. Composition:
32Ni-21 Cr-0.75Mn-0.05C-bal Fe. UNS N08810
CO
£L Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
VIII, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
105 co-
co Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
10 5 h a>
55 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11

70

r 35

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

Strain, %
 Nickel (Ni)/677

30 210 Ni.079 Incoloy 800H nickel alloy bar, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 704 °C (1300 °F)
Monotonic
Monotonic curve from Case 1592. Other curves
25 175 constructed from monotonic curve and creep data
relations from M.K. Booker, V.B. Baylor, and B.L.P.
Booker, "Survey of Available Creep and Tensile Data for
20 140 Alloy 800H," ORNL/TM-6029, 1978. Composition:
32Ni-21Cr-0.75Mn-0.05C-bal Fe. UNS N08810
a. Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
2
Vm, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
15 105
103h Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
£
CO £ Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
CO

10 70

1(f h

35

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

Strain, %

30 210 Ni.080 Incoloy 800H nickel alloy bar, isochronous

stress-strain curves at 760 °C (1400 °F)
Monotonic curve from Case 1592. Other curves
25 •Monotonic 175 constructed from monotonic curve and creep data
relations from M.K. Booker, V.B. Baylor, and B.L.P.
Booker, "Survey of Available Creep and Tensile Data for
20 140 Alloy 800H," ORNL/TM-6029, 1978. Composition:
32Ni-21Cr-0.75Mn-0.05C-bal Fe. UNS N08810
(0
CL Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Case 1592, Section
15
VIII, 1977, 1, p 63. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
105 «f
£ 2> Handbook, Vol 2, Code 1615, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
CO w Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11

10 70
103h

35
105 h

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4

Strain, %
 Ni.081 Inconel 686 annealed nickel alloy sheet,
engineering stress-strain curve (full range)

840
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.965 mm
(0.038 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 419 MPa (60.8 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 878 MPa (127.4 ksi);
700 elongation = 56.5%. Composition: Ni-21Cr-16Mo-5 max
Fe-3.7W. UNS N06686
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
560 p3

420

280

140

0
0.30

490 Ni.082 Inconel 686 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)

420
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.965 mm
(0.038 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 411 MPa (59.6 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 848 MPa (123.0 ksi);
350 elongation = 56.1%. Composition: Ni-21Cr-16Mo-5 max
Fe-3.7W. UNS N06686
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
280

210 g

140

70

0
10
 Nickel (Ni)/679

70 490 Ni.083 IN 617 nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
,III 11j °F (24 ° C ) _ 420 Sheet thickness =1.194 mm (0.047 in.). Cold rolled and
60
solution treated. Solid lines, longitudinal direction;
dashed lines, transverse direction. Composition: Ni-22Cr-
50 350 12.5Co-9Mo-1.5Fe-1.2Al. UNS N06617
fir
^ 80C) °F (427 °C) Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
I
Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Battelle-Columbus Laboratories, June
S R . T T - L 120C) ° F ( 6 4 9 °C)_ 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
•55 40
Code 4215, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 18

30 210 % £
____ __ _-_ 1600 ° F (871 °C)
20 140

10 70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

80 560 Ni.084 IN 617 nickel alloy sheet, compressive stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
70 75 F 490 Sheet thickness = 1.194 mm (0.047 in.). Cold rolled and
° - (24 °C) solution treated. Solid lines, longitudinal direction;
dashed lines, transverse direction. Composition: Ni-22Cr-
60 420
12.5Co-9Mo-1.5Fe-1.2Al. UNS N06617
/ / ^ 800 F:
° (427 °C)
Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
m
/ 350 Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Battelle-Columbus Laboratories, June
&(ft / /y 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
(O u 1200 °F: (649 °C) Code 4215, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
| 40 1/ / 280 o University, 1995, p 20
CO
/ /
(ft
£
Q. 1600°F (871 °C)
210 E

¥f
i 30
O

an 140
20
#7

10 70

4 6 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
680/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.085 Inconel 617 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm
(0.060 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 361 MPa (52.3 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 857 MPa (124.3 ksi);
elongation = 52.8%. Composition: 44.5Ni-22Cr-13Co-
9Mo-3Fe. UNS N06617
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

Ni.086 Inconel 617 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.524 mm
(0.060 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 361 MPa (52.3 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 847 MPa (122.8 ksi);
elongation = 52.8%. Composition: 44.5Ni-22Cr-13Co-
9Mo-3Fe. UNS N06617
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 Nickel (Ni)/681

Ni.087 Inconel HX annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.965 mm
(0.038 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 312 MPa (45.3 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 748 MPa (108.5 ksi);
elongation = 49.8%. Composition: 47.5Ni-21.75Cr-
18.5Fe-0.6W. UNS N06002
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

Ni.088 Inconel HX annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.965 mm
(0.038 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 316 MPa (45.8 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 738 MPa (107.0 ksi);
elongation = 51.0%. Composition: 47.5Ni-21.75Cr-
18.5Fe-0.6W. UNS N06002
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
682/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.089 Hastelloy X nickel alloy sheet, typical tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h
exposure to temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
ft(room temperature) = 10; n(400 °F) = 13; n(800 °F) =
15; n(1000 °F) = 18; n( 1200 °F) = 19; n(400 °F) = 15;
n(1600 °F) = 12; n(1800 °F) = 7.7; n(2000 °F) = 3.8.
Composition: Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo-1.5Co-0.5W.
UNS N06002
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 6 - 2 5

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ni.090 Hastelloy X nickel alloy bar, typical
35 70 105 140 175 210 compressive stress-strain and compressive tangent
420
modulus curves at room and elevated temperature
Specimens were exposed to temperature 0.5 h. RT, room
350
temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(RT) = 6.9;
700 °lF (371 °C)
n(100 °F) = 6.7; n(900 °F) = 5.6. Heat-resistant alloy.
900 °lr (482 °C)
Composition: Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo-1.5Co-0.5W.
UNS N06002
280
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 6 - 2 6
CO
Q_
\ R T
210 CO-
^ 700 °lF (371 °C) S CO
0)
GO
9 0 0 ° F (482 °C)
140

70

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

10 15 20 25 30

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
 Nickel (Ni)/683

420 Ni.091 Hastelloy X solution treated nickel alloy bar,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
70 °F (21 °C) temperatures
350 Bar thickness: 19.05 mm (0.75 in.).
Composition: Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo-1.5Co-0.5W.
UNS N06002
1000 °F (538 °C) 1200 0 F (649 °C)' 280 Source: C.E. Jaske et al., "Low-Cycle Fatigue of Type 347 Stainless
Steel and Hastelloy Alloy X in Hydrogen Gas and in Air at Elevated
(0 Temperatures," NASA-CR-135022, May 1976. As published in
1400 °lF (760 °C) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4112, CINDAS/
210 j USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
£
55

140

70

2 3 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ni.092 Inconel 601 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm
(0.050 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 239 MPa (34.6 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 657 MPa (95.3 ksi); elongation
= 48.2%. Composition: 60.5Ni-23 Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N06601
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
684/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.093 Inconel 601 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm
(0.050 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 243 MPa (35.2 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 652 MPa (94.6 ksi); elongation
= 47.7%. Composition: 60.5Ni-23 Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N06601
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

Ni.094 Monel K-500 age-hardened nickel alloy

36 mm (1.4 in.) diam rod, engineering stress-strain
curve
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.2% yield strength = 740
MPa (107.3 ksi), ultimate tensile strength =1118 MPa
(162.2 ksi); elongation = 25.6%; reduction in area = 46%;
modulus of elasticity = 179 GPa (26.0 x 106 psi).
Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 Nickel (Ni)/685

140 980 Ni.095 Monel K-500 annealed and aged nickel alloy
- 253 °C)
- 4 2 3 °F (--253
sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and low
temperatures
120 840
Sheet thickness = 1.27 mm (0.050 in.).
- 3 2 0 °F (--196 °C)
Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
100 700 Source: E.H. Schmidt, "Fatigue Properties of Sheet, Bar and Cast
Room ternperature Metallic Materials for Cryogenic Applications," Report No. R-7564,
Rocketdyne, 30 Aug 1968, p K-9; See Also NASA Tech. Brief 70-

/
10199. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4,
^ 80 560
Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 17

f
S
w 60 420 w

40 280

20 140

1 2 3 4 5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

200 1400 Ni.096 Monel K-500 age-hardened nickel alloy, cold-

rolled product, tensile stress-strain curves at room
> ^ 4 2 3 ' 'F (-253 °C
and low temperature
Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
160 1120
Source: D.N. Gideon, R.J. Favor, A. Koppenhafer, HJ. Grovern, and

120
As ^ Roorrl temperatuire

840
G.M. McClure, "Investigation of Notch Fatigue Behavior of Certain
Alloys in the Temperature Range of Room Temperature to -423F)
ASD-TDR-62-351, Aug 1962, p 13. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA

80
// 560
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 17

f
/
40

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
280

12
686/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.097 Monel K-500 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-

strain curves at room and low temperatures
Bar specimen (3.658 mm, or 0.144 in., diam) taken from
19.05 mm (0.75 in.) diam bar aged at 593 °C (1100 °F),
21 h, + 538 °C (1000 °F), 8 h, air cooled. Composition:
66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Source: K. A. Warren and R.P. Reed, Tensile and Impact Properties of
Selected Materials from 20 to 300K, Monograph 63, National Bureau of
Standards, 28 June 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

Ni.098 Monel K-500 cold drawn and aged nickel

alloy bar, true stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
Bar diameter = 6.35 mm (0.25 in.). Specimen gage length
= 31.75 mm (1.25 in.). Composition: 66Ni-29Cu-3Al~
0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Source: E.B. Kula and T.S. DeSisto, "Plastic Behavior of Metals at
Cryogenic Temperatures," Technical Report AMRA TR 65-32,
Materials Engineering Division, U.S. Army Materials Research Agency,
p 3. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4,
Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 18
 Nickel (Ni)/687

260 1820 Ni.099 Monel K-500 nickel alloy wire, stress-strain

curves at -196 °C (-321 °F) for hydrogen-free and
300 ppm H2
hydrogenated wire
240 1680
Wire diameter = 0.711 mm (0.028 in.). Treatment: 527 °C
H2 Free
(980 °F), 8 h, + slow cooled (8.3-13.9 °C/h, or 15-25
220 1540 F/h) to 482 °C (900 °F), ultimate strength = -1275 MPa
(-185 ksi), cathodically charged for 96 h at 0.16
amps/cm2 (1 amp/in.2) in 80 °C (176 °F) electrolyte of
a 200 //// / • 4% sulfuric acid poisoned with sodium arsenate to
8 saturation and baked 488 °C (910 °F), 4 min, water
£ /
quenched. Strain rate = 2.2 x lO^/s. Composition: 66Ni-
55 180 1260 ft
29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Source: W.M. Cain, C.C. Koch, J.L. Mihelich, and A.R. Troiano,
160 1120 "Solute Induced Embrittlement in Steel and Several Face-Centered
Cubic Alloys," Report ARL 64-101, Aerospace Research Laboratories,
June 1964, p 40. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
140 980
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

120 840
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Strain, 0.001

Ni.100 Monel K-500 nickel alloy plate, cyclic stress-

strain curve
Plate thickness = 25.4 mm (1 in.). Specimen heat treated
to ultimate strength, 1172 MPa (170 ksi); yield strength,
862 MPa (125 ksi); elongation in 2 in., 24%; reduction in
area, 36%. Data points from low-cycle fatigue (LCF)
tests. Curve generated from LCF and modulus of
elasticity (E = 1796 GPa, or 26 x 106 psi). Composition:
66Ni-29Cu-3Al-0.5Ti. UNS N05500
Source: M.R. Gross, "Low-Cycle Fatigue of Materials for Submarine
Construction," NAVENGRXSTA Report 91 197D, 14 Feb 1963, p A-7.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code
4116, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 27
688/Nickel (Ni)

490 Ni.101 TD nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room temperature
Sheet thickness = 0.635-1.27 mm (0.025-0.050 in.).
Specimen tested in longitudinal or transverse directions
after various conditioning: A and B, as received; C and D,
preoxidized, 1316 °C (2400 °F), 24 h; E, F, G calorized;
E, unexposed; F, 1204 °C (2200 °F), 192 h; G, 1316 °C
(2400 °F), 88 h. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2 . Dimensions in
inset given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Source: C.R. Manning, Jr. et al., "An Investigation of a New Nickel
Alloy Strengthened by Dispersed Thoria," NASA Technical Note D-
1944, 1963. Calorized data from R.M. Burns and W.W. Bradley,
Protective Coatings for Metals, Rhinehold Publishing, 1955. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4115,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 9

4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

350 Ni.102 TD nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain

curves at room and elevated temperatures
L / / (21 °C) Sheet was stress relieved and tested in longitudinal (L)
/ / * and transverse (T) directions. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2
280
Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly
Developed Structural Materials," AFML-TR-67-418, April 1968, p 54.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code
4115, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
210 1995, p 11
0.
2

1600 °F (871 °C), L, T £

co
140

1800 °F (982 •C)f L, T

70

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8°

Strain, %
 Nickel (Ni)/689

Ni.103 TD nickel alloy sheet, tensile stress-extension

curves at elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 0.635-1.27 mm (0.025-0.050 in.).
Composition: Ni-2Th0 2 . Dimensions in inset given in
inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Source: C.R. Manning, Jr. et al., "An Investigation of a New Nickel
Alloy Strengthened by Dispersed ThoriaNASA Technical Note
D-1944, 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 4115, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 11
690/Nickel (Ni)

70 490 Ni.104 TD nickel alloy bar (a) and sheet (b), stress-
strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
77 °F (25 4
Bar 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diam, as received. Recrystallized
sheet 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) thick, 1300 °C (2372 °F), 3 h.
60 420 Tested at strain rate of 0.000167/s. Composition:
256 °F (124°C) Ni-2Th0 2
Source: B.A. Wilcox and A.H. Clauer, "High Temperature Deformation
9 of Dispersion Strengthened Nickel Alloys," NASA CR-72367, 29 Feb
50 482 °F (250°C) 350 1968, p 11. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 4115, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 11

2 3
Elongation, %
 Nickel (Ni)/691

50 350 Ni.105 TD nickel alloy sheets compressive stress-

T
strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
70 °F: (21 °C)
Stress relieved and tested in longitudinal (L) and
L
transverse (T) directions. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2
40 280
Source: O.L. Deel and W.S. Hyler, "Engineering Data on Newly
Developed Structural Materials," AFML-TR-67-418, April 1968, p 54.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code
4115, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
30 210 1995, p 17
Q_
2

S £
1600 °F (87r1 °C), L, T 55
20 140
1800 °F (98;I °C), L, T

- 2000 °F (1093 0 C), L, T

10 70

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Strain, (

Ni.106 TD nickel alloy sheet and bar, stress-plastic

strain curves in bending with effect of vacuum
annealing at various temperatures
0.635 mm (0.025 in.) sheet (solid curve) and machined
bar (dashed curve) vacuum annealed at temperature
indicated for 1 h. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2 . Dimensions in
inset given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Source: J.E. White and R.D. Camahan, A Microplasticity Study of
Dispersion Strengthening in TD Nickel, A1ME Trans., Vol 230, Oct
1964, p 1300. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 4115, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10
692/Nickel (Ni)

420 Ni.107 TD nickel alloy bar, stress-plastic strain

curves in bending with effect of cold rolling
followed by vacuum annealing
Bar extruded at 1204 °C (2200 °F). Reduced by rolling at
percentage indicated then vacuum annealed 816 °C
(1500 °F), 1 h. Composition: Ni-2Th0 2 . Dimensions in
inset given in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm)
Source: J.E. White and R.D. Carnahan, A Microplasticity Study of
Dispersion Strengthening in TD Nickel, AIME Trans., Vol 230, Oct
1964, p 1302. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 4115, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10

0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016

Plastic strain, %

Ni.108 Monel 400 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.432 mm
(0.017 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 281 MPa (40.8 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 612 MPa (88.7 ksi); elongation
= 38.0%; strength coefficient (K) = 196.4; strain-
hardening exponent (n) = 0.385. Composition:
63Ni-30Cu-2.5Fe. UNS N04400
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

Strain
 Nickel (Ni)/693

Ni.109 Monel 400 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.432 mm
(0.017 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 268 MPa (38.9 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 563 MPa (81.7 ksi); elongation
= 38.0%. Composition: 63Ni-30Cu-2.5Fe. UNS N04400
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

1120 Ni.t10 Incoloy 901 solution treated and aged nickel

alloy bar, stress-strain curves at room and elevated
75*°]f (24 °C) temperature
980
Composition: Ni-35Fe-13Cr-6Mo-2.5Ti. UNS N09901
840 Source: DMIC Data Sheet 6803-005, March 1968. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4107, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 5
' 120C) °F (649 °C)
700

560

420

280

140

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Strain, %
694/Nickel (Ni)

1750 Ni.111 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar and sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curve (full range)
Heat-resistant alloy at room temperature (creep rupture
heat treatment). Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-
1.811. UNS N09706
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-50

1050

Strain, in./in.

1400 Ni.112 Inconel 706 solution treated and aged nickel

alloy forged bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperature
Room ternperature
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Bar
1120
800 °F (4:27 °C)
thickness = 50.8 mm (2.000 in.). Creep rupture heat
treatment and 0.5 h exposure to elevated temperatures.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: «(room temperature) = 6.7;
«(800 °F) = 7.0; n(!000 °F) = 13; «(1200 °F) = 13.
840
Q. Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l.8Ti. UNS N09706
v ^ 1 0 0 0 °F (538 °C) 2
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-49
M 2 0 0 °F• (649 °C)
©

35
560

280

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Nickel (Ni)/695

160
I I 1120 Ni.113 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-
Roo m temperatij r e ^ - ' — strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
800 °F (427 °C)
140 980 Test direction: longitudinal. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar
°F (538 °C) pressed into 50.8 x 152.4 mm ( 2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
982 °C (1800 °F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 °C (1550 °F),
120 840
1200 °F (649 °C) 3 h, air cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), force cooled to
621 °C (1150 °F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-

/ 37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l.8Ti. UNS N09706

100 700

Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFM6-TR-72-196,

///
80 560
Vol II, Sept 1972, p 113, 125. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4110, CINDAS/USAF CRDA

h
60 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10
420

//
40 280

20 140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

160 I 1120 Ni.114 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-
Room tein p e r a t u r e strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
800 °F (427 °C)
140 980 Test direction: transverse. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar
^ - ^ 1 0 0 0 T (538 °C) pressed into 50.8 x 152.4 mm ( 2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
120
982 °C (1800 °F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 °C (1550 °F),
840
1200°F (649 °C) 3 h, air cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), force cooled to
621 °C (1150 °F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition:
100

///
700 Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l.8Ti. UNS N09706
to
Q. Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

f/f
80 560 co-
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFM6-TR-72-196,
co Vol II, Sept 1972, p 113, 126. As published in Aerospace Structural
<D

L/
CO Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4110, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
60 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10
420

f
40 280

20 140

r
4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
696/Nickel (Ni)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ni.115 Inconel 706 solution treated and aged nickel
alloy forged bar, typical compressive stress-strain
and compressive tangent modulus curves at room
and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Bar
thickness = 50.8 mm (2.000 in.). Creep rupture heat
treatment and 0.5 h exposure to elevated temperatures.
RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(RT) = 11; n(800 °F) = 10; n(1000 °F) = 9.7; n(1200 °F)
= 9.2. Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l.8Ti.
UNS N09706
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 6-49

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

1120 Ni.116 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar, compressive

Room tem|j e r a t u r e ^
stress-strain curves at room and elevated
800 °F (427 °C) temperature
980
Test direction: longitudinal. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar
- ^ 1 2 0 0 ° F (649 °C) pressed into 50.8 x 152.4 mm ( 2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
840
982 °C (1800 °F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 °C (1550 °F),
j 100 °F (593 •C)
700
3 h, air cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), force cooled to
621 °C (1150 °F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-
J Ar 37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l.8Ti. UNS N09706
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New

//
560 w
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFM6-TR-72-196,
is
CO Vol II, Sept 1972, p 113, 127. As published in Aerospace Structural
420
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4110, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12

280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Nickel (Ni)/697

Ii 1120 Ni.117 Inconel 706 nickel alloy bar, compressive

Room tem j e r a t u r e ^
/ ^
stress-strain curves at room and elevated
800 °F (427 °C) temperature
980
Test direction: transverse. 152.4 mm (6 in.) square bar
^ 1 2 0 0 ° F (649 °C) pressed into 50.8 x 152.4 mm ( 2 x 6 in.) bar, treated at
840
982 °C (1800 °F), 2 h, air cooled, + 843 °C (1550 °F),
1000 °F (538
3 h, air cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), force cooled to
700 621 °C (1150 °F), 18 h, air cooled. Composition:
<o Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l.8Ti. UNS N09706
CL

// 2

//
560 to Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFM6-TR-72-196,
A Vol II, Sept 1972, p 113, 128. As published in Aerospace Structural

// 420 Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 4110, CINDAS/USAF CRDA

Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12

280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ni.118 Inconel 706 annealed nickel alloy 51 mm

(2 in.) diam rod, hot rolled, engineering stress-strain
curve
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.2% yield strength = 280
MPa (40.6 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 722 MPa
(104.7 ksi); elongation = 51.3%; reduction in area =
71.5%. Composition: Ni-37Fe-16Cr-2.9Nb-l.8Ti.
UNS N09706
210
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
175

140 ,
698/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.119 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-

strain curves at room temperature with effect of
various heat treatments
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 123.825 mm
(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: A: 982 °C (1800 °F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), 8 h, force cooled to 621 °C
(1150 °F), held 8 h, air cooled. B: 982 °C (1800 °F), 1 h,
air cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), 4 h, force cooled to
621 °C (1150 °F, held 4 h, air cooled. C: 1038 °C
(1900 °F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 °C (1425 °F), 8 h, force
cooled to 621 °C (1150 °F), held 8 h, air cooled. D:
1038 °C (1900 °F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 °C (1425 °F),
8 h, force cooled to 621 °C (1150 °F), held 4 h, air
cooled. Composition: Ni-42Fe-13Co-4.7Nb-l.5Ti.
UNS N19909
Source: Private communication from D.H. Yates, INCO Alloys
International, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4219, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8

Ni.120 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-

strain curve at 538 °C (1000 °F)
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 123.825 mm
(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: 982 °C (1800 °F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), 8 h, force cooled to 621 °C
(1150 °F), held 8 h, air cooled. Composition: Ni-42Fe-
13Co-4.7Nb-l.5Ti. UNS N19909
Source: Private communication from D.H. Yates, INCO Alloys
International, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4219, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
 Nickel (Ni)/699

Ni.121 Incoloy 909 nickel alloy bar, tensile stress-

strain curves at 649 °C (1200 °F) with effect of
various heat treatments
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 123.825 mm
(4.875 in.). Heat treatment: A: 982 °C (1800 °F), 1 h, air
cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), 8 h, force cooled to 621 °C
(1150 °F), held 8 h, air cooled. B: 982 °C (1800 °F), 1 h,
air cooled, + 718 °C (1325 °F), 4 h, force cooled to
621 °C (1150 °F, held 4 h, air cooled. C: 1038 °C
(1900 °F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 °C (1425 °F), 8 h, force
cooled to 621 °C (1150 °F), held 8 h, air cooled. D:
1038 °C (1900 °F), 1 h, air cooled, + 774 °C (1425 °F),
8 h, force cooled to 621 °C (1150 °F), held 4 h, air
cooled. A: yield strength = 823 MPa (119.3 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 1028 MPa (149.1 ksi); elongation (in
AD) - 19%; reduction in area = 38%. B: yield strength =
778 MPa (112.9 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 990 MPa
(143.6 ksi); elongation (in AD) = 18%; reduction in area
= 37%. C: yield strength = 594 MPa (86.1 ksi); ultimate
tensile strength = 871 MPa (126.3 ksi); elongation (in
AD) = 23%; reduction in area = 44%. D: yield strength =
607 MPa (88.0 ksi); ultimate tensile strength = 916 MPa
(132.9 ksi); elongation (in AD) = 19%; reduction in area
= 30%. Composition: Ni-42Fe-13Co-4.7Nb-l.5Ti.
UNS N19909
Source: Private communication from D.H. Yates, INCO Alloys
International, 19 Oct 1989. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4219, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
700/Nickel (Ni)

Ni.122 Nickel-molybdenum alloy, true compressive

stress-strain curves for various alloys and
temperatures
Strain rate = ~3 x lO^/s, d = -75 x IQr6 m. (a)
Temperature = -295 K, composition as indicated; curves
diverge monotonically. (b) Ni-3% Mo at various
temperatures, curves coincide at low strains but diverge in
the dynamic recovery range.
Source: George Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure,
papers presented at ASM Materials Science Seminar (St. Louis, MO),
23 Oct 1982, American Society for Metals, 1984, p 100-101

295 K

452 K

657 K

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

(b) Strain
 Nickel (Ni)/701

Ni.123 Incoloy 825 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness =1.168 mm
(0.046 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 294 MPa (42.7 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 703 MPa (101.9 ksi);
elongation = 39.4%. Composition: 42Ni-21.5Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N08825
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

Ni.124 Incoloy 825 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.168 mm
(0.046 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 289 MPa (41.9 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 687 MPa (99.6 ksi); elongation
= 37.7%. Composition: 42Ni-21.5Cr-bal Fe.
UNS N08825
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

Strain x 0.001
702/Nickel (Ni)

700 Ni.125 Incoloy 330 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 2.946 mm
(0.116 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 247 MPa (35.8 ksi);
560
ultimate tensile strength = 587 MPa (85.2 ksi); elongation
= 43.5%. Composition: 44Fe-35.5Ni-18.5Cr.
UNS N08330
420
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation

280

140

Ni.126 Incoloy 25-6 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (full range)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.889 mm
(0.035 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 413 MPa (59.9 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 785 MPa (113.9 ksi);
elongation = 41.5%. Composition: 45.5Fe-25Ni-20Cr-
6.5Mo. UNS N08926
Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
 Nickel (Ni)/703

490 Ni.127 Incoloy 25-6 annealed nickel alloy sheet,

engineering stress-strain curve (expanded range)

420
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 0.889 mm
(0.035 in.). 0.2% yield strength = 413 MPa (59.9 ksi);
ultimate tensile strength = 785 MPa (113.9 ksi);
350 elongation = 41.5%. Composition: 45.5Fe-25Ni-20Cr-
CO
Q.
6.5Mo. UNS N08926
2 Courtesy of Special Metals Corporation
280

210 S

140

3 4 5
Strain x 0.001
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)

Temperature, °C RM.001 Be-2%BeO beryllium all forms, effect of
0.9 temperature on physical properties
The coefficient of thermal expansion, a, is between 21 °C
ft (70 °F) and the indicated temperature. The thermal
a ^ ^
= 3, conductivity, K, is at the indicated temperature. The
specific heat, C, is at the indicated temperature.
i'l
O <0
C € g- Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 7-5
3 0.7

k
S0-6
1w

o1- 0.4
1000 1500 2000 2500
Temperature, °F

560 RM.002 Various grades of beryllium, various forms,

1 e = 0.02
——
2 e = 0.20
e = 0.03
e = 0.04
5 e = 0.45
6 e = 0.20
4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
tensile stress-strain curves
490 (1) 1400 hot-pressed block. Ultimate tensile strength:
longitudinal (L), 450 MPa (66 ksi); transverse (T),
420
550 MPa (80 ksi). Typical compressive and tensile yield
strength: L, 430 MPa (62 ksi); T, 450 MPa (65 ksi).
(2) SR200 sheet. Ultimate tensile strength (L and T),
350 540 MPa (79 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength
c_
Qo
(L and T), 400 MPa (58 ksi). (3) S200E hot-pressed block.
280 co Ultimate tensile strength: L, 340 MPa (50 ksi); T, 390
MPa (56 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength: L,
260 MPa (38 ksi); T, 270 MPa (39 ksi). (4) 170 brake
210 grade. Ultimate tensile strength: L, 340 MPa (50 ksi); T,
360 MPa (53 ksi). Tensile and compressive yield strength
140 (L and T), 220 MPa (32 ksi). (5) BG 170 brake grade at
371 °C (700 °F). (6) BG 170 brake grade at 649 °C
(1200 °F). The elongation, e, is listed for each by the
70
material curve. All values are typical. Guaranteed values
are lower.
10 Source: Brush Wellman unpublished data and specification data. As
published in Vol 5, Code 5101, Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p 9 and 12
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

490 RM.003 S200E beryllium block, tensile

stress-strain curves

420
Tested at various temperatures and strain rates, £. Hot-
pressed block with 20 |im grain size. Tested in the
72 °F (22'5C), e = 0.0C2s"1 transverse direction. X indicates fracture.
| | 350 Source: F.L. Schierloh and S.G. Babcock, "Tensile Properties of
3()0 °F (149 °iC), e = o.oo:s~1
Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperatures;' AFML-TR-69-273,
I General Motors Tech Center, Oct 1969. As published in Aerospace
500 °F i(260 °C), g = 0.006 s
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5101, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12

Pi
Y
= 0.03 s~1
700 °F -(371 °C), i •• I£
210 $5

140

70

0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24

Strain, in./in.

RM.004 SR200 beryllium sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures and a strain rate of
0.005 s"1 for 1.5 mm (0.060 in.) sheet with 13 |im grain
size. X indicates fracture.
Source: F.L. Schierloh and S.G. Babcock, "Tensile Properties of
Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperatures," AFML-TR-69-273,
General Motors Tech Center, 1969. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5101, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

RM.005 S200E beryllium sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures for cross-rolled sheet. At
room temperature for 0.5-6.35 mm (0.021-0.25 in.)
sheet: ultimate tensile strength (min), 483 MPa (70.0 ksi);
0.2% offset yield strength (min), 345 MPa (50.0 ksi)
Source: "Designing with Beryllium," Brush Wellman, Inc., Cleveland,
OH. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 5101, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 8, 9

RM.006 S200E beryllium block, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures for hot-pressed block. At
room temperature: typical minimum ultimate tensile
strength, 280 MPa (40 ksi); typical minimum tensile yield
strength, 210 MPa (30 ksi)
Source: "Designing with Beryllium," Brush Wellman, Inc., Cleveland,
OH. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 5101, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 8, 9
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

490 RM.007 Be-38AI, Lockalloy beryllium sheet, tensile

/ ,
I
420
stress-strain curves
Sheet thickness: 1.47-2.47 mm (0.058-0.108 in.) sheet.
Young's modulus, 193 GPa (28 x 106 psi). Curve 1 is for
sheet in as-rolled condition with longitudinal, L,
350 specimen. Curve 2 is for as-rolled condition with
transverse, T, specimen. Curve 3 is annealed, and applies
to both L and T.
Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, W.C. Coons, and E.E. Underwood,
"Properties and Behavior of Beryllium-Aluminum Alloys," Lockheed
Missiles & Space Company, Oct 1964. As published in Aerospace
210 & Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbook Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4

140

70

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Strain, %

420 RM.008 Be-38Al, Lockalloy beryllium sheet,

compression stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures and at a strain rate of
350 -0.13 mm/min (-0.005 in./min) for 1.5 mm (0.060 in.)
annealed sheet, in both longitudinal and transverse
directions
Room te)mperatur<2
280 Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% A1 Alloy from -320 to 800
CO F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Q.
400 °F (204 °C) Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook
210 g Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7

I/
&
CO

140

800 °F I427 °C)

^

70

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Strain, %
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

420 RM.009 Be-38AI, Lockalloy beryllium extrusion,

compression stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures and at a strain rate of
350 approximately 0.13 mm/min (0.005 in./min) for annealed
extrusion. Solid line is longitudinal, broken line is
Ro<om tempeirature transverse direction.
280 Source: R.W. Fenn, Jr., D.D. Crooks, G.E. Watts, and A.S. Neiman, A
I T 400 °F (204 °C) Mechanical Property Evaluation of Be-38% Al Alloy from -320 to
£
800 F, Met. Eng. Q., Nov 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
2 Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5102, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook
A '
/ / 210 co
£
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 7

7 / 55
/
f
/// / / 140
f
800 °F 427 °C)
//
f/ // yS / 70

If

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Strain, %

420 RM.010 N50 beryllium block, tensile

stress-strain curves
Tested at various temperatures and strain rate of 0.002 s~

J
72 °F (2:
1 350 Hot-pressed block with 40 |U,m grain size. Tested in the
300|°F(I49°C)
1 x transverse direction. X indicates fracture.
5010 °F (260 °C)
Source: F.L. Schierloh and S.G. Babcock, 'Tensile Properties of
280 Beryllium at High Strain Rates and Temperatures," General Motors
700 °F (371 °C)
M / Tech Center, Oct 1969. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
<o Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5101, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbook
CL
2 Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
210

140

70

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

50 350 RM.011 Worked chromium rod, quenched medium-

grain size chromium, stress-strain curve
Serration s No ser •ations
• Tested at 340 °C. The chromium displayed an average
rate of work hardening of 27.6 MPa (4000 psi)/percent
40 280
strain between 0 and 3% strain, compared with a rate of
3.5 MPa (500 psi) between 3 and 20% strain.
Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of
Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature
30 210
Refractory Metals, R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed.,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High
<D Temperature Metals Committee Extractive Metallurgy Division) and the
a> Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the
CO
co Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining,
20 140
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers, 1966, p 200

10 70

10 15 20 25 30 35
Elongation, %

50 350 50 350

A,A Upper yield stress Quenched

I Lower yield stress

f I
• 318 °C 379 °C
40 280 40 280

30 210 30 210
I Q.
— I —

A
A
Quenched

A -H
A A
co
1I
i
1 /
S
310 °C
1

1
I
^^378 °C
2

20 A A A 140 20 140
A
^ Furnace cooled j ^^ I - I - I Furnace cooled
H -
V J
10 70 10 70

1 i2%i IJ

300 320 340 360 380 400

Test temperature, °C
(a) (b)

RM.012 Worked chromium rod, quenched and furnace cooled medium-grain size chromium, effect of quenching on
yield properties
(a) Yield stress versus temperature, (b) Effect of cooling rate on the shape of stress-strain curves. The quenched specimens were
all strained 8% in the strain-aging range and, compared with the furnace-cooled samples, had higher upper and lower yield stress
values and markedly different stress-strain curves that showed an unusually high rate of work hardening. After about 3% strain,
the rate of work hardening decreased substantially.
Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature Refractory Metals,
R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed., based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High Temperature Metals Committee Extractive
Metallurgy Division) and the Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 199
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

560 RM.013 Chromium-rhenium alloy worked rod,

330 °C 440 °C stress-strain curves at various temperatures

1
420
j Test stopped at Test stopped at
<o
Q_ Cr-1 at.% Rh alloy specimens
H ^^ 8% strain 8% strain
280 » Source: A Gilbert, C.N. Reid, and G.T. Hahn, Tensile Properties of

1 r
140
Chromium and Chromium-Rhenium Alloys, High Temperature
Refractory Metals, R.W. Fountain, J. Malt, and L.S. Richardson, Ed.,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, sponsored by the High
Temperature Metals Committee Extractive Metallurgy Division) and the
Refractory Metals Committee (Institute of Metals Division) of the
Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgi-
420 cal, and Petroleum Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers,
1966, p 203

420
690 °C Small-amplitude serrations
280 Sg
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

560 RM.014 L-605 (UNS R30605) cobalt sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves for thicknesses as indicated
at room and elevated temperatures and various
strain rates
The 2.77 mm (0.109 in.) sheet was solution treated at
1200 °C (2200 °F) and rapid air cooled. The 1.0 mm
(0.040 in.) sheet was solution treated at 1200 °C
(2200 °F) and air cooled. Composition: Co-20Cr-15W-
lONi
Source: For 0.109 in. sheet, Haynes Stellite Company, "Haynes Alloy
No. 25," March 1959; for 0.040 in., sheet, W.P. Roe and J.R. Kattus,
"Tensile Properties of Aircraft Structural Metals at Various Rate of
Loading after Rapid Heating," TR-55-199, Part HI, Wright Air Develop-
ment Center, Sept 1957. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4302, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 22

490
0.040 in. (1.0 mm) thick

420
Strain rate

. 0.003 in./in. miri 350

average of 10 s and
1/2 h holding time
0.0025 in./in. miri

3 4 5
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

RM.015 L-605 (UNS R30605) cobalt sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures and strain rates
Sheet thickness: 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). Solution heat treated
at 1232 °C (2250 °F) and rapid air cooled. RT, room
temperature. Other test specimens were resistance heated
to the indicated temperatures. Composition: Co-20Cr-
15W-10Ni
Source: P.R. Dioguardo and R.D. Lloyd, "Investigation of the Effects of
Rapid Properties of Compressive and Column Members," ASD-TR
61-499, The Marquardt Corp., Jan 1962. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4302, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

40 280 RM.016 X-40 cobalt investment casting, as cast, total

strain curves
1
2o/o } Total strain
Tested at 816 and 871 °C (1500 and 1600 °F). Total
strain of 1 and 2% as indicated. Composition: Co-25Cr-
30 210
10Ni-7.5W
Source: Haynes Stellite Company, "Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31," April
1958. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Code 4305, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
— — University, 1995, p 26
Q-

20 140 co
1500 °F (816 °C)

1600 °F (871 °C)

10 70
10 100 1000
Time, h

RM.017 WI-52 cobalt stress-strain curves

Tested at 927 and 1093 °C (1700 and 2000 °F). Pratt
Whitney Aircraft 653 coated with PWA 45, chromized at
1052 °C (1925 °F), time unspecified. Individual tests are
plotted. Fty, tensile yield strength. Composition: Co-21Cr-
llW-2Fe-1.75(Ta + Nb)
Source: Personal communication from Pratt & Whitney Aircraft. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4308,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 10
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

50 350 RM.018 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) stress-

Strain rate/nr in strain curve
0.009 M
Hh ^ 0.036

280
Tested at 871 °C (1600 °F). Note the change in strain rate
over the range of strain. Composition: Co-22Cr-22Ni-
40
14W-0.08La-low C
Source: W.T. Ebfhara and R.B. Herchenroeder, "Mechanical and
Physical Properties of Haynes Developmental Alloy No. 188," Report
No. 7626, Kokomo Laboratory, Union Carbide Corp., 16 July 1969. As

/
30 210
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4310,
01
2 CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 24

20

/ 140

10

/ 10 15
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
20 25
70

RM.019 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) cobalt

sheet, mill annealed, stress-strain curves
Tested in longitudinal direction. Typical for sheet
thickness: 1.73 mm (0.068 in.). Temperature effects on
the stress-strain properties are indicated. Strain rate in the
elastic region was 0.005 min-1. After yielding to fracture,
the strain rate was 0.1 min-1 head speed. Composition:
Co-22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-low C
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4310, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 24
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

RM.020 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) cobalt

sheet, mill annealed, stress-strain curves
Tested in transverse direction. Typical for sheet thickness:
2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature effects on the stress-
strain properties are indicated. In the elastic region the
strain rate was 0.005 min-1. After yielding to fracture, the
strain rate was 0.1 min-1 head speed. Composition: Co-
22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-low C
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4310, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25

Tangent modulus, GPa
RM.021 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) cobalt
sheet, mill annealed, compressive stress-strain and
tangent modulus curves
Tested in the longitudinal direction. Typical for sheet
thickness: 2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature effects on the
mechanical properties are indicated. The strain rate was
0.005 min-1. RT, room temperature. Composition: Co-
22Cr-22Ni-14W-0.08La-low C
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4310, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29

I I I I I I 1
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Tangent modulus, 106 psi
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

Tangent modulus, GPa RM.022 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (UNS R30188) cobalt
sheet, mill annealed, compressive stress-strain and
tangent modulus curves
Tested in the transverse direction. Typical for sheet
thickness: 2.0 mm (0.078 in.). Temperature effects on the
mechanical properties are indicated. The strain rate was
0.005 min-1. RT, room temperature. Composition: Co-
22Cr-22Ni- 14W-0.08La-low C
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New
Aerospace Structural Materials," Technical Report AFML-TR-71-249,
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Air Force Materials Laboratory,
Contract No. F33615-70-C-1070, Dec 1971. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 4310, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 29

I I I I I I I
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Tangent modulus, 106 psi

160 1120 RM.023 Commercially pure molybdenum sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves
Transver se
Longitudiinal Curves given for arc cast sheet, 0.76-1.0 mm
Warm worked (0.030-0.040 in.) thick, warm worked and stress relieved.
120 840
Stress relieved 982 °C (1800 °F) for 2 h. Tested in
\ longitudinal and transverse direction at a strain rate of
0.025/min
Source: "Molybdenum Metal," Climax Molybdenum Co., 1960. As
Stress relieved N
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5301,
£ 80 x 660 w CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,

\ \ 1995, p 6
CO

40 280

12 16 20 24 28
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

840 RM.024 Commercially pure-0.03 C molybdenum

bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
Room temiperature""*"" temperatures
700 16 mm (5/8 in.) thick bar stress relieved at 982 °C
(1800 °F) for 1 h. Tested at a strain rate of 0.005/min
Source: R.Q. Barr and M. Semchyshen, "Stress Strain Curves for
560 Wrought Molybdenum and Three Molybdenum Base Alloys," Climax
Molybdenum Co., Dec 1959. As published in Aerospace Structural
CL
Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5301, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
5 books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 8
420
tests
^ 1800 °F: (982 °C) £
to
/ X
/
/ /

Ir
(1093 ° C ) - 280
2000 °F <

140
2400 °F ( 1316 °C)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

RM.025 TZM molybdenum alloy rolled rounds,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Round diam: 16-17.5 mm (5/8-11/16 in.). Stress relief
unspecified. Tested at a strain rate of 0.005/min.
Composition: Mo-0.5Ti-0.08Zr
Source: J.A. Houck, "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Com-
mercial Molybdenum Base Alloys," DMIC Rep. 140, 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5303,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 9
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

300 I I 2100 RM.026 MP35N multiphase alloy bar, tensile stress-

Room e
temperatur
strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
Typical curves for specimen (UNS R30035) cold worked

Jf
^^400'
250 T (204 °C) 1750 and aged 538-649 °C (1000-1200 °F) for 4-4.5 h and
air cooled. Test direction: longitudinal. Exposed to
• ^ 700' elevated temperatures for 0.5 h. Ultimate tensile strength,
200
T (371 °C)
1400 S basis for diam up to 44.45 mm (1.750 in.), 1793 MPa
(260 ksi). RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
J2
o. parameters: n(RT) = 13, n(400 F ) = 14, n(700 F) = 15.
S
S 150 1050 <o Composition: Co-35Ni-20Cr-9.75Mo
0)
55 -fa Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 2 5
CO

700
100

350
50

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

300 2100 RM.027 MP159 multiphase alloy bar, tensile stress-

strain curve at room temperature
Typical curves for specimen (UNS R30159) cold worked
250 1750 and aged 649 to 677 ± 14 °C (1200 to 1250 ± 25 °F) for
Longitu<j i n a L / ^
4-A.5 h and air cooled. Bar thickness: <13.462 mm
(<0.530 in.). Test direction: longitudinal. Ultimate tensile
200 1400 strength, S basis for 20.3^14.45 mm (0.801-1.750 in.)
diam, 1793 MPa (260 ksi). Ramberg-Osgood parameters:
n(room temperature) = 13. Composition: 36Co-19Cr-9Fe-
150 1050 «T 7Mo-Ni(bal)
(0
£ <j)
CO

/ CO
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, D e c 1998, p 7 - 3 0

/
100 700

/
50 350

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

1680 RM.028 Commercially pure niobium bar, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
Solid line curves for wrought bar stress relieved at
1400 750 °C (1382 °F) for 1 h. Dashed line curves for bar
recrystallized at 1100 °C (2012 °F) for 15 min
^ - 4 2 3 °F (-253rc) Source: A.G. Imgram, F.C. Holden, H.R. Ogden, and R.I. Jaffee, "Notch
1120 Sensitivity of Refractory Metals/' WADD Tech. Rep. 60-278, Sept
1960. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5,
Q_
Code 5201, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 5
840 </>
-320 °F (-196 °C)

n f
i / 560

'/ I
i 103 °F (-75 °C)
r~ if 1 280
ll 2 L— Roorri temperature

0.02 -
Strain, in./in.

80 560 RM.029 Nb752 niobium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for
several thicknesses
0.030 in. (0.762 mm) Sheet mill annealed. Sheet thickness: 0.30-0.76 mm
^
60 420
(0.012-0.030 in.). Composition: Nb-10W-2.5Zr
0.018 in. (0.452 mm) Source: J.P. O'Connor, "Evaluation of Cb-10W-2.5Zr (Cb-752)
Columbium Alloy," Rep. A-742, Ser. No. 1, McDonnell Aircraft Corp.,
0.012 in. (0 .305 mm) June 1964. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 5, Code 5209, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10
280

/
40
£
55

20 140

2 3 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

196 RM.030 Nb752 niobium alloy, isochronous stress-

strain curves for several temperatures
168 Composition: Nb-10W-2.5Zr
2000 °F (1093 °c)/y Source: E.J. Beck and F.R. Schwartzberg, "Determination of
Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Refractory Metals,"
140 AFML-TR-65-247, July 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
• 10 min Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5209, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
o 30 min books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 13
A 60 min
112 £
2
2500 °F (1371 C)
o
84 m

56
js J-
/< 1
/ o A
28
3000 °F (1649 °(

0
).01 0.1 10 100
Creep, %
350 RM.031 E8ZR niobium alloy rod, zone-refined,
resolved shear stress-strain after one pass (top) and
three passes (bottom)
The resolved shear stress as a function of engineering
280
strain for the one- and three-pass electron beam zone-
refined niobium is shown. Their orientations are shown in
Q-
the unit triangles with each curve.
210 <o Source: M.K. Thomas, E.S. Jenkins, and J.F. Erthal, Mechanical
•fc Properties of Zone Refined Columbium and Tantalum, High
jg Temperature Refractory Metals, 16-20, Feb 1964, Metallurgical Society
J= of American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
-o Engineers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 460
140 §

70

0
350

280

Q.
2
210 £

140

70

0
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

RM.032 Rhenium sheet, wire, and rod, average true

stress-strain curve
Room-temperature properties for 0.254 mm (0.01 in.)
sheet (S), 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) wire (W), and 3.175 mm
(0.125 in.) rod (R), all in annealed condition. Yield
strength (0.2%): S, 930 MPa (135 ksi); R, 317 MPa
(46 ksi). Ultimate tensile strength: S, 1160 MPa (168
ksi); W, 1170 MPa (170 ksi); R,1130 MPa (164 ksi)
Source: B.W. Gonser, Ed., papers presented at symposium on rhenium,
3-A May 1960 (Chicago, IL), Electrothermics and Metallurgical
Division of the Electrochemical Society, Elsevier Publishing Co.,
1962, p 34

1400 RM.033 Commercially pure tantalum wrought bar,

stress-strain curves at room and low temperatures
RT, room temperature. Solid lines for wrought bar stress
1120
relieved at 750 °C (1382 °F) for 1 h. Dashed lines for

rv \ -3;20 °F (-196 °C)

wrought bar, recrystallized at 1200 °C (2192 °F) for 3 h
Source: A.G. Imgram, F.C. Holden, H.R. Ogden, and R.I. Jaffee, "Notch
Sensitivity of Refractory Metals," WADD Tech. Rep. 60-278, 1960. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5401,
840
- 4 2 3 °F (-253 Q
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
2_ 1995, p 4
/
/ .b

1
- 1 0 3 °F (-75 °C) co
560

h
RT

r - 1 0 3 °F (-75 °C)
280

RT

Strain, in./in.
Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

420 RM.034 Commercially pure recrystallized tantalum

foil, tensile stress-strain curve
Foil thickness: 0.076 mm (0.0003 in.). Curve is similar to
350 other body-centered cubic metals, showing the typical
yield point. Yield drop observed in all specimens, with
average being 21 MPa (3 ksi).
280 £ Source: R.P. Jewett and E.D. Weisert, Dislocation Morphology of
Tantalum deformed in Tension, High Temperature Refractory Metals,
based on a symposium, 16-20 Feb 1964, Metallurgical Society of
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers,
210 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1966, p 163

140 2
w

70

10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Elongation, %

RM.035 Ta-10W tantalum alloy sheet, arc cast,

as-rolled, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
1 mm (0.040 in.) sheet, as-rolled, 96% reduction, tested
in argon at a strain rate of 0.001/s
Source: A.S. Rabensteine, "Tensile and Creep Rupture Properties of
Tantalum-10% Tungsten Alloy Sheet," PR 281-1Q-2, AF 33(657)-8706,
The Marquardt Corp., Sept 1963. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5402, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

RM.036 Ta-1 OW tantalum alloy, tensile stress-strain

curve at 1704 °C (3100 °F)
Form and condition of material not given for curve. At
1704 °C (3100 °F): ultimate tensile strength, 109.3 MPa
(15.85 ksi); tensile yield strength, 74.81 MPa (10.85 ksi),
elongation, 22%
Source: P.E. Moorhead, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Columbium,
Tantalum and Titanium Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," BLR-62-26,
Bell Aerosystems Co., Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5402, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Hand-
books Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6

1000 RM.037 Thorium-carbon alloy, tensile stress-strain

curves for various alloys
"^89% Alloys with grain size approximately 18 |Lim, tested at
78 K, at a strain rate of 0.0007/s
800
Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, papers
presented at ASM Materials Science Seminar, 23 Oct 1982 (St. Louis,
MO), American Society for Metals, 1984, p 95

600
0.77 %

0.39 %
400
0.22 %

200

-0.01 %

10 15 20 25 30
Strain
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

100 700 RM.038 Commercially pure tungsten rod, true

tensile stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
Recrystallized swaged rods
80 560 Source: J.W. Pugh, "Tensile and Creep Properties of Tungsten at
^ ^ 798 °F (426 °C) Elevated Temperatures," ASTM Preprint No. 71, 1957. As published in
600.5 °F (315.8 °C) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5501, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995
999.8 ° F (537.7 °C)
> - 1 2 0 3 . 1 °lr (650.6 °C)
•55 60 420 ,
°F (757.5 °C)
^<J1610 °F (876.7 °C)
11790 °F (976.7 °C)

'95.75 °F (109 1.00 °C)

40 280 ,

20
V 140

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

True plastic strain, in./in.

60 420 RM.039 W-Hf-C tungsten alloy rod, tensile stress

elongation curve
Rod recrystallized at 2200 °C (4000 °F) 1 h and tested at
50 350 1370 °C (2500 °F). Composition: W-0.35Hf-0.025C
Source: L.S. Rubenstein, "Effect of Composition and Heat Treatment on

40
zL. 280
High Temperature Strength of Arc Melted Tungsten-Hafnium-Carbon
Alloys," TN D-4379, NASA Lewis Research Center, 1963. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code 5502, CINDAS/
USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 4
J2 i

/
8 30 210 g
•b
CO

20

/ 140

10

/ 0.1 0.2
Elongation, in.
0.3 0.4
70
 Reactive and Refractory Metals (RM)/705

140 980 RM.040 Zr-1.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stress-

strain curves at room and elevated temperatures
P Floom temperature
y
120
y
840
1.52 mm (0.060 in.) thick sheet hot rolled at 843 °C
y
y
>o3<D2 °F (150 °<C) (1550 °F). Zircaloy 2 composition: Zr-1.5Sn. Nominal
y
y y ultimate tensile strengths are indicated on curves by
y y
y y
100 y
y 700 arrows.
k y y
i y y' 482 °F: (250 °C) Source: F. Forscher, "Effects of Cold Work on the Mechanical
s y
>
y y
m y (0_
Q Properties of Zircaloy-2," Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, 1957.
80 1r y y 560 2 As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code
£»
tn *

£0)to
</>
<
y"
5701, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
y .. -O 662 °F: (350 °C)
1995, p 5
u>
<D ^ yy
2 60 rf i
K
932 °F: (500 °C) 420 |

40

>*• 280
20

140

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2°

True strain

140 980 RM.041 Zr-1.5Sn zirconium alloy, true tensile stress-

O Maximum load strain curves for various conditions
• Fraclure
120 840
Sheet thickness: 1.52 mm (0.060 in.). Test direction:
longitudinal. Tested at 250 °C (482 °F). HR, sheet hot
rolled at 843 °C (1550 °F). Other curves for cold rolled
(CR) conditions as indicated. Zircaloy 2 Composition:

f\
100 700
Zr-1.5Sn
-^ HR Source: F. Forscher, "Effects of Cold Work on the Mechanical
80 560 : Properties of Zircaloy-2," Westinghouse Atomic Power Division, 1957.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 5, Code
5701, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
yC' 1995, p 5
5 60 420
r
/ u
o
o
CM
O
o
•o
CN
40 u_ Li_ 280
10% CR

25% CR

O o
O o
lO jo
CC CC
20 O O 140
Np vO
o o
CD

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.1^

True strain
 Titanium (Ti)/729

Titanium (Ti)
Ti.001 Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet,
typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range) at
room temperature
100
Ti-70 ^ j<
Yield strength = 275 and 480 MPa (40 and 70 ksi). Ti-40
is UNS R50400; Ti-70 is UNS R50700.
- 80 Source: Data consistent with MJL-HDBK 5H, 1998 p 5-13, 5-14. As
published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., ASM Material
Ti-40
Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 239

60 -

40

- 20

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Strain, mm/mm

Ti.002 Commercially pure Ti-55 and Ti-70 titanium

sheet, stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Ti-55 (UNS R50550): 1.6 mm (0.064 in.) thick, /2-IOO h
exposure. Ti-70 (UNS R50700): 0.6 mm (0.025 in.) thick
Source: Ti-70 data from EJ. King and H.M. Lundstrom, "Short-Time
High-Temperature Data of Titanium Sheet RC-70," Bell Aircraft Corp.,
1955. Ti-55 data from D.D. Doerr, "Determination of Physical
Properties of Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AFTR 6517 Part 1, Supplement 1, Feb 1953. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3701,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p5
730/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.003 Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet,

effect of crosshead speed on tensile stress-strain
curves
Sheet thickness = 0.81 mm. Test direction: longitudinal.
Tests for 1-3 conducted in air at 20 ± 1 °C; tests for 4
and 5 conducted in water at 20 ± 0.5 °C. Composition
analysis: 0.009 C, 0.055-0.058 0 2 , 0.002 H2, 0.002Fe,
0.007 N
Source: P. Kvist, Material Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium
Sheet, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, p 1124

500 Ti.004 Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet,

effect of orientation to rolling direction on tensile
0° 450
stress-strain curves
Sheet thickness = 0.81 mm. Curves from series 4 tests.
400
6 mm/min conducted in water at 20 ± 0.5 °C.
Composition analysis: 0.009 C, 0.055-0.058 0 2 ,
0.002 H2, 0.002 Fe, 0.007 N
Source: P. Kvist, Material Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium
Sheet, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, p 1124

200

100

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Natural strain
 Titanium (Ti)/731

Ti.OOS Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) sheet,

effect of orientation to rolling direction on log
tensile stress-strain curves
Sheet thickness = 0.81 mm. Curves from series 4 tests. 6
mm/min conducted in water at 20 ± 0.5 °C. Log curves
45°
0° • yield strain hardening n values for strains greater than
'^90°
/
and less than 0.15: w(0°, where strain is <0.15) = 0.14,
n(0°, where strain is >0.15) = 0.17; n(45°, where strain is
<0.15) = 0.11, n(45°, where strain is >0.15) =; n(90
where strain is <0.15) = 0.11, n(90°, where strain is
>0.15) = 0.18. Composition analysis: 0.009 C,
0.055-0.058 0 2 , 0.002 H2, 0.002 Fe, 0.007 N
Source: P. Kvist, Material Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium
Sheet, Titanium '80 Science and Technology, TMS, 1980, p 1124

A '

-1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4

Log natural strain

1200 Ti.006 Commercially pure grade 2 titanium textured

sheet, true and engineering stress-strain curves
- 160
Test direction: longitudinal. UNS R50400
1000
140 Source: L. Murugesh et al., J. Mater. Shap. Technol., Vol 7 (No. 2),
' True
1989, p 86. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
120 1994, p 240
800

- 100 _
w
600 CO
W
80 £
0)
Engineering

400 60

-
40
200
—
20

0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

Strain, mm/mm
732/Titanium (Ti)

1200 Ti.007 Commercially pure grade 2 titanium textured

sheet, true and engineering stress-strain curves
- 160
Test direction: transverse. UNS R50400
1000
140 Source: L. Murugesh et al., J. Mater. Shap. Technol, Vol 7 (No. 2),
''True 1989, p 86. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
120 1994, p 240
800

- 100
a
co 600 0
a
CO
£ 80 2
CO u
Engineering
400 60

-
40
200
—
20

0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2 08

Strain, mm/mm

600 Ti.008 Commercially pure grade 2 titanium sheet,

engineering stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. UNS R50400
Source: L. Murugesh et al., J. Mater. Shap. Technol, Vol 7 (No. 2),
1989, p 86. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 240

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Engineering strain, mm/mm
 Titanium (Ti)/733

Ti.009 Grade 2 equivalent titanium, true stress-strain

curves at elevated temperatures
Strain rate: 0.033/s. Composition: commercially pure
with 0.49 at.% O^
Source: Metall. Trans. A, Vol 14, Dec 1983, p 2810. As published in
R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 241

1400 Ti.010 Grade 2 equivalent titanium, true stress-strain

curves at various temperatures

1200
42 K Strain rate: 0.00036/s. Composition: commercially pure
W 8 K with 0.5 at.% O^. Grain size: 22 |im
Source: Metall. Trans. A, Vol 14, Dec 1983, p 2546. As published in
150
1000 R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Serrations y S Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 241

i 800
i) 2 08 K
100 B
« 600
298 K

- 420 K
400
— 50

— 550 K
200
650 K

750 K

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 O.48

True strain, mm/mm
734/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.011 Commercially pure grade 3 annealed titanium

70
sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
Roomi temperature
60 Annealed at 705 °C (1300 °F), air cooled. UNS R50550.
Chemical composition: Ti-0.02C-0.20Fe-0.005H-0.01N-
93 °C (200 °F) 0.200
50
Source: Crucible Data Sheet, Crucible Specialty Metals. As published in
R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
40
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 241

204 °C (400 °F) -b

/ 30
CO

/J 316 °C (6(30 °F)

427 °C (8(DO °F)

-
- 20

10

4 6
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm

Ti.012 Commercially pure grade 4 titanium, effect of

grain size on true stress-strain curves at various
temperatures
Strain rate: 0.00033/s. UNS R50700.
Composition: ~1 at.% Oeq
Source: Acta Metall., Vol 21, Aug 1973, p 1117-1129. As published
in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 241
 Titanium (Ti)/735

1000 Ti.013 Commercially pure grade 4 titanium, effect of

- 140 grain size on true stress-strain curves at room
temperature
0.8 jim
900
1.25 nm 2.6 nm 130 Strain rate: ~0.0003/s. UNS R50700
Source: H. Conrad and R. Jones, The Science, Technology and
^ " ^ 1 8 - 1 9 nm — 120 Application of Titanium, R.I. Jaffe and N.E. Promisel, Ed., Pergamon
800 Press, p 489-501. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings,
Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM
Q_ 110 -- International, 1994, p 239
w
$ 700
100 £

600

- 80

500
T Typical scatter between 70
1 speciiliens

400 60
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16
True strain, mm/mm

60 I 420 Ti.014 Commercially pure titanium (Ti-55) sheet,

Room temperature compressive stress-strain curves for room and
elevated temperatures
50 350 Solid line: 100 h exposure. Dashed line: Vi-lOO h
°F (93 °C)
exposure. UNS R50550
Source: Data for 0.5-100 h exposure from D.E. Miller, "Determination
40 280 of the Tensile, Compressive and Bearing Properties of Ferrous and
400 °F (204 °C)
Nonferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated Temperatures," AFTR
Part 5, 1957. Data for 100 h exposure from TML Memo, 1958. As
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code
30 210 w 3701, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
V)
600 °F (316 °C) £ 1995, p 7
cn

20 140
~800 °F (427 °C)

ff/ifs — .— 1000°F (538 °C)

10 tiff/ 70

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

736/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.015 Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr titanium alloy billet,

tensile stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet
solution heat treated for 15 min at 815 °C (1500 °F), air
cooled, 12 h, 565 °C (1050 °F), air cooled. UNS R58640
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 3723, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 10

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ti.016 Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr titanium alloy billet,

tensile stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: transverse. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet
solution heat treated for 15 min at 815 °C (1500 °F), air
cooled, 12 h, 565 °C (1050 °F), air cooled. UNS R58640
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 3723, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 11
 Titanium (Ti)/737

Ti.017 Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr titanium alloy billet,

compressive stress-strain curves for room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet
solution heat treated for 15 min at 815 °C (1500 °F), air
cooled, 12 h, 565 °C (1050 °F), air cooled. UNS R58640
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 3723, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 12

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ti.018 Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr titanium alloy billet,

compressive stress-strain curves for room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: transverse. 152 mm (6 in.) square billet
solution heat treated for 15 min at 815 °C (1500 °F), air
cooled, 12 h, 565 °C (1050 °F), air cooled. UNS R58640
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 3723, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 12
738/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.019 Ti-5AI-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

bar, and forging, tensile stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
90% probability tension. UNS R54520/R54521.
Source: "Compilation of Available Information on Ti-5 Al-2.5Sn Alloy,"
TML Memo, Batelle Memorial Institute, 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3706,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 5

Ti.020 Ti-5AI-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

bar, and forging, compressive stress-strain at room
and elevated temperatures
90% probability compression. UNS R54520/R54521
Source: "Compilation of Available Information on Ti-5 Al-2.5Sn Alloy,"
TML Memo, Batelle Memorial Institute, 1957. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3706,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 8
 Titanium (Ti)/739

Ti.021 Ti-5Al-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheets

effect of test temperature, holding time, and strain
rate on tensile properties
Holding time: solid line, 10 s; dashed line, 30 min. Strain
rates at temperature: curve 1, 649 °C (1200 °F), 60
in./in./min; curve 2, 649 °C (1200 °F), 0.003 in./in./min;
curve 3, 871 °C (1600 °F), 60 in./in./min; curve 4, 871 °C
(1600 °F), 0.003 in./in./min; curve 5, 1288 °C (2350 °F),
60 in./in./min; curve 6, 1521 °C (2770 °F), 60 in./in./min.
UNS R54520/R54521
Source: J.D. Morrison and R.J. Kattus, "Tensile Properties of Aircraft-
Structural Metals at Various Rates of Loading after Rapid Heating,"
WADC TR 55-199, 1956. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook,, Vol 4, Code 3706, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6

280 1960 Ti.022 Ti-5Al-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

I
-423 °F (-253 °C) tensile stress-strain curves for room and low
temperatures
240 1680
UNS R54520/R54521
/ S -320 •F (-196 °C) Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
200 1400 "The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at
Very Low Temperatures " WADC TR 58-386, June 1958. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3706, CIN-
-110 °F (-7r 9 °C)
160 1120 £ DAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 6
5
Room temper ature
^ 120 840 55

80 560

40 280

8 12 16 20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
740/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.023 Ti-5AI-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at 427 °C
(800 °F)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness =1.6 mm
(0.064 in.). Results are the average of two heats. UNS
R54520/R54521
Source: J.O. Hatchet and E.L. Home, 'Tensile and Creep Properties of
A110-AT Titanium Sheet Material at Elevated Temperatures," ASD
TDR 62-524, July 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook,, Vol 4, Code 3706, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12

Ti.024 Ti-5Al-2.5Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

isochronous stress-strain curves at 538 °C (1000 °F)
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness =1.6 mm
(0.064 in.). Results are the average of two heats. UNS
R54520/R54521
Source: J.O. Hatchet and E.L. Home, 'Tensile and Creep Properties of
A110-AT Titanium Sheet Material at Elevated Temperatures," ASD
TDR 62-524, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3706, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
 Titanium (Ti)/741

160 1120 Ti.025 Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si titanium alloy

billet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
980
Test direction: longitudinal, a-(3 finished forged and
duplex annealed billet 102 X 152 mm (4 X 6 in.). Billet
840
treated at 952 °C (1745 °F), 1 h, air cooled + 900 °C
(1650 °F), water quenched, 538 °C (1000 °F), 8 h
700 ®
Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Materials," AFML TR-75-97, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, June 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
560 £
Handbook,, Vol 4, Code 3717, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 23
420 i

280

140

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

160 1120 Ti.026 Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si titanium alloy

billet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
980
Test direction: transverse, a-(3 finished forged and duplex
annealed billet 102 X 152 mm ( 4 X 6 in.). Billet treated
840
at 952 °C (1745 °F), 1 h, air cooled + 900 °C (1650 °F),
water quenched, 538 °C (1000 °F), 8 h
700 (
Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, June 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
560 £
Handbook., Vol 4, Code 3717, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 23
420 l

280

140

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 inJin.
742/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.027 Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si titanium alloy

plate, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Plate thickness = 38 mm
(llA in.). Conventionally processed plate: 949 °C
(1740 °F), 1 h, air cooled + 538 °C (1000 °F), 8 h
Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, June 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3717, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 23

Ti.028 Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si titanium alloy

plate, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Plate thickness = 38 mm
(154 in.). Conventionally processed plate: 949 °C
(1740 °F), 1 h, air cooled + 538 °C (1000 °F), 8 h
Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
New Aerospace Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, June 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3717, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 23
 Titanium (Ti)/743

1400 200 Ti.029 Ti-6Al~2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si solution

treated annealed titanium alloy plate, compressive
stress-strain curves at room and elevated
1200
Room ten1 perature^
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal
150
1000 Source: O.L. Deel, P.E. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
205 °C New Aerospace Materials," AFML-TR-73-114, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, June 1973. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
315 °C
E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 727
100 3
o
to 600

400
— 50

200

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm

200 1400 Ti.030 Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si titanium alloy

plate, compressive stress-strain curves at room and
175
elevated temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Plate thickness = 38 mm
150 (I/2 in.). Conventionally processed plate: 949 °C
(1740 °F), 1 h, air cooled + 538 °C (1000 °F), 8 h
Source: O.L. Deel, P.F. Ruff, and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on
L125
New Aerospace Materials," AFML-TR-75-97, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, June 1975. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3717, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
! 100
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25

E
o
o

4 6 8
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
744/Titanium (Ti)

Temperature, °F Ti.031 Ti-6AI-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si annealed

1400 1500 1600 1700
titanium-alloy sheet, flow stress versus temperature
1 I I
Sheet thickness = 2.5 mm (0.10 in.). As-annealed step-
strain-rate tensile tests under argon at several strain rates
2X104^V Source: RMI Titanium Co. unpublished data. As published in R. Boyer,
G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook:
Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 727

5*10 4
\
\
\ - 5

\\
8x105

—o

750 800 850 900 950

Temperature, °C

Ti.032 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex-annealed titanium

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range)
at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. UNS R54620
\ ^Room te mperature Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-50

„ 6l00 °F (316 °C)

N
700 g=

X 900 °F (482 °C)

20

Strain, in./in.
 Titanium (Ti)/745

Ti.033 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex- and triplex-

annealed titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-
strain curves at room temperature and 482 °C
(900 °F)
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thick-
ness = 1.22-2.16 mm (0.048-0.085 in.). 0.5 h exposure.
UNS R54620. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room tem-
perature) = 35; n(900 °F) = 12
Source: MILHDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5 ^ 9

Ti.034 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex-annealed titanium

alloy bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
temperature and 482 °C (900 °F)
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar thickness =
28.575-31.75 mm (1.125-1.250 in.). 0.5 h exposure.
UNS R54620. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n{room tem-
perature) = 34; rc(900 °F) = 10
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5 ^ 9
746/Titanium (Ti)

980 Ti.035 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex-annealed titanium

alloy bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room
Room terr perature and elevated temperatures
840
Duplex annealed: 900 °C (1650 °F), 1 h, air cooled +
593 °C (1100 °F), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
700 Source: "Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Ti-
6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo Sheet, Bar, and Forgings," TMCA, Sept 1966. As
600 °F (3116 °C)
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,
560 CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
800 °F (427 ° C ) 1995, p 67
/
420 oo
\ c )00 °F (482 DC)
I
/ a 0 °F (538 °C
280

140

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1200 Ti.036 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy tapered

plate, compressive stress strain curves at room and
- 160 elevated temperatures
1000 Specimens were cast wedges (tapered plates) and were
140
Room terriperature. tested in the as-received as-cast condition. UNS R54620
Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
120
800 Materials," AFML TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977,
p 28. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E, Collings, Ed.,
205^. Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
- 100-
Q_
^a 1994, p 365
wCO 600 a
u
& 80 8
to u

400 60

-
40
200
—
20

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
 Titanium (Ti)/747

4.0 Ti.037 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forging,

true flow stress-strain and strain-strain rate curves
3.5
Stress \ 's strain
Tested at 915 °C for a + p (a) and p (b). For both, the
3.0
stress decreases with strain (flow). UNS R54620
Source: S.L. Semiatin et al., in Process Modeling Fundamentals and
' (O
2.5 Applications to Metals, American Society for Metals, 1980, p 387^08
(0
2.0 '£c
Stic in rate vi i strain
®
1.5 E
h-

1.0

(a)
\ 0.5

0
4.0

3.5

3.0
1
CO
2.5 <D
, Stress vs strain 2
- ... j
2.0 C
" - - . - . '2
Strain rate vs sti-ain " - <D
1.5 E
* 1-
* * **

1.0
* \
* 0.5
\

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
(b) True strain
748/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.038 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy, true

stress-strain curves showing effects of temperature
and strain rate
Strain rate: solid line, 10.0/s; dashed line, 1.0/s.
UNS R54620
Source: G.D. Lahoti and T. Altan, AFML-TR-79-4156, Dec 1979. As
published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials
Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 366

Ti.039 Ti-6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy, true

stress-strain curves showing effects of temperature
and strain rate
Strain rate: solid line, 0.1/s; dashed line, 0.01/s.
- UNS R54620
Source: G.D. Lahoti and T. Altan, "Research to Develop Process
Models for Producing a Dual Property Titanium Alloy Compressor
. —955°C Disk," AFWAL-TR-80-4162, 1980. As published in R. Boyer,
910 °C - G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook:
Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 366

980 °C

1010°C
—

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

True strain
 Titanium (Ti)/749

Ti.040 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forging,

true flow stress-strain curves
Row stress of the a - p titanium alloy. The critical strains
and temperatures for which the acicular a microstructure
transformed to an equiaxed microstructure are shown. It
is found that deformation to strains of the order of 1.0 at
900 °C (1650 °F), followed by heat treatment at 955 °C
(1750 °F), produced the desired transformation. UNS
R54620
Source: T.G. Byrer, S.L. Semiatin, and D.C. Vollmer, Ed., Forging
Handbook, Forging Industry Association of America, 1985, p 116

Ti.041 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy forged

compressor discs, typical tensile stress-strain curves
at room temperature
Duplex annealed 968 °C (1775 °F), 1 h, air cooled,
593 °C (1100 °F), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Forgings," Garrett Corp. Airesearch Manufacturing Co., 1970. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995,
p 49
750/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.042 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex-annealed titanium

alloy forged compressor discs, tensile stress-strain
curves at 316 °C (600 °F)
Duplex annealed 968 °C (1775 °F), 1 h, air cooled,
593 °C (1100 °F), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Forgings," Garrett Corp. Airesearch Manufacturing Co., 1970. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 68

Ti.043 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex-annealed titanium

alloy forged compressor discs, tensile stress-strain
curves at 427 °C (800 °F)
Duplex annealed 968 °C (1775 °F), 1 h, air cooled,
593 °C (1100 °F), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Forgings," Garrett Corp. Airesearch Manufacturing Co., 1970. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 68
 Titanium (Ti)/751

Ti.044 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo duplex-annealed titanium

alloy forged compressor discs, tensile stress-strain
curves at 538 °C (1000 °F)
Duplex annealed 968 °C (1775 °F), 1 h, air cooled,
593 °C (1100 °F), 8 h, air cooled. UNS R54620
Source: G. Curbishley, "Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-6Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Forgings," Garrett Corp. Airesearch Manufacturing Co., 1970. As pub-
lished in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3718,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 68
752/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.045 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo duplex-annealed titanium

alloy forging, duplicate stress-strain curves for two
different duplex-annealing treatments
Test specimens 6.3 mm (0.25 in.) diam X 25.4 mm (1 in.)
gage. Duplex anneal for curves A and B: 904 °C
(1660 °F), 1 h, air cooled + 593 °C (1100 °F), 8 h, air
cooled. Duplex annealing for curves C and D: 910 °C
(1670 °F), 1 h, fast air cooled + 593 °C (1100 °F), 8 h, air
cooled. Curve A: ultimate tensile strength = 1255 MPa
(182 ksi); tensile yield strength = 1165 MPa (169 ksi);
elongation in 25 mm (1 in.) =15%; reduction of area =
37%. Curve B: ultimate tensile strength = 1220 MPa
(177 ksi); tensile yield strength = 1117 MPa (162 ksi);
elongation in 25 mm (1 in.) = 13%; reduction of area =
32%. Curve C: ultimate tensile strength = 1386 MPa (201
ksi); tensile yield strength = 1317 MPa (191 ksi); elonga-
tion in 25 mm (1 in.) = 9%; reduction of area = 22%.
Curve D: ultimate tensile strength = 1276 MPa (185 ksi);
tensile yield strength = 1227 MPa (178 ksi); elongation in
25 mm (1 in.) = 10%; reduction of area = 22%. UNS
R56260
Source: Personal communication from D.H. Wilson, RMI Co. to J.R.
Kattus, 31 Jan 1972. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook,, Vol 4, Code 3714, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 9
 Titanium (Ti)/753

Ti.046 Ti-6AI-4V solution treated and aged titanium

alloy, all forms, tensile stress-strain curves for room
and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure.
UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK 5, 1991. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 592

0.08
Strain, mm/mm

1120 Ti.047 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room

f
temperature (full range)
980
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse.
\ 840
UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-68

700

560 </>
C
O
<
D
W
420

280

140

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain, in./in.
754/Titanium (Ti)

1400 Ti.048 Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves (full
range ) at room and elevated temperatures
R<3om temperature Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h
1120
exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: rc(room tempera-
^ 200 °F (93 °C) ture) = 16, rc(200 °F) = 22, rc(400 °F) = 15, n(600 °F) =
11, >2(800 °F) = 9.4, >2(1000 °F) = 6.2. UNS R56400/
400 °F (204 °C) R56401
840
600 °F (316 °C)
800 °F '(427 °C)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-79

is
to
560
1000 °F (531B°C)

# 280

12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ti.049 Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium

alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, >x(200 °F)
= 27, >2(400 °F) = 22, >2(600 °F) = 12, n(800 °F) = 11,
>2(1000 °F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-80
 Titanium (Ti)/755

Ti.050 Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium

alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves
at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: «(room temperature) = 13, n(200 °F)
= 15, n{400 °F) = 14, «(600 °F) = 10, n{800 °F) = 11,
<1000 °F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-81

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.051 Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium
1400 alloy sheet, typical compressive tangent modulus
curves at room and elevated temperatures
v Rotan temperalture Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: n(room temperature) = 22, n(200 °F)
1120
\ 2 0 0 °F (93 °C) = 27, rt(400 °F) = 22, n(600 °F) = 12, n{800 °F) = 11,
rt(1000 °F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
\ 4 0 i 3 °F (204 °C
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-80

(0
Q.
00 °F (316' 2

£
w
\ 4 j O O °F (427 °C)
1000 °F: (538 ° C P
\

4 8 12 16 20 24
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi
756/Titanium (Ti)

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.052 Ti-6AI-4V, solution treated and aged titanium
28 56 84 112 140
sheet, typical compressive tangent modulus curves at
room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: long transverse. 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: w(room temperature) =13, n{200 °F)
= 15, n{400 °F) = 14, n(600 °F) = 10, n(800 °F) = 11,
«(1000 °F) = 5.7. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-81

8 12 16 20
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

200 1400 Ti.053 Ti-6Al-4V aged titanium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Room temperature Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness =1.6 and
160 1120
3.18 mm (0.063 and 0.125 in.) Treatment: 927 °C
(1700 °F), 3-20 min, water quenched, + 482-510 °C
200 °F (93 °C) (900-950 °F), 4 h. UNS R56400/R56401
120 -400 •F (204 °C) 840 Source: "Summary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data
600 °F (316 °C) Collected, Including Tensile Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,

jk
Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
<D ^ ^ T s o c ) °F (427 °C) Vol 4, Code 3707, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
900 °F: (482 °C) Purdue University, 1995, p 14
80 560
10100 °F (538 °C)

40 280

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Titanium (Ti)/757

Ti.054 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and
3.18 mm (0.063 and 0.125 in.). Treatment: 927 °C
(1700 °F), 3-20 min, water quenched, + 482-510 °C
(900-950 °F), 4 h. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: "Summary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data
Collected, Including Tensile Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,
Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 3707, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 14

Ti.055 Ti-6Al-4V annealed titanium alloy sheet,

compressive tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness =1.6 mm
(0.063 in.). Results are the average of eight heats.
UNS R56400/R56401
Source: J.K. Childs and M.M. Lemcoe, "Determination of Materials
Design Criteria for 6A1-4V Titanium Alloy at Room and Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-246, Aug 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3707,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 18
758/Titanium (Ti)

TL056 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.6 and
3.18 mm (0.063 and 0.125 in.). Treatment: 927 °C
(1700 °F), 3-20 min, water quenched, + 482-510 °C
(900-950 °F), 4 h, air cooled. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: "Summary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data
Collected, Including Tensile Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,
Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
Vol 4, Code 3707, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
Purdue University, 1995, p 18

Ti.057 Ti-6AI-4V aged titanium alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness =1.6 and
3.18 mm (0.063 and 0.125 in.). Treatment: 927 °C
(1700 °F), 3-20 min, water quenched, + 482-510 °C
(900-950 °F), 4 h, air cooled. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: "Summary of Mechanical and Physical Property Data
Collected, Including Tensile Creep and Fatigue," Lockheed-Georgia,
1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4,
Code 3707, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue
University, 1995, p 19
 Titanium (Ti)/759

Ti.058 Ti-6Al-4V aged titanium alloy sheet, tensile

alloy stress-strain for room and low temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and transverse. Sheet thick-
ness = 1.6 m m (0.063 in.). Treatment: 921 °C (1690 °F),
12 min, water quenched, + 482 °C (900 °F), 4 h. U N S
R56400/R56401
Source: "Details of Data Collected Program Test Techniques and
Results for Tension, Compression, Bearing, Shear, Crippling, Joints
and Physical Properties," Lockheed-Georgia, Dec 1962. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3707,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 14

280 1960 Ti.059 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy sheet,

I
—I
1-25 °F (-254 °C) typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, elevated,
and low temperatures
240 1680
Sheet thickness = 1 . 6 m m (0.064 in.).

/A
320 °F (-196 °C) U N S R56400/R56401
200 1400 Source: J.K. Childs and M.M. Lemcoe, "Determination of Materials
Design Criteria for 6A1-4V Titanium Alloy at Room and Elevated
110 °F (-79 °C) Temperatures," WADC TR 58-246, Aug 1958. R.L McGee, J.E.
« 160 1120 Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning, "The Mechanical
Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at Very Low
Temperature," WADC TR 58-386, June 1958. As published in
— - } R ctorn temperature
120
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3707,
200 °F (93 °C) CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
400 °F (204 °C) 1995, p 13
600 °F (316 °C)
80 560
— 800 °F (427 °<
r>
1000 °F (5:38 °C)

40 280

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
760/Titanium (Ti)

200 1400 Ti.060 Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy plate, typical tensile

stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures

160
Room tempera!lire
1120
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Solution
treated and aged. Plate thickness = 6.35-25.40 mm
(0.250-1.000 in.). 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood
parameters: «(room temperature) =16, «(400 °F) =19,

L
120 840 «(600 °F) = 15, n{800 °F) = 11. UNS R56400/R56401
.400 °F (204 ° C )
. 600 °F (316 °C) Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-82
800 °F (42:7 °C)

80 560

¥ 280
40

12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 inJin.

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.061 Ti-6Al-4V solution treated and aged titanium
28 56 84 112 140 alloy plate, typical compressive stress-strain and
200
compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet
160 1120 thickness = 6.35-25.40 mm (0.250-1.000 in.). Ramberg-
Osgood parameter: «(room temperature) = 26. UNS
R56400/R56401

/
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-82
120 840

80 560

/
40

/ 8 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
20
280

24
 Titanium (Ti)/761

Ti.062 Ti-6AI-4V annealed titanium alloy bar, tensile

stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
Sheet thickness = 31.75 m m (1A in.). Results are the
average of 12 heats. U N S R56400/R56401
Source: J.K. Childs and M.M. Lemcoe, "Determination of Materials
Design Criteria for 6A1-4V Titanium Alloy at Room and Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-246, Aug 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3707,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 13

Ti.063 Ti-6Al-4V annealed titanium alloy bar,

compressive stress-strain curves for room and
elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 31.75 m m (VA in.). Results are the
average of 12 heats. U N S R56400/R56401
Source: J.K. Childs and M.M. Lemcoe, "Determination of Materials
Design Criteria for 6A1-4V Titanium Alloy at Room and Elevated
Temperatures," WADC TR 58-246, Aug 1958. As published in
co Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3707,
| CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
<0 1995, p 19
762/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.064 Ti-6Al-4V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room, elevated,
and cryogenic temperatures
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n{-243 °F)
= 20, n{-321 °F) = 21, n(-110 °F) = 20, rc(room tempera-
ture) = 33, n(400 °F) = 29, n(700 °F) = 19, n{900 °F) =
9.6. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-66

Ti.065 Ti-6Al-4V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,

typical compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: ra(room
temperature) = 21, n{400 °F) = 19, «(700 °F) = 14,
n(900 °F) = 9.8. UNS R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-67
 Titanium (Ti)/763

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.066 Ti-6Al-4V annealed titanium alloy extrusion,
28 56 84 112 140 typical compressive tangent modulus curves at room
and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. 0.5 h exposure. Ramberg-
Osgood parameters: «(room temperature) = 21, «(400 °F)
= 19, «(700 °F) = 14, «(900 °F) = 9.8. UNS
R56400/R56401
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-67

4 8 12 16 20
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

1400
200
Ti.067 Ti-6AI-4V solution treated and aged titanium
alloy rod, temperature and strain rate effects on
^ 2 1 °C, I330/s
tensile stress-strain curves
1200
\ UNS R56400/R56401
X v
21 °C, 10 4/s - 150
Source: D.L. McLellan and T.W. Eichenberger, "Constitutive Equation
1000 Development (COED)," Vol 1, Technical Summary, SAMSO-TR-68-
320, July 1968, p 80. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E.
1 °C, 0.1/s Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM
475 °C International, 1994, p 593

- 100 8
540 °C 0.1/s £
co
4
540 °C io" /s

400
50

200

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, mm/mm
764/Titanium (Ti)

500 Ti.068 Ti-6AI-4V titanium alloy, temperature effect

70
on flow stress-strain curves
Strain rate at 10/s with a starting microstructure of about
60 50% a in a transformed p matrix. UNS R56400/R56401
400
Source: G.W. Kuhlman, ALCOA, Forging Division. As published in
R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
* 800 °C - 50
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 593
300
40

900 °C
| 200 30 |

- 20
1000 °C
100
l* i. s * —* A

— 10

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Strain, %
 Titanium (Ti)/765

100 Ti.069 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn titanium alloy, true stress-strain

600 °C curves (a) sensitized (b) reheated
In the sensitized mode, smooth stress-strain curves are
- 80 shown above 750 °C (1380 °F), and work hardening
occurs below 665 °C (1220 °F). At 850 °C (1560 °F), for
example, the stress level of the reheated materials is
60
almost twice that of the sensitized material at low strain.
The sensitized mode involved quenching from 1220 °C
— 40
(2190 °F) to the test temperature. The reheated mode
750 °C involved heating to the test temperature in 60 s.
Source: H.G. Suzuki et al., Effect of Phase Transformation on the Hot
800 °C _ / 9 0 0 °C
850 °C —20 Workability of Ti-8Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, and Other Alloys, Sixth
World Conference on Titanium, P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger,
Ed., Les Editions de Physique, Paris, 1989, p 1427-1432. As published
1100 °c ^1000 °c in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
(a) Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 663

700 °C - 70

60

- ^ 7 5 0 °C
- 50

.MO'C - 40

30

850 °C
900 °C - 20

—1000°c
10
1100°c
1200 °C
n
0 0/ ).2 0. 3 0.4 0.5
(b) Strain, in./in.
766/Titanium (Ti)

180 1260 Ti.070 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves (full range ) at

f
160 *— 1120 room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse.
140 980 UNS R56620
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-108
120 840

^ 100 700 |
CO
CO
2
560 *

GO 80
420

60
280
40
140

20

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Strain, in./in.

200 1400 Ti.071 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

tensile stress-strain curves at room and elevated
temperatures
Ro<am temperature Annealed, 760 °C (1400 °F), 4 h. UNS R56620
160 1120
Source: "Properties of Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn," Timet Titanium Engineering
200 °F (93 °C)
Bulletin No. 10, TMCA, Sept 1967. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3715, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
400 °F (204 °C) Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 25
120 840
J500 °F (316 °C) Q.
2
800 °F (427 °C)
•fc=
co
80 560

40 280

Strain, 0.001 in/in.

 Titanium (Ti)/767

1400 Ti.072 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn mill-annealed titanium alloy

I I
- 8 0 °F (-(52 °C) (-18 °C) plate, tensile stress-strain curves at several
1260 temperatures
\ Plate thickness = 12.7 mm (0.5 in.). Tensile yield strength
1120
\ „
= 1120 MPa (163 ksi). Tested to ASTM-399-70T. UNS
180 °F (82 ° C ) Rooim temperatijre R56620
970
840 Source: M.F. Amateau, W.D. Hanna, and E.G. Kendall, "F-15 Program
Final Report: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6A1-4V Fatigue Crack
to Propagation," ATR-72(9990), The Aerospace Corp., Sept 1971. As
CL
published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3715,
700 » CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 26
560

420

280

140

0.02 0.04 0.106 0.08 0.10 0.12

Strain,i, in./in.

1400 Ti.073 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn titanium alloy plate, tensile

stress-strain curves at room temperature for different
— -.^RS
1260 heat treatments
/* RM
TM
y— All curves 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) except RS which is 32 mm
1120

t
•— -•^RD (1.25 in.). Heat treatment: RB, beta annealed, 1010 °C
RB
970
(1850 °F), 1 h in vacuum, argon cooled. RD, duplex
annealed, 927 °C (1700 °F), 1 h in vacuum, argon cooled
840
+ 760 °C (1400 °F), 1 h, argon cooled. RM and TM, mill
CL annealed. RS, solution treated and aged, 913 °C
2 (1675 °F), 0.25 h, water quenched + 593 °C (1100 °F),
700
4 h. Yield strengths MPa (ksi): RB, 965 (140); RD, 1040
560 (151); RM, 1123 (163); RS, 1193 (173); TM, 1096 (159).
Tested to ASTM-399-70T. UNS R56620
420 Source: M.F. Amateau, W.D. Hanna, and E.G. Kendall, "F-15 Program
Final Report: Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6A1-4V Fatigue Crack
280 Propagation," ATR-72(9990), The Aerospace Corp., 1971. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3715,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
140
1995, p 13

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0. 12 0.1

Strain, in./in.
768/Titanium (Ti)

200 1400 Ti.074 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn aged titanium bar, tensile

stress-strain curves for room and elevated
temperatures
Treatment: 870 °C (1600 °F), 1 h, water quenched +
1120
565 °C (1050 °F), 4 h. UNS R56620
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3715,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 25
840
Q.
2

£
CO
560

280

4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ti.075 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy

extrusion, typical tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
Specimen tested in longitudinal direction. Ramberg-
Osgood parameter: n(longitudinal) = 30. UNS R56620
Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-107
 Titanium (Ti)/769

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.076 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn annealed titanium alloy

28 56 84 112 140
extrusion, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at room
temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Ramberg-Osgood parame-
ters: rc(longitudinal) = 22. UNS R56620
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-107

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

240 1680 Ti.077 Ti-6AI-6V-2Sn heat treated titanium alloy

forging, tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
Forging size: 127 X 152 mm ( 5 X 6 in.). Treatment:
870 °C (1600 °F), 1 h, water quenched + 593 °C
(1100 °F), 4 h. UNS R56620
Source: Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3715,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995,p 12

8 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
770/Titanium (Ti)

700 Ti.078 Ti-7Al-4Mo titanium alloy forged bar,

isochronous tensile stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
Treatment: 982-1010 °C (1800-1850 °F) + 788 °C
(1450 °F), 1 h, force cooled to 566 °C (1050 °F), air
cooled + 566 °C (1050 °F), 24 h air cooled. UNS R56740
Source: 'Tentative Data Sheet for Crucible C-135aMo7Al-4Mo,"
Crucible Steel Co., Dec 1958. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3708, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 20

, 700 C371 °C)

/ J
SY 420
/ / f

y
/y

fyi
280
w <m °F (482 °C)
is
CO

140

Jr*
ij?/

4 6 8 10 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Titanium (Ti)/771

Ti.079 Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V single-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h
exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: «(room tempera-
ture) = 33, «(400 °F) = 50, «(500 °F) = 50. UNS R54810
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-34

200 1400 Ti.080 Ti-8AMMo-1 V duplex-annealed titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h
160 1120
exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(room tempera-
Room tesmperature ture) = 16, «(400 °F) = 32, n(550 °F) = 24. UNS R54810
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-36

L
120 840

2
— 00 °F (204 fl: c )
4 1
CD
55i0 °F (288 °(
GO
80 560

40 280

8 12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
772/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.081 Ti-8AI-1 Mo-1 V mill-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures
Sheet thickness = 1.3 mm (0.050 in.). Treatment: 788 °C
(1450 °F), 8 h, force cooled. UNS R54810
Source: "Creep Strength of Ti-8Al-lMo-l.V at 600 and 900 F," Titanium
Metals Corp., 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10

Strain, 0.001 in./in.

700 Ti.082 Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V duplex-annealed titanium

450 °F (23\2 °C) alloy sheet, stress-strain curves at elevated
500° F (260 °C), temperatures
" ^ 5 5 0 °F: (288 °C) Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1.3 mm
560
(0.050 in.). Duplex anneal: 788 °C (1450 °F), 8 h, force
\ f 6 C )0 F (316°iP)
o

16£i0 °F (343 C)
cooled + 788 °C (1450 °F), 15 min, air cooled. UNS
R54810
420 Source: C.W. Alesch, "Onset of Creep Stress Measurement of Metallic

/ 280
Materials," Convair, 1964. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3709, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 10

/ 4 6
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
8 10
140

12
 Titanium (Ti)/773

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.083 Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V single-annealed titanium alloy

0 28 56 84 112 140 sheet, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
1120
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h
RT
RT exposure at temperature. RT, room temperature.
Ramberg-Osgood parameters: rc(RT) = 50, n(550 °F) =
50. UNS R54810
840
550 °F (2818 °C) I
550° F (281B°C) Q. Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-34
2

560

//
/ 8 12
Strain, 0.001 iniin.
16

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
20 24
280

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.084 Ti-8AI-1Mo-1 V duplex-annealed titanium

0 28 56 84 112 140 alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain and
compressive tangent modulus curves at room and
elevated temperatures
1120 Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h
exposure. RT, room temperature. Ramberg-Osgood
.RT RT
parameters: rc(RT) = 50, n(500 °F) = 22. UNS R54810
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-36
840
Q.
2
. 150 °F (288 •C)

1
/
550 °F (288 °C)
560

280

0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
7 7 4 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)

Ti.085 Ti-8AI-1Mo-1V mill-annealed titanium alloy

sheet, isochronous stress-strain curves at elevated
temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Treated: 788 °C (1450 °F),
8 h, force cooled. U N S R54810
Source: "Creep Strength of Ti-8Al-lMo-lV at 600 and 900 F," Titanium
Metals Corp., 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook,, Vol 4, Code 3709, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 18

1000 Ti.086 Ti-8Mn titanium alloy, comparison of

experimental and calculated stress-strain curves
Experirnental
U N S R56080

800 Source: H. Margolin et al., Calculations of Stress-Strain Curves and

Stress Strain Distribution for an Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater. Sci.
^ ^ F E M c a l i culated
Eng., Vol 34, 1978, p 203-211. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch,
_
and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 763
600
Q. 80
2

£
& w
400

/
/
-

200
-

Strain, %
 Titanium (Ti)/775

Ti.087 Ti-8Mn titanium alloy, stress-strain curves for

a , p, and oc-p phases
U N S R56080
Source: H. Margolin et al., Calculations of Stress-Strain Curves and
Stress Strain Distribution for an Alpha-Beta Ti-8Mn Alloy, Mater. Sci.
Eng., Vol 34, 1978, p 203-211. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch,
and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 763

1960 Ti.088 Ti-8Mn annealed titanium alloy sheet, tensile

stress-strain curves at various temperatures
- 4 2 5 ° F (-254 °C)
1680
Sheet thickness = 1.63 and 1.78 m m (0.064 and
0.0614 in. (1.626 m m) sheet 0.070 in.). 0 . 5 - 1 0 0 h exposure. U N S R56080
0.07r0 in. (1.778 mm) sheet Source: R.L. McGee, J.E. Campbell, R.L. Carlson, and G.K. Manning,
S - Z 2 0 °F (--196 °C)
1400 "The Mechanical Properties of Certain Aircraft Structural Metals at
Very Low Temperatures," WADC TR 58-386, 1958. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
- -110 °F (-7!9°C)
1120 CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 3

rs Floom tempera ture 840 co

^ 400 °F (2(>4'C)
560
' 600 °F (316 °C)
' 800 °F (427 °C)

j 280
Mrs
Mrs 1000 °F (538 °C)
!
8 12 16 20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
7 7 6 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)

980 Ti.089 Ti-8Mn annealed titanium alloy sheet,

compressive stress-strain curves at room and
Room t emperature elevated temperatures
840
Sheet thickness = 1.78 m m (0.070 in.). 0 . 5 - 1 0 0 h expo-
sure. UNS R56080
700 Source: D.E. Miller, "The Determination of Physical Properties of
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Structural Sheet Materials at Elevated
Temperatures," AF Technical Report 6517, Part 3, Wright Air Dev. Cen.,
^ 400 °F (204 °C June 1954. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
f> 560 £
I 2 Vol 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
^ 600 °F (316 °C
Purdue University, 1995, p 4
/ OU r \f\Z.( O) 420 w

A
/A
280

1000° F (538 °C)

140

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Titanium (Ti)/777

250 Ti.090 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, true stress-

10/s strain curves for p and a + p processed material

200 30 Tested at 790 °C (1455 °F) at various strain rates for (a) p
/I structure and (b) a + p structure
Source: G.W. Kuhlman et. al., Sixth World Conference on Titanium,
1.0/s P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique,
150 Paris, 1989, p 1269-1275. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
20 « E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 860
^cPboCO f m
3 100
0.10/s

- 10
50

(a)
250

10/s
30
200

150
1.0/s - 20 £

2 100
0.10/s
10
i
50

0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90

(b) True strain, in./in.
778/Titanium (Ti)

1000 Ti.091 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, true

140 longitudinal tensile stress-strain curves, effect
of a fraction on unaged material
120 UTS, ultimate tensile strength; TYS, tensile yield
800
B /
/ strength. Curve A: a, 30 vol%; UTS, 875 MPa; TYS,
831 MPa. Curve B: a, 10 vol%; UTS, 877 MPa; TYS,

/ - 100
467 MPa. Curve C: a, 0 vol%; UTS, 878 MPa; TYS,

;
f 262 MPa. Increasing the amount of a increases the yield
strength but does not affect the ultimate tensile strength.

£ 400
/ 80

60 ,2
©
-
The p transus was 805 ± 3 °C (1480 °F), somewhat high
compared to other heats. This is probably due to oxygen
content (0.15 wt%), which is on high side of normal
range. Treatments above 600 °C (1110 °F) done by vac-
uum encapsulating specimens wrapped in tantalum foil.
- 40
Below 600 °C treatments were performed in a liquid
200 nitrate salt bath. Strain rate = 0.00055/s
- 20 Source: T.W. Duerig, G.T. Terlinde, and J.C. Williams, Phase
Transformations and Tensile Properties of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Metall
Trans. A, Vol 11, Dec 1980, p 1987. As published in R. Boyer, G.
Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium
2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 859
True strain, %

1200 Ti.092 Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al solution treated and overaged

titanium alloy bar, tensile stress-strain curves at
- 160 room and elevated temperatures
1000
140
Test direction: longitudinal. Round bar. Maximum O,
RT^- 0.16 wt%; maximum N, 0.05 wt%
Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural

A
120
800 Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977,

J
p 97. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
~205°C
- 100 _ Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
J2 1994, p 859
w 600 w
(0
425 °C 80 £
& co

400 60

-
40
200
—
20

6 8 10 12 14
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
 Titanium (Ti)/779

Ti.093 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI heat treated titanium alloy

bar, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 76 m m
(3 in.). Heat treated: 760 °C (1400 °F), 1 h, force cooled
+ 566 °C (1050 °F), 8 h, air cooled
Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code
3726, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 44

6 8 10
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1200 Ti.094 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI solution treated and overaged

titanium alloy bar, compressive stress-strain curves
- 160
at room and elevated temperatures
1000 Test direction: longitudinal. Round bar
Room tennperature 140

/ Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural

Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977,
120 p 98. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
800
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
""JoT^c - 100 1994, p 859
o.

m 600 /

£ — 80 Jj
CO 425 °C V)

/
400 > 60

- 40

200
- 20

4 6 8 10 12 14
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
780/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.095 Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al heat treated titanium alloy

bar, typical compressive stress-strain curves at room
and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Bar diameter = 76 mm
(3 in.). Heat treated: 760 °C (1400 °F), 1 h, force cooled
+ 566 °C (1050 °F), 8 h, air cooled
Source: O.L. Deel, "Engineering Data on New Aerospace Structural
Materials," AFML-TR-77-198, Batelle-Columbus Laboratories, 1977.
As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code
3726, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 46

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.096 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI solution treated and aged
28 56 84 112 140 titanium alloy die forging, typical tensile stress-
200
\ L, LT, ami ST, compression ^ i strain, compressive stress-strain, and compressive
^ L, tensioniii
<
LT, tension
tangent modulus curves
>T, tension
Test directions: longitudinal (L), long transverse (LT),
160 1120 and short transverse (ST). Thickness = 78.74-83.82 mm
(3.100-3.300 in.). Die forging aged 482-510 °C
(900-950 °F). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(U ten-
sion) = 9.6,ra(LT,tension) = 13, n{ST, tension) =
840
120 (0 13, n(L, compression) = 18, n(LT, compression) = 15,
a.
2 «(ST, compression) = 1 8
a> Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-137
25
80 560

40 280

8 12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
 Titanium (Ti)/781

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.097 Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al solution treated and aged
400 titanium alloy hand forging, typical tensile stress-
strain, compressive stress-strain, and compressive
/ L, comprejssicwiv
tangent modulus curves
ftsnslon 1120 Test directions: longitudinal (L), long transverse (LT),
^ — L, te ision and short transverse (ST). Hand forging aged 510-538 °C
(950-1000 °F). Ramberg-Osgood parameters: n(L, ten-
sion) = 24, n(LT, tension) = 20, n(L, compression) = 21
840
Q. Source: M1L-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-137
5

£O
C
560

280

8 12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
Compressive tangent modulus, 106 psi

1500 Ti.098 Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy, strength

ductility trend curve showing effect of varying
- 210 amounts of primary a
1400

A <
\

vs,

A\
n

>
s.
\
\
ap

\
200

190 .
Data on yield strength versus tensile fracture strain can be
plotted for each of several primary a volume fractions, as
shown in this figure. These data show that the alloy in the
most ductile condition at any of the strength levels stud-
1300
\ \ o ied is that which contains a small (-0.1) volume fraction
\ ^ \ \ o
i \ ^ - 180 ®
of primary a. This condition represents a compromise in
\ ^ o the sense that alloys containing no primary a unavoidably
o 1200 have grain-boundary a, whereas at higher volume frac-
\ ov
\oaged — 170 g tions of primary a, strain localization tends to occur
30% a \

I 2<D between the primary a particles. Both grain-boundary a

1100 160 and strain localization lead to premature fracture initia-
0% a p
V
tion, and thus the alloy that does not exhibit either of
these conditions has better ductility.
\ V 150
1000 Source: G. Krauss, Ed., Deformation, Processing, and Structure, ASM
V Materials Science Seminar, 1982, American Society for Metals,
140 1984, p 323
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
True fracture strain
Ti.099 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, effect of
microstructure on flow stress
Ln Z is the temperature-compensated strain rate as
defined by C.D. Zener and J.H. Hollaman, J. AppL Phys
Vol 15, 1944, p 2 2 - 3 2
Source: G.W. Kuhlman et al., Sixth World Conference on Titanium,
P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, and G. Beranger, Ed., Les Editions de Physique,
Paris, 1989, p 1269-1275. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 860

Ti.100 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, flow stress

versus strain
Effect of strain rate at 815 °C (1500 °F)
Source: R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 860
 Titanium ( T i ) / 7 8 3

Ti.101 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI titanium alloy, flow stress

versus strain
Effect of forging temperature at 10/s strain rate
Source: R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties
Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 860

Strain, %

Ti.102 Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2.25AI-1Mo-0.21Si titanium alloy

forging, large ring, tensile stress-strain curve at room
temperature
Heat treated in full section: 900 °C (1650 °F), 1 h, fan
cooled + 500 °C (930 °F), 24 h, air cooled
Source: R.F. Simenz and W.L. Macoritto, "Evaluation of Large Ti-6A1-
4V and IMI-679 Forging," Technical Report AFML-TR-66-57,
Lockheed-California Co., 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3711, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 21
7 8 4 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)

200 1400 Ti.103 Ti-11Sn-5Zr-2.25Al-1Mo-0.21 Si titanium alloy

forging, large ring, compressive stress-strain curves
at room temperature and 288 °C (550 °F)
Specimen size: 15.88 m m (0.625 in.) diam; 44.45 m m
160 1120
(1.750 in.) long. Heat treated in full section: 900 °C
—- Room temperature
(1650 °F), 1 h, fan cooled + 500 °C (930 °F), 24 h, air
cooled
120 840 Source: R.F. Simenz and W.L. Macoritto, "Evaluation of Large Ti-6A1-
4V and IMI-679 Forging," Technical Report, AFML-TR-66-57,
550° F (288 °C) Lockheed-California Co., 1966. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook,, Vol 4, Code 3711, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 28
80 560

/
40 280

8 12 16 20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ti.104 Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1 . 6 m m
(0.063 in.). Solution treated + 510 °C (950 °F), 8 h, air
cooled. U N S R58030
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3722, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
 Titanium (Ti)/785

240 1680 Ti.105 Ti-t1.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
200 Ro om temperature 1400 Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 m m
(0.063 in.). Solution treated + 510 °C (950 °F), 8 h, air
400 °F (2p4 °C) cooled. U N S R58030
160 1120 Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and
600 °F (316 °C)
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
850 °F (4 54 °C)

It
Q_ Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook,, Vol 4, Code 3722, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
SS 120 840 w Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 33
<D

80 V 560

40 280

10 15 20 25 30 35
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

240 1 1680 Ti.106 Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

Tr typical compressive stress-strain curves
ansverse
Lo Sheet thickness = 1 . 6 m m (0.063 in.). Solution treated +
200 ngitudinal_ 1400 510 °C (950 °F), 8 h, air cooled. U N S R58030
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and

/
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
160 1120 Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook,, Vol 4, Code 3722, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 30
£L
120 840 w

80 I
1/ 560
.b
t/D

40

/ 10 15 20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
25 30
280

35
7 8 6 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)

240 1680 Ti.107 Ti-1l.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

typical compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1 . 6 m m
(0.063 in.). Solution treated + 510 °C (950 °F), 8 h, air
cooled. U N S R58030
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3722, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 35

10 15 20
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

Ti.108 Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn titanium alloy sheet,

typical compressive stress-strain curves at room and
elevated temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1.6 m m
(0.063 in.). Solution treated + 510 °C (950 °F), 8 h, air
cooled. U N S R58030
Source: O.L. Deel and H. Mindlin, "Engineering Data on New and
Emerging Structural Materials," AFML-TR-70-252, Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories, Oct 1970. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals
Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3722, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks
Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 35
 Titanium (Ti)/787

28 Ti.109 Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al titanium alloy, tensile stress-

strain curves at very high temperatures
^^—^^1800 °F (982 °C)
UNS R58010
Source: RE. Moorhead, 'Tensile and Creep Properties of Columbium,
21
Tantalum and Titanium Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," Bell
Laboratory Report BLR-62-26M, Dec 1962. As published in Aerospace
Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 11
2050 °F (1121 °C)
2.
s
14
£
V)

2300 °F (1260 °C)

2 4
Strain, 0.001 in./in.

1050 Ti.110 Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al annealed titanium alloy

sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves at room and
Roorn temperatuire elevated temperatures
875 Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h
. — 200 °F (93 °C)
„ 400 °F (204 °C) exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: «(room tempera-
^ 600 °F (316 °C)
800 °F (427 °C)
ture) = 43, w(200 °F) = 30, w(400 °F) = 17, n{600 °F) =
^ -100() °F (538 °C
700 12, w(800 °F) = 11, rc(1000 °F) = 10. UNS R58010
<o Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-118
0L
2
525 c/>
CO
CD

55

350

175

8 12 16 20 24
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
788/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.111 Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain
curves at room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. 0.5 h
exposure. Ramberg-Osgood parameters: «(room tempera-
ture) = 23, n(200 °F) = 17, n(400 °F) = 16, rc(600 °F) =
15, n(800 °F) = 11, «(1000 °F) = 10. UNS R58010
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-125

1400 Ti.112 Ti-13V-11 Cr-3AI solution treated titanium

alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
various temperatures
- 6 5 °F (-54 °C)
Sheet thickness = 1 mm (0.040 in.). UNS R58010
1120
Rc >om temperature Source: "Data Sheet B 120 VCA," Titanium Alloys Issue 2, TDS-2007-
/ 5M, Crucible Steel Co. of America, Dec 1960. As published in
Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
840 1995, p 11
Y 60 0 °F (316 °C) 2Q_
0 °F (427 °C)

^ ^ 10 00 °F (538 °C)
560

280

8 12 16
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Titanium (Ti)/789

Ti.113 Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal (a) and transverse (b). Sheet
thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.). UNS R58010
Source: P.J. Hughes, "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated
Titanium Alloy Sheet," Vol I, ASD-TR-62-335, May 1962. As published
in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712,
CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University,
1995, p 11
790/Titanium (Ti)

2240 Ti.114 Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, tensile stress-strain curves at
-3:20 °F (-196 °C room and low temperatures
1680 Test direction: longitudinal (a) and transverse (b). Sheet
) °F (-73 °C) thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.). UNS R58010
-200 °F (-129 °C) Source: W.M. McGee and R.B. Mathews, "Determination of Design
i °F (-54 °C) Q.
I 2 Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet," Vol 2a, ASD-TR-62-335,
Room t€smperature— 1120 May 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook,
£ Vol 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation,
w Purdue University, 1995, p 12

560

0
(a)
2240

- 3 20 °F (-196 °C

1680
D °F (-73 °C)
LL

s\

-200°
i °F (-54 °C)
Q.
I 2
Room t<smperature
1120
a

560

8 12 16 20
(b) Strain, 0.001 in./in.
 Titanium (Ti)/791

Ti.115 Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI solution treated and aged titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain curves at
room and elevated temperatures
(a) Sheet thickness = 1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction: longitudinal, (b) Sheet thickness =1.6 mm (0.063 in.); test direction:
transverse, (c) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test direction: longitudinal, (d) Sheet thickness = 3.18 mm (0.125 in.); test
direction: transverse. UNS R58010
Source: P.J. Hughes, "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Sheet" Vol I, ASD-TR-62-335, 1962. As published in Aerospace Structural
Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 14
792/Titanium (Ti)

400 2800 Ti.116 Ti-13V-1lCr-3AI solution treated titanium

alloy bar, tensile stress-strain curves at room and
low temperatures
I -423 °F (-253 °C)
320 2240
UNS R58010
Bar diameter = 19 mm (3A in.)
Source: F.R. Schwartzberg, S.H. Osgood, R.D. Keys, and T.F. Kiefer,
-320 °F (-196 °<C)
"Cryogenic Materials Data Handbook," Progress Report No. 1,
1680
ML-TDR-64-280, Suppl., 1965. As published in Aerospace Structural
240 <o
CL Metals Handbook, Vol 4, Code 3712, CINDAS/USAF CRDA
2 Handbooks Operation, Purdue University, 1995, p 12
.fe
C O - 1 0 °F (-23 °C
160 1120

Room Itemperature

1
80 560

0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32

Strain, in./in.

Ti.117 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI solution treated and aged

titanium sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curve at
room temperature
Test direction: longitudinal. Aged at 538 °C (1000 °F).
Ramberg-Osgood parameter: w(longitudinal) = 30
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-132
 Titanium (Ti)/793

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.118 Ti-15 V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI solution treated and aged
0 28 56 84 112 140 16 titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain
200 1400
and compressive tangent modulus curves
Aged at 538 °C (1000 °F). Ramberg-Osgood parameter:
n(longitudinal) = 26
160 1120
Source: MIL-HDBK-5H, Dec 1998, p 5-132

120

80
/ 840

560

/
40

/ 8 12
Strain, 0.001 in./in.
16

6
Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi
20 24
280

1200 Ti.119 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al solution treated and aged

160
titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain
curves
1000
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet

f
140
thickness = 0.5-1.9 mm (0.020-0.076 in.)
Longitudinal
/ Long transverse — 120 Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1991. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and

/
800 E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 913
I - 100
to
£

W
600

/ —
80 £
o5

/
400 60

200

/ 4 8 12
-

16
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
794/Titanium (Ti)

Ti.120 Ti-15 V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al solution treated titanium

alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet
thickness = 0.53-3.17 mm (0.021-0.125 in.)
Source: MIL-HDBK-5, 1991. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and
E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 913

Compressive tangent modulus, GPa Ti.121 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3AI aged titanium alloy sheet,
30 60 90 120 150 typical compressive stress-strain and compressive
1200
I I I — I I tangent modulus curves
160
y>Long transverse Test direction: longitudinal and long transverse. Sheet
1000 thickness = 0.5-1.9 mm (0.020-0.076 in.). Aged at
140
540 °C (1000 °F)
Longitud 120
Source: MIL-HDBK-5E, 1988. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch,
800 and E. Collings, Ed., Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys,
ASM International, 1994, p 913
CL
- 100 _
is
w 600

400
; 80 £

60
„
w
05

co

-
40
200
—
20

8 12 16 20 24
Strain. 0.001 mm/mm
 Titanium (Ti)/795

Compressive tangent modulus, 10 psi Ti.122 Ti-15 V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al solution treated and aged
1400
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 titanium alloy, typical compressive tangent modulus
1 1 1 1 1 i i 1 - 200 curves for room and elevated temperatures
^ Roc>m tempera ure Test direction: transverse
1200
Source: Collected Engineering Data Sheets, AFML-TR-78-179, 1978.
205 ' C ^ As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed., Materials
1000 v
150 Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, 1994, p 913
425 °C

2 800 V
\
600 \ \ - 100
CO
<u
Q.
E
o
O
400
— 50

200

20 40 60 80 100 120
Compressive tangent modulus, GPa

Strain, 0.001 in./in. Ti.123 TM6V-2.5AI solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain
curves for various temperatures
Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness =1.6 mm
(0.063 in.)
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy
Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
1962. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 1007
7 9 6 / T i t a n i u m (Ti)

Strain, 0.001 in./in. Ti.124 Ti-16V-2.5Al solution treated and aged

6 9 12 15 18 21 titanium alloy sheet, typical tensile stress-strain
1200
curves for various temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness = 1 . 6 m m
1000 (0.063 in.)
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy
Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
800 1962. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 1007

co 600

400

200

9 12 15 18
Strain. 0.001 mm/mm

Strain, 0.001 in./in. Ti.125 Ti-16V-2.5Al solution treated and aged

9 12 15 18 21 24 titanium alloy sheet, typical compressive stress-strain
1200
27 °C (80 6F) curves for various temperatures
^ I I 160
^ — 93 °C (200 °F) Test direction: longitudinal. Sheet thickness = 1 . 6 m m
1000 // |04 °C (41DO F) 6
(0.063 in.)
140
^ — 3 1 6 °C (600 °F) Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy

L
^ 427 c1C (800 °F) Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
120 1962. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
800
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 1006
482 ° C (900 °f :) - 100

w 600
f
400 MM J 60
- 538 °C (1000 °F

- 40

200
— 20

9 12 15 18 21 24
Strain, 0.001 mm/mm
 Titanium (Ti)/797

Strain, 0.001 in./in. Ti.126 Ti-16V-2.5Al solution treated and aged

titanium alloy sheet, typical transverse compressive
stress-strain curves for various temperatures
Test direction: transverse. Sheet thickness =1.6 mm
(0.063 in.)
Source: "Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy
Sheet," Report No. ASD-TDR-62-335, Vol 1, Lockheed-Georgia, Dec
1962. As published in R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E. Collings, Ed.,
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International,
1994, p 1006
 Pure M e t a l s and Miscellaneous Alloys ( M A ) / 7 9 9

Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)

4000 MA.001 Lead and lead alloy single crystals, tensile
stress-elongation curves
Multicrysl alline
^ Pb Tested at 77 K ( - 3 2 1 °F)
3500
Source: S. Guruswamy, Engineering Properties and Applications of
Lead Alloys, Marcel Dekker. As prepared for the International Lead
3000
Zinc Research Organization, Inc., p 110
aT
Q_
^ 2500
oo
o>
b
CO 2000
w
S-1
P / S-1 ^ —
/ 0.0(307% Cu Pb
1500 /
-S-1
/
0.35% Sn
f ^
1000
/ /
/ *A
500 / / /

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Elongation

MA.002 + 9 9 . 9 0 % lead sheet, stress versus creep

rate
Test specimens 19 x 32 m m (3/4 x 1/8 in.) with 250 m m
(10 in.) gage length. Specimen longitudinal
Source: Lead and Lead Alloys, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous
Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, Vol 2, ASM Handbook, ASM
International, 1990, p 549

1 10
Creep rate, %/year
MA.003 Refined lead and lead alloys, stress-strain
curves
Curve 1, refined lead. Other curves, various alloys. Curve
4 is fine grained, and curve 5 is course grained. Lead has
little mechanical strength, and its strength is very
sensitive to changes in chemical composition. Variation
of 99.99% purity (UNS L50010) to 99.9999% purity
(UNS L50001) can result in a change in ultimate tensile
strength from 14 to 9 MPa. Changes in rate of strain of
testing cause similar variation. Creep strength (Pb.004) is
more significant.
Source: B.P. Haigh and B. Jones, J. Inst. Metals, Vol 51, 1933, p 49.
As published in W. Hofmann, Lead and Lead Alloys, Springer Verlag,
1970, p 201

MA.004 Pb-5ln lead rod, stress-strain curve (top)

and change in flux versus strain (bottom)
Top: stress-strain measured at 4.2 K and a strain rate of
0.0001/s. Bottom: the change in flux accompanying the
motion of dislocation as a function of shear strain
Source: C.S. Pang and J.M. Galligan, in Precious Metals: Science and
Technology, The International Precious Metals Institute, 1991, p 61
 Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/801

MA.005 Battery grade lithium (2% impurities),

compressive stress-strain curves
Test direction: longitudinal. Sample size = 42.9 mm diam
x 89 mm (1.688 in. diam x 3.5 in.) tested at room
temperature at 3.81 mm/min (0.15 in./min). Modulus of
elasticity = 1880 MPa (273 ksi); 0.2% yield strength =
0.652 MPa (94.5 psi). Other tests with rates varying from
0.127-3.81 mm/min (0.05-0.15 in./min) yielded an
average modulus of elasticity of 1900 MPa (276 ksi) and
an average 0.2% yield strength of 0.558 MPa (81 psi).
Source: Private communication with R. Schultz, Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, March 2002

500 MA.006 a-Pu and S-Pu-1.7 Ga plutonium room

temperature full-range stress-strain curves
Xa-Pu

Full range uniaxial stress-strain curves for unalloyed a-

400
60 plutonium and fee 8-phase Pu-1.7 Ga (at.%). X is fracture
point compared to cast iron fracture point. 5-phase is
ductile and work hardens like aluminum.
Source: S.S. Hecker and M.F. Stevens, Mechanical Behavior of
300 Plutonium and Its Alloys, Los Alamos Science, Los Alamos National
Q. 40 jg
Laboratory, Vol II (No. 26), 2000, p 339
2
<D
CO
200
< Cast iron

- 20
Aluminum
100
8-Pu

10 20 30 40
Strain, %
Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/802

MA.007 a-Pu and 5-Pu-1.7 Ga plutonium room

temperature expanded-range stress-strain curves
Expanded-range uniaxial stress-strain curves for
unalloyed a-plutonium and fee 5-phase Pu-1.7 Ga (at.%).
X Fract lire Modulus of elasticity, a-plutonium, 97 GPa; 5-plutonium,

/ 42 GPa.
Source: S.S. Hecker and M.F. Stevens, Mechanical Behavior of
Plutonium and Its Alloys, Los Alamos Science, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Vol II (No. 26), 2000, p 339

/
Ea = 97 GF'a
a-Pu /

/ E5 = 42 GPa
/ 1
V leld strengtlh
/
// / 5-Pu

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Strain, %

MA.008 Silver-copper eutectic alloys, stress-strain

Equiaxed grain structure (:25 °C)
curves at 25 and 625 °C for lamellar and equiaxed
- 50
grain structure
Lamellar structure produced by unidirectional solidifica-
tion had an initial strain rate of 0.020/min. Equiaxed
40
structure produced by extrusion and recrystallization had
^ N L Eimellar structu re (25 °C)
an initial strain rate of 0.025/min. It is superplastic at
675 °C with low stress and elongation as great as 500%.
Source: H.E. Cline and D. Lee, Precious Metals: Science and
30
Technology, The International Precious Metals Institute, 1991, p 645

20

\ Lamellar sitructure (675 •C)

10

Equiaxed gr<ain structure ((575 °C)

—i ^1 :
10 20 30 40 50
Elongation, 5 %
 Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/803

500 MA.009 Silver, Ag-6Sn alloy, stress-strain curves for

silver and silver-6 at.% Sn solid solution at various
"77 K
temperatures
•lIoOQ |/. Arrows indicate end of linear hardening range (stage 2).
400 o IV
Source: R.W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals,
American Society for Metals, 1984, p 233
y / *197 K

300
/ i 29 3 K

<D
£ 200

100

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Natural strain e

MA.010 Silver, Ag-Ga alloy, stress-strain curves for

silver and silver-gallium solid solutions
Tested at 77 K, constant grain size. Arrows indicate linear
hardening range (stage 2).
Source: R.W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals,
American Society for Metals, 1984, p 235
 Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/804

MA.011 Sn-0.5Bi tin solder, true stress-strain

at -20 °C (-4 °F)

2
Curve l,Sn-0.5 Bi at.% (Sn-0.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-1.5
Bi at.% (Sn-2.6 Bi wt%). Strain rate 5 x 10"5 s*1.
Source: T. Reinikainien and J. Kivilahti, Deformation Behavior of
Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pet) Solid Solution, as published in Metall
Mater. Trans. A, ASM, Vol 30A, Jan 1999, p 126

V 1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

True strain

80 MA.012 Sn-3.0Bi tin solder, true stress-strain

at 90 °C (194 °F)
Curve 1, Sn-0.5 Bi at.% (Sn-0.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-1.5
Bi at.% (Sn-2.6 Bi wt%); curve 3, Sn-3.0 Bi at.% (Sn-5.2
/M Bi wt%); curve 4, Sn-6.0 Bi at.% (Sn-10.0 Bi wt%).
60

Source: T. Reinikainien and J. Kivilahti, Deformation Behavior of

Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pet) Solid Solution, as published in Metall
CL
Mater. Trans. A, ASM International, Vol 30A, Jan 1999, p 126
2
g 40
<D

f 1

20

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

True strain
 Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/805

MA.013 Sn-1.5Bi tin solder, true stress-strain

at 23 °C (73 °F)
Curve 1, Sn-0.5 Bi at.% (Sn-0.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-1.5
\ 4 Bi at.% (Sn-2.6 Bi wt%); curve 3, Sn-3.0 Bi at.% (Sn-5.2
Bi wt%); curve 4, Sn-6.0 Bi at.% (Sn-10.0 Bi wt%).
Strain rate 5 x 10"5 s_1.
Source: T. Reinikainien and J. Kivilahti, Deformation Behavior of
Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pet) Solid Solution, as published in MetalL
Mater. Trans. A, ASM International, Vol 30A, Jan 1999, p 126
S3

N2

V 1

\
0.1
V 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
True strain

MA.014 Sn-6.0Bi tin solder, true stress-strain

at 150 °C (302 °F)
Curve 1, Sn-0.5 Bi at.% (Sn-0.9 Bi wt%); curve 2, Sn-1.5
Bi at.% (Sn-2.6 Bi wt%); curve 3, Sn-3.0 Bi at.% (Sn-5.2
Bi wt%). Strain rate 5 x 10 "5 s"1.
Source: T. Reinikainien and J. Kivilahti, Deformation Behavior of
Dilute SnBi (0.5 to 6 At. Pet) Solid Solution, as published in MetalL
Mater. Trans. A, ASM, Vol 30A, Jan 1999, p 126

r v

\
v

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

True strain
 Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/806

400 2800 MA.015 Uranium alloys, compressive stress-strain

for high hardness alloys
4
350 2450 Comparison of curve 1, pure uranium; curve 2, U-3 Mo

r
(wt %); curve 3, U-5 Re (wt %); and curve 4, U-3Mo-0.5
300 2100 Cr (wt %). Alloys were annealed 700 to 800 °C, 2 h;
2 water quenched, tempered 400 °C, 2 h.
_ 250 1750
Source: PA.Kulin, J. De Avellar, and R. Jenkins, The Preparation of
J2 Uranium Alloys of High Density and High Hardness, as published in
W.D. Wilkinson Uranium Metallurgy, Vol II: Uranium Corrosion and
i Alloys, Interscience Publishers, 1962, p 870
g 200 1400 p
•P
- 1
150 1050 '

100 700

50 350

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Strain

MA.016 ZA3F1 zinc flats, tensile stress-strain curve

Rat size: 12.7 x 6.35 mm (0.5 x 0.25 in.). Five
specimens were tested. Average ultimate tensile strength,
281.8 MPa (40.87 ksi), average yield strength, 194.1 MPa
(28.15 ksi)
Source: Noranda Technology Centre, Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada
 Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/807

252 MA.017 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, effect of

various amounts of prestrain at 240 °C (464 °F) on
No pi estrain
stress-strain behavior at room temperature

f \

224
Rods compressed longitudinally at room temperature.
Initial strain rate 0.067/min. Curves indicate that
specimens which had been prestrained 55% or more at

N
240 °C (464 °F) no longer strain-softened appreciably
and were considerably weaker than material that
contained the much larger, elongated grains.
8.5*}6 prestrairi V y
>
Source: G.R. Edwards, J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
Powder Metallurgy Zinc, Met. Trans. A, Oct 1971, p 2956

55'Vo prestraiin
168
^

/ >

/ J? ? 140
1 '
• </ 100<?'o prestrair

112
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True strain

105 MA.018 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, compressive

-O stress-strain curves with effect of strain aging
at 0.6 Tm
98
Tmy melting temperature. These curves compare true
stress-strain curves for a continuously deformed sample
91 and for a sample (solid circles) that was unloaded and
A annealed at several points in strain (open circles). Both
samples were compressed, parallel to the extrusion axis at
0_
84 2 140 °C (0.6 TJ and at initial strain rate of 0.067/min. No
drop in flow stress was ever observed when the
interrupted test was continued, even after a 4 h anneal at
77 0.6 Tm on a sample deformed to 25% true strain. The
effects of strain rate and temperature on the degree of
Unload
2 h anneal strain softening in powder-metallurgy zinc were also
70 inconsistent with dynamic recovery. Strain softening was
enhanced by high strain rate and low temperature, being
Unlojad
1 h anneal most prominent at -76 °C and 0.17/min.
68
Unloaci Unload Source: G.R. Edwards, J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
3 h amneal 4 h anne al X V Powder Metallurgy Zinc, Met. Trans. A, Oct 1971, p 2956
56
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
True strain
Pure Metals and Miscellaneous Alloys (MA)/808

252 MA.019 Powder-metallurgy zinc rod, compressive

stress-strain curves at room temperature
Comparison of longitudinal (parallel to extrusion axis)
and transverse (perpendicular to extrusion axis)
224
mechanical behavior for powder-metallurgy zinc rods at
room temperature with an initial strain rate 0.067/min
Source: G.R. Edwards, J.C. Payne, and O.D. Sherby, Strain Softening in
Powder Metallurgy Zinc, Met. Trans. A, Oct 1971, p 2957
196
\ Longit udinal

168

- a *
140
Transv<arse

112
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
True strain
Alloy Index

1.1% carbon W-type water-hardening (tool 410 (stainless steel) 215, 216 2024-T36 (wrought aluminum) 299,
steel) 276 420 (stainless steel) 216, 217 334, 343
2.25Cr-lMo chromium-molybdenum alloy 422 (stainless steel) 217, 218 2024-T36, clad (wrought aluminum) 343
steel 94 434 (stainless steel) 162 2024-T4 (wrought aluminum) 319, 322,
3.3% silicon alloy steel 127 439 (stainless steel) 268 326, 327, 335, 344
3.60-3.90% carbon ductile steel 29 1007 carbon steel 69 2024-T4, clad (wrought aluminum) 344
4.35 carbon equivalent compacted graphite 1008 carbon steel 69, 70 2024-T42 (wrought aluminum) 335, 336
iron 25 1015 carbon steel 70, 72 2024-T42, clad (wrought aluminum) . . . 335,
9Ni-4Co-0.20C ultrahigh-strength 1018 carbon steel 92 336
steel 151, 152 1020 carbon steel 72, 73, 80-82 2024-T6 (wrought aluminum) 321, 325,
9Ni-4Co-0.30C ultrahigh-strength 1023 carbon steel 83 328
steel 153-155 1025 carbon (0.25% C) steel 84 2024-T62 (wrought aluminum) 337, 338
10B46 carbon steel 85 1030 carbon steel 73, 92 2024-T81 (wrought aluminum) . . . 323, 325,
13-8PH Mo (stainless steel) 220-224 1035 carbon steel 81, 82 329, 338, 339, 345
14-8PH Mo (stainless steel) 225 1040 carbon steel 82, 84, 92 2024-T81, clad (wrought aluminum) 345
15-5PH (stainless steel) 225-228 1041 carbon steel 92 2024-T851 (wrought aluminum). . . 338-340
15-7PH (stainless steel) 228-234 1045 carbon steel 85 2024-T8510 (wrought aluminum). . 338, 339
17-4PH (stainless steel) 234-238 1060 carbon steel 86 2024-T8511 (wrought aluminum). . 338, 339
17-7PH (stainless steel) 238-249 1060-H12 (wrought aluminum) 300 2024-T852 (wrought aluminum). . . 320, 321,
17-22A(S) ultrahigh-strength steel 150 1060-H18 (wrought aluminum) 300 325
18Ni (250) high-strength maraging 1060-0 (wrought aluminum) 299 2024-T86 (wrought aluminum) . . . 299, 324,
steel 142-147 1100-H12 301 325, 330, 341, 345
18Ni (280) high-strength maraging 1095 carbon steel 82 2024-T86, clad (wrought aluminum) 345
steel 147, 148 1100-H16 (wrought aluminum) 302 2024-T861 (wrought aluminum) 342
18Ni (300) high-strength maraging 1100-H18 (wrought aluminum) 302 2048-T851 (wrought aluminum). . . 348, 349
steel 148, 149 1100-H26 (wrought aluminum) 303 2090-T83 (wrought aluminum) 350
21-6-9 (stainless steel) 163-165 1100-0 (wrought aluminum) 301 2124-T851 (wrought aluminum). . . 351-354
+99.90% lead 799 1112 carbon steel 87 2219-T6 (wrought aluminum) 355
124EG-T5 (cast aluminum) 279 1340 carbon steel 92 2219-T62 (wrought aluminum) 355, 357
200 high-strength maraging steel 141 1522 carbon steel 91 2219-T81 (wrought aluminum) 356, 358
201 (stainless steel) 161, 162 2014-T4 (wrought aluminum) 299, 311 2219-T851 (wrought aluminum) 358
201.0-T43 (cast aluminum) 282, 283 2014-T6 (wrought aluminum) 304-314 2219-T852 (wrought aluminum). . . 359, 360
201.0-T6 (cast aluminum) 279, 280 2014-T6, clad (wrought 2219-T87 (wrought aluminum) . . . 356, 360,
201.0-T6 (cast aluminum) 279, 280 aluminum) 304-311, 313 361
201.0-T7 (cast aluminum) 281, 282 2014-T62 (wrought aluminum) 315 2519-T87 (wrought aluminum) 362
201-1 (stainless steel) 162 2014-T651 (wrought aluminum)... 315, 316 2618 (wrought aluminum) 363
201-2 (stainless steel) 162 2014-T651X (wrought aluminum) 316 2618-T61 (wrought aluminum) 363-367
202 (stainless steel) 163 2014-T652 (wrought aluminum) 317 3003-H12 (wrought aluminum) 368
205 (stainless steel) 162 2017-T4 (wrought aluminum) 318 3003-H14 (wrought aluminum) 368
242.0-T5 (cast aluminum) 284 2024, clad (wrought aluminum) 319 3003-H18 (wrought aluminum) 369
300M ultrahigh-strength steel 150 2024-T3 (wrought aluminum) 319, 325, 3003-H24 (wrought aluminum) 369
301 (stainless steel) 162, 166-180 327, 331, 332, 343, 346, 347 3003-0 (wrought aluminum) 367
302 (stainless steel) 180 2024-T3, clad (wrought aluminum) 343, 3004-H34 (wrought aluminum) 370
303 (stainless steel) 181 346, 347 3004-H38 (wrought aluminum) 371
304 (stainless steel) 162., 181-189, 214 2024-T3+aramid 2/1 (aluminum 3004-H39 (wrought aluminum) 371
304L (stainless steel) 190 laminate) 503, 505, 507 3004-0 (wrought aluminum) 370
310 (stainless steel) 190-192 2024-T3+aramid 3/2 (aluminum 3140 carbon steel 92
316 (stainless steel) 193-202 laminate) 503, 505, 507 4023 carbon steel 92
316L (stainless steel) 202 2024-T3+aramid 4/3 (aluminum 4027 carbon steel . , 92
321 (stainless steel) 203-205 laminate) 504, 506, 508 4042 carbon steel 92
347 (stainless steel) 205-208 2024-T3+aramid 5/4 (aluminum 4130 chromium-molybdenum alloy
348 (stainless steel) 209, 210 laminate) 504, 506, 508 steel 95-99
354.0-T5 (cast aluminum) 286 2024-T351 (wrought aluminum). . . 327, 332 4140 carbon steel 92
356.0-T6 (cast aluminum) 288-291 2024-T351, clad (wrought aluminum). . . 332 4140 chromium-molybdenum alloy
409 (stainless steel) 268 2024-T351X (wrought aluminum) 333 steel 100-102
810/Alloy Index

4330 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy 7050-T73651 (wrought 7475-T761+aramid 4/3 (aluminum

steel 103-105 aluminum) 438, 439 laminate) 513
4340 carbon steel 92 7050-T74 (wrought aluminum) . . . 438, 442, 7475-T761 +aramid 4/3, 5/4 (aluminum
4340 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy 447, 448 laminate) 510, 511
steel 103-112 7050-T7451 (wrought aluminum) 438, 7475-T761+aramid 5/4 (aluminum
4350 nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy 439, 443-445, 448, 449 laminate) 513
steel 103-105 7050-T74511 (wrought aluminum) . 449, 450 7475-T7651 (wrought aluminum). . 492, 493
4419 carbon steel 92 7050-T7452 (wrought aluminum) 441, 8090-T8 (wrought aluminum) 501
4440 carbon steel 92 450-452 8630 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
5052-H34 (wrought aluminum).... 373-375 7049-T73511 (wrought aluminum) 429 alloy steel 113-118
5052-H38 (wrought aluminum) 375-377 7050-T7531 (wrought aluminum) 442 8640 carbon steel 92
5052-0 (wrought aluminum) 372 7050-T76 (wrought aluminum) 441 9310 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
5083-0 (wrought aluminum) 378, 379 7050-T7651 (wrought aluminum) 440, alloy steel 119, 120
5086-H112 (wrought aluminum) 381 452, 453 52100 chromium alloy steel 93
5086-H32 (wrought aluminum) 381, 382 7050-T7651X (wrought A2 (tool steel) 269
5086-H34 (wrought aluminum) 383, 384 aluminum) 453-455 A201.0-T7 (cast aluminum) 284
5086-H36 (wrought aluminum) 384 7055-T77511 (wrought aluminum) 455 A286 nickel-chromium-molybdenum
5086-0 (wrought aluminum) 379, 380 7075-0 (wrought aluminum) 299, 463 alloy steel 102, 103
5140 carbon steel 92 7075-O, clad (wrought aluminum) 459 A332.0-T5(PC) (cast aluminum) 285
5154-0 (wrought aluminum) 389 7075-T6 (wrought aluminum) 299, 456- A356.0-T6 (cast aluminum) 291-293
5454-H32 (wrought aluminum) 390 460, 463-466 A356.0-T6P (cast aluminum) 293, 294
5454-H34 (wrought aluminum) 391 7075-T6, clad (wrought A357.0-T6 (cast aluminum) 294-297
5454-H38 (wrought aluminum) 392 aluminum) 459-462, 464, 465 AAR grade A high-carbon steel 75
5454-0 (wrought aluminum) 389 7075-T62 (wrought aluminum) 466, 467 AAR grade B high-carbon steel 75
5456-H111 (wrought aluminum) 397 7075-T651 (wrought aluminum). . . 465, 466, AAR grade C high-carbon steel 75
5456-H311 (wrought aluminum) 395 468 AAR specification Ml01 grade
5456-H321 (wrought aluminum). . . 394, 398 7075-T651X (wrought aluminum). . 469, 470 C austenitic manganese steel 77
5456-0 (wrought aluminum) 393, 396, 7075-T73 (wrought aluminum) 470, 471 AAR specification M101 grade
397 7075-T7351X (wrought aluminum) 471, E austenitic manganese steel 78
6013-T4 (wrought aluminum) 399, 400 472 Admiralty brass (antimonial)(copper) . . . 536
6013-T6 (wrought aluminum) 400-402 7075-T7352 (wrought aluminum) . . 472, 473 Admiralty brass (arsenical)(copper) . . . . 535
606l-O (wrought aluminum) 299, 409, 7079-T6 (wrought aluminum) 299, 473 AerMet 100 high-strength structural
414 7149-T73 (wrought aluminum) 427, 428 steel 135, 136, 137, 138
6061-T4 (wrought aluminum) 299, 410, 7149-T73511 (wrought aluminum) 429 AF 1410 ultrahigh-strength s t e e l . . . 155, 156
414 7150-T6151 (wrought aluminum) 474 AFC-77 (stainless steel) 218, 219, 220
6061-T6 (wrought aluminum) 299,406, 7150-T61511 (wrought aluminum) 475 AFC-77 (stainless steel) 218-220
407, 411-413, 415^4-19 7150-T7751 (wrought aluminum) 476 Ag-Ga (silver) 803
6061-T62 (wrought aluminum) 403, 419 7150-T77511 (wrought aluminum) 477 Ag-6Sn (silver) 803
6061-T651 (wrought aluminum). . . 404, 405, 7175-T73511 (wrought aluminum) 477, AL 2205 (stainless steel) 266
408 478 Alloy steel 93-127
6061-T651X (wrought aluminum) 420, 7175-T74 (wrought aluminum) 478-480, Alpha (a) iron alloy 63
421 482-485 Alpha (a)-Pu (plutonium) 801, 802
6063-0 (wrought aluminum) 422 7175-T7452 (wrought aluminum) . . 480, 481 Aluminum bronze (copper) 540
6063-T6 (wrought aluminum) 299, 422 7178-T6 (wrought aluminum) 299, 486 Aluminum bronze D (copper) 540
7010-T7451 (wrought aluminum) 423, 7249-T7452 (wrought aluminum) . . 486, 487 Aluminum-killed deep-drawing carbon
424 7475-T61 (wrought aluminum) 493, 494 steel 71
7010-T7651 (wrought aluminum) 425, 7475-T61, clad (wrought aluminum) . . . 489, Aluminum-killed steel 67, 71
426 495 AM-350 (stainless steel) 250-255
7049-T73 (wrought aluminum) . . . 427, 428, 7475-T651 (wrought aluminum). . . 488, 490, AM-355 (stainless steel) 256-260
430-432, 434, 435, 437 491 AM-362 (stainless steel) 261
7049-T7351 (wrought aluminum) 429, 7475-T7351 (wrought aluminum). . 488, 491, AM-363 (stainless steel) 261
430 492 Arctic steel 140
7049-T76 (wrought aluminum) . . . 433, 434, 7475-T761 (wrought aluminum). . . 496, 497 Arsenical tough-pitch copper 517, 518
436 7475-T761, clad (wrought aluminum) . . 489, As-quenched carbon (0.2% C)
7050 (wrought aluminum) 443 490, 497-500 steel 78
7050-T7351 (wrought aluminum) 439, 7475-T761 +aramid 2/1 (aluminum ASTM A36 carbon steel 132, 133
440, 442 laminate) 509, 510, 512 ASTM A36 high-strength low-alloy
7050-T7351X (wrought 7475-T761 +aramid 3/2 (aluminum steel 129
aluminum) 445-447 laminate) 509,511,512 ASTM A128-E2 carbon steel 89, 90
 Alloy Index/ 811

ASTM A242 high-strength low-alloy Chromium alloy steel 93 E8ZR (niobium) 722
steel 129, 130 Chromium-molybdenum alloy steel. . 94-102 E332.0-T5 (cast aluminum) 285
ASTM A514 grade A high-strength Chromium-rhenium alloy (chromium). . . 711 EK31XA-T6 (magnesium) 575
structural steel 133, 134 Commercial bronze (copper) 522, 523 Electrolytic tough-pitch copper . . . . 515, 516
ASTM A514 high-strength structural Commercial high-strength low-alloy EX-TEN 42 high-strength low-alloy
steel 132, 133 steel 139, 140 steel 129
ASTM A517 grade A high-strength Commercially pure grade 2 EX-TEN 50 high-strength low-alloy
structural steel 133, 134 titanium 731, 732 steel 129
ASTM A517 grade B high-strength Commercially pure grade 3 t i t a n i u m . . . . 734 EX-TEN 60 high-strength low-alloy
structural steel 134, 135 Commercially pure grade 4 titanium 734, 735 steel 129
ASTM A517 grade F high-strength Commercially pure molybdenum 717 EZ33A-T5 (magnesium) 576-581
structural steel 134, 135 Commercially pure-0.03C F332.0-T5(SR) (cast aluminum) 286
ASTM A517 grade H high-strength molybdenum 718 Fe-5Ni-Cr-Mo-V high-strength
structural steel 134, 135 Commercially pure niobium 720 low-alloy steel 130
ASTM A537 high-strength structural Commercially pure recrystallized Fe- 8.4Cr-8.4Ni transformation-induced
steel 132, 133 tantalum 724 plasticity (TRIP) high-strength steel . . 158
ASTM A572 high-strength low-alloy Commercially pure tantalum 723 Fe-17Cr-7Ni-Ti(stainless steel) 265, 266
(grade 50) steel 132, 133 Commercially pure titanium Ferritic commercial high-strength
ASTM A633 grade C high-strength (CP-Ti) 729-731, 735 low-alloy Arctic steel 140
low-alloy steel 132 Commercially pure tungsten 726 Ferritic compacted graphite iron 25, 62
Austempered ductile iron 26-28 Compacted cast iron, unclassified 23 Ferritic ductile iron 29, 31-33, 35
Austenitic manganese steel 77, 78 Compacted graphite iron 25, 62 Ferritic ductile iron, unclassified 24
AZ31B-F (magnesium) 555 CON-PAC high-strength low-alloy Ferritic malleable iron 56
AZ31B-H24 (magnesium) 556 steel 129 Ferritic nodular ductile iron 36, 37
AZ31B-0 (magnesium) 556 Conventional niobium high-strength Flake cast iron, unclassified 23
AZ61A (magnesium) 557, 558, 559 low-alloy steel 139, 140 Flake graphite, gray iron 52, 53
AZ63A (magnesium) 562 Conventional silicon-manganese high- Forging brass (copper) 534
AZ63A-F (magnesium) 560 strength low-alloy steel 140 Fully aluminum-killed deep-drawing
AZ63A-T4 (magnesium) 560 Copper beryllium-TFOO (copper). . . 519, 520 carbon steel 71
AZ63A-T6 (magnesium) 560, 561 Copper beryllium-TH04 (copper) 520 Gamma (y) iron alloy 64
AZ80A-T5 (magnesium 563 Copper-boron high-strength low-alloy GM 980X dual phase carbon steel 86
AZ91-T4 (magnesium) 567 steel 140 Grade 2 equivalent titanium 733
AZ91-T6 (magnesium) 567 Copper gilding-metal (copper) 521 Gray cast iron 46-55
AZ91A-F (magnesium) 564 Copper-nickel 10% (copper) 543 Gray iron, class 20 to 50 48
AZ91C-T4 (magnesium) 564-566 Copper-nickel 20% (copper) 543, 544 Gray iron, class 20 50, 51
AZ91C-T6 (magnesium) 565, 569 Copper-nickel 30% (copper) 544-546 Gray iron, class 30 48
AZ91E-T6 (magnesium) 568, 569 Copper-nickel-aluminum (copper) 554 Gray iron, class 35 50
AZ92A-F (magnesium) 569-571 Copper-nickel-silicon (copper) 541 Gray iron, class 40 49-51
AZ92A-T4 (magnesium) 569-571 Copper-niobium-nickel high-strength Gray iron, class 60 51
AZ92A-T5 (magnesium) 571 low-alloy steel 140 Gray iron, unclassified 24
AZ92A-T6 (magnesium) 569-574 Copper-niobium-titanium high-strength H-11 Mod (tool steel) 271-275
B-1900 (nickel) 632, 633 low-alloy steel 140 Hadfield steel 88-90
Battery grade lithium (2% impurities). . . 801 COR-TEN high-strength low-alloy Hastelloy X (nickel) 682, 683
Be-38A1, Lockalloy (beryllium) . . . 708, 709 steel 129 Haynes Alloy No. 188 (cobalt) 715-717
Be-2%BeO (beryllium) 705 Custom 450 (stainless steel) 262 Heat-treatable aluminum alloys 279
BG 170 brake grade (beryllium) 705 Custom 450 (stainless steel) 262 High brass (copper) 529
Blackheart malleable iron 56, 57 Custom 455 (stainless steel) 263 High-carbon steel 75
Boron-niobium high-strength low- Custom 455 (stainless steel) 263-265 High leaded brass (copper) 531, 532
alloy steel 140 D2 (tool steel) 269, 270 High-silicon bronze A (copper) 542
Boron steel 140 D3 (tool steel) 270 High-silicon nodular graphite iron 61
C5 dual-phase high-strength low-alloy D357.0-T6 (cast aluminum) 297 High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) s t e e l . . . 86,
steel 139 D6A ultrahigh-strength steel 156 129-133, 138-140
C355.0-T61 (cast aluminum) 287 D6AC ultrahigh-strength steel 156 High-strength maraging steel 141 -149
Carbon steel 67-92 Dead soft rimmed steel 67 High-strength nonresulfurized carbon
Carbon steel, cold-worked (0.2% C) 74 Deep-drilling copper 533 steel 76
Carbon steel (Fe-0.08C-l.45Mn-0.21Si). . 90 Delta (5)-Pu-1.7Ga (plutonium) . . . 801, 802 High-strength steel 129-160
Cartridge brass 70-30 (copper) 526-528 Dispersion strengthened copper 519 HK31A (magnesium) 582
Cast iron, unclassified 23 Dual phase steel 86 HK31A-H24 (magnesium) 582-587
Cast steel, unclassified 23 Ductile cast iron 26-35, 41, 45 HK31A-0 (magnesium) 587-592
812 / Alloy Index

HK31A-T6 (magnesium) 592-594 Manganese dual-phase high-strength low- Recarburized ductile steel 38
HM21A-T8 (magnesium) 595-599 alloy steel 140 Red brass (copper) 523, 524
HM21A-T81 (magnesium) 600 Manganese nitride dual-phase Refined lead 800
HM31A (magnesium) 600-602 high-strength low-alloy s t e e l . . . . 139, 140 Refined lead alloys 800
HM31A-F (magnesium) 602-606 Maraging steel 141-149 Rene 41 (nickel) 649-652
HM31A-T5 (magnesium) 607, 608 Metastable austenitic stainless Rhenium 723
HNM nickel alloy steel 121 steel 210-213 Rimmed carbon (0.03% C) steel 68
HY-TUF nickel alloy steel 122, 123 Microalloyed high-strength low-alloy Rimmed low-carbon (0.03% C) steel 69
HZ32A-T5 (magnesium) 609 steel 131 Rimmed steel 67-69
170 brake grade (beryllium) 705 Molybdenum-modified Hadfield S200E (beryllium) 705-707
1400 (beryllium) 705 steel 89, 90 SAE 950 high-strength low-alloy steel . . 138
IN 100 (nickel) 640 Monel 400 (nickel) 692, 693 SAE 950X high-strength low-alloy steel.. 86
IN 617 (nickel) 679 Monel K-500 (nickel) 684-687 SAE 980 high-strength low-alloy steel . . 138
Inco 713LC (nickel) 634 MP35N multiphase alloy (cobalt) 719 SAE 980X high-strength low-alloy steel. . 86
Incoloy 25-6 (nickel) 702, 703 MP159 multiphase alloy (cobalt) 719 Silicon aluminum bronze (copper) 541
Incoloy 330 (nickel) 702 Muntz metal copper 530 Silicon brass No. 1 (copper) 552
Incoloy 800 (nickel) 675, 676 N50 (beryllium) 709 Silicon brass No. 2 (copper) 552, 553
Incoloy 800H (nickel) 676, 677 Naval brass (copper) 537, 538 Silicon-manganese dual-phase high-strength
Incoloy 803 (nickel) 123, 124 Nb752 (niobium) 720, 721 low-alloy steel 139, 140
Incoloy 825 (nickel) 701 Ni 200 (nickel) 631 Silver 803
Incoloy 840 (nickel) 124, 125 Nickel alloy iron 62 Silver-copper eutectic alloys
Incoloy 864 (nickel) 126, 127 Nickel alloy steel 121-127 (silver) 802
Incoloy 901 (nickel) 693 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy Sn-0.5Bi (tin) 804, 805
Incoloy 909 (nickel) 698, 699 steel 102-120 Sn-1.5Bi (tin) 804, 805
Incoloy A286 (nickel) 125, 126 Nickel-molybdenum alloy (nickel) 700 Sn-3.0Bi (tin) 804, 805
Incoloy C276 (nickel) 636 Nickel silver (copper) 546-549 Sn-6.0Bi (tin) 804, 805
Inconel 600 (nickel) 637-639 Nickel silver 55-18 (copper) 550 Spheroidal cast iron, unclassified 23
Inconel 601 (nickel) 683, 684 Nickel silver 65-12 (copper) 550 Spring brass (copper) 525, 526
Inconel 617 (nickel) 680 Nickel silver 65-18 (copper) 548 SR200 (beryllium) 705, 706
Inconel 625 (nickel) 670-675 Nimonic 75 (nickel) 647, 648 Standard grade nonresulfurized carbon
Inconel 686 (nickel) 678 Nimonic 90 (nickel) 665-668 steel 76
Inconel 702 (nickel) 641 Nimonic 263 (nickel) 669 Steel, unclassified 24
Inconel 706 (nickel) 694-697 Nitronic 33 (stainless steel) 214 Steel preform powder metal 65
Inconel 713C (nickel) 635 Nitronic 60 (stainless steel) 214 T-l ASTM A517, grades B, F, and H
Inconel 718 (nickel) 652-659 Nodular ductile cast iron 36, 37, 39, 40, high-strength structured steel. . . . 134, 135
Inconel 725 (nickel) 660, 661 42-44 T-l type A high-strength low-alloy
Inconel HX (nickel) 681 Nodular graphite cast iron 61 steel 129
Inconel MA 754 (nickel) 659, 660 Nonresulfurized carbon steel 76 T-l type B high-strength low-alloy
Inconel X-750 (nickel) 644-646 Ol (tool steel) 269 steel 129
Interstitial-free steel 67 Oxygen-free copper 515 T-250 high-strength maraging steel 141
Iron alloy 24 Pb-5In (lead) 800 Ta-lOW (tantalum) 724, 725
L6 (tool steel) 276 Pearlitic compacted graphite iron . . . . 25, 62 TD nickel (nickel) 688-692
L-605 (cobalt) 712, 713 Pearlitic ductile iron 29, 31-34, 41 Temper rolled low-carbon steel 67
L-type low-alloy special purpose Pearlitic ductile iron, unclassified 24 Thorium-carbon alloy (thorium) 725
(tool steel) 275 Pearlitic gray iron 47, 49 Ti-0.02C-0.20Fe-0.005H-0.01N-0.200
Lancashire brass (copper) 533 Pearlitic malleable iron 56-60 (titanium) 734
Lead alloy single crystal 799 Pearlitic nodular ductile iron 40, 42-44 Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (titanium) 777-782
Leaded nickel silver (copper) 551 Pen-metal copper 534, 535 Ti-ll.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn (titanium) . . . 784-786
Lead single crystal 799 Phosphor bronze (copper) 538, 539 Ti-llSn-5Zr-2.25Al-lMo-0.21Si
Low brass 80-20 (copper) 525 Phosphorus-deoxidized high (titanium) 783, 784
Low-carbon steel 67-69, 71 residual phosphorus (copper). . . . 516, 517 Ti-13V-llCr-3Al (titanium) 787-792
Low-silicon bronze type B (copper) . . . . 542 Powder-metallurgy zinc 807, 808 Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (titanium) 792-795
M2 (tool steel) 269 Powder metal preform steel 65 Ti-16V-2.5Al (titanium) 795-797
MA 6000 (nickel) 642-644 Pure uranium 806 Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr
Magnesium single crystal 555 QE22A-T6 (magnesium) 610-612 (titanium) 736, 737
Malleable cast iron 56-60 QE22A-T8 (magnesium) 613 T i ^ O (titanium) 729
Manganese-chromium dual-phase Quenched-and-tempered carbon (0.2% C) Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (titanium) 738-740
high-strength low-alloy s t e e l . . . . 139, 140 steel 78 Ti-55 (titanium) 729, 735
 Alloy Index/ 813

Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.25Si U-3Mo (uranium) 806 X2020-T6 (wrought aluminum) 299, 318

(titanium) 741-744 U-3Mo-0.5Cr (uranium 806 X5090-H36 (wrought aluminum) 385
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (titanium) . . . 744-751 U-5Re (uranium) 806 X5090-H38 (wrought aluminum) . . 386-388
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (titanium) 752 Udimet 700 (U-700)(nickel) 646, 647 XM-27 (stainless steel) 267
Ti-6A1-4V (titanium) 753-764 Ultrahigh-strength steel 150-156 ZA3F1 (zinc) 806
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (titanium) 765-769 Uranium alloys 806 ZE10A-H24 (magnesium) 614
Ti-70 (titanium) 729 USS COR-TEN A high-strength ZEIOA-O (magnesium) 614
Ti-7Al-4Mo (titanium) 770 low-alloy steel 129, 130 ZE41A-T5 (magnesium) 615, 616
Ti-8A1-1 Mo-IV (titanium) 771-774 U.S.S. dual-phase 80 high-strength ZH62A-T5 (magnesium) 616
Ti-8Mn (titanium) 774-776 low-alloy steel 138 Zircaloy 2 (zirconium) 727
Transformation-induced plasticity W1 (tool steel) 269 Zirconium copper (copper) 518
(TRIP) high-strength steel 157-159 W-Hf-C (tungsten) 726 ZK60A-F (magnesium) 617, 620
TRI-TEN high-strength low-alloy steel. . 129 Waspaloy (nickel) 661-664 ZK60A-T5 (magnesium) 617-626
TRIP steels 157-159 Weathering steel 140 ZK60A-T6 (magnesium) 623-628
Tungsten copper composite (copper).... 553 WI-52 (cobalt) 714 ZK61A-T5 (magnesium) 628
TZM molybdenum alloy Worked chromium (chromium) 710 ZK61A-T6 (magnesium) 628, 629
(molybdenum) 718 X-40 (cobalt) 714 Zr-1.5Sn (zirconium) 727
UNS Index

The Unified Numbersing System (UNS) is a joint effort of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and ASTM International providing de-
signations for the purpose of metal and alloy identification. The designation is not a specification. No requirements are established or implied.

A02010 279-283 CI 5725 519 J13042 116

A02420 284 CI7200 519, 520 J13050 116
A03320 (formerly A63320) 286 C21000 521 K11510 129, 130
A03360 (formerly A13320) 285 C22000 522, 523 K11576 134, 135
A03540 286 C23000 523, 524 K11630 134, 135
A03560 288-291 C24000 525 K11646 134, 135
A12010 284 C25600 525, 526 K11856 133, 134
A13560 291-294 C26000 526-528 K12000 132
A13570 294-297 C27000 529 K14675 150
A33550 287 C28000 530 K24728 156
A43570 297 C33200 531 K32550 122, 123
A91060 299, 300 C34200 532 K33517 105
A91100 301-303 C35330 533 K92571 155, 156
A92014 304-317 C37700 534 L50001 800
A92017 318 C44300 535 L50010 800
A92024 319-347 C44400 536 M11311 555,556
A92048 358, 359 C46400 537, 538 Ml 1610 557-559
A92090 350 C51000 538, 539 Ml 1630 560-562
A92124 351-354 C61400 540 Ml 1800 563
A92219 355-361 C63000 540 M11910 564
A92519 362 C64210 541 Ml 1914 564-566, 569
A92618 363-367 C64700 541 Ml 1918 568,569
A93003 367-369 C65100 542 Ml 1920 569-574
A93004 370, 371 C65500 542 Ml 2330 576-581
A95052 372-377 C70600 543 M13210 595-600
A95083 378, 379 C71000 543, 544 Ml 3310 582-594
A95086 379-384 C71500 544-546 M13312 600-608
A95154 389 C74400 546, 547 Ml 3320 609
A95454 389-392 C74500 547, 548 M16100 614
A95456 393-398 C75200 548 M16410 615,616
A96013 399-402 C75400 549 M16600 617-628
A96061 403-421 C75700 550 M16610 628, 629
A96063 422 C77000 550 Ml6620 616
A97010 423-426 C79000 551 Ml 8220 610-613
A97049 427-437 G10080 69,70 N02200 631
A97050 438-455 G10150 70,72 N04400 692, 693
A97055 455 G10200 72, 73, 80-82 N05500 684-687
A97075 456-473 G10230 83 N06002 681,682, 683
A97079 473 G10250 84 N06075 647, 648
A97149 427-429 G10350 81, 82 N06600 637-639
A97150 474-477 G10400 82,84,92 N06601 683, 684
A97175 477-485 G10450 85 N06617 679, 680
A97178 486 G10600 86 N06625 670-675
A97249 486, 487 G10950 82 N06686 678
A97475 488-500 G15220 91 N07001 661-664
A98090 501 G41300 95-99 N07041 649-652
CI0200 515 G41400 100-102 N07090 665-668
C11000 515,516 G43400 106-112 N07263 669
CI2200 516,517 G52986 93 N07702 641
CI4200 517,518 G86300 113-115, 117, 118 N07713 635
C15000 518 G93106 119, 120 N07718 652-659
8 1 6 / U N S Index

N07725 660, 661 R56401 753-764 S31603 202

N07750 644-646 R56620 765-769 S31803 266
N07754 659 R56740 770 S32100 203-205
N08330 702 R58010 787-792 S34700 205-208
N08800 675, 676 R58030 784-786 S34800 209, 210
N08810 676, 677 R58640 736, 737 S35000 250-255
N08825 701 S13800 220-224 S35500 256-260
N08926 702, 703 S14800 225 S36200 261
N09706 694-697 S15500 225-228 S40900 268
N09901 693 SI 5700 228-234 S41000 215,216
N10276 636 S17400 234-238 S42000 216, 217
N13100 640 S17600 265, 266 S42200 217, 218
N19909 698, 699 S17700 238-249 S43035 268
R30035 719 S20100 161, 162 S43400 162
R30159 719 S20200 163 S44627 267
R30188 715-717 S20500 162 S45000 262
R30605 712,713 S21800 214 S45500 263-265
R50400 729, 731-733 S21900 163-165 S65770 218-220
R50550 729, 734, 735 S21904 165 S66286 102, 103
R50700 729, 734, 735 S24000 214 T11302 269
R54520 738-740 S30100 162, 166-180 T20821 271-275
R54521 738-740 S30200 180 T30102 269
R54620 744-751 S30300 181 T30402 269, 270
R54810 771-774 S30400 162, 181-189,214 T30403 270
R56080 774-776 S30403 190 T31501 269
R56260 752 S31000 190-192 T61206 276
R56400 753-764 S31600 193-202 T72301 269