OPTICS FOR SENSORS

By Eng W Magaramagara

EE Department (HIT)

2020
 OPTICS: SUBJECTS

THEORY OF OPTICS: WAVE, PHOTON.

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
PHOTONICS
 OPTO-ELECTRONICS
ELECTRO-OPTICS
OPTICAL SENSORS
 What is Light ?

Light is electromagnetic radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. The word

‘Light’ usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and is
responsible for the sense of vision. Visible light is usually defined as having
wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), or 4.00 × 10−7 to
7.00 × 10−7 m, ( 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers) between the infrared and the
ultraviolet.

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 OPTICS: SUBJECTS

THEORY OF OPTICS: WAVE, PHOTON.

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
PHOTONICS
OPTO-ELECTRONICS
ELECTRO-OPTICS
OPTICAL SENSORS

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 Reflection

Normal Reflected ray

Incident ray
r
i

Angle i = r

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 Refraction of Light

SNELLS’s LAW

q1

q2
 Diffraction
Intensity of light through a narrow Slit ( width
X) Edge

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 Diffraction:
Intensity of Light Through a Mask

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 OPTICS: SUBJECTS

THEORY OF OPTICS: WAVE, PHOTON.

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
PHOTONICS
OPTO-ELECTRONICS
ELECTRO-OPTICS
OPTICAL SENSORS

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 Field of View of a Sensor
Cross Axis FOV

Measurement FOV

FOV Clear of
Obstructions/ Reflections

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 FIELD OF VIEW
The area of the object that you can view through a camera or telescope
is called the field of view. and it is measured in degrees .

Large FOV

Small FOV

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 APERTURE (DIAMETER) OF THE
LENS OR MIRROR
The clear aperture of a telescope is the diameter of the
objective lens or primary mirror specified in millimeters
(mm). The larger the aperture, the more light it collects and
the brighter (and better) the image will be. Greater detail
and image clarity will be apparent as aperture increases.

IMAGE USING 100MM DIA IMAGE USING 300 MM DIA.

TELESCOPE TELESCOPE
 FOCAL LENGTH
AND f/NUMBER
This is the distance (in mm.), in an optical system, from the lens (or
primary mirror) to the point where the telescope is in focus (focal point).

f / NUMBER = f / DIAMETER

The longer the focal length of the telescope, generally the more power it
has, the larger the image and the smaller the field of view. For example, a
telescope with a focal length of 2000mm has twice the power and half the
field of view of a 1000mm telescope. Most manufacturers specify the focal
length of their various instruments; but, if it is unknown and you know the
focal ratio you can use the following formula to calculate it: focal length is
the aperture (in mm) times the focal ratio. For example, the focal length of an
203 mm) aperture with a focal ratio of f/10 would be 200 x 10 = 2000mm.
 Collimation

Collimation Angle = d/f

Divergence of Source.

150 m Km
 RESOLUTION
This is the ability of a telescope to observe details. The higher the
resolution, the finer the detail. The larger the aperture of a
telescope, the more resolution the instrument is capable of.

RESOLVING POWER
For a telescope is the ability to separate two closely-spaced stars
into two distinct images.

Resolving power is a function of aperture and larger the aperture, the

better the resolving power. However, resolving power affected by
atmospheric conditions called ‘seeing’ condition.

For a Diffraction limited Telescope the Resolution = 1.22 l /D radians

 SPATIAL RESOLUTION

5M
70M
Aberrations are any errors that result in the
imperfection of an image. Such errors can
result from design or fabrication or both.

It is impossible to design an absolutely perfect

optical system. The various aberrations due
to a particular design are given next.
 DIFFRACTION LIMIT

A diffraction limited telescope has aberrations (optical

errors)corrected to the point that residual wave-front errors are
substantially reduced. Optics with negligible aberrations can be
used in an astronomical telescope. In high quality telescopes the
surface quality of the individual elements must be better than
1/10 wavelength. The overall surface error is measured as
deviations from the ideal wave front and numerically it is
expressed as r.m.s errors or peak-to valley errors. As the wave-
front number gets smaller (1/8th or 1/10th wavelength), the
optical quality is becomes better.
RESOLUTION OF A TELESCOPE DUE TO DIFRRATION

q = 1.22 l / D
in radians q

Signals from two stars

which are very close
Chromatic Aberration -- usually associated with objective
lenses of refractor telescopes. It is the failure of a lens to bring
light of different wavelengths (colors) to a common focus. This
results mainly in a faint colored halo (usually violet) around bright
stars, the planets and the moon. It also reduces lunar and
planetary contrast. It usually shows up more as speed and
aperture increase. Achromat doublets in refractors help reduce
this aberration and more expensive, sophisticated designs like
apochromats and those using fluorite lenses can virtually
eliminate it.

Spherical Aberration -- causes light rays passing through a lens

(or reflected from a mirror) at different distances from the optical
center to come to focus at different points on the axis. This causes
a star to be seen as a blurred disk rather than a sharp point. Most
telescopes are designed to eliminate this aberration.
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 Spherical Aberration

• b = y3 f 3 [ n 2 - ( 2 n + 1 ) k + ( n+2 ) k 2 ]
----------- -----
4(n–1)2 n

k = r1 / r1 – r2 ) ; r = radius of each side of lens

f = 1 / ff = focal length

y = D / 2, D = Diameter of aperture.
 Aberrations

Astigmatism
Coma -- associated mainly with parabolic reflector telescopes
which affect the off-axis images and are more pronounced
near the edges of the field of view. The images seen produce a
V-shaped appearance. The faster the focal ratio, the more
coma that will be seen near the edge although the center of the
field (approximately a circle, which in mm is the square of the
focal ratio) will still be coma-free in well-designed and
manufactured instruments.

Astigmatism -- a lens aberration that elongates images which

change from a horizontal to a vertical position on opposite sides
of best focus. It is generally associated with poorly made optics
or collimation errors.

Field Curvature -- caused by the light rays not all coming to a

sharp focus in the same plane. The center of the field may be
sharp and in focus but the edges are out of focus and vice
versa.
NUMERICAL VALUES OF ABERRATIONS

• DIFRACTION LIMIT : b = 2.44 l / D radians

for a Spherical Mirror

• SPHERICAL ABERRATION: b = 0.0078 . (f/N) -3

• SAGITTAL COMA : b = 0.0625 . q . ( f/N) –2

–1
• ASTIGMATISM b = 0.5 . q 2 . ( f/N)

• for Parabolic Reflector, Spherical Aberration = 0

Distortion is caused due to
variable magnification Y
along the filed of the image.

Pin - cushion Barrel

 CONTRAST
CONTRST IS A MESURE OF THE HIGH SPATIAL FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF IMAGING
SYSTEM. IT IS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF MODULATION TRASNFER FUNCTION ( MTF)

Seeing conditions (or air turbulence) is the single most important factor that
adversely affects image contrast when seeking planetary detail through a telescope.
Instrument problems that can also adversely affect contrast in order of decreasing
importance are: optical figure, collimation, optical smoothness, baffling, and a small
increase in central obstruction. Note that the increase in central obstruction is rated
as the smallest contributor adversely affecting contrast.

HIGH CONTRAST LOW CONTRST

 NUMERICAL VALUES OF ABERRATIONS..Contd.

for a Refractive Lens

• SPHERICAL ABERRATION: b =k . (f/N) –3
k = 0.067 for n = 1.5
k = 0.027 for n = 2
k = 0.0087 for n = 4

2]
• COMA : b = q / [ 16 (n+2) . ( f/N)
• Chromatic = 0.5 / v / ( f/N)
V =( nm -1)/(ns -nl)
m , s , l are middle, short and long wavelengths
within the band of interest.
Achromat Doublet Optics

RED

BLUE

Chromatic Aberration is reduced by use

of doublet made of glass of different
refractive index ( flint and crown glass )
Veiling Glare: Scattering Effect
 Scattering:
Rayleigh’s Law of Scattering

Intensity of Light Scattered is given by ;

 Scattering

Why Sky is Orange-Red During Twilight ?

Blue

Red
Scattering

Why Sky is Blue ?

Red

Blue
OPTICAL SYSTEMS:
INSTRUMENTS
TELESCOPES
Newtonian Telescope
Cassegrain Telescope

f1
FOV for Different Telescopes
 Field of View of Telescope
• Field of View of a Telescope is the part of focal
plane where the effect of aberrations is minimum
( acceptable limits )
• Increasing of FOV is carried out by
additional optical elements like Schmidt Plate
, lens elements in the optical path.
- Use of more number of mirrors ( eg. three
mirrors in IRS- 1C telescope ) can improve the
performance for large FOV.
S
CARTOSAT-
2 Telescope
 TELESCOPE OPTICS
Secondary

Primary AVHRR- TELESOPE:

INSAT-3D

700 mm dia. Telescope

CARTOSAT-2
UV Telescope: Astrosat
Multi-Element Lens Assembly
IRS-LISS-3
Multi-spectral Camera: IRS-LISS-3
TMC- OPTICS
Terrain Mapping Camera: Chandrayaan-1
Hyper-spectral Camera Chandrayaan
FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS
 OPTICS: SUBJECTS

THEORY OF OPTICS: WAVE, PHOTON.

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
PHOTONICS
OPTO-ELECTRONICS
ELECTRO-OPTICS
OPTICAL SENSORS
 PHOTONICS
Photonics is the science of light (photon)
generation, detection, and manipulation through
emission, transmission, modulation, signal
processing, switching, amplification, and
detection/sensing.

Most photonic applications are in the range of

visible and near-infrared light. The term photonics
developed as an outgrowth of the first practical
semiconductor light emitters invented in the early
1960s and optical fibers developed in the 1970s.
 OPTICS: SUBJECTS

THEORY OF OPTICS: WAVE, PHOTON.

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
PHOTONICS
OPTO-ELECTRONICS
ELECTRO-OPTICS
OPTICAL SENSORS
 OPTO-ELECTRONICS
Optoelectronics is the study and application of electronic
devices that source, detect and control light, usually
considered a sub-field of PHOTONICS. In often includes
invisible forms of radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays,
ultraviolet and infrared, in addition to visible light.
Optoelectronic devices are electrical-to-optical or optical-to-
electrical transducers, or instruments that use such devices
in their operation.

Optoelectronics is based on the quantum mechanical effects

of light on electronic materials, especially semiconductors,
sometimes in the presence of electric fields.
 OPTICS: SUBJECTS

THEORY OF OPTICS: WAVE, PHOTON.

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
PHOTONICS
OPTO-ELECTRONICS
ELECTRO-OPTICS
OPTICAL SENSORS
 ELECTRO-OPTICS
Electro-optics is a branch of electrical engineering and
material physics involving components, devices (e.g. Lasers,
LEDs, waveguides etc.) and systems which operate by the
propagation and interaction of light with various tailored
materials.

Today the term has transformed as Photonics.

It is concerned with the "Electro-Optic effect“ and

interaction between the electromagnetic (optical) and
the electrical (electronic) states of materials.
 OPTICS: SUBJECTS

THEORY OF OPTICS: WAVE, PHOTON.

GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OPTICAL ENGINEERING
PHOTONICS
OPTO-ELECTRONICS
ELECTRO-OPTICS
OPTICAL SENSORS
OPTICAL SENSORS
OPTICAL FIBRE