Franz D.

SANTOS Department of Civil Engineering, National University - Manila

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DESIGN OF PRISMATIC BEAMS

• The design of a beam is usually controlled by

the maximum bending moment.

• The largest normal/bending stress is found at

the surface of the beam in the critical section.

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒄 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑰 𝑺

Source for image: Google

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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DESIGN OF PRISMATIC BEAMS
❑ A safe design requires the criterion:

𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≤ 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

❑ From the maximum bending stress, solving for

S, it will give us the value of the minimum
section modulus.

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝒇𝒃 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘
Source for image: Google

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MOST ECONOMICAL SECTIONS
Source for image: Google
A proper design procedure should lead to the
selection of the MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION
(MES).

Most Economical Section – the choice among beams

of the same type and same material, and other things
being equal, the beam with the smallest weight per unit
length—and, thus, the smallest cross-sectional area—
should be selected, since this beam will be the least
expensive.

Smallest weight per unit length Smallest cross-sectional area Least expensive = ECONOMICAL

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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MOST ECONOMICAL SECTIONS
STANDARD STRUCTURAL SHAPES:
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MOST ECONOMICAL SECTIONS
STEPS IN DESIGNING THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION:

❑ Neglecting the weight of the beam, draw the bending moment diagram to find the largest bending
moment Mmax.
❑ Determine the minimum allowable section modulus from Smin = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 /σw where σw is the working
stress.
❑ Choose the lightest shape from the list of structural shape for which 𝑆 ≥ 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 and note its weight.
❑ Calculate the maximum bending stress σmax in the selected beam caused by prescribed loading plus
the weight of the beam. If 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝜎𝑤 the selection is finished. Otherwise, the second-lightest shape
with 𝑆 ≥ 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 must be considered and the maximum bending stress is recalculated.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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MOST ECONOMICAL SECTIONS

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 8 kN
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 6 kN/m
8 kN 6.31 kN/m
A 5-m-long, simply supported steel beam AD is to carry the 0.31 kN/m
distributed and concentrated loads shown. Knowing that 𝟐𝒎 𝟐𝒎
the allowable normal stress for the grade of steel is 120 A B A B
𝟒𝒎 𝟒𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝟐𝒎
MPa, select the wide-flange shape to be used.

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐍 𝟏𝟐 𝐤𝐍 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝐤𝐍 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝐤𝐍

𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 =
𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟒 𝐤𝐍
𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟑 𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐍 0.67 m 0.634 m

SECTION DEPTH (mm) 𝑰𝒙 (𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 ) 𝑺𝒙(𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟑)

3.33 m 3.366 m
201 34.4 342 −𝟒
W200x35.9 −𝟒 𝐤𝐍 −𝟒. 𝟔𝟐
W200x31.3 210 31.3 298 −𝟏𝟐 𝐤𝐍 −𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟐
W200x26.6 207 25.8 249 −𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝐤𝐍
𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟓
𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑
𝟑𝟏. 𝟑 𝒎 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐 𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟔
𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟖
𝒔
𝒘= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟔
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 𝟎
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑺 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟑

𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 ∴ 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬! 𝑨𝒅𝒐𝒑𝒕 𝑾𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟑𝟏. 𝟑 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏!

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 50 kN
SAMPLE PROBLEMS 30 kN
50 kN 𝒌𝑵
30 kN 0.32
𝟐𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝟑𝒎
An overhang beam is to carry the loads as shown. Design 𝒎
the lightest W Section to support these loads if the 𝟐𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝟑𝒎
B B
allowable bending stress is limited to 155 MPa. A 𝟓𝒎 𝟐𝒎 A 𝟓𝒎 𝟐𝒎

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟕𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎 𝟑𝟔 𝐤𝐍 𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐍 𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍 𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐍

𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 =
𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟑𝟔 𝐤𝐍 𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟑
𝑺𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒
𝟎
𝟑 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎
SECTION DEPTH (mm) 𝑰𝒙 (𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 ) 𝑺𝒙(𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 )
−𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟕
W360x32.9 348 82.8 475 −𝟏𝟒
−𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟏
W250x38.5 262 59.9 457 −𝟒𝟒
−𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟏
203 45.8 451 −𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟑
W200x46.1
𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝟕𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝒌𝒈 𝒎
𝟑𝟐. 𝟗 𝒎 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟐
𝒔
𝒘= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟎 𝟎
𝟔 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑺 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟑 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
−𝟎. 𝟔𝟓

𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂 < 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 ∴ 𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬! 𝑨𝒅𝒐𝒑𝒕 𝑾𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟑𝟐. 𝟗 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏!

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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MOVING LOADS
❑ From the previous section, we see generally that
the maximum moment occurs at a point of zero
shears.

❑ For beams loaded with concentrated loads, the

point of zero shears usually occurs under a
concentrated load and so the maximum moment.

❑ Beams and girders such as in a bridge or an

overhead crane are subject to moving concentrated
loads, which are at fixed distance with each other.
The loads are referred to as MOVING LOADS.

Source for image: Google

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MOVING LOADS
SINGLE MOVING LOAD
❑ For a single moving load, the maximum moment
occurs when the load is at the midspan and the
maximum shear occurs when the load is very near the
support (usually assumed to lie over the support).

TWO MOVING LOADS

❑ The maximum moment usually lies under the
larger moving load.

Source for image: Pytel and Singer

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MOVING LOADS

THREE OR MORE MOVING LOADS

❑In general, the bending moment under a load is a maximum when the center of the beam is
midway between that load and the resultant of all the loads then on the span.
❑With this rule, we compute the maximum moment under each load, and use the biggest of the
moments for the design. Usually, the biggest of these moments occurs under the biggest load.
❑The maximum shear occurs at the reaction where the resultant load is nearest. Usually, it
happens if the biggest load is over that support and as many a possible of the remaining loads are
still on the span.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A truck with axle loads of 40 kN and 60 kN on a wheel-base of 5 m rolls across a 10-m span. Compute the maximum
bending moment and the maximum shearing force.

40 kN 100 kN 60 kN 40 kN 100 kN 60 kN

A B
𝟏𝒎 𝟑𝒎 𝟏𝒎 𝟏𝒎 𝟒𝒎 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎
𝟏𝟎 𝒎

LOCATION OF RESULTANT 𝑪𝑳 𝑪𝑳

40 kN 100 kN 60 kN 60 kN 40 kN 35 kN 65 kN

𝟓𝒎 ෍ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑴𝑩 = 𝟎

𝟓−𝒙 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟒 𝒎 − 𝑹𝑩 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵
−𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎 + 𝑹𝑨 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟏 𝒎 + 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵(𝟔𝒎) − 𝑹𝑩 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎(𝟓𝒎) 40 kN
𝒙= 𝟐𝒎 60 kN 𝑴𝟒𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐦
𝑴𝟔𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟒𝐦
𝐌𝟒𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
𝑴𝟔𝟎 𝐌𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
𝟒𝒎 𝑴𝟒𝟎
𝟒𝒎 40 kN 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
40 kN

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A truck with axle loads of 40 kN and 60 kN on a wheel-base of 5 m rolls across a 10-m span. Compute the maximum
bending moment and the maximum shearing force.

100 kN 60 kN 40 kN 100 kN 60 kN
40 kN
A B
𝟓𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝟑𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝟓𝒎
𝟑𝒎
𝟏𝟎 𝒎

LOCATION OF RESULTANT
𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑩
𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑩
40 kN 100 kN 60 kN
𝟓𝒎
෍ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑴𝑩 = 𝟎
𝟓−𝒙 𝒙

𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟓 𝒎 + 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝟏𝟎 𝒎) − 𝑹𝑩 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 + 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝟓 𝒎) − 𝑹𝑨 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎(𝟓𝒎)
𝒙= 𝟐𝒎 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵

𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟖 𝒎 − 𝑹𝑩 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟕 𝒎 − 𝑹𝑨 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A truck and trailer combination crossing a 12-m span has axle loads of 10, 20, and 30 kN separated respectively by distances
of 3 and 5 m. Compute the maximum bending stress if the beam is a 200 mm x 500 mm rectangular section.
10 kN 20 kN 60 kN 30 kN 10 kN 20 kN 60 kN 30 kN
A B 3𝒎
𝟏𝟐 𝒎 𝟐𝒎 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟏𝒎 𝟑𝒎
𝟏𝒎 𝟑𝒎 𝟏𝒎 𝟐𝒎
LOCATION OF RESULTANT
𝟔𝒎 𝟔𝒎
60 kN 𝑪𝑳
𝑪𝑳
10 kN 20 kN 30 kN
5𝒎 25 kN 35 kN
3𝒎 20 kN 50 kN 30 kN

𝟐𝒎 𝟑𝒎 𝟏𝒎 𝟏𝒎 𝟓𝒎 ෍ 𝑴𝑩 = 𝟎
5-𝒙 𝒙
−𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟓 𝒎 + 𝑹𝑨 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 𝑹𝑨 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵
𝟔𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎 𝟓𝒎 + 𝟏𝟎(𝟖𝒎)
𝑪𝑳
𝒙= 𝟑𝒎
29.17 kN 20.83 kN 10 kN 20 kN
20 kN 50 kN 30 kN
𝟓𝒎 𝟑𝒎 𝑴𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝟒 𝐦 − (𝟏𝟎𝐤𝐍)(𝟑𝐦)
𝑴𝟑𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝒌𝑵 𝟓𝐦
𝟓−𝒙 𝟒𝒎 𝑴𝟐𝟎 𝐌𝟐𝟎 = 𝟕𝟎 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
𝒙
𝐌𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦
25 kN
𝟓𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎(𝟓𝒎) 𝒙= 𝟐𝒎

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
A truck and trailer combination crossing a 12-m span has axle loads of 10, 20, and 30 kN separated respectively by distances
of 3 and 5 m. Compute the maximum bending stress if the beam is a 250 mm x 500 mm rectangular section.
10 kN 20 kN 60 kN 30 kN
𝟑𝒎

A B 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝟐𝒎 𝟑. 𝟎 𝒎 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝟏𝟐 𝒎
𝟔𝒎 𝟔𝒎
𝑪𝑳
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
17.5 kN 42.5 kN
LOCATION OF RESULTANT BENDING STRESS
60 kN 10 kN
10 kN 20 kN 30 kN 𝟔𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = (Rectangular)
3𝒎 5𝒎 𝒃𝒅𝟐
𝑴𝟏𝟎

3.5 𝒎
5-𝒙 𝒙 𝟔(𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎)
𝑴𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐦
𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟔𝟎 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎 𝟓𝒎 + 𝟏𝟎(𝟖𝒎) 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟐
17.5 kN
𝒙= 𝟑𝒎 𝐌𝟏𝟎 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

𝒇𝒃𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BENDING STRESS IN BEAMS

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Franz D. SANTOS Department of Civil Engineering, National University - Manila

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