University of

Business and
Technology

College of
Engineering

Architectural
Engineering
Department

ARCH
222
By:

DR. AHMED HASHMI

a.hashmi@ubt.edu.sa
REVISION 1
22/06/2020
 course topics

Construction Industry, Site work, Foundations,

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS CONSTRUCTION COMPONENTS
Construction Phases Structures, Finishes

Bidding Documents, Project Closeout,

DOCUMENTATION POST CONSTRUCTION
Technical Drawings Inspection

Theoretical, Social,
Construction Contracts CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTIONS Contextual, Economical,
Environmental
 construction projects
 A project is a “Unique process consisting of a set of
coordinated and controlled activities with start and finish dates,
undertaken to achieve an objective conforming to specific
requirements”.
 A project is the execution of a series of activities, that are
related or connected, for developing a product or a service,
performed by people and consumes resources (i.e. equipment).

A construction project is the organised process of placing different parts/components together in

order to create a building, a structure or an infrastructure. Each project has to be completed within its
specific requirements (Scope), its defined start and end dates, and its funding limits (Cost).
 process management
 Process management is an approach applied to any project
Information and communication in
that can be shared by all parties in a project. the projects processes:
 It is achieved through a set of definitions, documentation • PMBOK (Project Management
and procedures that emphasises the successive flows of Body of Knowledge)
• PRINCE2
project activities. • In-house Project Management
Methodologies
 Modern information and communication technologies has
enabled radical advances in the projects processes.

 Regardless of the differences between the process management methodologies, they generally
share a key feature: projects are delivered in phases.
 project phases
 In terms of phases, the project deliverables produced at the end
A generic construction project
of each phase must meet its intended purpose, and that project process comprises 8 distinct
team members are properly prepared for the next phase. phases, which are grouped into
4 broad stages:
 Once the deliverables are approved, the phase is completed and
the project team can pass through the "gate" to the next phase.  Pre-Project
This is why the term "stage/gate" is used so often in project
 Pre-Construction
management.
 Construction
 These stages aim to cover the whole project from conception of
 Post-Construction /
the idea or need to the final long term operation and Completion
maintenance of the facilities being constructed.
 Phase Zero: Establishment of Needs

Phase One: Conception of Needs

Pre Project

Phase Two: Feasibility & Budgeting

H A R D G AT E
project phases

Phase Three: Full Conceptual Design

Phase Four: Design Coordination

Pre Construction

Phase Five: Procurement & Contract

H A R D G AT E

Phase Six: Construction

Construction

H A R D G AT E

Phase Seven: Operation & Maintenance

Post
Construction
 pre-project stage
 This stage relates to the strategic business considerations Pre Project
of any potential project aiming to address a client’s need and all
stakeholders (parties with interest in the success of the project).

Phase Zero: Establishment of Needs

Phase Two: Feasibility & Budgeting

Phase One: Conception of Needs
 The primary objective for this stage is to arrive at a clearly defined,

H A R D G AT E
feasible concept, presented in a form that achieves client
understanding and acceptance.
 The Pre-Project stage comprises of the following phases:
o Phase Zero: Establishment of the Needs
o Phase One: Conception of Needs (Scope of Work)
o Phase Two: Feasibility & Budgeting (Full Financial Authority)
 Phase 0. demonstrating the needs
 Before getting ahead with a project, there are some strategic decisions that an owner must
consider at the beginning, which are defining project deliverables.
o Construction projects may represent one of the largest investments owners will ever make.
o It is one in which it is wise to proceed carefully and systematically to successfully achieve the
project deliverables.
o Without a careful description of what an owner wishes to achieve, A deliverable
it may be difficult to convey those needs and requirements to is a specific output
engineers whom their responsibility is to convert them into a plan created as the result of
that a builder can follow. work performed during
the course of a project
 Projects create deliverables, which are simply the results of the project.
 Phase 1. conception of needs
 At the beginning of identifying the project needs, the major problem and/or opportunity must be
clearly addressed.
 This is described in the Scope of Work (SOW), which is a list of the major works to be performed.
 The scope should be definitive and to the point, as long narrative serves no purpose and can
actually confuse project participants. Typical documentation at the end of this stage includes:
o Architectural: Conceptual preliminary design that includes Layout of key areas (Site plan,
Floor plans); location and sizing of exits and other circulation areas, Building elevations
(Schematic preliminary selection of exterior walls)
o Structural: foundation system; structural system
o Mechanical: preliminary mechanical systems
o Electrical: space allocation for electrical systems; service and power distribution concepts
 Phase 2. feasibility & budgeting
 Feasibility studies are preliminary studies undertaken in the very early stage of a project.

 The main purpose of feasibility studies is to establish whether the project

is viable or not, and to analyse the budget relative to client requirements. A project budget is the
total estimated costs needed
 At the end of the pre-project stage, it is necessary to conduct a substantive to complete a project
feasibility study and outline the financial authority.

 All stakeholders, authorities and other third parties may need to be consulted in the preparation and
asked for approvals of feasibility studies. The typical documentation at the end of this phase includes:

o Preliminary estimate of construction cost (budget) based on area, volume, or other unit costs
 Phase Zero: Establishment of Needs

Phase One: Conception of Needs

Pre Project

Phase Two: Feasibility & Budgeting

H A R D G AT E
project phases

Phase Three: Full Conceptual Design

Phase Four: Design Coordination

Pre Construction

Phase Five: Procurement & Contract

H A R D G AT E

Phase Six: Construction

Construction

H A R D G AT E

Phase Seven: Operation & Maintenance

Post
Construction
 pre-construction (design) stage
 Design is the realization of an idea, or the solution of requirements, through means of
communication such as drawings, specifications, models.
 In order to create a building design solution, the design process must explain a series of different
requirements that include aesthetics, the brief, budget, structure, regulations, climate, weather,
security, privacy and so on.
 This process can be supplemented by the adoption of specific design principles or approaches.
 There are many different types of drawing can be used during the process of designing buildings:
o Sketches: are used as a quick and simple way of exploring initial ideas for designs.
o Technical drawing: they are intended to be accurate and definitive. This includes:
• Working or construction drawings • Shop drawings • As-built drawings
 pre-construction (design) stage
 After obtaining the financial approval, the client’s need is Pre Construction
developed into an appropriate design solution. This is achieved by
developing the design through a logical sequence with the aim of

Phase Three: Full Conceptual Design

Phase Five: Procurement & Contract

delivering approved production designs and specifications.

Phase Four: Design Coordination

H A R D G AT E
 The primary objective for this stage is to develop full production
design drawings and specifications (tender documents/package)
and assigning a contractor. This stage includes
o Full Conceptual Design
o Coordinated Design
o Procurement & Construction Contracts
 Phase 3. full conceptual design
 Conceptual designs are drawings used to develop and communicate ideas about a developing concept
in the early stages of the project (during the tender process).
 The term 'concept’ refers to the initial design idea, which is then developed The full conceptual
to a ‘Detailed Design’ (full conceptual design), taking on the approved design phase mainly
concept design to more functional and practical considerations. focuses on
Architectural works.
 By the end of the detailed design process, the design should include:
o Overall layout, including road and landscape layouts, circulation routes, accessibility requirements.
o Identification of standard and non-standard room layouts, building dimensions and gridlines.
o Architectural plans sections and elevations of buildings, parts of buildings and components.

See further details provided separately

 Phase 4. coordinated design
 Design drawings may be prepared by a number of different practitioners other than architects,
such as structural engineers, civil engineers, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, interior
designers, landscape designers, contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, and so on.
 It is important therefore that they are carefully integrated and
A tender document
coordinated to ensure that all elements are designed to an
includes full coordinated designs,
appropriate level of detail at the right time, and that designs specifications, and bills of
prepared by different members of the project team create a quantities (BoQ’s), mainly for
single, unified set of information that can be constructed without architectural, civil, and MEP works.
clashes between components.
 By the end of the coordinated design process, the design should be dimensionally correct and
coordinated, describing all the main components of the building and how they will fit together.
 The primary objective of this phase, by the end of it, is to have a completed tender document.

See further details provided separately

 Phase 5: procurement & contract
 The last phase in the pre-construction stage is mainly concerned with the tendering process.
 A tender is a submission made by a prospective supplier in response to an invitation or an
announcement to tender. It makes an offer for the supply of goods or services.
In construction, the main tender process is generally for:
the selection of the contractor that will construct the works
 Regardless of the nature of services that are being required, there is a number of different tendering forms:
o Open Tendering o Selective Tendering o Public Procurement
 Tender procedures very broadly as they can be classified as either single-stage or two-stage.
o Single-stage tendering o Two-stage tendering

 By the end of this phase (stage), a contractor that will carry out the construction works is assigned.
 procurement
 Procurement is the process of purchasing goods or services. There are many different routes by
which the design and construction of a building can be procured.
 The selected route should follow a strategy which fits the long-term objectives of the client's
business plan. Considerations are likely to include:
o Speed o Quality o Cost
 The selected route should follow a strategy which fits the long-term objectives of the project:
o Traditional Contract: The client is responsible for the design, and a contractor is then
appointed under a lump-sum construction contract.
o Design & Build: The contractor is responsible for the design and construction of the works
o Management Contract: the procurement route in which the works are constructed by a
number of different works contractors who are contracted to a management contractor.
thank you