ARCH 252 Lecture 4 - Horizontal Structure Systems I - Spring 2021

UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE of ENGINEERING
ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ARCH 252:
ARCHITECTURAL
STRUCTURE
SYSTEMS 2
Lecture 4:
Horizontal Structure
Systems I
Dr. Ahmed Waseef
Ahmad.waseef@ubt.edu.sa
ADM 222-C3
Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Lecture 4: Horizontal Structure Systems: Roofing & Flooring Systems
For Roofs:
For Floors and Roofs:
For Roofs:

Post and Beam structures

 Most architectural structures are the post-and-beam type.
 P&B buildings carry the weight of the structure by bearing one another
 The weight of the floor/roof and beams is carried by the posts down to the foundations
and then into the ground
 Horizontal beams are subjected to bending loads, therefore the structural material
should be able of resisting both tension and compression
 We can subdivide the P&B structures

into :

Post and Beam structures: Skeleton Frame

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

One-Way Slab:
 Steel bars/Joists run in one direction, parallel to one another, between
perpendicular girders that transfer the load to columns.
 Typically spans 4.5m to 9m.
Two-Way Slab
 Steel bars/Joists run in two directions, parallel and perpendicular to one
another.
 Typically spans 6m to 16m.


One-Way Slab
A . One way Solid slabs
B. One way Concrete joist slab : ribbed slab
A. Solid Slab B. Ribbed Slab


One-Way Slab
A. The One-Way Solid Slab System
• Uniformly thick and reinforced in one direction
• Beams are poured the same time as the slab.
• Economical when the slab does not span very

far between beams and for light to moderate
live loads.
• Uneconomical on spans of more than 6 m
• Slab depths are usually (10 cm - 25 cm).
• Rule of thumb for floor slab is span/24 = slab

thickness


One-Way Slab
B. The One-Way joist : Ribbed Slab
• Longer one-way spans and heavier loads

than solid slab systems.
• Joists are formed with metal or fiberglass
pans supported on longitudinal strips of
wood or on a plywood deck.
• The slab is capable of spanning a much
greater distance than solid slab up to 9m or
more.
• Distance between joists can reach 1.2-1.6m.
• Rule of thumb for floor slab is span/24 = slab
thickness


One-Way Slab
B. The One-Way joist : Ribbed Slab


Two-Way Slab
• Loads are transferred in two directions, parallel and perpendicular to one another.
• “Generally, two way floor systems are more economical than one-way systems in buildings
where columns can be spaced in shapes that are square or nearly square in proportion”
(Allen, p 483).
• Effective in medium spans and heavy loads, or when high resistance to lateral forces is
needed (vertical buildings)


Two-Way Slab
A. Two Way Solid Slab
B. Flat Plate
C. Flat Slab
A. Solid Slab B. Flat Plate
D. Waffle Slab
C. Flat Slab D. Waffle Slab


Two-Way Slab
A. Two Way Solid Slab
• A system in which the slab is supported by a grid of beams

running in both directions over the columns.
• Used for very heavily loaded industrial floors.
• Slab depth = 10 to 30 cm
• Rule of thumb for floor slab is span/36 = slab thickness
• Spans varies from 4.5 m up to MAX 12 m


Two-Way Slab
B. Flat Plate
• Flat plate-slab is designed and reinforced to span in both
directions directly into the columns without beams.
• “In more lightly loaded buildings, such as hotels, hospitals,

dormitories, and apartment buildings, the slab need not be
thickened at all over the columns.”
• “This allows some columns to be moved off of the grid to

facilitate a more efficient floor plan (Allen, p. 483)


Two-Way Slab
B. Flat Plate
• Because loads increases near the columns and there is
not provision to increase the slab thickness of the
concrete or the reinforcing columns this system is limited
to light loads and short spans
• Average spanning up to 7m.

• Maximum span = 10 m
• With slabs ranging from 15 cm to 30 cm.
• Rule of thumb for floor slab is span/32 = slab thickness
• It is useful where floor to floor heights are to be kept at
minimum.


Two-Way Slab
C. Flat Slab
• A Flat Slab is a Flat Plate thickened at its
column support to provide greater resistance
against punching shear failures.
Drop panel
• When the span is larger and live loads are
heavier flat plates require drop panels (slab
thickness = span/36)
• Column capitals (truncated pyramids and

cones) sometimes are used to handle punching
shear as well. (in case of with capitals but
without drop panel : slab thickness = span/32)
Drop panel


Two-Way Slab
C. Flat Slab
• A Flat Slab is a Flat Plate thickened at its
column support to provide greater resistance
against punching shear failures.
• When the span is larger and live loads are

heavier flat plates require drop panels (slab
thickness = span/36)
• Column capitals (truncated pyramids and

cones) sometimes are used to handle punching
shear as well. (in case of with capitals but
without drop panel : slab thickness = span/32)


Two-Way Slab
C. Flat Slab
• This system can accommodate fairly heavy loads with economical spans up to 10-12 m.
• Formwork is completely flat except for a thickening of the concrete to resist the high
shear forces around the top of each column (drop panel).
• Historically the columns under the drop panels also had mushroom capitals.
Octagonal capital Pyramid capital Mushroom capital


Two-Way Slab
D. Waffle Slab


Two-Way Slab
D. Waffle Slab
• The two-way concrete joist system
• Waffle slab can provide support for heavier

loads at slightly longer spans than the flat
slab system.
• Spans up to 14-16 m can be accomplished

economically.
• Waffle slabs are formed of prefabricated

reusable metal or fiberglass forms that
allow construction to proceed faster than
custom wood forms.
http://youtu.be/xH26K3zpnR0


D. Waffle Slab

Structural Concrete Roof Slab

D. Waffle Slab Use Potentials
Sky lights
Skew Waffles Roof side windows

Structural Concrete floor Slab

Hollow Block Slab (Hourdi)
• There are two types: one and two-

way slabs.
• They are lighter in weight that flat

plate and flat slabs.
Two way ripped slab One way ripped slab

Structural Concrete floor Slab

Hollow Block Slab (Hourdi)
• There are two types: one and two-

way slabs.
• They are lighter in weight that flat

plate and flat slabs.
• Spans up to 10-12 m can be

accomplished economically.
• Ribs thickness Can reach 10-15 cm.
• Concrete cover about 5 cm.
• Slab thickness begins with 25 cm

and may vary according to the
thickness of concrete cover and
block dimensions.

Lecture 4: Further Readings
Prescribed books:
: Principles & Practices of Commercial Construction,
By Andres, C., K., & Smith, R., C., (2011), Prentice Hall, 8th Edition
Chapter 9: Reinforced Concrete Frame
Chapter 10: Structural Steel Frame
Chapter 11: Floor system & Industrial Flooring
Chapter 12: Roof system & Industrial Roofing

Prescribed books:
: Building Construction Illustrated (4th Edition).
By: Francis D.K. Ching. Publisher: John Wiley & Sons (2008).
Chapter 2: The Building
Chapter 4: Floor Systems
Chapter 6: Roof Systems

Prescribed books:
: Building Construction: Principles, Materials, & Systems, 2nd Ed.,
Medan Mehta, Walter Scarborough, & Diane Armpriest (2013).
Chapter 2: GOVERNMENTAL CONSTRAINTS

ON CONSTRUCTION

UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE of ENGINEERING
ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE
SYSTEMS 2
Thank You

ARCH 252 Lecture 4 - Horizontal Structure Systems I - Spring 2021

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UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Ahmed Waseef

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

For Floors and Roofs:

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Post and Beam structures

 We can subdivide the P&B structures

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Post and Beam structures: Skeleton Frame

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

A . One way Solid slabs

B. One way Concrete joist slab : ribbed slab

A. Solid Slab B. Ribbed Slab

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

• Uniformly thick and reinforced in one direction

• Beams are poured the same time as the slab.

• Economical when the slab does not span very

• Uneconomical on spans of more than 6 m

• Slab depths are usually (10 cm - 25 cm).

• Rule of thumb for floor slab is span/24 = slab

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

• Longer one-way spans and heavier loads

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

C. Flat Slab D. Waffle Slab

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

• A system in which the slab is supported by a grid of beams

• Used for very heavily loaded industrial floors.

• Rule of thumb for floor slab is span/36 = slab thickness

• Spans varies from 4.5 m up to MAX 12 m

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

• “In more lightly loaded buildings, such as hotels, hospitals,

• “This allows some columns to be moved off of the grid to

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

• Average spanning up to 7m.

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

• Column capitals (truncated pyramids and

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

• When the span is larger and live loads are

• Column capitals (truncated pyramids and

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

Octagonal capital Pyramid capital Mushroom capital

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

Lecture 4 Architectural Structure Systems 2 ARCH 252

Structural Concrete Floor Slab

• Waffle slab can provide support for heavier

• Spans up to 14-16 m can be accomplished