Introduction of Joints

• Concrete is subject to change in length, plane, and volume due to

changes in its temperature, moisture content, reaction with
atmospheric carbon dioxide and maintenance of loads.
• The effects may be permanent contractions to initial drying
shrinkage, carbonation, and irreversible creep.
• Other effects are transient and depend on environmental
fluctuations in humidity and temperature and may result in either
expansions or contractions.

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39
Movements in Structure

• The movements in hardened concrete that can cause cracking

can originate from:
1. The Movements that are independent of the type of structure;
these properties include shrinkage.
2. Movements depending on the type of structure and consisting
of effects of all imposed loads such as self weight and lateral
loads of wind and earthquakes. Such movements may be
deflections, elastic strains, and strains due to creep caused by
permanent loads.
3. Movements depending on the location of the structure caused
by changes in temperature and humidity.

40
Joints Terminology
• Joints will be designated by a terminology based on the
following characteristics: resistance, configuration, formation,
location, type of structure, and function.
• Resistance: Tied or reinforced, doweled, non doweled, plain.
• Configuration: Butt, lap, tongue, and groove.
• Formation: Sawed, hand-formed, tooled, grooved, insert
formed.
• Location: Transverse, longitudinal, vertical, horizontal.
• Type of Structure: Bridge, pavement, slab-on-grade building.
• Function: Construction, contraction, expansion, seismic, hinge.
• Example: Tied, tongue and groove, hand-tooled, longitudinal
pavement construction joint.

41
 Jointing practice
Four primary methods are available for creating joints in concrete
surfaces forming, tooling, sawing, and placement of joint formers.
• Formed joints: These are found at construction joints in
concrete slabs and walls. Tongue and groove joints can be made
with preformed metal or plastic strips.
• Tooled joints: Contraction joints can be tooled into a concrete
surface during finishing operations. A groove intended to cause
a weakened plane and to control the location of cracking should
be at least 1/4 the thickness of the concrete.

42
 Jointing practice
• Sawed joints: Use of sawed joints reduces labor during the
finishing process. Labor and power equipment are required within
a short period of time after the concrete has hardened

43
 Jointing practice

• Joint formers: Joint formers can be placed in the fresh concrete

during placing and finishing operations. Joint formers can be used
to create expansion or contraction joints. Expansion joints
generally have a removable cap over expansion joint material.

44
Construction Joints

45
Construction Joints
Definition:
1.Construction joints are stopping places in the process of
concrete pouring.
2.Construction Joints are required because it is impractical to
place concrete in a continuous operation, except for very small
structures.
3.These are normally required in construction works because
there is limited supply of concrete in concrete batching plants in
a single day and the size of concrete pour may be too large to be
concreted in one go.
4.Construction joints may run horizontally or vertically,
depending on the placing sequence prescribed by the design of
the structure.

46
 Construction Joints
Definition:
5. These joints are installed to break up the structure into smaller units
in accordance with the production capacity of the construction site.
6. For monolithic concrete, a good construction joint might be a
bonded interface that provides a watertight surface, and allows
for flexural and shear continuity through the interface. Without this
continuity a weakened region results that may serve as a contraction
or expansion joint.
7. Correctly located and properly executed construction joints provide
limits for successive concrete placements, without adversely
affecting the structure.

47
Construction Joints
Formation:
The main problem in the formation of a good construction joint
is that of
1. Obtaining a well-bonded watertight joint between the hardened
and the fresh concrete.
1. For a sound joint, the reinforcing should be cleaned, and the
aggregate of the hardened concrete should be exposed by
brushing, water blasting, or sandblasting before placing the
new concrete.
2. If there should be any doubt as to the adequacy of the bond
between the old and new concrete, the reinforcement crossing
the construction joints should be supplemented by dowels.

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Types of Construction Joints
Butt Joints:
The simplest type of construction joint is a butt type formed by
the usual bulkhead board, as in Fig 1. This joint is suitable for thin
slabs.

Figure 1: Butt Joint in Structural Slab

Tongue and Groove Joints :

Slabs can use a type of joint that resembles tongue and groove
lumber construction. The keyway may be formed by fastening
metal, wood, or pre-molded key material to a wood bulkhead.
Concrete above the joint should be hand tooled or saved to match
a control joint in appearance.

49
 Types of Construction Joints
The second placing of concrete later enters the groove to form
the tongue and thus allow for shear forces to be transmitted
through the joint, In plain slabs on ground this ensures that
future slabs will remain level with previously cast concrete.

Figure 2:Tongue and Groove joint in Slabs

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 Location of Construction Joint
1. Construction joints parallel to the slab span can be placed
anywhere, except those locations in T-beam construction that rely
on a portion of the slab to act with the beam in resisting flexure.
2. For slabs and beams it is, therefore, usual to have construction
joints at mid span of the middle third of the span. (ACI 318-11,
Section 6.4.4).
3. Joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of two times
the width of intersecting beams. (ACI 318-11, Section 6.4.5).
4. Designing concrete members for lateral forces may require
special design treatment of construction joints.

51
52
 Location of Construction Joint
5. In walls a horizontal length of placement in excess of 40 ft is not
normally recommended.
6. It is convenient to locate horizontal joints at the floor line or in line
with window sills.
7. In the design of hydraulic structures, construction joints usually are
spaced at shorter intervals than in non hydraulic structures to reduce
shrinkage and temperature stresses.
8. If the placing of concrete is involuntarily stopped for a time longer
than the initial setting time of the concrete, the old surface is to be
considered as a construction joint, and treated as such before casting
is resumed.

53
Location of Construction Joint
8. However from the point of view of strength of the structure, it is
desirable to position construction joints at points of minimum
shear.
9. Shear keys, diagonal dowels, or the shear transfer method (ACI
Code 318-11, Section 11.7) may be used.

Construction joint used as contraction joint in slab or wall

54
Expansion Joints

55
 Expansion Joints

Expansion joints are used to allow for expansion and contraction

of concrete during the curing period and during service.
These Joints are used;
• To permit dimensional changes in concrete due to load.
• To separate, or isolate, areas or members that could be affected
by any such dimensional changes.
• To allow relative movements or displacements due to expansion,
contraction.

56
 Expansion Joints
• Differential foundation movement, or applied loads.
• Expansion joints are frequently used to isolate walls from floors or
roofs, columns from floors or cladding, pavement slabs and decks
from bridge abutments or piers, and in other locations where
restraint or transmission of secondary forces is not desired.
• Many designers consider it good practice to place expansion joints
where walls change direction as in L- T- Y-, and U-shaped
structures.

57
 Function of Expansion Joints.
• Expansion joints should not be provided unless they are very
necessary, since they can be an embarrassment to the structural
and architectural designer, as they are often incompletely detailed
and frequently badly constructed.
1. They act as stress relief planes.
2. The concrete between the joints is not subjected to substantial
volume change stresses.

58
 Function of Expansion Joints.
3. Other elements supported by the concrete, such as partitions,
exterior cladding, window frames, and others in the building, are
not subjected to movement distress.
4. The shape, size, and type of joint will function correctly for all
conditions of movement.
Factors that should be considered in the design and de tailing of
expansion joints are: shrinkage, creep, thermal movements,
foundation settlements, and elastic deformations of adjacent
structural units.

59
Location of Expansion Joint
1.Many designers consider it good practice to place expansion
joints where walls change direction as in L- T- Y-, and U-shaped
structures, and where different cross sections develop.

Figure 3 :Joints related to shapes of Building

60
 Location of Expansion Joint
2. Expansion joints may be necessary at the junction of tall and short
buildings (Fig.4) to avoid distress due to differential settlements

Figure 4 :Joints related to shapes of Building

3. When expansion joints are required in nonrectangular structures,

they should always be located at places where the plan or elevation
dimensions change radically.

61
Location of Expansion Joint
4. The simplest expansion joint is one on a column line with double
columns.

Figure 5 :Joints related to shapes of Building

62
Location of Expansion Joint
5.Expansion joints without a double column may be used by
introducing them in the third or quarter point in the slab as in fig 6.

Figure 6 :Joints related to shapes of Building

6. Joints should extend through foundation walls, but column
footings need not be cut at a joint unless the columns are short and
rigid. No reinforcement should pass through these joints; it should
terminate 2 in. from the face of the joint. Dowels with bond breaker
may be used to maintain plane.

63
 ACI Committee 350, 2006 Standards
• ACI 350R stipulates that “in general, expansion joint spacing
preferably should not be greater than 120 ft ”; however, engineering
practice over the decades and effluent leakage failures have revealed
that this spacing limit is too excessive. A modification of the ACI 350
standard given in Table 1 recommends joint spacing and widths, with a
maximum spacing of 100 ft otherwise, wide liquid-leaking cracks
could develop. It should be emphasized that the actual width of the
joint should be at least twice the expected movement.
Table 1 : Recommended Joint Width and spacing

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Joints in Concrete Construction ACI 224.3R-95
Table 1.1 Expansion Joint Spacing

65
Seismic Joints

66
 Seismic Joints
• Seismic joints are wide expansion joints provide to separate portions
of buildings dissimilar in mass and in stiffness. The seismic joint
coverage must allow movement, and be architecturally acceptable.
• The width of a seismic joint should be equal to the sum of the total
deflections at the level involved from the base of the two buildings,
but not less than the arbitrary rule of 1 in. for the first 20 ft of height
above the ground, plus 1/2 in. for each 10 ft additional height.
• The determination of these deflections will be the summation of the
story drift in addition to the building's flexural deflection to the level
involved. Shear wall buildings, being much stiffer, need a seismic
joint only ,say, half as wide, since the earthquake oscillations of shear
wall buildings will be much smaller than those of framed buildings.

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 Seismic Joints
Seismic separation joint details

(a) Roof parapet separation. (b) Plan at exterior vertical closure.

68
 Seismic Joints
• Nonsymmetrical configuration with reentrant corners (e.g., L-or H-
shaped buildings) are particularly susceptible to destructive torsional
effects. Primary damage often occurs at the reentrant corners.

• Allowing separate building masses to vibrate independently by using

seismic separator joints that allow free movement to occur generally
improves structural performance.

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70
High-damaged zone

71
Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement
(ACI 315-99)

72
73
74
Contraction Joints

75
 Contraction Joints
• A contraction joint is formed by creating a plane of weakness. Some,
or all, of the reinforcement may be terminated on either side of the
plane. Some contraction joints, termed “partial contraction joints,”
allow a portion of the steel to pass through the joint. These joints,
however, are used primarily in water-retaining structures.
• Contraction joints consist of a region with a reduced concrete cross
section and reduced reinforcement. The concrete cross section should
be reduced by a minimum of 25 percent to ensure that the section is
weak enough for a crack to form

76
 Contraction Joints
• In terms of reinforcement, there are two types of contraction joints
1. Full contraction joints (ACI 350R).
2. Partial contraction joints (ACI 350R).
• Full contraction joints:
Full Contraction joints are constructed with a complete break in
reinforcement at the joint. Reinforcement is stopped about 2 in.
from the joint and a bond breaker placed between successive
placements at construction joints.
• Partial contraction joints:
A portion of the reinforcement passes through the joint in partial
contraction joints. Partial contraction joints are also used in liquid
containment structures.

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 Contraction Joints

• Water stoppers can be used to ensure water tightness in full and

partial contraction.
• Contraction and expansion joints within a structure should pass
through the entire structure in one plane. If the joints are not aligned,
movement at a joint may induce cracking in an un-jointed portion of
the structure until the crack intercepts another joint.

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 Location of Contraction Joints
• Table 1.1 shows recommendations for contraction joint spacing.
• Recommended spacing's vary from 15 to 30 ft (4.6 to 9.2 m) and
from one to three times the wall height.
• The Portland Cement Association (1982) recommends that
contraction joints be placed at openings in walls, as illustrated in Fig.
3.1. Sometimes this may not be possible.

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Contraction Joint Spacing

80
Location of Contraction Joint

81