Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

IOT FUNDAMENTALS
Digitial Assignment-1

Name: Thotakura GeethKuldeep

Regno: 19BEC0421

1)Soil Moisture Sensors:

Working:
At first, we need to connect the Sensing Probe to the Sensor Module circuit using the jumper
wire and enter the props into the dry soil. Now connect the sensor to the 5v power supply.
Then set the threshold voltage at the Non-Inverting input (3) of the IC in dry soil condition
by rotating the potentiometer knob for setting the sensor sensitivity.

When more water in the soil then prob’s conductivity will increase and resistance will
decrease. So, a Low amount of voltage from the sensing probe is given to the Inverting
input (2) of the IC. Then the LM393 Comparator IC compares this voltage with the threshold
voltage. In this condition, this input voltage is less than the threshold voltage, so the soil
sensor output goes LOW (0).
When less water in the soil then prob’s have low conductivity and high resistance. So, a High
amount of voltage from the sensing probe is given to the Inverting input (2) of the IC. Then
the LM393 Comparator IC compares this voltage with the threshold voltage. In this
condition, this input voltage is greater than the threshold voltage, so the sensor output
goes High (1).

Specifications:

Operating Voltage 3.3V – 5V

Operating Current 15 mA
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

Comparator chip LM393

Sensitivity Adjustable via Trimpot

Analog output voltage (AO) and
Output type Digital switching voltage (DO)
LED lights Power (red/green) and Output
indicators (red/green)

Sensing Probes Nickel plate on one side.

Module PCB Size 3.2cm x 1.4cm

Applications:
Soil moisture sensors are used in numerous research applications, e.g.
1. Agricultural science and horticulture including irrigation planning, climate
research, or environmental science including solute transport studies
2. Auxiliary sensors for soil respiration measurements
3. It’s used in an irrigation system when soil is dry it starts the watering system
automatically.
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

2)DH11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

The DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature &

humidity sensor complex with calibrated digital signal output. By using the
exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity
sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term stability.

Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

This sensor is used in various applications such as measuring humidity and
temperature values in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
Weather stations also use these sensors to predict weather conditions. The
humidity sensor is used as a preventive measure in homes where people are
affected by humidity. Offices, cars, museums, greenhouses and industries use
this sensor for measuring humidity values and as a safety measure.
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

3) Gas Sensor (MQ5)

Gas Sensor (MQ5) module is useful for gas leakage detection (in home and
industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol. Due to its high
sensitivity and fast response time, measurements can be taken as soon as
possible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by using the
potentiometer.
Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

This sensor is used in Gas leakage detection and is part of some IoT based Toys.

Gas sensors are critical for monitoring and detecting hazardous inert gases, and ensuring safety, air quality, or
analyzing environments throughout many different industries
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

4) HC-SR04 Ultra Sonic Sensor

The Ultrasonic Sensor is a Transceiver Module (Transmitter + Receiver). An

ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object
using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send
and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s
proximity. High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce
distinct echo patterns.

Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

1. Ultrasonic sensors can measure the following parameters, without even getting in contact
with the medium which is to be measured: Distance, Level, Presence, Diameter, Position.
2. This sensor is used to measure speed as well as the direction between two object
3. It is used in wireless charging

4. Medical ultrasonography

5. This is used to detect objects & avoid obstacles using robots such as biped,
pathfinding, obstacle avoidance, etc.
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

5) CMOS Camera Sensor

A CMOS sensor is an electronic chip that converts photons to electrons for

digital processing. CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) sensors
are used to create images in digital cameras, digital video cameras and digital
CCTV cameras.
Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

With their significant features, the applications CMOS image sensors cover a
very extensive range, from industrial automation to traffic applications such as
aiming systems, blind guidance, active/passive range finders, etc.
1. Active range finder in the automotive field
2. Tracking two taillights of a vehicle at night using a passive range finder
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

6) PIR Motion Sensor

PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether a
human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive,
low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. For that reason, they are commonly
found in appliances and gadgets used in homes or businesses. They are often
referred to as PIR, "Passive Infrared", "Pyroelectric", or "IR motion" sensors.
Technical Specifications of the component:
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

Applications in IoT Technology:

PIR sensors are used in thermal sensing applications, such as security and
motion detection. They are commonly used in security alarms, motion
detection alarms, and automatic lighting applications.

1.Lighting Control
2. Smart Home and IoT Applications
3. Motion Detection Using PIR Sensor
4. Automatic Door Opening System
5. Security Alarm System Based on PIR Sensor
6. Human Detection Robot Using PIR Sensor
7. PIR Sensor Based on Stepper Motor Control
8. Multi-Function Printers
9. Video-Conference Systems
10. Digital Signage
11. Vending Machine
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

7) Rain Detector Sensor

A rain sensor is one kind of switching device which is used to detect the rainfall. It
works like a switch and the working principle of this sensor is, whenever there is
rain, the switch will be normally closed.

Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

1.This sensor is used as a water preservation device and this is connected
to the irrigation system to shut down the system in the event of rainfall.
2.This sensor is used to guard the internal parts of an automobile against
the rainfall as well as to support the regular windscreen wiper’s mode.
3.This sensor is used in specialized satellite communications aerials for
activating a rain blower over the opening of the aerial feed, to get rid of
water droplets from the mylar wrap to keep pressurized as well as dry air
within the waveguides.
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

8) Fire Detector Sensor

A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of

a flame or fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame
depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a
fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire
suppression system.

Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

It is mainly used as fire detecting system in malls , restaurants , hotels and
modern houses.
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

Types of IoT actuators

Actuators, as the name itself suggests, can act on their immediate environment to
enable correct operation of the machines or devices they are embedded into.
Small as they are, they are rarely visible during operation, but the effects of their
work can be felt in vehicles, industrial machines or any other electronic
equipment involving automation technologies.
1) Linear actuator

A linear actuator is a device that moves between two points in a linear motion.
Linear actuators are available based on a variety of technologies including:
Mechanical, Electro-Mechanical, Direct Electric (Linear Motors), Hydraulic &
Pneumatic.

Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

These are used to enable motion of objects or elements in a straight line.
1. Material Handling
2. Robotics
3. Food and Beverage Manufacturing
4. Window Automation
5. Agricultural Machinery
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

2) Servo Motor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise

control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a
suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a
relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed
specifically for use with servomotors.
Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

The applications of electrical motor mainly include blowers, fans, machine
tools, pumps, turbines, power tools, alternators, compressors, rolling mills,
ships, movers, paper mills.
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421

3) Relays

A relay is an electric switch that works with electromagnetism to convert small

electrical stimuli to larger currents. This conversion takes place when an
electrical input activates electromagnets to form or break existing circuits.
Relays are also said to be a magnetically operated switch that activates and
deactivates when an electromagnet is energized. The voltage applied to the
relay input terminals energizes the electromagnet.
Technical Specifications of the component:

Applications in IoT Technology:

Relays are used for isolating a low voltage circuit from high voltage circuit.
They are used for controlling multiple circuits. They are also used as automatic
change over. Microprocessors use relays to control a heavy electrical load.
Thotakura Geeth Kuldeep 19BEC0421