4 Types of Duct Insulations (with Specifications)

There are only a few types of insulations used for HVAC ducts. However, people
often can't get to see duct insulations since ducts are installed above the ceiling. So,
I'll share the 4 common types of duct insulations and their specifications.

The 4 common types of duct insulations are as follow:

1. Fiberglass Insulation with Aluminium Foil

2. Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation Foam
3. Rockwool Insulation with Perforated Metal Sheet
4. Fiberglass Insulation with Perforated Aluminium Foil
Normally, insulations are put on the external surface of ducts to prevent
condensation and energy loss. However, insulations are sometimes pasted on the
internal surface of ducts to suppress noise especially for the ducts of air handling
units (AHUs).

The specification of insulations is different for external and internal duct applications.
Some insulations are not suitable for internal duct applications. With that said, let's
get started.

1. Fiberglass Insulation with Aluminium Foil

Fiberglass is the most common insulation material for HVAC ducts. Flexible ducts
are always insulated by fiberglass material. Fiberglass insulations have a layer of
shiny aluminium foil on the outer surface to hold the fiberglass material together.

Below is an actual site photo of an AHU main supply air duct that I took during the
construction. Notice that the first three sections of the duct have no external
insulations. It is because they were internally insulated to suppress the noise coming
out from the AHU.
Fiberglass insulated AHU duct

After the internal insulation, you can see that the rest of the duct is externally
insulated by fiberglass with aluminium foil. Even when the duct is internally insulated,
duct joints are still required to be externally insulated to prevent condensation.

Usually, air conditioning ducts are required to have at least 1″ (25mm) thick
fiberglass insulations for the supply and return air ducts with the density of
the fiberglass should not be less than 2 lb/ft3 (32 kg/m3) and the thermal
conductivity of the fiberglass should not be more than 0.24 btu.in/hr/sqft/°F
(0.035 W/mK).

However, the thickness of the insulation is dependent on the temperature difference

between the air moving inside the duct and the air surrounding the outside of the
duct. Below is a general guideline of the insulation thickness for various temperature
differences:

Temperature Difference Recommended Thickness

30°F (16.7°C) 1″ (25mm)

35°F (19.5°C) 1″ (25mm)

40°F (22.2°C) 1-1/2″(38mm)

45°F (25.0°C) 1-1/2″ (38mm)

50°F (27.8°C) 2″ (50mm)

Often, the AHU supply air temperature is around 57°F (14°C) and the room
temperature is around 75°F (24°C). So, the temperature difference may be around
20°F (10°C). Hence, using 1″ (25mm) thick fiberglass insulation is sufficient given
that you maintain the density of the fiberglass at 2 lb/ft3 (32 kg/m3).

Relevant post: Duct Insulation Guide: How-to, Selection & Thickness.

2. Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation Foam
Polyethylene (PE) is often used to insulate air conditioning ducts as well as exhaust
ventilation ducts. PE insulations are more preferred to be used when the duct is
exposed. PE insulations are more expensive than fiberglass insulations and thus,
concealed ducts are usually not insulated with PE foam.

Below is a photo I took years ago. It is a fresh air duct insulated using 1/8″ (3mm)
thick PE insulations. If the duct was connected to an air conditioner, the insulation
thickness is usually 3/8″ (9mm) because the temperature difference is greater.

Broken PE insulated duct

PE insulated ducts are more appealing because they don't have wrinkles like
fiberglass insulated ducts do. Also, PE insulations are safer to work with compared
to fiberglass insulations.

Sometimes, hospital projects may call for at least 3/4″ (20mm) thick PE insulations
with the density of the PE foam should not be less than 2 lb/ft3 (30 kg/m3) and the
thermal conductivity of the fiberglass should not be more than 0.24 btu.in/hr/sqft/°F
(0.035 W/mK).

Nevertheless, PE insulations thickness of 3/8″ (9mm) and 1/2″ (12mm) are more
common for residential and commercial buildings based on my experience.
Hospitals required low supply air temperature and thus, they usually have greater
specifications than other buildings.

3. Rockwool Insulation with Perforated Metal Sheet

Rockwool or stone wool is a common sound-insulating material installed on the
internal surface of large air conditioning ducts to absorb noise. Averagely, internal
insulations stretch about 20 ft (6 m) and 4 ft (1.2 m) from the supply air outlet
of AHUs and FCUs respectively.

Below you can see is the inside of an AHU duct. It is insulated with rockwools and the
rockwools are secured by perforated metal sheets.
Internally insulated AHU duct

Sometimes, fiberglass with the same specification can be used to replace rockwool.
However, rockwool is more preferred because they don't tear easily with the high
wind speed inside AHU ducts.

Typically, the internal insulation of air conditioning ducts is required to be at

least 2″ (50mm) thick with rockwool insulations. The density of the rockwool
should not be less than 2 lb/ft3 (32 kg/m3) and the thermal conductivity of the
rockwool should not be more than 0.24 btu.in/hr/sqft/°F (0.035 W/mK).

If the air velocity exceeds 1500 fpm (7.6 m/s), perforated metal plates should be
used instead of perforated metal sheets to increase the integrity. The thickness of
the perforated metal plate is around 24G (0.6mm).

4. Fiberglass Insulation with Perforated Aluminium Foil

Fiberglass is also used for the internal insulation of air conditioning ducts to suppress
noise. Usually, fiberglass with perforated aluminium foil is used to internally insulate
FCU ducts. AHU ducts have high wind speed which can tear the fiberglass and
aluminium foil.

Below is a photo of a fiberglass perforated aluminium foil internally insulated FCU

duct. I took the photo of the inside of the duct before workers move them to position
and install.

Fiberglass insulation inside FCU duct

FCUs are not as noisy as AHUs. Thus, the internal insulation of FCU ducts are
mostly 1″ (25mm) thick with fiberglass. The density of the fiberglass remains
not less than 2 lb/ft3 (32 kg/m3) and the thermal conductivity of the fiberglass
should not be more than 0.24 btu.in/hr/sqft/°F (0.035 W/mK).

For sound insulation applications, perforated foils must be used rather than solid foils
because we need those holes for the material to absorb sound effectively. However,
it is very important not to use too big of a hole to prevent the fiberglass broke off and
causing health hazards.

Conclusion
Apart from the above 4 types of duct insulations, there are other types of duct
insulations such as polyurethane, closed-cell (superlon) and pre-fabricated ducts.
However, these 4 types of duct insulations are ones that you are most likely to
encounter when handling air conditioning ducts.

To learn more about the different components used in HVAC, purchase and download
the HVAC Basics (eBook).

Ref.

https://aircondlounge.com/types-of-duct-insulations/