Computer Science

Database Lab-manual

Database lab manual

Computer Science

Supervised By:
Prof.Dr/ Maha Attia Hana
Selected and Prepared by:
Nagwa Yaseen Nady Mohamed

Database Management- Lab Manual CIC-2019/2020

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LAB-1 Database Lab-manual

Lab -1
1) What is SQL?
2) Why SQL?
3) SQL Commands
4) What is RDBMS?
5) What is database
6) What is table?
7) What is field/ column?
8) What is record or row/ tuple?
9) What is NULL value?
10) SQL Constraints (Not Null, Default, Unique, Primary Key, Foreign Key, Check Constraint,
Index).
11) Data Types (Numeric, Character, Boolean, Date and Time).
12)
13) SQL installation

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Lab -1
1) What is SQL?
SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for storing, manipulating and
retrieving data stored in relational database. SQL is the standard language for Relation Database
System. All relational database management systems like MySQL, MS Access, and Oracle,
Sybase, Informix, postgres and SQL Server use SQL as standard database language.

2) Why SQL?
Allows users to access data in relational database management systems.
Allows users to describe the data.
Allows users to define the data in database and manipulate that data.
Allows to embed within other languages using SQL modules, libraries & pre-compilers.
Allows users to create and drop databases and tables.
Allows users to create view, stored procedure, functions in a database.
Allows users to set permissions on tables, procedures and views.

3) SQL Commands

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4) What is RDBMS?

RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is the basis for SQL and
for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft
Access. A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system
(DBMS) that is based on the relational model as introduced.

5) What is database
Database: organized collection of logically related data

6) What is table?

The data0 in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. The table is a collection of related
data entries and it consists of columns and rows.

7) What is field/ column?

Every table is broken up into smaller entities called fields. The fields in the student table consist
of ID, NAME, date of birth, ADDRESS and E-mail. A field is a column in a table that is designed
to maintain specific information about every record “STUDENT” in the table.

8) What is record or row/ tuple?

A record, also called a row of data, is each individual entry that exists in a table. For example,
there are 7 records in the student table.

9) What is NULL value?

A NULL value in a table is a value in a field that appears to be blank, which means a field with a
NULL value is a field with no value. It is very important to understand that a NULL value is
different than a zero value or a field that contains spaces. A field with a NULL value is one that
has been left blank during record creation.

10) SQL Constraints:

A. NOT NULL Constraint:
By default, a column can hold NULL values. If you do not want a column to have a NULL
value, then you need to define such constraint on this column specifying that NULL is now not
allowed for that column. A NULL is not the same as no data, rather, it represents unknown data.

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B. DEFAULT Constraint:
The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a column when the INSERT INTO
statement does not provide a specific value.

C. UNIQUE Constraint:
The UNIQUE Constraint prevents two records from having identical values in a particular
column. Both the UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints provide a guarantee
for uniqueness for a column or set of columns. A PRIMARY KEY constraint automatically has
a UNIQUE constraint. For example in the student table; student id should be a unique, you
might want to prevent two or more students from having the same id.

D. PRIMARY Key:
A primary key is a field in a table which uniquely identifies each row/record in a database table.
Primary keys must contain unique values. A primary key column cannot have NULL values. A
table can have only one primary key, which may consist of single or multiple fields. When
multiple fields are used as a primary key, they are called a composite key.

E. FOREIGN Key:
A foreign key is a key used to link two tables together. This is sometimes called a referencing
key. Foreign Key is a column or a combination of columns whose values match a Primary Key
in a different table.

F. CHECK Constraint:
The CHECK Constraint enables a condition to check the value being entered into a record. It is
used to limit the value range that can be placed in a column. If you define a CHECK constraint
on a single column it allows only certain values for this column.

G. INDEX:
The INDEX is used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly. Index can be
created by using single or group of columns in a table. When index is created, it is assigned a
ROWID for each row before it sorts out the data.

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11) SQL Data Types

Data type is an attribute that specifies type of data of any object. Each column, variable and
expression has related data type in SQL.

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12) SQL installation

See the steps of SQL installation file.

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Database Management- Lab Manual CIC-2019/2020