TEKINER ALDRIEN CE2 FRICTION Experiment No. 6 OBJECTIVES; At the end of this experiment, the students should be able to Jearn friction and to measure the coefficients of static n (its) and kinetic friction (j4.) for various surfaces in contact, THEORY: Frictional force and normal force exist when there is a direct contact between two surfaces. Frictional force is known as an opposing force that tends to resist or obstruct the motion of an object and is therefore parallel to the surface in contact with the said object while Normal force is the component of contact force that is perpendicular to the surface known as the reaction of the surface in contact with the same object. There are two an kinds of frictional force: Force of static friction and force of kinetic friction, Force of static friction exists when bodies are at rest relative to each other or when motion impends, The maximum force of static friction that exists between two surfaces is proportional to the normal force and the coefficient of static friction yi, and is mathematically defined as: FRO = WN (1) Where FF =maximum static friction BR, = coefficient of static friction N = normal force The kind of friction that acts when a body slides/maves over another surface is called foree of kinetic friction. Force of kinetic friction is defined mathematically as: fe=heN (6-2) Where St kinetic friction Hy, = coefficient of kinetic fiction 39Weight, W Applied force, P frictional force, f Northal, N APPARATUS: + Spring balance board w/ pulley + 1 set slotted weights + Meter stick + Weight hanger + 30°x60° triangle + Glass plate +I-kg weight * Sand paper +Friction block + Iron stand DIAGRAM: Figure 3 Figure 4 40Figure 5 PROCEDURE: PART A: COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION 1 4 Attach the spring balance on the wooden block (See Figure 1). Pull the string slowly and note the reading when the block starts to move across the wooden board (See Figure 2). 3. Repeat steps I and 2 but this time use a glass plate (Sce Figure 3) then a sand Paper, the coarse side underneath the block (See Figure 4). Far both eases — wood-on-glass plate and wood-on-sandpaper — note the reading when the block starts to move. PART B: ANGLE OF REPOSE 1. Place the block on the inclined board, and then slowly raise the board until the block starts to move by itself. Determine the height of the inclined plane and the length of the base (Figure 5). From this information, you can caleulate the angle of repose of the inclined plane, 2. Repeat step 1 by placing the wooden block on a glass plate, 3. Repeat step | by placing the wooden block on sand paper, PART C: PLEASE SEE DIAGRAM IN TABULATION. 1. With the block in position, determine the total force (slotted weight plus weight hanger) at which the block moves up the plane with constant speed for the following cases: a) wood on wood b) wood an glass 041 Shoney ¢) wood on sand paper aCOMPUTATIONS; PART A: COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION Determine the coefficient of static friction p, for various surfaces in contact Compare your results with the standard js, found in the table of constants (Physics textbooks) for these types of surfaces, Tabulate the results for, 1. Wood on wood 2. Wood on glass 3. Wood on sand paper. Wooden block string spring balance Horizontal Forces: Vertical Forces: IFx=0 Treo T-f=0 N-W=0 T=f N=W f=yN=pW paLee (63) Solution: m=o.3e7 kg 0 * N=W f= 1.2N N=m gf, = (0.387 kg) (8.8 m/s?)Solution. @ = m=0.387 kg aN=Ww f= 0.7N N=mg = (0.387 kq) (9.8 m/s") a 379nEN “LMF = 0.1846 =(0.387kq)(2.8m/st) f # Us = 2 MeN ¥N= a.7926N, _L9 Ny Sra » Part B* « Surfaces in Contact| Height(H)| Base (L) Weed an Wood 0.32 m 1.32 m Wood on Glass 0.19 mw 1.40 m Wood on Sand Paper 0.50m 1.20 m Table B-1! Values of H and LbSolution: ® py =tanQ, = 4 a tan Qs 4 _ 0.39 m 1-38 = tanv'(H & Ue = tan Os @, = tan | ° Hs sta eA xO,= tan"!(2.39m ) H Hs = 0.2957 132% x65 = 16-46%) 4 1964 | Qrestents = He OE sg whee ks = tan O, x6, =tan” (oe) 1.40; =tan(z.73°) m *€0.= 7.73% @ ps stan 0, = 4 = £:50m 6, =tan"'(H) {20m 9 Ek Hs = tan8, #8 stan’ (2-800) | stan (22.629) [eqs 22.62%, ¥ Hs = 0.417,]PART B. ANGLE OF REPOSE Compute the coefficient of static friction ytzon an inclined plane for cases 1. Wood on wood 2. Woad on glass 3. Wood on sand paper, Note: Hs= tanO, = height/base, 0, is the angle at which the block begins to move. 2Fy=0 N-Weos0=0 N= Weos 6 Tx =0 Wsin 0—f=0 Wsin9-HN=0 W sin 0- pWeos @=0 W sin 0= pWeas 0 p=sinO=tand cos 0 ‘Therefore, H = tan 4) @=angle of repose 44« Part A! Percentage Error Static F O= abserveel Surfaces in Contact 7" stile Wood on Wood 0.25 - 0,50 S* standard Weed _on Glass ON = O02 Wood on Sandpaper 0G —0.8 Table: Standard values of us from References. @ * HE: > x 100% = [meee x j00% 8. KE = 26.56% fr S value (0.25) %E= 36.12% for $= 0.50) pean ese x loofe L 6.56 Po [oie x 100% @ 1 %E=|2=* |x 100k a1 8) %E= 84.6 % (S20 aI bp] See 0-2 | , 100% bo ME 77% (S=0.2) @ WE~|2ZS[eroom 29 |-AAAZHE| xreate bo |e S009 - 6.8 O08 09 HE = 16.5167 % (s+ 0.6) | x 100% b) % E= 37.3875 % ($=0.8) FeePerences: # Padua, A, (20103. Practical and Explorational Physias (2nd Ed.). x Shottz, Sophia (n.d), Friction - Static and Kinetic.Part At Table of Values O= caleudated /observed S= Standard value Surfaces in Contact O(us) | Slus) %wE “Wee soe “lool 0. 3164 |o.25-0.5 | 26.56%, 36.72 Yo Wood on Glass -o.2 | 86%, 0.1846 | o1-0 nTe Wood on Sandpaper 16.5167 % 0. 500! 6 = 0.8 a 9 [een % | 37,3675 % Tale! Tabulated Values for Part A.PARTC 1. Compute the tension in the string for the three cases using equation 6-5, Use the obtained value of y,to get T. 2. Compare measured and cateulated values of T. Consider the hanging block (slotted weights and weight hanger) IFy =0 <) Tw=o0 T=W Consider the sliding block W" DFy=0 =Fx =0 N- W'cos8 =0 -T+W'sind+ f=0 N=W' cost T= W'sind +f f=pN=p W'eos Therefore, T= W'sind + W'cos 6 Also, W' =mg Hence, ‘T= mgsin® + umgcos0 (6-5)oO Among the 3 , Wood on sandpaper has the highest value of Hs. Due to the roughness of both surfaces at hos a contribution fer the attained value, comparing it to the rest, @® * Advantages: + Friction enables us +o walk freely, + Brakes in vehicles work on the principle of Friction, «It helps us to create fire, «Tt helps us write on paper or en any writing materials. “it helps support ladder against wall, . the + Disadvantages « Forest fires are caused due to friction between branches of trees. * Due te friction, we have to exert more power in machines. In machines, Qo due to friction useful enerqy is wasted as energy (heat) eTfeauses tires to wear out or flat tire due to constant use. «lt opposes motion , therefore creating a the factor of exerting more the friction. force to counter@ + Polishing , the rough surface becomes smooth, therefore reducing friction. + Lubrication, using oil or grease between the parts of the Fiedons on bicycle and motor. Also.poured on the hinges of a’ door, (Lubricants) « For cars, planes, baats , etc, uses streamlined shape. Especially for boats that moves in fluids, *When objects are rolled over the surface , the friction between the rolled ar and surface can he reduced by using all - bearings. QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS: 1, Which among the three (3) various surfaces in contact has 1, the highest? Why? 2. When is a friction advantageous? Disadvantageous? Pleasc give at least five examples for each. . Give suggestions/examples on how to reduce friction? }. List other types of frictional forces (Research work). 3. A 60-N block rests on a plane that is inclined at an angle of 40° above the horizontal. If the coefficient of sliding/kinetic friction between the plane and the block is 0.25, what horizontal force is needed to keep it sliding up the plane at constant speed? . IF frictional forces are independent of the area in contact, why is it a good design/plan to make automobile brake: shoes of large area? ‘A brake shoe is pressed against the rim of moving wheel with a foree of 225 N. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the surfaces in contact is 0.45, how much frictional force is developed? 46* Slidkng Friction - acts on objects when are slicing over a surtace. & Fluidgy Friction -eccurs between fluid layevs Oiquids t gas) that are moving relative fo each ether. Ex. Air Resistance , # Rolling Friction - Viscosity fesists the motion ofa kody rollins ona euros” ze » Reference: * Brainard, J. (2012), “Types of Frictions”. ® Given Bye 0.25 We 60N @ = 40° £8F, -0 * Fup = Wsin 8 + pe Wes @ N-W, =0 . a % = GONsin(40") + (0.25 )(6ON)cos 40°) afp= yy N Fup = 50.057 Ny Fe He Weos 6%ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS: @ «When a driver applics brake, a wheel eylinder in the system forces the brake outward against the dram that causes friction for the. brake of the car * As the wheel cylinder pushes, shoes will be out the rotating drum, burnin @ Given! ae dame, wou, of the drum, NeW #1 = MN N=225N =(0.45 (225 N) Mkt 0.45 «f, 2101.25 N, frictional force CONCLUSION: aIbis always in the op osite direction of the motion ot motion of the: body. (Friction) « Coefficient of Frictional Force Cu) has no unit, ku is always ositive, « Static Frictional Force will be used when the object Las impending motion, a7x Friction is independent of the contact drea between the two surfaces, * Values of Hs for Wood on Wood are commonly between O25 to aso. * There are disadvantages dnd advanta ges of the principle of fection, ® Friction is very im octant in some dail tits in life, P