Jekiner, f dain he VECTORS ee Experiment No. 2 OBJECTIVES: At the end of this experiment, the students are expected to learn: + The difference betwe ar quantity 'n vector quantity and s * How to use the different notations of a vector quantity * How to resolve vector quantity into its components * How to add vectors or find the resultant of two or more vectors using the components method * The difference between equilibrant and resultant vector THEORY: Scalar quantity is a physical quantity that is characterized by magnitude only and no direction is associated with it. Hence, the usual fundamental operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are applicable. Basic examples are length, mass, time, area, volume, temperature, ete. On the other hand, a vector quantity is a physical quantity that is characterized by both magnitude and direction |"), Force, velocity, acceleration, weight, displacement, torque are common examples. Vectors in varying directions cannot be added, subtracted or multiplied by ordinary arithmetic; they are treated by geometrical techniques. f concern in combining vectors is to turn up to a single vector also known as The chi resultant vector that will have the same effect as all of the original vectors combined. ‘The ither graphical or analytical Fesultant vector in vector addition may be obtained by using methods, Graphical solution is of several kinds: parallelogram, polygon and triangle methods. while iate when there are only two fore The triangle and/or parallelogram methods are appropt the polygon method is used when there are two or more vectors. In the analytical solution, thereare the cosine- ¢ law method, the rectangular component or resolution method, and the algebraic addition-subtraction. The equilibrant of a given set of forces is a solitary force that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the resultant force. To shortly illustrate the mathematical process, say the sum of two or more vectors is calculated by resolving each vector in terms of each component. In two dimensions, the horizontal and vertical components of 4 are called x- and y- components. The x-component is given by A, = Acos@ (2-1) and the component is given by A, = Asind (2-2) where A is the magnitude of 4 and @ is the angle made by 4 relative to positive direction of the horizontal axis as shown in Figure 1 In case the components (4,. 4,)of the vector A are given, the inverse relations that respectively define A and @ in terms of A, and .t, are Anfa+aand @=tan (2-4) where @ varies as [0,27] (if @ is measured in radian) or [0°,360°] (if @ is measured in degree). The sum of two or more vectors is called resultant vector R. For n vectors A, A,, A,,...,4,, the resultant vector is ReA+A+A+ +d, (2-5) HR R)AR TRF Where Rx = Aty + Ane + Age t+ Ane [,, +2 =no. of vectors (2-6) and Ry = Ayy + Azy + Asy $+ Any R >) Ags no. of vectors (2-7) The magnitude of R is given by Ra (R+R (2-8) and the angle @, it makes with respect to +r-axis is given by ak = mtn (2-9) A simple way to study addition of vectors is by the use of a force table. In this case of finding the resultant of » vectors 4, 4,, the interest is to find a single vector & when added to the sum of the 4’s produces a zero vector: ArAsAe utd ek Such that,En—(t Asda td) 8 @-9) Or E+R-=0. Since F balances R, E is called an equilibrant, APPARATUS: For part A For part B + foree table + 1 force frame +4 pes of weight hangers + 2-m string + set of slotted weights +3 spring balances +1 iron stand +1 pe of weight hanger + 1 set of slotted mass + I wooden protractor DIAGRAMS: String 7 Be ax — Weight hanger. ——>\ a, ‘ia Slotted weights © + = hy Pulley FORCE TABLE APPARATUS. 4Force frame String Spring balhne Weigit hanger Two Vectors FORCE FRAME APPARATUS. Three Vectors FORCE FRAME APPARATUS IsPROCEDURE: PART A- Using Force Table 1. Place a mass of 50 g on one hanger at 40 degrees above the x-axis and a mass of 100 g at 150 degrees on another hanger. These two masses would represent #, and f,. Find a third mass £ that would balance the two mas: 1 's. Tabulate the measurements in TABLE 2. Place a mass of 100 g on one hanger at 0 degrees above the x-axis and a mass of 150 g at {90 degrees on another hanger. These two masses would represent /, and /*,. Find a third force For E that would balance the two forces. Tabulate the measurements in TABLE 2. 3. Place a mass of 50 g on one hanger at 45 degrees above the x-axis , a mass of 100 g at 135 degrees on another hanger and a mass of 50 g at 225 degrees on a third hanger. These three masses would represent #, #, and /%. Find a fourth force F',or E that would balance the three forces. Tabulate the measurements in TABLE 3. Note: The force that would balance the system is called the equilibrant of the system of forces. It has the same magnitude but opposite direction with the resultant force of the forces. TABLE 1 = Quantity F; Magnitude TABLE 2 16TABLE 3 Quantity -— Magnitude Angle PART B-I: Two veetors . Hang two spring balances on each pulley in the upper part of the force frame. See the diagram on force frame (two vectors). Using a string, connect the hooks of the spring balanees as shown in the same figure. 3. Place 9 600g mass ina weight hanger and suspend the weight hanger on the string connecting: the hooks of the two spring balances. Adjust the position of the weight hanger and the length of the string until such time that the knot is at the center of the frame and the readings of the spring balances are still within the limit of the scale. Make it a point that the weight hanger does not touch the frame. 4. As shown in the diagram, mark the spring balances as #;, and F,, Add the 600g mass to the weight of the hanger and represent it as W. By means of a protractor supported by an iron stand, measure the angles @ and [bas shown in the diagram. 5. Tabulate the results of A, F;, W, a and Bin TAI PART B-2: Three vectors 1. Using diagram on force frame (Three vectors), repeat steps 1 t0 3 of Part B-1 using three spring balances. In this trial, increase the 600g mass to 900g. Vv2. Mark the spring balances as #,, F, and F; as shown in the same diagram, The 900g mass must be added to the mass of the hanger and represent it as W. Again, by means of a protractor supported by an iron stand measure the angles a, fi and 0 as shown in the diagram. 3. Tabulate the results of FF, F; ,W, a, Band 0 in TABLE 4. TABLE 4 Part B-I Part B-2 Resultant using graphical method error in graphical method Resultant using analytical method ‘% error in analytical method COMPUTATION: FOR PART A: 1. For procedure 1, determine the resultant force R of i A. Parallelogram Method (graphical solution) B. Sine and Cosine Law method (analytical solution) then, compare F to the resultant force R 2. For procedure 2, compute the resultant force R of # and Fusing: A. Parallelogram Method (graphical solution)—— Pact B- 1% Conversion Grams do Dynes —j \V Gram $ 980: 665 Dynes KR G65 be sige. 608 Danes | \ 0 gro Ogee | # F,z 634432-35" Dune, £0 G65 Dynes [» t 2+ 970 grams XI 2° 7559-05 Dyned Vgeann - 0.665 Oynes fos, — 639430. 98) 1 te 650 gyn « MEE fay = BHR BBD x Computation? * D A. Paraliclogram Method! 400,000 Dynes elem #4 Decimal Places = 6. 38tem, 2b! Above x -oxis 100,000 Dunc 090 Dye i 4F, = 633432) 25 Dyna X len tea - =f | | — 3 Fy = 7.85 ev 284 Fa = F552, 05 Dynes x Lea = 0: o I ®) oo Dyn Above + X- Sot am 0.04009 Dynes Ro 6.35 gm a7 eal = 716250 2900 9 De uynes yal Above y-axisPart B-1 i Graphical Method & Yo Error = | Wr R mar _ (371129-15 = 635 000 w 639432. 25 “1 0.00339 x 100 Tes ee = [0138 So Parr 8-1 OY Be Analyteat Sol'n ees Fy + Fax =Freas 8+ Fos @ = (ISH?) + 2851N2.05 cas €Rx = 93.604, 956 | #@y = Fy + Pry =(633432-25 sim 154") + (4852.05 sin 22°) ae SAL Dynes - [ERY + GR) “: Be Daynts) (W334 35 «SHI Dyce) (a3za4 B = 640238 «10 Danes . & a @= ton ERY. 9. daw ea6) Le: s1-s8°| aRGQ) B. Analytical Method Part B-I @ % Error Hw | x 100 = Oe tt i I eS te I TT TT rt Pact B-2 Conversion Sone eee £F, = 380 gsaneh x 120-968 Poss laisse5.4s Dynes G3tt32.25- 640338 .10 3943.25 Dynes r | - 2 84532. Dynes * Fa = J00 gros — £ Fy + 200 geome x WOES EUS = GEEHGS S$ Dynes KW= 980 geome X - 431631.45 Dynes eee A. Polygon Method A £2 Drcimol Places 190,000 Dyn bem KF = asees.4s hee ; C5.MS Dynex moe 000 bya 7.16 cm Bln = FRybRA Daweh x —__l_em 100, 000 Dyed = ES om ® Fa =Gx6465 5 Duk x ——lem = 6-86 = 6-&6em 1005 000 Dye4 + A. Polygon Method J0.derm ¥ 180, 000f) |. ve - R= 10949000 Dunes ee ae, Fa 20° 10+ Fom gy :)WeR a ; Sh Fevwe |) WB | F | 4 . q3)631. 75 - 1099 CoD 7 ABIG FLAS % 100 Error = |-16.99) = OO i tome gm GR gt ot Be Awalytreed Sal'n Re = Rx + Rx + c =(-607105.24) + 705132. 59 +(-65986%.49) *ERy = - SSHEHO. OF Pyne Py: Fy thy they = 34936). 419 + 3439 6.14 + 221299. 5) SRy= ASSyOF «IA Dyn : % Fro « B= )r. J 4 (Ry)? eee eee 31,98 - 50 li = logeSe| 2 Dynes | 131631. 95 -1OPHSEI FEY y gy 131631758 % Eoror = 1669% LB. Rectangular-Component Method (analytical solution) then, compare F, to the resultant force R. 3. For procedure 3, determine the resultant force R of FF, Method (graphical solution) ‘A. Polygon Method (analytical solution) then, compare F, to B. _ Rectangular-Component the resultant force R PART B-1: Two vectors 1. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forees F, and F, using: ‘A. Parallelogram method (graphical solution). B. Rectangular-component method (analytical solution). Obtain the corresponding equilibrant. Caleulste the percentage error in each W, which serves as the experimental value and N method by comparing the weight, the equilibrant as the standard value. PART B-2: Three vectors 1. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces 7, and Fusing: = ‘A. Polygon method (Graphical solution). B. Rectangular-component method (Analytical solution). C. Determine the corresponding equilibrant. Determine the percentage error in ‘each method by comparing the weight, W which serves as the experimental value and the equilibrant as the standard value. PROBLEMS/QUESTIONS: 1. Do you really agree that force is a vector quantity? Please justify 2. How would you arrange three vectors of equal magnitude if they are to have a resultant equals to zero? 3. Is it possible for the resultant of two unequal forces to be zero? Prove it. Of three unequal forces? Also prove it4. A cottage in Boracay is 12m long, 8m wide and 3m high. A naughty cockroach starts on the floor at one corner. The cockroach ends at the diagonally opposite corner. (a) Write the correct vector expression for its displacement. (b) Determine the magnitude of the said displacement. (c) If the cockroach crawled from one comer to the other, what is the shortest possible distance? 5. Find the resultant force of the following vectors using rectangular-component method: F = Wo newions, due east = = 15 newtons, 30 degrees north of east Z~ Wnewtons, due north B= lOnewtons, 10 degrees south of east Bibliography [1] JOHN D. CUTNELL AND KENNETH W. JOHNSON. Introduction to PHYSICS, chapter 1. John Wiley & Sons, Ine., 9th edition, 2013. ANSWER TO QUESTIONS/ PROBLEMS: which heg both m and 1) Fores is phytic onand 4 obt low of vector addition. 2) TF mognitede Ff reguliant of is vectors U extel ly cf Fe third vecke (3h) for ming the sides of ———l- 20ee 33 wy Danmequel foues de 20° LTE Yhey ave in cxoedle epposd™ we Hon Shy revs be equal to Q resultant, dive ction ze oO Zbrd a Jnana le 4 bd 3 unequal forecs to ¥ TF odded up ferenir, dhe post hve in Ex: vector Punts lev dielew bed He vedios 4 aed F downwavd wilh vegnlt in 2tra vector, fy A 7 kK Aiea tsk bit +a par & é) de ( wage) 43 => Ry = Ay + Be + Cy + Dy SION + [Scos 20°F O + locy IP 2 = sa.24N Ry = Ay + By + Cy # Dy O +S sin 30° + DON + (- 165m 1D) Q* 25.96 yy Rs (Gay + ayy = 4) (82,84N)"4(25.9¢N)* Re Al. ean tt Ze CONCLUSION: 7 Using, Aralatiol Mabhad, gor could corre Modis mare orotic (Reseltert Vector}, Hf Not vars, prepes wceamponerds ond K-camponevts could a . , lead. fe waronay velve of He cavliont volor, ve in awaly € volue % Process of converston com crtoke voricly of resubty bud mot ly are Similar en cock other, (tut9) in Sluis, Roaulinnt Vedors ), 2K Graphical Methed could be cay, if HK proper meagurememtt Sealing and angle are ani“) 10 bo wed, % Vedor Addition have ana agplicatvons es peetally doe Forces (ard is topper’), % We cowld also use He formula Fema in Cod grams multiply by cm/s? ( Gravity ). Coul& result to dhe value of Fores ty Ba :