Circuit N _ Digraph G

e1 i1 + v1
e2
_ + 2
1 1 2
1
i2 R1 i3
+ v3 + 2
v4 6V
2A
v2 D2
- 4
_ 3
+ 3 _ 3
i4

Reduced Incidence Matrix A

branch number
1 2 3 4
1  1 1 0 −1
node number
 −1 0 1 0 
2  
 Circuit N _ Circuit Variables
e1 i1 + v1 e2
_ 1
i2 4Ω
+
2
i3 v1  i1 
v   
+
e1   2 i
e= , v= , i =  2
v4 v3 +
2A
v2
_
3Ω
- 5V

_ e2  v3  i3 

+
 
3

v4   
i4
Number of nodes: n = 3
i4 
Number of branches : b = 4
Number of circuit variables: 2b+(n-1) = (2x4)+(3-1) = 10
Number of Independent KCL Equations : n-1 = 2
Number of Independent KVL Equations: b = 4
Total number of independent KCL and KVL Equations : b+(n-1) = 6
We need “b” additional independent equations in order to obtain a system of 2b+(n-1)
independent equations in 2b+(n-1) circuit variables.

The additional equations must come from the constitutive relation which relate the
terminal voltages and currents of the circuit elements.
KCL:  i1   0 
 
− 1   i2   0   i1 + i 2 − i 4 = 0
 1 1 0
−1  = ⇒
 0 1 0   i3   0  − i1 + i3 = 0
   
 i 4   0 
A
i 0
KVL:
 v1   1 − 1 v1 = e1 − e 2
v   1 0  v 2 = e1
 2 =   e1 
 v3   0 1  e  ⇒ v3 = e2
 2
   
 v 4   − 1 0  v 4 = − e1

v T
A e
 Element Constitutive Relations
Element 1: Resistor
Described by Ohm’s Law : v1 = 4 i1
Element 2: Resistor
Described by Ohm’s Law : v2 = 3 i2
Element 3: Voltage source
Described by : v3 = 5
Element 4: Current source
Described by : i4 = 2
Rearranging these equations so that circuit
variables appear on the left-hand side, we obtain
Observe we v1 - 4 i1 = 0
have obtained v2 - 3 i2 = 0
Element
4 additional
Equations v3 =5
independent
i4 =2
equations.
Equations obtained from the element constitutive
relations are guaranteed to be independent
because different elements involved different
circuit variables.
 Let us rearrange all 10 independent equations as follow:

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 −1  e1   0 
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 −1    
1 0   e2   0 
0 

 −1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   v1   0 
    
 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0  v2   0 
 0 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0   v3   0 
   =  
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0  v4   0 
0 0 1 0 0 0 −4 0 0 0   i1   0 
    
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 −3 0 0   i2   0 
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0   i3   6 
    
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1   i4   2 
 Let us rearrange all 10 independent equations as follow:
   e1   0 


0 0 A 

e  0
 2  
   v1   0 
     
 T  v2   0 


-A 1 0 

 v3   0 
 = 
  v4   0 
   i  0
   1  
   i2   0 

 0 Hv Hi 

 i  6
 3  
   i4   2 

T w u
 Tableau Equation

n-1 b b
columns columns columns

n-1
rows  0 0 A e   0 
 T    
-A 1 0 v = uv 
b
rows

b  0 H H  i  u 
rows
 v i    i 

T w u

The 2b+(n-1) x 2b+(n-1) matrix T is called the

tableau matrix associated with the linear resistive
circuit N.
 i1 + i2 − i4 = 0 (1)
KCL 
 −i1 + i3 = 0 (2)
10
 v1 = e1 − e2 (3)
v = e independent
 2 1 (4)
KVL  linear
v3 = e2 (5)
 v4 = −e1 (6) equations
involving
 v1 = 4 i1 (7)
10
Element 
 v 2 = 3 i2 (8)
Constitive  variables
Relation  3
v =6 (9)
 i4 = 2 (10)

We can always find the solution using Cramer’s rule.