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Introduction To Fracture Mechanics: C.H. Wang
Introduction To Fracture Mechanics: C.H. Wang
C.H. Wang
DSTO-GD-0103
ABSTRACT
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D E P A R T M E N T O F D E F E N C E
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DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION
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Executive Summary
This text is prepared for a series of lectures on fracture mechanics. The main aim
of the lectures is to provide AMRL staff who are involved in aircraft fatigue and
fracture research with a broad picture of the theoretical background to fracture
mechanics via a stress analysis viewpoint.
As an introductory course, the lectures are focused on the essential concepts and
analytical methods of fracture mechanics. A brief review of some important
issues in the theory of elasticity is provided in Chapter 1, while the remaining
chapters deal with the stress analysis approach and the energy approach to
cracked components, local plastic deformation at crack tips, fracture criteria and
fatigue life prediction.
Authors
C. H. Wang
Airframe and Engine Division
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Contents
1. FUNDAMENTALS............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Historical Overview ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Notches and Stress Concentration.............................................................................. 2
1.3 Cracks and Stress Intensity Factor.............................................................................. 3
1.4 Plane Stress and Plane Strain ...................................................................................... 4
1.5 Stress Function ............................................................................................................... 7
2. STRESS ANALYSIS OF CRACKED COMPONENTS............................................. 10
2.1 Energy Balance During Crack Growth .................................................................... 10
2.2 Griffith Theory............................................................................................................. 11
2.3 Energy Release Rate G and Compliance ................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Constant Load Conditions .................................................................................... 15
2.3.2 Constant Displacement Condition....................................................................... 15
2.3.3 Determination Of Energy Release Rate From Compliance .............................. 16
2.4 Stress Intensity Factor K ............................................................................................. 19
2.5 Superposition Method................................................................................................ 28
2.6 Relationship Between G and K ................................................................................. 30
3. PLASTIC YIELDING AT CRACK TIP ........................................................................ 35
3.1 Irwin’s Model ............................................................................................................... 35
3.2 The Strip Yield Model ................................................................................................ 37
3.3 Plane Stress versus Plane Strain. .............................................................................. 39
3.4 Shapes of Plastic Zone ................................................................................................ 40
3.5 Crack Tip Opening Displacement............................................................................ 43
4. FRACTURE CRITERIA .................................................................................................. 45
4.1 K as a Failure Criterion ............................................................................................... 45
4.2 Residual Strength and Critical Crack Size.............................................................. 47
4.3 R-curve ........................................................................................................................... 49
4.4 Mixed Mode Loading: Fracture and Crack Path .................................................... 52
5. FATIGUE AND LIFE PREDICTION ........................................................................... 57
5.1 Fatigue Crack Growth Equations.............................................................................. 57
5.2 Effect of Stress Ratio and Crack Closure................................................................. 60
5.3 Variable Amplitude Loading..................................................................................... 62
5.3.1 First Generation Model and Palmgren-Miner Linear Rule .............................. 64
5.3.2 Wheeler Model........................................................................................................ 65
5.4 Damage Tolerance Design Methodology................................................................ 67
6. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 69