A Detailed Research Proposal for Major Project

1. Title:
An analytical study of Solid Waste Management process implementation issues
faced by BBMP in Bangalore city and suggest suitable solution model

2. Introduction and / or Statement of the Problem

Introduction - Solid waste management in Bangalore city.
Solid wastes are generated from the animal, human, industrial, residential and commercial
activities and it should be managed systematically to ensure environmental hygiene and
public health. These practices can vary the producers, form urban to rural areas and form
developed to developing nations.
[1]
Solid waste management is a term that refers to the process of collecting/segregating and
treating solid wastes. As long as people live in settlements and residential areas, solid waste
has been an issue. Waste management is about how solid waste can be converted and as a
recycled or reusable valuable resource. Solid waste management should be supported by each
and every household including the business owners across the world. Industrialization has
brought a lot of good things and bad things as well. One of the negative effects of
industrialization is the generation of solid waste. According to Britannica, ―Solid-waste
management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because
it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste
can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the
environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents
and insects.‖
Statement of the problem:
 The rapid growth of population and industrialisation increased the solid waste generation
in the recent past resulting in several hygienic and cleanliness issues in Bangalore city. The
strategies and process of solid waste management system implemented by BBMP
Bangalore is not giving expected results in terms of collection, transportation, dumping,
segregation, treatment and recycling.
 Present mechanism of solid waste management is causing diseases to the public.
 The waste dumping damage the soil and affects the agricultural produce in the nearby
places of the landfill. The villagers in the area of landfill and treatment plants are
protesting against the establishment of new plants and removal of existing ones.
 The issue of waste management in Bangalore city, taken for research is of vital importance
as it is a chronic social and environmental issue faced and criticised by public and all the
section of the society.

3. Aims and/ or Objectives of the Study

Aim of the Project:
The aim of this research is to suggest a solution to BBMP (Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara
Palike – an administrative body responsible for the civic and infrastructural assets of the city
of Bangalore) to face the challenges and solve the problems of Solid Waste Management
system.

The main aim of this project is to provide an innovative reengineered methods and
process to recycle the waste, through an easy and feasible mechanism. The solution from
the project may eliminate the complexities in the waste management system presently
followed in Bangalore and all over the world.

Recycling of the waste is the main objective of the process of waste management. 90 to 95
percent of the waste should be sent back to the system in different forms after recycling. The
ultimate aim of the project is to make Bangalore a clean and hygienic place for living.

Objectives:
1. To understand the present process of waste management initiatives implemented by
BBMP.
2. To collect data from BBMP workers and executives for their suggestions and
problems faced in the process
3. To analyse the systems and mechanisms followed in other Asian countries like
Singapore, Malaysia and UAE and other south Indian states.
4. Create awareness about the segregation of waste at the origin and methods of compost
and recycling in efficient manner.
5. To suggest economical and feasible method of solid waste management model for
Bangalore city.
4. Conceptual Framework
The process has several steps and methods followed by different countries and cities with
various concepts. The common method to be followed is explained in the image below.

Source : "Integrated Waste Management - Volume I",book edited by Sunil Kumar, ISBN
978-953-307-469-6[2]

Putrescible waste[2] is ―solid waste that contains organic matter capable of being decomposed
by microorganisms and of such a character and proportion as to cause obnoxious odours and
to be capable of attracting or providing food for birds or animals (definition from
the Argonne National Laboratory).

Basically the concept of Solid waste management is to recycle the maximum portion of waste
before and after treatment and reduce the waste to be dumped in the landfill.
Incineration
A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering
energy, is called as ―incineration‖. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste
treatments are recognized as thermal treatments. During the process of incineration, the
waste material that is treated is converted in to IBM, gases, particles and heat. These products
are later used for generation of electricity. The gases, flue gases are first treated for
eradication of pollutants before going in to atmosphere.
Combustion Technologies
Common technologies for the combustion of MSW include mass burn facilities, modular
systems and refuse derived fuel systems.

Mass Burn Facilities

Mass burn facilities are the most common type of combustion facility in the United States.
The waste used to fuel the mass burn facility may or may not be sorted before it enters the
combustion chamber. Many advanced municipalities separate the waste on the front end to
save recyclable products.

Mass burn units burn MSW in a single combustion chamber under conditions of excess air. In
combustion systems, excess air promotes mixing and turbulence to ensure that air can reach
all parts of the waste. This is necessary because of the inconsistent nature of solid waste.
Most mass-burn facilities burn MSW on a sloping, moving grate that vibrates or otherwise
moves to agitate the waste and mix it with air.

Modular Systems

Modular Systems burn unprocessed, mixed MSW. They differ from mass burn facilities in
that they are much smaller and are portable. They can be moved from site to site.

Refuse Derived Fuel Systems

Refuse derived fuel systems use mechanical methods to shred incoming MSW, separate out
non-combustible materials, and produce a combustible mixture that is suitable as a fuel in a
dedicated furnace or as a supplemental fuel in a conventional boiler system.
The concept of WTE (Waste To Energy) plants in Singapore is effectively utilised in Solid
waste management. A clear understanding of the process would definitely be helpful for the
better formulation and implementation of Solid waste management strategies in Bangalore
city.

The concept of contracting, Waste management system in Malaysia would also be a good
choice, which can also be thought of in Bangalore City.

The proposal made by Dubai authorities to setup a largest plant in the Middle East to convert
solid waste into energy at a cost of AED 2 billion and will be operational in the second
quarter of 2020. The plan and the knowledge of this would also help us to implement part of
their methods for effective waste management in Bangalore city.

Vermiculture / Vermicompost
Vermiculture means artificial rearing or cultivation of worms (Earthworms) and the
technology is the scientific process of using them for the betterment of human beings.
Vermicompost is the excreta of earthworm, which is rich in humus. Earthworms eat cow
dung or farm yard manure along with other farm wastes and pass it through their body and in
the process convert it into vermicompost. The municipal wastes; non-toxic solid and liquid
waste of the industries and household garbage’s can also be converted into vermicompost in
the same manner. Earthworms not only convert garbage into valuable manure but keep the
environment healthy. Conversion of garbage by earthworms into compost and the
multiplication of earthworms are simple process and can be easily handled by the farmers.

Method of preparation of Vermicompost Large/community Scale Vermicomposting

Methodology
A thatched roof shed preferably open from all sides with unpaved (katcha) floor is erected in
East-West direction length wise to protect the site from direct sunlight. A shed area of
12’X12’ is sufficient to accommodate three vermibeds of 10’X3’ each having 1’ space in
between for treatment of 9-12 quintals of waste in a cycle of 40-45 days. The length of shed
can be increased/decreased depending upon the quantity of waste to be treated and
availability of space. The height of thatched roof is kept at 8 feet from the centre and 6 feet
from the sides. The base of the site is raised atleast 6 inches above ground to protect it from
flooding during the rains. The vermibeds are laid over the raised ground as per the procedure
given below.
The site marked for vermibeds on the raised ground is watered and a 4‖-6‖ layer of any
slowly biodegradable agricultural residue such as dried leaves/straw/sugarcane trash etc. is
laid over it after soaking with water. This is followed by 1‖ layer of Vermicompost or farm
yard manure.

Earthworms are released on each vermibed at the following rates :

For treatment of cowdung/agriwaste : 1.0 kg. per
For treatment of household garbage : 1.5 kg. per
The frequency and limits of loading the waste can vary as below depending upon the
convenience of the user
Frequency Loading
Daily 2" /bed/day
In Bulk 12-15"(3-4q/bed/cycle of 45 days)

The loaded waste is finally covered with a Jute Mat to protect earthworms from birds and
insects. Water is sprinkled on the vermibeds daily according to requirement and season to
keep them moist. The waste is turned upside down fortnightly without disturbing the basal
layer (vermibed).The appearance of black granular crumbly powder on top of vermibeds
indicate harvest stage of the compost. Watering is stopped for atleast 5 days at this stage. The
earthworms go down and the compost is collected from the top without disturbing the lower
layers (vermibed). The first lot of Vermicompost is ready for harvesting after 2-2 ½ months
and the subsequent lots can be harvested after every 6 weeks of loading. The vermibed is
loaded for the next treatment cycle.

5. Research Question or Hypotheses

Research questions:
What are faces or steps followed in solid waste management process by BBMP in Bangalore
city?
What are the implementation issues faced by BBMP during the process of solid waste
management in Bangalore city?
Hypothesis 1: There is no significant impact of strategies and efforts taken by BBMP in
Bangalore city towards solid waste management.

Hypothesis 2: Education level of individuals does not play a role in solid waste segregation in
Bangalore city.
Hypothesis 3: There is no impact of advertisement and awareness programmes organised by
BBMP towards the segregation of solid waste in the houses.

6. Review of Literature

Present scenario of Solid waste management in Bangalore[3]

Health and safety environment is an umbrella terminology for all laws, rules, processes and
guidelines to protect public and the environment from harmful activities by the community
and nature. Urban population is growing at a very faster rate amounting to 1,08,19,000
(approximately 10.1 million) as on January 15, 2017 posing a serious threat to the
municipalities and corporations for collection and disposal of solid waste in Bangalore city.
Every day an average of .5kg waste is generated by each individual in Bangalore city
totalling to 5000 tonnes of waste per day. Presently 30% and 70% of the waste is collected by
BBMP and private contractors respectively.

According to Naveen BP, Sivapullaiah PV[3], the management of solid waste in Bangalore is
a challenge posing lots of agitations and protests by the public in and around the landfills
where the waste was dumped for the past 10 years. Due to this reason the BBMP (as per the
order of the Government of Karnataka) stopped dumping the waste in the identified landfills
located in the outskirts of Bangalore namely Mandur, Mavellipura, Bingipura (near
Electronics City) and Laxmipura (off Bannerghatta Road). Presently contractors and garbage
collectors are informed to dispose the segregated garbage to the following solid waste
treatment plants.

Sl.No Zone Existing Disposal Site/Facility

1 South Bingipura, Mavallipura, KCDC

2 East MSGP, Mavallipura, KCDC

3 West Terra firma, Mavallipura, KCDC

4 Yelahanka Mavallipura, Terrafirma

5 Bommanahalli Bingipura, Laxmipura

6 Mahadevapura Terrafirma

7 Dasarahalli MSGP

8 Raja Rajeshwari Nagar MSGP/Terrafirma

KCDC - Karnataka Composting Development Corporation

Present problem is that, the garbage is not segregated by the households, hotels and other
commercial establishments. As the processing units are not accepting the non segregated
garbage the contractors are dumping it in the road sides. This is the main the issue prevailing
in Bangalore at present (2016).

To solve the issue of garbage disposal temporarily, few more treatment plants were made to
accept non-segregated garbage in the locations Kannahalli, Seegihalli, Doddabidarakallu,
Lingaderenahalli, Subrayanpalya, and Chikkanagamangala.

Presently there are 14 Solid waste treatment plants through which only 15% of the waste was
recycled and remaining are dumped. There are no landfills in Bangalore at present, which is
an important concern to be addressed immediately.

Recycling process status in Bangaluru[4]

According to Dr.Naveen BP, Prof. Sitharam TG, Dr. Sivapullaiah PV, In Bengaluru, at
present only 10% of the waste is recycled. Most of the literature reported that the waste
generation rate is 0.4–0.6 kg per day. The 0.5 kg/day is proposed as waste generation rate for
Bengaluru city. The biodegradable waste is about 55–60% matter. This biodegradable waste
can be converted into manure. Recyclable materials such as paper, cardboard, glass, metal,
plastic, electronic is 16–25% and used for recycling purpose. 15% of inert materials will go
to landfill.

A glimpse of waste management system in Singapore[5].

According to National Environment Agency – A Government of Singapore website,
Singapore, a booming economy in Asia, generates 8559 tonnes of solid waste a day(2016).
Singapore has a very systematic waste management process to recycle 90% of waste through
a systematic three step process. (1) First step, segregated waste is sent through a process
called waste-to-energy (WTE) plants which has got again three sub levels, followed by
second step, (2) The Tuas Marine Transfer Station (TMTS) serves as an intermediate
collection point for ash from waste-to-energy plants and non-incinerable waste directly into
the barges which will be taken to Semakau Landfill through a 30 km journey into the sea by a
tugboat, and the final third level (3) Semakau landfill process.

Semakau Landfill opened on 1 April 1999 and is currently Singapore’s only landfill facility.
Covering an area of 350 hectares, it is expected to meet the country’s solid waste disposal
needs up to 2035 and beyond. In 2016, the landfill received an average of 2,189 tonnes of
WTE plant ash and non-incinerable waste daily.

Solid Waste management in Malaysia[6]

Malaysians produce an average of 30,000 tons of waste every day. Only 5 percent of it is
recycled. Unlike Singapore, Malaysia do not have a sophisticated waste management system
in place. Like India, Malaysia is also struggling to manage the waste generated in the country
and trying to bring in the discipline in collecting, segregating, treating and dumping the waste
in the landfills.

The country’s buildup of solid waste is resulting in tremendous land and air pollution for the
environment, health problems for communities and bottlenecks to economic growth. Taken
together, the problem of poor waste management in Malaysia is one of the nation’s biggest
issues to date.

For years, local and national governments have been trying to curb the flow of garbage onto
sidewalks, into landfills, over hillsides and through rivers, but Malaysia’s turbulent pace of
change has made that process extremely difficult.

As a result, most of it is going into landfills. In 2016, about 42 percent of all MSW in
Malaysia was incinerated. Two percent was recycled, leaving the remaining 56 percent to be
dumped.

Statement of Housing and Local Government Minister about Waste Management in

Malaysia[7]
Urban Well-being, Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Abdul Rahman Dahlan
said through Eco-Business online newsletter, ―Awareness in reducing waste through
recycling and reuse is still low among Malaysians‖. He also said only 15 per cent of waste
was recycled despite the government introducing the waste segregation programme as per his
speech in Feb 2017.

Waste Management Scenario in Hydrabad[8]

According to Prsof. Murali Krishna gurram, in Hydrabad[6], at present, a total of 3063 tons
per day (TPD), of municipal solid waste (MSW) is being collected, transported and disposed
by the GHMC on a daily basis. The waste is being dumped at various disposable sites located
mainly at Jawahar Nagar, hamshiguda, the BHEL site near BDL and Fathullaguda. Jawahar
Nagar site is the major dumping ground in Hyderabad which receives a total MSW of 2,618
tons/day from different transfer stations in the city. Apart from that Jawahar Nagar dumping
yard also receives another 200 tons/day MSW from other 4 circles of the Hyderabad directly.
There is no mention about recycling process of waste in the paper. It was commented by the
author that the Sustainability of waste management was good in some wards of Hydrabad.

Solid Waste Management in Tamil Nadu[9]

The Government of Tamil Nadu has given a major thrust to Solid Waste Management. Under
IUDM (Integrated Urban Development Mission ) a total sum of 187.18 crore have been
allocated to the Urban Local Bodies to strengthen primary collection and transportation of
Municipal Solid Waste. 199 Tipper Lorries, 175 dumper placer vehicles, 71 compactors, 58
front end loaders, 12 Sullage lorries, 4528 push carts, 857 tricycles, 10420 Bins have been
procured to augment the collection and transportation system.

The Government has also announced Waste to Energy Project for Tirunelveli Corporation
and the Detailed Project Report has been prepared at an estimated cost of ₹55 crore and is to
be implemented.

Transaction Advisor has been appointed for the implementation of Municipal Solid Waste
Management Projects in 6 identified clusters namely, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruppur, Tirunelveli,
Thoothukudi, Vellore, and Nagercoil.

7. Scope and Methodology

The scope of the project is to provide a feasible solution to the major problem faced by
Bangalore city, the researcher wants to study the requirements in details considering all the
angles of the issue and come out with a feasible and implementable solution in all respects

Research Methodology:
The study undertaken is of descriptive in nature. The data sources include Government
notifications, Newspapers, Public notices, Statistical information from State and country
specific websites about waste management, Journals and books. Primary data collected from
three major sources as one from the public and the second from the contractors transporting
the waste to the treatment plants and landfills, third, BBMP, Bangalore. Universe of the study
includes the solid waste generators and the people who manages the waste in South Asian
countries, especially Bangalorians.
Sample size will be 100 Transport contract staff and 1000 households.

Cluster sampling will be used to the collect primary data.

Data collection will be done using questionnaire/Schedule, Interviews and observation

methods. Chi-square test, Factor analysis and percentage and few more suitable tools will be
used to analyse the data for providing absolute results. The researcher would be using Excel
and SPSS for analysing and concluding with the interpretations.

The recommendations of the study would bring in policy level impacts at the regional level.
The recommendation of the new system/model of solid waste management may call for a
complete reengineering of the existing process.

a) Coverage: the proposal should clearly indicate the universe of the study, sampling frame,
sampling methods, sampling size, units of observation, etc.
b) Data Collection: The proposal should indicate sources of data types of data, tools and
techniques for collection of various categories of proposed data.
c) Data Analysis: It should indicate the statistical techniques, if any, proposed to be used in
data processing, specific packages for data analysis, content analysis, indices/scaling
techniques proposed to be used etc.

Relevance, Anticipated Outcomes and Proposed Outputs from the Research

Generation of solid waste is a major environmental challenges faced by many urban cities in
the world .The disposal, recycle and reuse are the day to day challenges in the solid waste
management. The household and commercial establishments produce around 60% of waste in
Bangalore city. Waste collection and disposal play extremely important role in the cleanliness
and sustainability drive with people health and conservation of resources being the
responsibility of every government. The most important reason for waste management is the
protection of environment and health of the population. At present the solid waste
management in Bangalore city is in developing stage which needs lots of improvements and
innovative ideas to protect Bangalore city. So, it is very relevant to take up the research topic
and provide a solution for a better solid waste management in Bangalore city.

The outcome of the project would include clear interpretation of the analysis on the present
scenario of the solid waste management in Bangalore city. The study and analysis of the
process of SWM in different places would give a clear ideas and inputs for better system in
Bangalore city.

The output of the project would provide solutions to the solid waste management issues faced
in Bangalore city. The new systems and the process with innovative ideas would help the
government to execute the SWM in a far better way.

The issue of waste segregation at the origin would be addressed and new solutions with an
innovative solid waste management process model as an output of the project. An attempt
would be made to bring in a drastic change for healthy environment by sorting out all the
issues related to solid waste management in-turn, the people in Bangalore city would
experience and enjoy a peaceful leaving in a clean and green city.

The outcome would also provide the solution for the hazardous impact to the public,
especially to the children

8. Tentative Chapterisation

1] Introduction
2] Review of literature
3] Research methodology
4] Data analysis and Interpretation
5] Research findings and suggestions
6] Recommendation and conclusion

9. Time Frame

Duration of the project: 24 months

Time allocation of the project
Planning, Preparation of
Schedules and Pilot study 3 Months
Data collection 12 Months
Data analysis 6 Months
Report writing 3 Months
Total Duration 24 months
Estimated Budget

Budget for Waste Management Major Project Proposal 2017

 % as
Actual per
S.No. Description Qty Item Amount Amount Total % ICSSR

I. Research Staff
1 Research assistant 24 months Salary 24 x 13000 312000
2 Research assistant 12 month Salary 18 x 10000 180000
3 Field assistant 6 Months Salary 6 x 12000 72000 564000 45.41 45%
II. Fieldwork
2 persons, 14 Plants
Visit to Treatment &Land fills @ 2 per
4 plants month (10 visits) TA & DA 20 x 2000 40000
Data collection from Field work, 2 persons,
households 20 locations (4 days Remune
2 (Bangalore) per location) ration 80 x 1500 128000
Visit to Hydrabad
6 (Data collection) 2 persons 7 days TA & DA 50000 x 2 100000
Visit to Tamil Nadu
plants and Landfills
7 (Data collection) 2 persons 7 days TA & DA 50000 x 2 100000 368000 29.63 30%
III. Equipment
Books and Journals
8 (Print and Online) 10000
SPSS / R Training &
Installation (SPSS
9 for 1 year) 60000
10 Laptop (1) 70000
11 Printer (1) 15000
12 Field recoder 2 x 10000 20000
Data processing and
14 other Misc. Exps 15000 190000 15.30 15%
IV. Contingencies
Papers, Printer
Catridges,
hospitality for
13 research experts 60000 60000 4.83 5%
V. Publication of
report (To be paid
to ICSSR) 60000 60000 4.83 5%
Total 1242000 100 100%

Bibliography
[1] http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-solid-waste-
management.php (accessed on 22/08/2017 3.00 p.m. IST)
[2]"Integrated Waste Management - Volume I", book edited by Sunil Kumar, ISBN 978-953-
307-469-6, Published: August 23, 2011 under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license. © The Author(s)
accessed through https://zeroresource.com/2011/04/03/putrescible-waste/ on 12/06/2017
12.20 p.m. IST

[3]Naveen BP, Sivapullaiah PV (2016) Solid Waste Management in Bengaluru-Current

Scenario and Future Challenges. Innov Ener Res 5:139. doi:10.4172/ier.1000139.

[4] Dr.Naveen BP, Prof. Sitharam TG, Dr. Sivapullaiah PV who had presented and
published a peper in titled ―Status of solid waste management in bengaluru and review of
solid waste techniques adopted‖ in 2014, in the International conference on waste
management for sustainable development , Kerala, India.

[5] http://www.nea.gov.sg/energy-waste/waste-management, Accessed menu option

―Energy &Waste‖ on 9/6/2017, 10.40 a.m. IST

[6] http://cleanmalaysia.com/2015/09/04/waste-management-in-malaysia-in-the-dumps/

[7] http://www.eco-business.com/news/only-15-per-cent-of-malaysians-recycle-minister/,
―Eco-Business online newsletter‖, accessed on June 9,2017 4.00 p.m. IST.

[8] Murali Krishna Gurram, Lakshmana Deekshatulu Bulusu and Nooka Ratnam
Kinthada, ―An Appraisal of Sustainability Scenario of Solid Waste Management: A GIS
Study on Municipal Wards of Hyderabad, India‖ (Feb 2014), Geology & Geosciences, ISSN:
2381-8719, http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000143, Accessed on 10/06/2017 11.00
a.m. IST.

[9] http://cma.tn.gov.in/cma/en-in/Pages/Sanitation-and-Solid-Waste-Management.aspx