Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Parametric Study of Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (Fowts) by Numerical and Experimental Investigations
A Parametric Study of Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (Fowts) by Numerical and Experimental Investigations
Sajad Rahmdel, Baowei Wang, Changwan Han, Kwanghoon Kim & Seonghun
Park
To cite this article: Sajad Rahmdel, Baowei Wang, Changwan Han, Kwanghoon Kim &
Seonghun Park (2015): A parametric study of spar-type floating offshore wind turbines
(FOWTs) by numerical and experimental investigations, Ships and Offshore Structures, DOI:
10.1080/17445302.2015.1073865
Article views: 61
Download by: [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] Date: 25 January 2016, At: 23:33
Ships and Offshore Structures, 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2015.1073865
A parametric study of spar-type floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) by numerical and
experimental investigations
† †
Sajad Rahmdel , Baowei Wang , Changwan Han, Kwanghoon Kim and Seonghun Park∗
School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
(Received 12 January 2015; accepted 14 July 2015)
The use of spar platforms as a substructure for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) is a new concept that is developing
quickly in the offshore wind industry owning to the excellent stability and adaptability to different water depths. However, the
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
lack of studies about the dynamic response and design guidelines of spar-type FOWTs is a barrier to further development of
the offshore wind industry. Therefore, the goal of this study is to carry out dynamic response analysis and to develop design
guidelines for spar-type FOWTs. To achieve this goal, the dynamic responses of full-scale spar-type FOWT models with
different values of three design variables (spar diameter, depth, and concrete ratio) were first numerically obtained in the time
domain and experimentally validated by considering all environmental conditions such as wind, regular wave, and constant
current loads, as well as the mooring line loads. Then, regression and perturbation analyses, which were also validated by the
analysis of variance method, were performed to analyse the effects of the design variables and to propose design guidelines
of spar-type FOWTs.
Keywords: spar platform; floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT); hydrodynamic analysis; design guideline
1. Introduction barge, and two spar platforms. Using the IEC 61400-3 stan-
Wind power is a favourable source among the various types dard, various load cases were analysed, and the dynamic re-
of clean energy, and it is also one of the fastest growing parts sponses of these platforms were compared with each other
of the renewable energy industry, with an average annual (IEC 2009). From the comparison, it was concluded that
growth rate of 25% from the end of 2007 to 2012. Exclud- the barge platform has the highest dynamic motions. The
ing hydropower, wind power has the highest global energy differences in the ultimate and fatigue stresses between the
production capacity among all renewable energy sources. TLP, the semi-submersible, and the spar platforms were not
The total kinetic wind energy generated by the earth’s atmo- significant, except that the TLP had smaller stresses in its
sphere is approximately 900 Terawatts (Lorenz 1955), and tower compared with the spar and semi-submersible sys-
according to Miller’s research (Miller et al. 2011), about 68 tems (Robertson and Jonkman 2011). Kurian et al. (2012)
Terawatts of this wind energy could be harnessed. In spite performed both numerical and experimental studies on the
of this abundant wind power available, only 283 Gigawatts dynamic responses of classic and truss spar platforms con-
of this energy is currently harnessed (McCrone et al. 2012; sidering random wave and current forces. The dynamic
Zervos 2013), although it is estimated that, in 2020, this responses of a 1:100 scale model were measured in the fre-
amount will increase to 1 Terawatt (Gsänger and Pitteloud quency domain from experiments. The damping ratio and
2012). Wind power can be harnessed both onshore and off- natural periods of the system were obtained using a free-
shore. By the end of 2012, about 98% of the wind turbines decay test and the response amplitude operators (RAOs)
were installed onshore; however, because of the various ad- were calculated for heave, surge, and pitch motions. From
vantages of offshore wind power, global trends are moving good agreement between experimental results and numeri-
from onshore to offshore generation. cal results, it was concluded that coupled wave and current
The application of spar platforms to the wind indus- forces would result in higher surge, heave, and pitch re-
try is a new concept, and a limited number of studies are sponses for the classic spar compared to the truss spar.
available (Seebai and Sundaravadivelu 2013; Ku and Roh Furthermore, using the same random waves, the responses
2014). Robertson and Jonkman (2011) studied the dynamic in surge, heave, and pitch for both types of spar platforms
responses of six offshore wind turbine platforms, includ- increased as the current velocities increased. The experi-
ing two tension leg platforms (TLPs), a semi-submersible, a mental results of classic and truss spar platforms subjected
∗
Corresponding author. Email: paks@pusan.ac.kr
†
Both authors contributed equally to this work.
C 2015 Taylor & Francis
2 S. Rahmdel et al.
to multidirectional waves also show that multidirectional figurations that are generated by the method of Design of
waves generate smaller dynamic motions in comparison to Experiment (DOE) are presented, and then, methods for the
long-crested waves (Kurian et al. 2012). numerical simulation of these full-scale models, consider-
Utsunomiya et al. (2013) developed a hybrid spar with ing all environmental loads (wind, waves, and current), are
precast concrete segments at the lower portion and steel described. In Section 3, scale model simulations and ex-
segments at the higher portion of the spar. An at-sea exper- periments conducted to validate the current method of the
iment using a 1/10-scale model of the hybrid-SPAR model full-scale model simulation are explained. In Section 4, all
mounting a 1 KW wind turbine was then conducted. The the simulation and experimental results are presented and
experimental data were compared with simulation results discussed. Then, based on the results of full-scale model
acquired from a preliminary simple in-house code and it simulations, design guidelines for spar-type FOWTs are
was concluded that hybrid-SPAR FOWT was feasible for finally suggested.
being installed in offshore areas (Utsunomiya et al. 2013).
Liu et al. (2013) scrutinised non-linear motions of spar
2. Full-scale model simulations
platform hull by means of numerical and experimental anal-
The configuration of the Pusan National University (PNU)
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
∂φ ω2 ∂φ ω2
− φ=0 − φ=0 (2)
∂z g ∂z g
Wind Wave
Thrust force (N) Hub height (m) Speed (m/s) Height, Hs (m) Period, T (s) Current Speed (m/s)
North Sea between 1973 and 1993 were used. The typical forces, and the quadratic transfer functions for a slowly
current speed in this region was selected based on offshore varying wave drift force calculation that was obtained by
regulations (Veritas 2010). By considering uniform wind the far-field method (Figure 4). The output data of AQWA
field and fixed blade pitch angle, the thrust force was cal- Hydrodynamic Diffraction were then inputted to the AQWA
culated for the PNU spar-type FOWT using GH-Bladed Hydrodynamic Time Response module in ANSYS AQWA
software (version BI011) and applied to the centre of the along with other environmental loads (wind, current, wave,
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
nacelle (hub height) in the current study. The incident di- mooring, etc.). The equation of motion in the time do-
rection of the environmental loads was 0◦ (Table 1), and main was solved to obtain the time series for the dynamic
the regular wave was inputted with an angular frequency of behaviour. A time step of 0.5 s was selected, and the simu-
∼0.62 rad/s and a wave height of 3.1 m (Table 1). lations were run for 2200 s.
The superstructure was simplified by ignoring rotational
movements of blades, and the thrust force generated by
blades was calculated by GH-Bladed software (Figures 2b 2.5. Design of experiment (DOE)
and 3). In the present simulation, a constant wind speed of In the current study, three design variables (depth, spar di-
11.3 m/s was considered at hub height and a corresponding ameter, and concrete ratio), each one with three levels, were
thrust force of 237 kN was generated from the thrust force selected (Figure 1, Table 2) because those are the most in-
curve as a function of hub wind speed as shown in Figure 2b. fluential design variables for the dynamic behaviours of
spar-type FOWTs. With these design variables, 13 different
spar-type substructure configurations were generated by the
2.4. Simulation procedure
Box-Behnken Design (BBD) method (Box and Behnken
ANSYS AQWA suite (version 14.0) was used to carry out 1960) and modelled using the ANSYS Design-Modeler
the dynamic analysis. The AQWA Hydrodynamic Diffrac- (version 14.0) (Figure 5). For the dynamic behaviour anal-
tion model in ANSYS AQWA was first used as a preproces- ysis of rigid bodies, the required information of mass and
sor to obtain the hydrostatic loads, first-order wave exciting inertia properties was calculated by including a contribu-
tion from the superstructure in the current study (Table 3);
moments of inertia for the models were computed in terms
of their centres of gravity (CGs).
Levels
to approximate the relationship between the responses and If there is a curvature in the system, a higher order
variables. These mathematical relations are only reasonable polynomial such as a second-order model should be used
in a certain range of variables, not in the overall domain. (Montgomery 2001) by:
If the response is well modelled by a linear function of
variables, the approximating function is a first-order model
k
k
(Montgomery 2001): y = β0 + βi xi + βii xi2 + βij xi xj + ε
i=1 i=1 i<j
y = β0 + β1 x1 + β2 x2 + · · · + βk xk + ε (7) (8)
Table 3. Mass, centre of gravity (CG), and moment of inertia for full-scale simulation models generated by design of experiments (DOE).
Figure 6. Scale model of the PNU spar-type floating offshore wind turbine: (a) dimensional parameters and (b) configuration of
mooring lines.
Table 5. Dimensions of mooring lines installed in the scale mod- model simulation (Section 2), while the experiments were
els of the PNU spar-type floating offshore wind turbine. carried out in a water tank with 100 m length, 8 m width,
Mooring lines Dimension and 3.5 m depth with the scaled prototypes moored at 30
m downstream from the wave maker (Figure 7). In experi-
Mooring line length (m) 4.34 ments, a wave maker was used to create various wave forces
Total mass (kg) 21 with frequencies ranging from 2.09 rad/s (∼0.333 Hz) to
Number 3
Pretension (N) 4.8
6.28 rad/s (∼1 Hz) for different scale models (Figure 7), and
different wave heights were generated to simulate various
In-line stiffness (N/m) K1 7.25 environmental conditions and to find the dynamic responses
K2 17.05 of models in those conditions (Table 6). A data acquisition
system, which amplifies and transfers the measured data to
Fairlead locations (m) L1 0.683
L2 0.163 computer, and a camera were placed on the right side of
the water tank. The height and frequency of waves were
measured by a wave gauge (Figure 7). A trinocular cam-
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
The draft size of the scale models was about 1.2 m, era system consisting of a trinocular camera, three LEDs,
and three light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were attached to the a camera controller, and a computer were used to measure
nacelle of scale models for experiments. All scale mod- the position and attitude of the LEDs attached to the nacelle
els were moored to a water tank by three catenaries and of the scale models. The camera captures the movement of
two kinds of fairlead locations and stiffness of mooring the structure. The camera controller then sends the data to
lines were used (Table 5). The same experimental condi- the computer, and the computer calculates the position and
tions for 100:1-scaled models were applied to scale model attitude of the structure in real time (Figures 7 and 8).
simulation. A summary of the simulation and experimental analy-
sis process is illustrated in Figure 8. The time-series data of
pitch motions acquired from both the scale model simula-
3.2. Experimental set-up and procedure tions and the experiments were converted to the frequency
Four cases were considered for scale model simulations domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The RAO val-
and experiments under only the wave loading condition ues of the pitch motions were calculated by the following
(Table 6). equation at an angular frequency of ∼0.62 rad/s under reg-
In each case, scale models with different combinations ular wave:
of CGs, moments of inertia, fairlead locations, and mooring
line stiffness were used. In scale model simulations, we em- Pitch amplitude
RAO = (9)
ployed the same methodology as described in the full-scale Wave amplitude
Table 6. Scale model simulation and experimental cases and corresponding loading conditions.
1
Figure 7. Experimental device: (a) layout of a wave tank and (b) = 0.040 + 3.023 × 10−3 A
sensor locations in experiments. (This figure is available in colour surge
online.) + 7.478 × 10−3 B + 5.560 × 10−4 C
− 2.027 × 10−3 AB − 3.009 × 10−3 B 2
4. Results and discussion
− 4.357 × 10−4 C 2
4.1. Scale model simulations and experiments
In order to validate the accuracy of our numerical analysis, (b) Regression model for pitch motion
the simulation and experimental results of pitch motions
for the scale model of the PNU spar-type FOWT were com- 1
pared. For more accuracy, the coupling effects between the = 0.55 + (0.074) A + (0.16) B
pitch
structure and its mooring line system were considered. The
pitch motion results obtained from the numerical analysis + (0.016) C + (0.013) AB
were in good agreement with the experimental results under + 7.051 × 10−3 BC
all loading conditions (Figure 9). − (0.016) B 2 − 9.263 × 10−3 C 2
4.2. Full-scale model simulations (c) Regression model for heave motion
The effects of the selected design variables on the dynamic 1
motions of the PNU spar-type FOWT were investigated by = 1.04 − (0.037) A + (0.42) B
heave
the numerical analysis described in Section 2, using its full-
+ (0.015) C − (0.028) AB − (0.24) AC
scale model. Similarly to our previous scale model simula-
tions and experiments, the coupling between the structure + (0.05) A2 − (0.063) B 2 − (0.12) C 2
and the mooring line, as well as hydrodynamic forces (both + (0.28) A2 C − (0.2) AB 2
inertia and drag) on the mooring lines, was also consid-
ered to improve accuracy in the simulation. With the wind, where A is the depth of spar, B is the spar hull diameter, and
wave, and current forces distributed in the same direction C is the concrete ratio in the ballast section of spar.
(0◦ along the positive x-axis), the motions in the surge, These regression models were validated from an anal-
pitch, and heave were significant among six-DOF motions ysis of variance (ANOVA) (Table 8). The adequacy of the
(Table 7). models was assumed at the 95% confidence level. In this
Ships and Offshore Structures 9
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
Figure 8. Scale model simulations and experiments: (a) simulation procedure, (b) experimental set-up, and (c) Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT). (This figure is available in colour online.)
method, the calculated F-value of the developed models dicate that the developed models are sufficiently accurate
should be larger than the tabulated value of the F-table for (Figure 12).
the 95% confidence level, which can ensure that the gener-
ated regression model is adequate. The calculated F-values
were 234.18, 2912.6, and 247.66, which were significantly 4.4. Perturbation analysis results
larger than the tabulated F-table: 4.28, 4.88, and 3.84 for The dynamic responses in the surge and pitch were both
the surge, pitch, and heave motions, respectively. In addi- sensitive (i.e., steep slope) to the depth and the spar diame-
tion, the P-values of all the regression models were much ter, whereas the concrete ratio is relatively insensitive (i.e.,
lower than 0.05, which indicates that the regression models flat slope) to the two responses (Figure 13). The changes
are adequate at the 95% confidence level. in the spar diameter and depth have significant influence
The validity of the developed models can be also proven on the pitch motion, as shown in the perturbation plot of
by the adjusted correlation coefficient (adjusted R-squared). pitch motion of Figure 13b. For the displacement in heave,
This coefficient is an indicator of the variability in the ob- the spar diameter is dominant over the other two design
served output by each variable and by interaction of the two variables (Figure 13c).
design variables. The coefficients of the regression models The dynamic behaviours of surge, heave, and pitch mo-
for the surge, heave, and pitch were 99.15%, 98.80%, and tions were also analysed in terms of interaction between two
99.94%, respectively, showing the highly predictive ability design variables from the 3-D surface perturbation plots of
of the regression models. Furthermore, a residual analysis the regression models. Similar conclusions to those from
was carried out to check the accuracy of the regression mod- the 2-D perturbation plots were made. The surge motion is
els obtained. The results that the residuals are distributed sensitive to the depth and the spar diameter. When the spar
almost along straight lines suggest that the residual errors diameter and the depth size increase, the structure will ex-
are distributed normally (Figure 11), and the linearly dis- perience smaller motion in the surge direction (Figure 14a).
tributed points along straight lines in the figures of the actual The pitch motion decreases with increase in the spar diam-
values versus predicted values by the regression models in- eter and the depth, and vice versa. However, the concrete
10 S. Rahmdel et al.
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
Figure 10. Time series data of (a) surge, (b) pitch, and (c) heave
motions for Model 3.
Table 7. Average values of the time series of surge, heave, and pitch motions computed from full-scale model simulations.
Model no. Run no. D (A) SD (B) CR (C) CG (m) (z-axis) Surge (m) Heave range (m) Pitch (◦ )
4.5. Effects of design variables on the stability of 4.5.1. Effects of changes in spar diameter on dynamic
spar-type floating offshore wind turbines motions
(FOWTs)
Using the results of this study, the effects of design vari- ◦ Increases in the spar diameter of the structure greatly
ables on the stability of spar-type FOWTs are summarised reduce the heave, surge, and pitch motions of the
as follows, and they are considered as the influences of structure.
changes in each design variable – while maintaining other ◦ Increases in the spar diameter can decrease the struc-
design variables constant – on the dynamic motions of the tural dynamic motions, and as a result, the overall
structure. These guidelines are applicable for the situation stability of the structure will increase. However, by
studied in this paper and further studies are required before increasing the spar diameter, the weight of the struc-
their applications on all conditions could be confirmed. ture increases, which leads to economic issues.
Table 8. Summary of analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the regression models of surge, heave, and pitch motions.
Source of variation Regression model Residual error Total Adjusted R-squared Predicted R-squared
DOF 6 6 12 99.15% 98.22%
Note: SS stands for sum of squares, DOF stands for degree of freedom, and MS denotes the mean square. MS is the SS to DOF ratio, and the F-value is
the ratio of the MS of the regression model to the MS of the residual error.
12 S. Rahmdel et al.
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
Figure 13. 2-D perturbation plots for the design variables: (a)
surge, (b) pitch, and (c) heave.
can highly increase the stability. The depth also has great funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Trade, Industry
influence on the stability, but the influence of the depth and Energy; and by Leading Foreign Research Institute Recruit-
is less than the influence of the spar diameter. Increases ment Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea
(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning
in the depth increase the overall stability of the structure, [Grant No. 2013044133].
although they increase the heave motion of the structure as
well. Compared with the spar diameter and the depth, the
concrete ratio has the least influence on the overall dynamic
motions of the structure. ORCID
Regarding three design variables, the spar diameter and Sajad Rahmdel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-3149
the depth are related to the overall shape of the substruc- Baowei Wang http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2985-9906
ture, while the concrete ratio is responsible for moving the
centre of mass as low as possible. As expected, higher slen-
derness ratio of the cylindrical substructure with higher References
depth and lower spar diameter reduced the stability of spar- Agarwal A, Jain A. 2003. Dynamic behavior of offshore spar
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
type FOWTs. However, it was unexpected that the concrete platforms under regular sea waves. Ocean Eng. 30:487–516.
ratio shows the least influence on the stability of spar-type [ABS] American Bureau of Shipping. 2014. Guides for build-
FOWTs. ing and classing floating offshore wind turbine installations.
Houston (TX): American Bureau of Shipping.
Aubault A, Cermelli C, Roddier D. 2009. Wind float: a floating
5. Conclusions foundation for offshore wind turbines – part III: structural
analysis. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2009 28th Interna-
The goals of the present study were (1) to understand the tional Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineer-
dynamic behaviours of spar-type FOWTs in various wave, ing; 2009 May 31–Jun 5. Honolulu (HI): American Society
current, and wind environments; (2) to evaluate the most of Mechanical Engineers.
influential design variable; and (3) to provide design guide- Box GE, Behnken DW. 1960. Some new three level designs for the
study of quantitative variables. Technometrics. 2:455–475.
lines for designers of spar-type FOWTs.
Cermelli C, Roddier D, Aubault A. 2009. Wind float: a floating
Thirteen spar-type FOWT full-scale models were de- foundation for offshore wind turbines – part II: hydrodynam-
signed, and coupled dynamic numerical analyses in the time ics analysis. Proceedings of the ASME 2009 28th Interna-
domain were carried out by considering all environmental tional Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineer-
conditions. The results of the numerical simulation were ing; 2009 May 31–Jun 5. Honolulu (HI): American Society
of Mechanical Engineers.
verified by comparing them with the scale model exper-
DNV. 2011. DNV-OS-C201: structural design of offshore units
imental results. Then, a regression analysis for the sim- (WSD method). Oslo: Det Norske Veritas (DNV).
ulation results was conducted and validated by ANOVA. DNV. 2012. DNV-OS-C106: structural design of deep draught
Finally, the effects of the design variables on the dynamic floating units (LRFD method). Oslo: Det Norske Veritas
motions of the current spar-type FOWT were quantitatively (DNV).
DNV. 2013. DNV-OS-J103: design of floating wind turbine
obtained from a perturbation analysis and some design
structures. Oslo: Det Norske Veritas (DNV).
guidelines were provided. Gsänger S, Pitteloud J-D. 2012. World wind energy report. Bonn:
World Wind Energy Association (WWEA).
[IEC] International Electrotechnical Commission. 2009. IEC
61400-3. Wind turbines – part 3: design requirements for
Acknowledgements offshore wind turbines. Geneva: IEC.
This work was supported by the Human Resources Development [ISO] International Organisation for Standardisation. 2003.
program (No. 20113020020010-11-1-000) of the Korea Institute ISO/CD 19901-4: natural gas industries. Specific require-
of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant ments for offshore structures: part 4: geotechnical and foun-
funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry dation design considerations. Geneva: International Organi-
and Energy; and by Leading Foreign Research Institute Recruit- sation for Standardisation.
ment Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea Johannessen K, Meling TS, Haver S. 2002. Joint distribution for
(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning wind and waves in the northern north sea. Int J Offshore Polar
(No. 2013044133). Eng. 12:1–8.
Jonkman J, Musial W. 2010. Offshore code comparison collabo-
ration (OC3) for IEA task 23 offshore wind technology and
Disclosure statement deployment. Contract. 303:275–3000.
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Ku N, Roh M-I. 2014. Dynamic response simulation of an offshore
wind turbine suspended by a floating crane. Ships Offshore
Struct. 1–14. doi:10.1080/17445302.2014.942504
Kurian V, Ng C, Liew M. 2012. Experimental investigation on
Funding dynamic responses of spar platforms subjected to multi-
This work was supported by the Human Resources Development directional waves. In: Proceedings of the Business Engineer-
program (No. 20113020020010-11-1-000) of the Korea Institute ing and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC); 2012
of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant Apr 7–8. Kuala Lumpur: IEEE.
Ships and Offshore Structures 15
Kyokai NK. 2012. ClassNK guidelines for offshore floating wind tory, US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency
turbine structure. Tokyo: Nippon Kaiji Kyokai. and Renewable Energy.
Liu L, Zhou B, Tang Y. 2013. Study on the nonlinear dynamical Roddier D, Cermelli C, Weinstein A. 2009. Wind float: a floating
behavior of deepsea spar platform by numerical simulation foundation for offshore wind turbines – part I: design basis
and model experiment. J Vibr Control. 20(10):1528–1537. and qualification process. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2009
Lorenz EN. 1955. Available potential energy and the maintenance 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic
of the general circulation. Tellus. 7:157–167. Engineering; 2009 May 31–Jun 5. Honolulu (HI): American
McCrone A, Usher E, Sonntag-O’Brien V, Moslener U, Grüning Society of Mechanical Engineers. p. 845–853.
C. 2012. Global trends in renewable energy investment 2012. Seebai T, Sundaravadivelu R. 2013. Response analysis of spar
Frankfurt: UNEP Collaborating Centre, School of Finance & platform with wind turbine. Ships Offshore Struct. 8:94–101.
Management and Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Utsunomiya T, Matsukuma H, Minoura S, Ko K, Hamamura H,
Miller L, Gans F, Kleidon A. 2011. Estimating maximum global Kobayashi O, Sato I, Nomoto Y, Yasui K. 2013. At sea exper-
land surface wind power extractability and associated climatic iment of a hybrid spar for floating offshore wind turbine using
consequences. Earth Syst Dyn. 2:1–12. 1/10-scale model. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng. 135:034503.
Montgomery D. 2001. Design and analysis of experiments. 5th Veritas DN. Oct. 2010. DNV-OS-E301: offshore standard-position
ed. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons. p. 427. mooring. Oslo: Det Norske Veritas (DNV).
Robertson AN, Jonkman JM. 2011. Loads analysis of several Wilson JF. 2003. Dynamics of offshore structures. 2nd ed. Hobo-
Downloaded by [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] at 23:33 25 January 2016
offshore floating wind turbine concepts. The Twenty-first In- ken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons.
ternational Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference; 2011 Zervos A. 2013. Renewables 2013 global status report. Paris:
Jun 19–24. Maui (HI): National Renewable Energy Labora- Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century.