The City School, Ravi Campus (Johar Town Lahore) O Level Chemistry

Test Observation Conclusion

Salt + Water Coloured Solution Salt contains a Transition Metal
OR OR
Colourless Solution Salt does not contain a Transition Metal
Salt Solution Sample + NaOH(aq) Few drops

Salt Solution Sample + NaOH(aq) In Excess

Salt Solution Sample + NH3(aq) Few drops

Salt Solution Sample + NH3(aq) In Excess Zn2+

Ca2+ WI Zn2+ WSWS Al3+/Pb2+ WSWI

Cu2+ BIBS Fe2+ GIGI Fe3+ BrIBrI Cr3+ GSGI

NH4+ Salt Solution + NaOH(aq) + Heat Gas produced with Pungent smell (turns damp Red litmus paper Blue)

Test Observation Conclusion

Salt Solution Sample + NaOH(aq)+ Al foil + Heat Gas produced with Pungent smell (turns NO3- Present
damp Red litmus paper Blue)
Salt Solution Sample + dilute HCl(aq) Effervescence CO32- present
(gas turns limewater milky)

Salt Solution Sample + dilute HNO3(aq)+ AgNO3(aq) White ppt Cl- present
- 2-
(Pb(NO3)2(aq) can also be used but Cl & SO4 both give white
ppt so we cant conclude which ion is present)
Salt Solution Sample + dilute HNO3(aq)+ Pb(NO3)2(aq) Bright Yellow ppt I-present

(AgNO3(aq) can also be used white ppt so we cant Pale Yellow ppt
conclude which ion is present)
Salt Solution Sample + dilute HNO3(aq)+ Ba(NO3)2(aq) White ppt SO42- present
- 2-
(Pb(NO3)2(aq) can also be used but Cl & SO4 both give white
ppt so we cant conclude which ion is present)
Cl- SLM ion = White ppt SO42- LCB ion = White ppt

Ppt (Ionic Precipitation)

Ca(OH)2 / Zn(OH)2 /Al(OH)3 / Pb(OH)2

White White White White

Ionic Equation: Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) = Ca(OH)2(s)

Cu(OH)2 /Fe(OH)2 / Fe(OH)3 / AgCl / PbI2 / BaSO4

Blue Green Brown White Yellow White

Cu2+(aq) + OH-(aq) = Cu(OH)2(s) Copper (II) Hydroxide

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Adnan Ismail
The City School, Ravi Campus (Johar Town Lahore) O Level Chemistry
Gases
Test Observation
1 H2 Insert a burning splint into the test Pop sound heard, Flame is seen which is
tube containing the gas then extinguished
2 O2 Insert a glowing splint into the test It rekindles/relights
tube containing the gas
3 NH3  Place a damp red litmus paper on  Red litmus turns blue
the mouth of test tube
 Insert a glass rod dipped in conc.  Cloudy appearance or White fumes seen
HCl(aq) into the test tube
containing the gas
4 Cl2  Place a damp red litmus paper on  Red litmus is bleeched
the mouth of test tube
 Place a damp blue litmus paper  Blue litmus turns red & is then bleeched
on the mouth of test tube
5 SO2 Pass the gas through H+/K2Cr2O7(aq) Solution color turns from orange to green
6 CO2 Pass the gas through limewater Solution turns cloudy [upon further passing
the gas it again becomes clear]
Test
7 CO Burns with a blue flame
8 N2 A burning splint goes off
9 H2 Pops in a flame
10 O2 Relights a glowing splint
11 NH3 Turns damp red litmus paper blue
12 Cl2 Bleeches a damp red litmus paper
13 SO2 Turns H+/K2Cr2O7(aq) from orange to green
14 CO2 Turns limewater milky

Cu(s) Copper Solid (freshly made) Pink/Red

Cu2O(s) Copper (I) oxide Brown solid

CuO(s) Copper (II) oxide Black solid

CuSO4(aq) Copper(II) sulfate solution Blue

CuSO4(s).5H2O Hydrated Copper(II) sulfate Blue crystals

CuSO4(s) Anhydrous Copper(II) sulfate White powder

CuSO4(aq) if evaporation till dryness (white powder obtained) if crystalized (blue crystals obtained)

Copper reacts with air to form brown solid which is then turned black (metal is tarnished)

4Cu + O2 = 2Cu2O then converted to CuO

Copper does not react with HCl(aq)

 Solution containing Cu2+ ions,

o solution + NaOH(aq) few drops (Blue ppt)
o solution + NaOH(aq) in excess (ppt remain insoluble)
o solution + NH3(aq) few drops (Blue ppt)
o solution + NH3(aq) in excess (ppt dissolve, deep blue coloration)
ionic equation (Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) = Cu(OH)2(s))
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Adnan Ismail
The City School, Ravi Campus (Johar Town Lahore) O Level Chemistry
Colours of Oxides (solids)

Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO, Al2O3,ZnO White Solids

Fe2O3 Brown PbO Yellow Cu2O Brown CuO Black

(Oxides are formed when metals are oxidized by Air)

Alkalis (aqueous) NaOH, LiOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Mg(OH)2

Reactions of Group 1 Metals

Na(s) + H2O(l) = NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

{Observation Silvery Mass, Floats/Darts around, Melts/Dissolves/Disappears, Beaker becomes hot,

Bubbles of colorless odourless gas (Pops in a flame)/Fizzing,} Vigor of the reaction for Group 1 Metals
{Fast bubbling, Vigorous reaction, violent reaction, explosion}

4Na(s) + O2(g) = 2Na2O(s) White solid

Na2O(s) + H2O = 2NaOH(aq) Colourless solution

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) = 2NaCl(s) White solid

Group 1 Halides (White solids)

AgCl (white) AgBr (creamy) AgI (Pale Yellow)

PbSO4, CaSO4, BaSO4 White solids

PbCl2 White PbI2 Yellow

Li/Na/K (Silvery White) Ca/Mg (White) Zn (Grey) Pb/Fe (Dark Grey) Cu

(Pink/Red)

F2(g) Yellow Cl2(aq) Greenish Yellow Cl2(q) Greenish Yellow

Br2(aq) Reddish Orange Br2(l) Reddish Brown Br2(g) Reddish Brown

I2(aq) Brown/Yellow I2(s) Shiny Black I2(g) Purple

KCl/KBr/KI colourless solutions

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Adnan Ismail