Characteristic values

• Reaction ratio R
• Head coefficient ψ
• Flow coefficient ϕ
Reaction ratio for hydraulic
machines
The reaction ratio can be defined as the pressure
fraction of the total net specific energy which is
converted to mechanical energy in the runner.

⎛ u1 ⎞
R = h1 − h 2 = c ⋅ ⎜⎜ 2 ⋅ − 1⎟⎟
2
u1
⎝ c u1 ⎠
Reaction ratio for a Pelton turbine
Example for a Pelton turbine :
cu1 = 1,0
cu2 = 0
u1 = 0,5
cm1 = cm2

R = 0,0
Reaction ratio for a Francis turbine
Example for a Francis turbine:
cu1 = 0,72
cu2 = 0
u1 = 0,69

R = 0,52
 Inlet Outlet Inlet
Outlet Outlet
Runner guide vanes guide vanes
Draft tube runner
Energy converted in the turbine

Reference line
Reaction ratio for a Kaplan turbine
Example for a Kaplan turbine:
cu1 = 0,6
cu2 = 0
u1 = 0,83

R = 0,64
Aksialturbin R=0

u1
w1
w1 c1
c1 u1
ω
u2
c2
w2
Aksialturbin R=0,5

u1
w1 c1
ω
u2
c2
w2
 Reaction ratio
The reaction ratio can be defined as the ratio
between the enthalpy difference over the runner and
the total change of enthalpy.

h1 − h 2
R turbine =
h p3
h p3 h0 − h2
s 3 s
0
va
ne p2 va
ne p2
i de i de
Gu Gu
p1 p1
h 2 − h1
1
nn er nn er
Ru Ru
=
2
2
R compressor
1 h 3 − h1
s s
Head coefficient for hydraulic
machines

g⋅H
ψ= 2
u2 2
Flow coefficient for hydraulic
machines

c2m
ϕ=
u2
TYPE R ϕ ψ λ u2 c2m α1 β2
Impulse turbine 0,05 0,40 4 3,4 0,4 0,18 12 18
0,25 0,45 6 5,5 0,5 0,20 15 24
1,20 0,60 30 45
Reaction turbine 0,5 0,30 2 1,7 0,58 0,20 15 15
0,40 3 2,8 0,70 0,26 20 20
1,20 0,75 45 45

Radial turbine 1,0 0,50 2 1,7 0,58 0,35 - 15

0,70 3 2,8 0,70 0,45 18
1,50 1,00 45
Curtis turbine 0,05 0,40 16 13 0,20 0,10 12 -
0,15 0,90 24 20 0,25 0,22 15 -
Axial compressor 0,50 0,30 0,8 0,4 0,9 1,6 40 30
0,75 1,00 0,4 1,0 1,4 1,1 80 70
Source: Strømningsmaskiner, Bind 3, Jan M. Øverli