Qualitative Analysis Guide Alevel

THE NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA
THE NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GUIDE FOR THE

ADVANCED CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION EXAMINATION
132 CHEMISTRY
Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA
Published by:
The National Examinations Council of Tanzania,
P.O. Box 2624,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
© The National Examinations Council of Tanzania, 2016, 2018
Second Edition, 2018
ISBN 978-9976-5380-1-4
All rights reserved.

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................. IV
PREFACE............................................................................................................................................... V
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
SECTION A: PRELIMINARY TESTS.................................................................................................2
SECTION B: CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS...................................................................6
SECTION C: TESTS IN SOLUTION .................................................................................................10
SECTION D: GROUP SEPARATION, ANALYSIS AND CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ......
CATIONS .......................................................................................................................11
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................21

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Examinations Council of Tanzania wishes to appreciate the contribution of individual
experts who participated in the process of developing this guide. Their contribution is profoundly
recognized. Special thanks to:
Writers
Augustine Angelo Rwiza Chemistry Teacher, Pugu Secondary School.
Ezekiel Tahhani Panga Chemistry Teacher, Barbro Johanson Model Girls Secondary School.
Palapala Gabo Leophord Chemistry Teacher, Nsumba Secondary School.
Habil Selemani Makengo Chemistry Teacher, Feza Boys’ Secondary School.
Abel Paul Mwakalindile Chemistry Teacher, Ulongoni Secondary School.
Beata Xavery Senior Examinations Officer, National Examinations Council of Tanzania.
Ladislaus Lutege Senior Examinations Officer, National Examinations Council of Tanzania.

Second edition was revised in collaboration with:
Juma J. Tenganija Chemistry Teacher, Ilkiding’a Secondary School.
Seni Mahega Chemistry Teacher, Bagamoyo Secondary School.
Derick Omary Chemistry Teacher, Bukanda Secondary School.
Prosper A. Kasapa Chemistry Teacher, Mzumbe Secondary School.
Joseph A. Kajinga Chemistry Teacher, Iyunga Secondary School.
Gasper Maeda Examinations Officer, National Examinations Council of Tanzania.
Editors
Dr. Joseph Y. N. Philip Senior Lecturer, Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam.
Aldo J. Kitalika Assistant Lecturer, Chemistry Department, Dar es Salaam University
College of Education.
Angela J. M. Kitali Head of Examinations Design and Development Department, National
Examinations Council of Tanzania.
Layout & Design

David Michael Senior Printer, National Examinations Council of Tanzania.

Dr. Charles E. Msonde
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

PREFACE
During monitoring of the national examinations, the National Examinations Council of Tanzania
(NECTA) observed candidates using different Qualitative Analysis Guides (QAG) in chemistry practical
examinations. It was further noted that, some of the guides were written by different authors and were
not approved by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. It was also found that, some of the
guides had technical errors such as incorrect chemical symbols and formulae, inconsistent information
and typographic errors. This guide was therefore developed in order to have a uniform document that
will be used by candidates when writing their chemistry practical examinations at Advanced Certificate
of Secondary Education Examination (ACSEE) level.
This guide is based on 2010 advanced level secondary education chemistry syllabus and was used in
2018 in Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examination (ACSEE) assessment. However, it
was inevitable for NECTA to accommodate the recommendations and improvements from stakeholders,
thus, the need to revise the first edition of 2016. In addition to the updating the first edition, the current
one contains essential materials which were found to be useful. This revised QAG will be effectively
used from 2019 in ACSEE.
Prospective candidates are therefore encouraged to read and use this booklet effectively so that they can
be conversant with the procedures indicated and be in a good position of using it properly when writing
their examinations. It is also hoped that the guide will give an extra support to teachers and students in
conducting analytical experiments.

Dr. Charles E. Msonde
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA v

INTRODUCTION
The National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA) has prepared this Qualitative Analysis Guide
(QAG) to support candidates in identification of ions that are present in unknown compounds through
several chemical tests. For Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations (ACSEE),
candidates are required to analyze unknowns which are always ionic compounds. This guide is designed
to assist candidates to analyze the following ions in accordance to the 2010 Chemistry Syllabus for
Advanced Secondary Schools.
Cations: NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Sb3+, Sn2+,
Fe2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Bi3+, Pb2+ and Ag+
Anions: Cl-, SO42-, NO2-, NO3-, CO32-, HCO3-, CrO42-, Cr2O72-, C2O42- and CH3COO-
The content in this guide is divided into sections: A, B, C and D. Section A is on preliminary tests,
Section B on confirmatory tests of anions, Section C on tests in solution and Section D is on group
separation, analysis and confirmatory tests of cations.
RECORDING ANALYTICAL EXPERIMENTS

The candidates are required to record the analytical experiments in a tabular form. Generally tables
with three columns should be used, showing a brief explanation of the experimental procedures or tests
performed, observations and inferences made as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Format for Recording Analytical Experiments.

Experiment Observation Inference
Tests carried on an unknown solid compound or its solution should be written in the “Experiment”
column. Experiments should be reported in simple past tense (in most cases in “passive voice”) to explain
what was performed. For example, “A small amount of a sample was picked using a clean nichrome wire
and heated on a flame”. The facts or changes which have been observed or identified when a chemical
substance under test is subjected to an experiment should be written in the “Observation” column. These
observations include: colour changes, formation of precipitates, evolution of gases, flame colours, sound
and other observations. The deductions or what can be inferred from the observation is written in the
“Inference” column. These inferences lead to the identification of the unknown salt under investigation.
It should be known that not all tests will give detectable changes. Sometimes if no obvious changes are
observed, it can infer to the presence or absence of a particular ion. For instance, addition of barium
chloride solution in the unknown solution may or may not give observable changes. In this case if no
reaction occurs, it implies the absence of sulphate ion while formation of white precipitate indicates the
presence of sulphate ion in the unknown sample.
After performing all experiments, it is required to make conclusions about ions present in the sample
by performing the confirmatory tests for every deduced ion. This can be obtained by combining all the
inferences made in the successive tests. The following Sections are on the stages of qualitative analysis.
Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA 1

SECTION A: PRELIMINARY TESTS

The preliminary tests included in this QAG are generally for solid samples. The tests include colour,
texture, odour, deliquescence, flame test, action of heat, action of dilute and concentrated acids and
solubility in water.
[Safety Precautions: Avoid direct smelling of any chemical in the laboratory].
Table 2: Preliminary Tests
S/n Experiment Observations Inference
1. Appearance of the Sample
(i) Colour White Non-transition metals may be present.

Blue Cu2+, Co2+ may be present.
Green Fe2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Cu2+ may be present.
Yellow Fe3+, CrO42- may be present.

Brown/Yellowish-brown Fe3+ may be present.
Pink Co2+, Mn2+ may be present.
Orange Cr2O72- may be present.
(ii) Texture NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, C2O42- , CrO42-, NO2-
Crystalline form , CH3COO-, Cr2O72- may be present.
CO32- and HCO3- may be present

Powder form
except CO32- of NH4+, K+ and Na+
(iii) Odour Choking smell NH4+ may be present.
(iv) Deliquescence Absorbs water from
the atmosphere to form NO3-, Cl-, SO42- may be present.
solution.
2. Flame Test
Cleaning the test apparatus: Bright yellow/golden Na+ may be present.
Dip a nichrome wire or yellow.
glass rod or back side of the
test-tube in concentrated Brick red Ca2+ may be present.
HCl (in a watch glass) then
heat it in a non-luminous Lilac (light purple) K+ may be present.
flame.
Test: Dip the cleaned wire
(or glass rod or test-tube) in Green Ba2+ may be present.
concentrated HCl, then to the
2 Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA

sample followed by heating Red Sr2+ may be present.

it on a flame.
Blue-green Cu2+ may be present.
Blue Pb2+, Sb2+ may be present.
Yellow sparks Fe2+, Fe3+ may be present.

3. Action of Heat on a Solid
Sample
Transfer small amount Colourless droplets forming
(about 0.5 g) of a sample on the cooler part of the
-
in a clean dry test-tube and test-tube. The droplets turn Hydrated salt, HCO3 may be present.
heat the contents gently and anhydrous CuSO4 blue or
then strongly. CoCl2 pink.
White sublimate and
a colourless gas with
chocking smell which turns NH4 may be present.
+
moist red litmus paper blue.

Colourless gas evolves
which turn moist litmus
paper from blue to red and Cl- may be present.
form dense white fumes
with ammonia gas.
which re-lights a glowing NO3- of Na+, K+ may be present.
wooden splint.
Brown fumes evolve
which turn moist blue NO3- may be present except those of
litmus paper red and a gas Na+, K+ and NH4+.
which re-lights a glowing
wooden splint.
which turns lime water CO32- , HCO3- may be present.
milky.
Colourless gas with pungent
smell evolves, which turns
moist blue litmus paper
red or moist potassium SO42- may be present.
dichromate paper green
or decolorizes potassium
permanganate solution.
Colourless vapour with a
CH3COO- may be present.
smell of vinegar evolves.
Colourless gas which burns

C2O42- may be present.
with blue flame evolves.
Cracking sound with
evolution of brown gas. NO3- of Pb2+ may be present.
Cracking sound with no gas -

Cl of Na+ or K+ may be present.
evolving.
Residue that are reddish
brown when hot and yellow Pb2+ may be present.
when cold.
Residue that is yellow when
hot and white when cold. Zn2+ may be present.
Black residue. Cu2+ may be present.
Reddish brown residue. Fe2+, Fe3+ may be present.
4. Action of Dilute HCl on a

Solid Sample
Transfer small amount of a Effervescence of a
sample in a clean test-tube colourless gas which turns 2- -
followed by a small amount lime water milky and moist CO3 , HCO3 may be present.
of dilute HCl. If no reaction, litmus paper from blue to
warm the contents gently. red.
Brown fumes evolve, which
turn moist litmus paper NO2- may be present.
from blue to red.
No gas evolves. SO42-, Cl- , NO3- may be present.
White precipitate. Ag+ may be present.

White precipitate soluble
Pb2+ may be present.
on warming.
5. Action of Concentrated
H2SO4 on a Solid Sample
[Safety Precautions:
Concentrated H2SO4 is
corrosive. (a) Handle with
care (b) Do not boil].
Transfer a small amount of Colourless gas with irritating
a sample in a clean and dry smell evolves, which turns
test-tube. Add a small moist litmus paper from -
amount of concentrated blue to red and forms dense Cl may be present.
H2SO4. If no reaction warm white fumes with ammonia
the contents gently. gas.

Brown fumes evolve, which

turn moist blue litmus -
paper red, and intensify on NO3 may be present.
addition of copper turnings.
Colourless vapour with
vinegar smell evolves. CH3COO- may be present.
Upon warming,
effervescence of a
colourless gas evolves that:
C2O42- may be present.
(i) turns lime water milky.
(ii) burns with a blue flame.
Effervescence of a CO32-, HCO3- may be present.
colourless gas which turns
lime water milky.
No gas evolves. SO42- may be present.
SO42- of hydrated Cu2+ may be
Blue crystals turn white.
present.
6. Solubility of a Solid Sample Soluble in cold water. (i) NO3-, CH3COO-, HCO3- may be
Transfer a small amount present.
of a sample in a clean test- (ii) SO42- may be present except
tube. Add enough amount those of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ and
of distilled water to dissolve Pb2+.
it. If the sample does not (iii) Cl- may be present except those
dissolve, warm the contents. of Ag+ and Pb2+.
(iv) Na+, K+, NH4+ may be present.
(v) CO32- of Na+, K+, NH4+ may be
present.
(vi) C2O42- of Na+, K+, NH4+ may be
present.
Soluble in hot water. Cl- of Pb2+ may be present.
(i) SO42- of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Pb2+

may be present.
(ii) Cl- of Ag+ may be present.
Insoluble in hot or cold
water. (iii) CO32- may be present except
those of Na+, K+, NH4+.
(iv) C2O42- may be present except
those of Na+, K+, NH4+.

SECTION B: CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

Analysis of Anions
The analysis of anions requires the samples to be in aqueous solution. However, some of the salts are
insoluble even in hot water. The anions of these salts are made to be soluble in water by converting
them into sodium salts by using sodium carbonate, i.e., while the anions are solubilized, the cations are
precipitated as carbonates. The precipitates formed during this process are filtered out. The resulting
supernatant obtained in this process is called “sodium carbonate extract of the salt”.
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract of the Salt

In a clean beaker, mix a small amount (about 1 g) of the sample with a small amount (about 2 g) of solid
sodium carbonate. Add distilled water to the mixture up to about half of the 100 cm3 beaker. Boil the
contents in the beaker for few minutes. Filter or centrifuge the mixture to remove the precipitate formed.
The supernatant obtained contains sodium salts of the anions and is used for their analysis by following
the procedure shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Confirmatory Tests for Anions using Sodium Carbonate Extract of Salt

1. Confirmatory Tests for SO42-
(a) Transfer a small volume (about
1 cm3) of the extract into the White precipitate is
test-tube. Add barium chloride formed insoluble in dilute SO 2- confirmed.
4
solution followed by dilute HCl or HNO .
3
HCl or barium nitrate solution
followed by dilute HNO3.
(b) Transfer a small volume of the

extract into the test-tube. Add White precipitate insoluble
ethanoic acid followed by lead in dilute HCl but soluble
ethanoate. Divide the resulting in ammonium ethanoate SO42- confirmed.
mixture into two portions. In solution is formed.
one portion add dilute HCl
and in another add ammonium
ethanoate solution.
2. Confirmatory Tests for Cl-
(a) Transfer a small volume of White precipitate soluble -
the extract into the test-tube. in dilute ammonia solution Cl confirmed.
Add dilute HNO3 followed by is formed.
AgNO3 solution then NH3(aq).
(b) Transfer a small amount of
the original solid sample into Red orange vapour is
the test-tube. Add potassium observed. Cl- confirmed.
dichromate solution followed
by few drops of concentrated
H2SO4.

(c) Transfer a small amount of the

original solid sample into the
Greenish yellow gas
test-tube. Add equal amount of
evolves which bleaches Cl- confirmed.
solid MnO2 followed by few
moist red litmus paper.
drops of concentrated H2SO4.
3. Confirmatory Tests for NO2-

(a) Transfer a small volume of
the extract into the test-tube. Brown solution is formed. NO2- confirmed.
Add dilute H2SO4 followed
by freshly prepared FeSO4
solution.
(b) Transfer a small volume of
the extract into the test-tube. Dark brown precipitate is NO - confirmed.
2
Add KI solution followed by formed.
concentrated HCl.
4. Confirmatory Tests for NO3-
(a) Transfer a small volume of
the extract into the test-tube.
Add dilute H2SO4 then freshly Brown ring is formed at NO3- confirmed.
prepared FeSO4 solution the junction of the liquids.
followed by careful addition of
concentrated H2SO4 along the
side of the test-tube.
(b) Transfer a small amount of the
original solid sample into the
test-tube. Add copper turnings Brown fumes evolve. NO3- confirmed.
followed by concentrated
H2SO4 then warm.
(c) Transfer a small amount of the
original solid sample into the A colourless gas with a
test-tube. Add Al or Zn metal choking smell which turns NO3- confirmed.
followed by NaOH solution, moist red litmus paper to
then heat. blue.
5. Confirmatory Tests for C2O42-

(a) Transfer a small volume of the White precipitate forms,
extract into the test-tube. Add a insoluble in dilute ethanoic
small volume of CaCl2 solution acid but soluble in dilute C2O42- confirmed.
drop wise. Divide the resulting HCl or HNO3.
mixture into two portions. In
one portion add dilute ethanoic
acid. In another portion add
dilute HCl or dilute HNO3.

(b) Transfer a small volume of

the extract into the test-tube. Acidified potassium
Add dilute H2SO4 followed permanganate is C2O42- confirmed.
by one drop of potassium decolourized.
permanganate solution and
warm.
(c) Transfer a small volume of the

extract into the test-tube. Add White precipitate, soluble
AgNO3 solution. If precipitate in dilute ammonia solution C2O42- confirmed.
is formed, add dilute ammonia is formed.
solution.
(d) Transfer a small volume of the Colourless gas which turns

extract into the test-tube. Add lime water milky and burns C2O42- confirmed.
concentrated H2SO4. with a blue flame evolves.
(e) Transfer a small volume of the
extract into the test-tube. Add White precipitate soluble
BaCl2 or Ba(NO3)2 solution. in dilute ammonium
C2O42- confirmed.
If precipitate is formed, add chloride or dilute HCl is
dilute ammonium chloride or formed.
dilute HCl.
6. Confirmatory Tests for CrO42-
and Cr2O72-
Transfer a small volume of the
extract into the test-tube. Add
dilute HNO3 followed by ammonia Yellow precipitate, soluble
solution until the solution becomes in dilute HCl. CrO42- confirmed.
neutral then boil.
(a) To the neutral solution, add

BaCl2 solution followed by
dilute HCl.
(b) To the neutral solution, add
Pb(CH3COO)2 or Pb(NO3)2 Yellow precipitate is
CrO42- confirmed.
solution. formed.
(c) Transfer a small volume of

the extract into the test-tube. The solution changes from
Cr2O72- confirmed.
Add few drops of dilute NaOH orange to yellow.
solution.
(d) To the neutral solution, add Orange precipitate is
Pb(CH3COO)2 or Pb(NO3)2 formed. Cr2O72- confirmed.
solution.

7. Confirmatory Test for CH3COO-

Transfer a small volume of the
extract into the test-tube. Add
dilute HNO3 followed by ammonia Deep red colour is
CH3COO- confirmed.
solution until the solution becomes observed.
neutral then boil.
(a) To the neutral solution, add
FeCl3 solution.
(b) To the neutral solution, add
concentrated H2SO4 followed Smell of vinegar. CH3COO- confirmed.
by ethanol solution.
Table 3: Confirmatory Test for CO32- and HCO3-

1. Confirmatory Test for Soluble

CO32- and HCO3-
(a) Transfer a small volume of White precipitate is formed
the solution of the original before warming the CO32- confirmed.
sample into a test-tube. Add contents.
few drops of MgSO4 solution.
If no precipitate is formed, White precipitate is formed
warm the contents. HCO3- confirmed.
after warming the contents.
(b) Transfer a small volume of White precipitate is formed
CO32- confirmed.
the solution of the original before warming the
sample into a test-tube. Add contents.
few drops of CaCl2 solution. If
no precipitate is formed warm White precipitate is formed
the contents. HCO3- confirmed.
after warming the contents.
(c) Transfer a small volume of the
solution of the original sample
into a test-tube. Add barium White precipitate soluble 2-
chloride solution followed by in dilute HCl (or HNO3) is CO3 confirmed.
dilute HCl (or barium nitrate formed.
solution followed by dilute
HNO3).
2. Confirmatory Test for Insoluble
CO32-
Transfer a small amount of the Effervescence of a
original sample in a test-tube. Add colourless gas, which turns CO32- confirmed.
a small volume of dilute HNO3. lime water milky.

SECTION C: TESTS IN SOLUTION

Action of NaOH(aq) and NH4OH(aq) on Solutions of Samples
In these experiments the solutions of samples are treated with alkali solutions drop-wise until in excess.
However, these may be used for guided qualitative analysis and not to be included in systematic
qualitative analysis. The expected observations are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4: The Action of NaOH(aq) and NH4OH(aq) on Sample Solutions

Addition of 1 or 2
Addition of Excess Addition of Excess
drops of NaOH(aq) Inference
NaOH(aq) NH4OH(aq)
or NH4OH(aq)
White precipitate. Precipitate dissolves. Precipitate dissolves. Zn2+ may be present.

Sn2+, Pb2+ may be
White precipitate. Precipitate dissolves. Insoluble precipitate.
present.
Sb3+, Bi3+, Mg2+ may be
White precipitate. Insoluble precipitate. Insoluble precipitate.
present.
Slightly soluble
White precipitate. Precipitate dissolves. Al3+ may be present.
precipitate.
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ may be
White precipitate. Insoluble precipitate. No precipitate.
present.
No precipitate. - - K+, Na+ may be present.

Ammonia gas evolves
No precipitate. - NH4+ may be present.
on warming.
Brown precipitate. Insoluble precipitate. Insoluble precipitate. Ag+ may be present.
White precipitate
which turns brown on Insoluble precipitate. Insoluble precipitate. Mn2+ may be present.
exposure to air.
Dirty green precipitate
turns brown on Insoluble precipitate. Insoluble precipitate. Fe2+ may be present.
exposure to air.
Reddish brown
Insoluble precipitate. Insoluble precipitate. Fe3+ may be present.
precipitate.
Pale green precipitate. Insoluble precipitate. Green solution. Ni2+ may be present.
Pale blue precipitate
Insoluble precipitate. Deep blue solution. Cu2+ may be present.
(black on heating).
Blue precipitate (turns
Green solution. Insoluble precipitate. Cr3+ may be present.
pink on heating).
Blue precipitate (turns
Insoluble precipitate. Precipitate dissolves. Co2+ may be present.
pink on warming).
White precipitate. Precipitate dissolves. Insoluble precipitate. Cd2+ may be present.

SECTION D: GROUP SEPARATION, ANALYSIS AND CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR

CATIONS
Group Separation
Preparation of Solutions for Group Separation
[Safety Precautions: Concentrated acids are corrosive. Handle them with care]
Dissolve the sample in cold solvent and if the sample is insoluble warm the contents. Follow the
following order:
(i) Water.
(ii) Dilute HCl.
(iii) Concentrated HCl.
(iv) Dilute HNO3.
(v) Concentrated HNO3.
(vi) Aqua regia (3 parts concentrated HCl and 1 part concentrated HNO3).
Note: Retain the precipitate obtained in each stage of group separation for group analysis in Table 6.
Table 5: Group Separation
Step Experiment Observations Inference
1. GROUP I
Add dilute HCl to the If precipitate forms, filter
solution of the sample. or centrifuge and use the Pb+, Ag+ may be present.
If no precipitate forms supernatant for Step 2.
proceed directly to group
(II) separation with the same
solution.
2. GROUP II
Add hydrogen sulphide If precipitate forms, filter Cu2+ (black precipitate)
solution or pass hydrogen or centrifuge and then Sb3+ (orange precipitate)
sulphide gas to the warm the supernatant Sn2+ (brown precipitate)
supernatant or solution from to evaporate hydrogen Cd2+ (yellow precipitate)
Step 1. If no precipitate sulphide. The resulting Bi3+ (brown precipitate) may be
forms proceed to Step 3 solution is used for Step 3. present.
using the same solution or
the original sample solution.
3. GROUP III
of If precipitate forms, filter Fe3+ (brown precipitate)
3+
Add few drops
concentrated HNO3, heat or centrifuge and use the Al3+ (white precipitate)
then cool. Add solid NH4Cl supernatant in Step 4. Cr (green precipitate) may be
present.

Step Experiment Observations Inference
followed by ammonia
solution to the supernatant
or solution from group II. If
no precipitate forms go for
Step 4.
4. GROUP IV
Warm the solution and cool.
Add hydrogen sulphide Co2+ (black precipitate)
solution or ammonium Ni2+ (black precipitate)
sulphide solution or pass If precipitate forms, filter Mn2+ (light pink precipitate)
H2S gas for few minutes or centrifuge and use the Zn2+ (dirty white precipitate) may be
(not less than 3 minutes). If supernatant in step 5 present.
no precipitate forms proceed
directly to Step 5.
5. GROUP V
Warm the solution or Ba2+ (white precipitate)
If precipitate forms, filter
supernatant from step 4, add Ca2+ (white precipitate)
or centrifuge and use the
(NH4)2CO3 solution. If no Sr2+ (white precipitate) may be
supernatant in Step 6.
precipitate forms proceed to present.
Step 6.
6. GROUP VI
Evaporate to dryness the
White residue remains. Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+ may be present.
supernatant or the solution
from Step 5.
Table 6: Group Analysis and Confirmatory Tests for Cations
S/n Experiment Observation Inference
1. GROUP I
Add enough water to cover the Precipitate soluble in warm
precipitate and boil, then add water before addition of Pb2+ may be present.
ammonia solution. ammonia solution.
Precipitate insoluble in warm

water before addition of Ag+ may be present.
ammonia solution.
Precipitate soluble in
ammonia solution. Ag+ may be present.
Precipitate insoluble in
ammonia solution. Pb2+ may be present.

Confirmatory Tests for Pb2+

(i) Add K2CrO4 to the solution of
Yellow precipitate is formed. Pb2+ confirmed.
the sample.
(ii) Add KI solution to the solution Yellow precipitate is formed,
of the sample. Warm and cool which disappear on warming Pb2+ confirmed.
the mixture. but re-appear on cooling.
Confirmatory Tests for Ag+
(i) To a small volume of the
White precipitate is formed. Ag+ confirmed.
sample solution, add excess
dilute HCl.
(ii) To a small volume of the

sample solution, add K2CrO4. Brick red precipitate is formed. Ag confirmed.
+
2. GROUP II
(a) Separation of Sub-groups,
IIa and IIb
Wash the precipitate by Precipitate insoluble in
adding enough water to cover Group IIa (Pb2+, Bi2+, Cu2+,
ammonium sulphide is formed.
it, centrifuge and then decant. Cd2+) may be present.
Add sodium hydroxide
solution followed by few Precipitate soluble in Group IIb (Sb3+, Sn2+) may
drops of yellow ammonium ammonium sulphide. be present.
sulphide.
(b) Analysis of Group IIa

Cover the precipitate with
water and warm, followed
by addition of concentrated
HNO3.
(i) To the solution add dilute
H2SO4. White precipitate is formed. Pb2+ may be present.
(ii) To the filtrate of (i) add

White precipitate is formed. Bi3+ may be present.
concentrated ammonia
solution. Blue solution is formed Cu2+ may be present.
(iii) To the filtrate of (i) add
concentrated ammonia Colourless solution giving
solution followed by yellow precipitate on addition Cd2+ may be present
H2S gas or ammonium of H2S gas.
sulphide solution.

Confirmatory Tests for Pb2+

(i) To a small volume of the Yellow precipitate is formed. Pb2+ confirmed.
original sample solution,
add K2CrO4.
(ii) Add KI solution to the Yellow precipitate is formed,

solution of the sample. which disappears on warming Pb2+ confirmed.
Warm and cool the but re-appears on cooling.
mixture.
Confirmatory Tests for Cu2+

(i)
Add excess ammonia Blue precipitate soluble in
solution to the solution of excess ammonia forming a Cu confirmed.
2+
the sample. deep blue (royal) solution.
(ii) Add potassium Brownish-red gelatinous Cu2+ confirmed.

h e x a c y a n o f e r r a t e ( I I ) precipitate is formed.
solution to the solution of
the sample.
Confirmatory Tests for Bi3+

(i)
Add potassium iodide Dark-brown precipitate which
solution to the solution of on dilution forms an orange Bi confirmed.
3+
the sample. precipitate.
(ii) Add excess dilute HCl to White precipitate soluble in

the solution of the sample. excess dilute HCl. Bi3+ confirmed.
(iii) Add sodium hydroxide

solution dropwise until in White precipitate which turns
excess to the solution of Bi3+ confirmed.
faint yellow on heating.
the sample.
Confirmatory Tests for Cd2+
(i) Add dilute HCl to the
solution of the sample Yellow precipitate insoluble in Cd2+ confirmed.
followed by H2S gas. yellow ammonium sulphide.
Add dilute ammonia White precipitate soluble in Cd2+ confirmed.

(ii)
solution to the solution of excess ammonia solution.
the sample.
(c) Analysis of Group IIb Precipitate is formed. Sb3+, Sn2+ may be present.
(i) Acidify the supernatant
obtained in 2 (a) using
dilute HCl.

(ii) Dissolve the precipitate

obtained in 2 (c) (i) with
hot concentrated HCl Solution is formed. Sb3+, Sn2+ may be present.
and divide the resulting
solution into two portions.
• To the first portion add
equal volume of water Orange precipitate is formed. Sb3+ may be present.
followed by H2S gas.
• To the second portion add White precipitate which may
a clean iron wire. Sn2+ may be present.
turn grey.
Confirmatory Tests for Sn2+

(i) To the solution of the
sample, add excess
sodium hydroxide solution Black precipitate is formed. Sn2+ confirmed.
followed by silver nitrate
solution.
(ii)
To the solution of the
sample add dilute H2SO4
followed by ammonium Blue precipitate is formed. Sn2+ confirmed.
molybdate (VI).
Confirmatory Tests for Sb3+

sample add ammonium
sulphide followed by small Orange precipitate is formed. Sb3+ confirmed.
amount of solid oxalic
acid.
(ii)
sample add potassium Yellow solution is formed. Sb3+ confirmed
iodide solution.
3. GROUP III
(a)
Wash the precipitate with Brown precipitate is formed. Fe3+ may be present.
warm water. Add sodium
hydroxide solution followed
Solution is formed. Cr3+, Al3+ may be present.
by H2O2 and warm.
(b) Divide the solution obtained

in 3 (a) into two portions.
(i) Into one portion, add dilute
ethanoic acid and few Yellow precipitate is formed. Cr3+ may be present.
drops of lead(II) ethanoate.

(ii) Acidify the second portion

with dilute HCl followed by
one drop of litmus solution. White precipitate which
Add ammonia solution to decolourizes the litmus dye is Al3+ may be present.
make the resulting solution formed.
just alkaline.
Confirmatory Test for Fe2+

To the solution of the original
Dark blue precipitate is
sample add few drops of Fe2+ confirmed.
formed.
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
(Potassium ferricyanide).
Confirmatory Tests for Fe3+

(i) Add few drops of potassium
Dark blue precipitate is
hexacyanoferrate(II) Fe3+ confirmed.
formed.
(Potassium ferrocyanide) into
the solution of the sample.
(ii) To the solution of the sample

add few drops of potassium Deep blood-red colouration is
Fe3+ confirmed.
or ammonium thiocyanate formed.
solution.
Confirmatory Tests for Cr3+
(i) To the solution of the sample
add excess dilute NaOH until
all grey precipitate dissolves, Blue colour concentrating in
and then add dilute H2O2 pentanol is formed. Cr3+ confirmed.
solution followed by pentanol
(amyl alcohol) and dilute
H2SO4. Shake gently.
add excess dilute NaOH Yellow solution is formed. Cr3+ confirmed.
followed dilute H2O2 solution.
(iii) To the solution of the sample
add dilute acetic acid
followed by few drops of Yellow precipitate is formed. Cr3+ confirmed.
lead acetate.
Confirmatory Test for Al3+
Acidify the solution with dilute
HCl and add few drops of litmus Blue lake precipitate is formed. Al confirmed.
3+
solution followed by ammonia

solution.

4. GROUP IV
(i) Wash the precipitate by adding
enough water to cover it, warm
then filter or centrifuge and Solution is formed. Mn2+, Zn2+ may be present.
decant. After that add water
to the precipitate followed by
dilute HCl. Black residue is formed. Ni2+ , Co2+ may be present.
(ii) To the solution of 4 (i) add White precipitate which turns

excess NaOH solution. Mn2+ may be present.
brown on exposure to air.
White precipitate soluble in

Zn2+ may be present.
excess NaOH solution.
(iii) To the residue in 4 (i) add Green-yellow solution
concentrated HCl followed Ni2+ may be present.
depositing yellow crystals.
by crystals of KClO3.
Heat until all crystals have
dissolved, then evaporate to Pink solution depositing blue Co2+ may be present.
nearly dryness. crystals.
Confirmatory Tests for Mn2+

(i) To the solution of the sample, White precipitate which
add dilute NaOH solution. darkens on exposure to air is Mn2+ confirmed.
formed.

add sodium bismuthate(V)
solution followed by adding Purple solution is formed. Mn2+ confirmed.
concentrated HNO3 drop-
wise.
(iii) Boil the solution of the
sample. Add solid lead Purple solution is formed. Mn2+ confirmed.
dioxide and concentrated
HNO3.
Confirmatory Tests for Zn2+

sample add potassium Bluish-white precipitate is Zn2+ confirmed.
h e x a c y a n o f e r r a t e ( I I ) formed.
solution.
add dilute NaOH/NH4OH White precipitate soluble in Zn2+ confirmed.
solution until in excess. excess.

Confirmatory Tests for Co2+

(i) To the neutral or acidic
solution of the sample add Blue solution is formed. Co2+ confirmed.
ammonium thiocyanate.
(ii) To the solution of the sample Blue precipitate which
add NaOH solution followed turns pink upon warming.
Co2+ confirmed.
by ammonia solution. The precipitate is soluble in
ammonia solution.
(iii) To the neutral solution of
the sample add concentrated Yellow precipitate is formed. Co2+ confirmed.
KNO2 solution.
Confirmatory Tests for Ni2+
(i) To the solution of the sample Green precipitate is formed
add sodium hydroxide which is soluble in ammonia
solution to give a deep blue Ni confirmed.
2+
solution followed by
ammonia solution. solution.
add dilute ammonia solution
until just alkaline, followed Red precipitate is formed. Ni2+ confirmed.
by dimethyglyoxime reagent.
(iii) To the solution of the sample Green precipitate soluble in
add ammonia solution until excess ammonia solution Ni2+ confirmed.
in excess. forming a blue solution.
(iv)
sample add potassium Green precipitate is formed. Ni2+ confirmed.
hexacyanoferrate(II).
(v) To the solution of the
sample add potassium Brown precipitate is formed. Ni2+ confirmed.
hexacyanoferrate(III).
5. GROUP V
Wash the precipitate in hot water.
Dissolve the precipitate in small
amount of ethanoic acid.
(i) To the prepared sample
solution add potassium
chromate(VI) solution. Yellow precipitate is formed. Ba2+ may be present.
Leave it to stand for a few
minutes.
(ii) To the prepared sample
solution, add (NH4)2SO4
solution. Leave it to stand for White precipitate is formed. Sr2+ may be present.
a few minutes.

(iii)
To the prepared sample
solution, add dilute H2SO4
until in excess, centrifuge
or filter and discard any
residue. To the supernatant White precipitate is formed. Ca2+ may be present.
add dilute ammonia solution
to neutralize excess acid
followed by ammonium
oxalate solution.
Confirmatory Tests for Ba2+
add potassium chromate(VI) Yellow precipitate is formed. Ba2+ confirmed.
solution.
add dilute NaOH solution
White precipitate soluble in
followed by ammonium Ba2+ confirmed.
ethanoic acid is formed.
oxalate solution, and then
add ethanoic acid.
(iii) To the solution of the
sample add Na3PO4 solution White precipitate soluble in
followed by dilute HCl or Ba2+ confirmed.
dilute HCl or HNO3.
HNO3.
(iv) Perform flame test. Green flame. Ba2+ confirmed
Confirmatory Tests for Sr2+
add (NH4)2SO4 solution or White precipitate is formed. Sr2+ confirmed.
dilute H2SO4.
(ii) Perform flame test. Red flame. Sr2+ confirmed.
Confirmatory Tests for Ca2+
add excess ammonia solution
followed by ammonium White precipitate is formed. Ca2+ confirmed.
oxalate solution.
(ii) Perform flame test. Brick red flame. Ca2+ confirmed.
6. GROUP VI
To the solution of the sample,
add aqueous ammonium oxalate.
Filter and discard any precipitate.
Confirmatory Tests for Mg2+
White crystalline precipitate is Mg2+ confirmed.
(i) To the prepared sample formed.
solution, add dilute ammonia
solution, solid ammonium

chloride and disodium
hydrogen phosphate.
(ii) To the prepared sample
solution add few drops of
Sky-blue precipitate is formed. Mg2+ confirmed.
magneson I reagent followed
by excess NaOH solution.
Confirmatory Tests for K+ and
Na+
(i) Evaporate the supernatant to
dryness and use the residue Lilac/light purple flame. K+ confirmed.
formed to perform flame test. Golden-yellow flame. Na+ confirmed.
(ii) To the solution of the
sample, add sodium
h e x a n i t r i t o c o b a l t a t e ( I I I ) Yellow precipitate is formed. K+ confirmed.
solution, followed by ethanoic
acid.
Confirmatory Test for NH4+
To a small amount of a solid
sample add dilute NaOH and
warm. Pass moist litmus paper Colourless gas which turns
to the mouth of the test-tube moist red litmus paper blue
NH4+ confirmed.
containing the mixture. Dip a and forms white fumes with
glass rod in concentrated HCl and concentrated HCl evolves.
pass it to the mouth of a test-tube
containing the mixture.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bhushan, B. (1989), Laboratory Manual in Chemistry Part II, Arya Book Depot, New Delhi.
Davis, D. G. and Kelly, T. V. G. (2002), Inorganic Reactions at Advanced Level, Laboratory Exercises
in Observations and Deductions, Collins Educational London.
Holderness, A. and Lambert, J. (1989), The Essentials of Qualitative Analysis, Heinemann Educational
Books Ltd, London. 3rd Ed.
Lambert, J. and Muir, T. A. (1973), Practical Chemistry, Heinemann Educational Books, Golborne,
Lancs, 3rd Ed.
Maro-Gütermann, J. S., Mikesewalla, M., Mihigo, J. B. A., Tango, M. N., Schiess, M. and Mattu, S.
(1989) Inorganic Chemistry Part B. Mzumbe Book Project, Morogoro.
Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, (2010), Chemistry Syllabus for Secondary Education,
Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Dar es Salaam.
Sharma, K. K. and Chawla, H. M. (1978), Chemistry Practicals, Ravi Vyas, Orient Longman Ltd, New
Delhi.
Tanzania Institute of Education, (2012), Chemistry Practical Teachers Manual for Ordinary Secondary
Education, TIE, Dar es Salaam.
Vogel, A. I. (1979), Svehla, G. (RE) Vogel’s Texbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis, Longman London and New York, 5th Ed.

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T .T
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N AR l id
Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE I MI NECTA or
s o
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A
A : PR
n e rall tor
y].
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E
SE
EN
I O N
a r e a b ora
CT el
C
AG SECTION B:
A
n thCONFIRMATORY nce TESTS FOR ANIONS
e-
uid SE
is G h is Q al i ere
lys t i c Inf .
i n m ent
a
An h e
dedAnions yc res
e
tiv
a lita Analysis n c l of
u
of a n
yb
e p
Qu
ts i ng ma
tes elli tals
The ry analysis of anions requires the samples to be in aqueous sensolution. .However, some of the salts are
n a s m m e t.
mi ect ns on pre ent
reli er. dir tio siti res
Th
e p insoluble
nw
a t even
vo i d in hot water. The se r v a anions of these n-t salts
r a n
aare
y b e made bto be soluble in water by converting
e p
ty i s: A Ob No 2+ m
2+ m
ay
l u bili themauinto tion sodium e s ts salts by using sodium carbonate, 2+ , C i.e.,
o while C u the anions are solubilized, the cations are
so c T r3 , .
Cu ent
+
Pre ina
ry + C res
fety im i2 , ep
S a e l t 2+ , N b
[ r en Fe ay
:P
supernatant obtained
im inplethis process is called “sodium carbonate 2- m extract of the salt”.
le 2 per
hite
t.
sen esent.
Tab Ex e Sam W 3+ , C
rO 4
pre r -
f t h F e b e e p O2
c eo B lue + m
ay a y b ent. 2- , N
Preparation ra of Sodium Carbonate Extract of the Salt
n 2 m t.
S/n res 2- , CrO resen
3
Fe + Mn
+ 4
pea e n 2 , b ep p
Ap r G r e n Co 2- ma y O 4
b e
lou mix a small amount row of the l- , 2a- m ay
. C2
In a 1clean beaker,
Co w (about ish
1-bg) sample
r 2O 7 2- with
,C small amount sen (about 2 g) of solid
t
(i) l l o o w
lthe mixture up to- , about C O r O 7 pre +
Ye
4
S - e 100
sodium carbonate. Add distilled water n/Yto e l , C half of the
2
b N a cm3 beaker. Boil the
NO COO - may + and
3
row
contents in the beaker for few minutes.kFilter or centrifuge ,the mixture B C H 3
HC toNremove
O 3
H4
+ , K the precipitate formed.
The supernatant obtained contains sodium Pin ge salts of the anions and nd 2- of for. their analysis by following
2- a is used
a n n t
Or CO 3 pt CO se
3
rm pre t.
the procedure shown in Table 3. e fo e be sen
t a llin exc a y e pre
s + m b
Cry NH
4
2- m
ay
m -, S O 4
for - , Cl
tur
e der
Tex Pow ll NO
3
e
sm om rm
S/n Experiment (ii) oki Observations
ng r fr
.
ent Inference
Ch w ate e to fo ep
res
s her b
1. Qu
SO42 - so
Ab atmo
r b
sp + m
ay t.
ali
Na sen
tat
ive t he tion. e pre
An u b
(a) Transfer a small volume alyour (about ce sol en + m
ay t.
Od sis Guescen old a2 sen
i i ) u w / g C pre
1 cm ) of the extract
3 ( i
e into -the
l i q ide
ye l l o b e
SE White precipitate is ay
) D
AC
Act Add barium ght + m t.
test-tube.
In t n of i o (iv chloride EN
formedE CT
Bri ow.
insoluble
e l l in dilute SO -K2
4 e pre .
sen
EC
TA
A e y b
solution hes followed N a by dilute t
stHClhroor HNO
- red l e ) ay EN
Bri3.
Ho s m k m SE
w v e expe nitrate OH Te c ur p 2 + A C
me e te nic ht p Ba e-
HCl quaor ebarium rim (aFqla)solution k uid
er, n g th Dip aS or bac (lig is G
lita bythdilute a i
e. t lean.nd tus: rodECe in Lil
a c lys
tive ese 2 nHNO
a
followed s tC 3 araN ass -tub TI a ive
An
ana may haepsporel or gHl 4eOteH st l (in ON

tat
in ali
Tab i t Qu
le 4 ly i be wi uotifoth ted (HaCqn heat C: T een
(b) Transfer : T a small svolume s. T uof e thenrsa he )
he ssiedodncfeont glaossf)sta oneSd owire) in SGTS I
E r
Ad he e
extract
d into A the
ctio test-tube. x c Add
pewcatc gWhite r m n l
pe e st-tu ttioo u e NS
dro ition h
ted upidtheedcl rlprecipitate
a b
OL
ps o no tes arhen ns o UT
ethanoic acid
f followed f by lead oDinsoluble o e trea fHCl
or of Na 1 or
i
rod qHuCal, in dilute
Na t
O s t: b s e r Sam ION
N
ethanoate. O Divide 2 the H
resulting Te s s v a d l i t t e d p
Wh H 4O
H (a ( a q) a( nbut
o r g l a a tio
en soluble
t r t e a
ns a invammonium t i e w it l e s SO42 -
ite mixtureH(into
p aq qtwo ) portions.
Ad Inncdo c re s anal h alka
re ) diti NH
ethanoate um isysis li so
solution
Wh onecipiportion
tate add dilute onHCl 4O
H(a
ma
rize and n lution
ite . N a O
o f E formed. q d in o s
preand in another add ammonium
cip Pre
H(a 2 xces
q s
) on
Sam Tab t to b drop-w
i t ate.
ethanoate solution.
cip ) l e 4. e inc ise u
Wh i tate ple lu n
ite Ad
Sol ded til i
p d-iss diti utio in s n exc
2. recipit Pre
cip olv on n yst
Wh a t e. i t ate e s .
N H 4O
o f Exc s em ess.
ite d P H e atic
pre (a) Transfer aInsmall volume
cip solu
issoof
lve
rec precipitate(asoluble
White ipit q) ss -
itat the extract intoblthe test-tube. . in dilute tammonia s a ed Cl .
Wh e. ep Ins isso
ite Add dilute HNO rec
followed by o
solution
l u is formed. lve
pre P 3 ipit b l ep s. Inf
cip rec ate. r ere
No i t ate. AgNO 3 solution
i p itat then NH 3(aq). I
e cip nce
pre ed nso itat Zn 2+
cip isso lub e. ma
itat Ins le p yb
No e. (b) Transfer olu a small lamount ves
. S
of rec Sn 2+ ep
pre b l e l i g i p i t p , P rese
cip the originalprsolid ecip sample p into
rec
h t l y Red orange a t e
vapour
. is r e s b 2 +
m nt.
itat N s e n t. - ay b
Bro e. theo ptest-tube. Additat potassium ipit olub S
wn r ecip e . a tobserved.
e. l e b 3 + Cl e .
pre Adichromate
mm itat solution followed No pre , Bi 3+
Wh cip e. pre sen ,M
wh ite pre
itat on by ofew cip t. g 2+
ich
e. war nia gdrops as e
of concentrated itat
e. A
ma
yb
exp c i p H m
SO i . N o l 3+
e
turn itat I nso 2 n
4 g. v o lve pre ma
osu s b e l u s c i y
Dir re t row ble pita Ca 2+ b e
t o no pre No te. pre
turn y gree air. n6 cip pre pre , Sr 2+ Qualitative
sen Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA
t.
s n I n i t a te. c ipit sen ,
exp brow prec solu
a t .
B a 2
o i ble te. +
Red sure t n on pitate pre Ins
olu K +, ma
yb
dish o air cip b l e Na + e
rec . i t a te. p r m
ipit brow Ins ecip
itat NH +
ay
be
ate. n olu Ins e. pre
eg ble olu 4 m sen
ree p r e b l e a y t.
np cip pre A be
blu r e cip I n s i t a t c i p g p r e
ep itat o lub e . i t ate.
+
m ay s e nt.
on recipi e. le p Ins be
I n r e c olu p r
hea t solu ipit b e sen
ting ate ble ate. le p
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ng) rns ble ate. ble
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THE NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA

THE NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GUIDE FOR THE

© The National Examinations Council of Tanzania, 2016, 2018

Second Edition, 2018

All rights reserved.

Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA

Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA

Layout & Design

Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA

Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA v

Fe2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Bi3+, Pb2+ and Ag+

RECORDING ANALYTICAL EXPERIMENTS

Table 1: Format for Recording Analytical Experiments.

Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA 1

SECTION A: PRELIMINARY TESTS

[Safety Precautions: Avoid direct smelling of any chemical in the laboratory].

Table 2: Preliminary Tests

S/n Experiment Observations Inference

1. Appearance of the Sample

(i) Colour White Non-transition metals may be present.

Green Fe2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Cu2+ may be present.

Yellow Fe3+, CrO42- may be present.

CO32- and HCO3- may be present

2 Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA

S/n Experiment Observations Inference

sample followed by heating Red Sr2+ may be present.

Blue Pb2+, Sb2+ may be present.

Yellow sparks Fe2+, Fe3+ may be present.

moist red litmus paper blue.

S/n Experiment Observations Inference

Colourless gas which burns

Cracking sound with no gas -

Black residue. Cu2+ may be present.

Reddish brown residue. Fe2+, Fe3+ may be present.

4. Action of Dilute HCl on a

White precipitate. Ag+ may be present.

4 Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA

S/n Experiment Observations Inference

Brown fumes evolve, which

Soluble in hot water. Cl- of Pb2+ may be present.

(i) SO42- of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Pb2+

Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA 5

SECTION B: CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANIONS

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract of the Salt

S/n Experiment Observations Inference

(b) Transfer a small volume of the

6 Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA

S/n Experiment Observations Inference

(c) Transfer a small amount of the

3. Confirmatory Tests for NO2-

5. Confirmatory Tests for C2O42-

Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA 7

S/n Experiment Observations Inference

(b) Transfer a small volume of

(c) Transfer a small volume of the

(d) Transfer a small volume of the Colourless gas which turns

(a) To the neutral solution, add

(c) Transfer a small volume of

8 Qualitative Analysis Guide - ACSEE NECTA

S/n Experiment Observations Inference

7. Confirmatory Test for CH3COO-

Table 3: Confirmatory Test for CO32- and HCO3-

1. Confirmatory Test for Soluble