By-products are

items resulting from a joint process that have no further value.

not sufficient alone, in terms of sales value, for management to justify undertaking the joint
process.
also known as scrap.
the primary reason management undertook the production process.

The net realizable value approach mandates that the NRV of the by-products/scrap be
treated as
an increase in joint costs.
a sunk cost.
a reduction of joint costs.
a cost that can be ignored totally.