Communist era and

recent history[edit]
Main article: History of Pomerania (1945–
present)

Historical Province of Pomerania (yellow)
superimposed on modern Germany (red)
and Poland (blue)

"Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport

Centrum Dialogu „Przełomy”, a part of the National
Museum in Szczecin

Nowe Warpno - a popular destination for regional

tourism near the border
between Poland and Germany, close to Altwarp
In 1945, Pomerania was taken by the Red
Army and Polish Armed Forces in the
East during the East Pomeranian Offensive and
the Battle of Berlin.[196] After the post-war border
changes, the German population that had not
yet fled was expelled from what in Poland was
propagated[197] to be recovered territory.[198][199][200]
[201]
 The area east of the Oder and
the Szczecin (former Stettin) area was resettled
primarily with Poles, who themselves were
expelled from Eastern Poland that was re-
attached to the USSR. Most of the German
cultural heritage of the region was destroyed.[202]
[203]
 Most of Western Pomerania stayed
with Germany and was merged
into Mecklenburg.
With the consolidation of Communism in East
Germany and Poland, Pomerania was part of
the Eastern Bloc. In the 1980s,
the Solidarność movement in Gdańsk (Danzig)
and the Wende movement in East
Germany forced the Communists out of power
and led to the establishment of democracy in
both the Polish and German part of Pomerania.
[citation needed]

Timeline 1945–present[edit]
 1945: The Oder-Neisse line becomes the
border between Poland and Germany
 5 July 1945: In addition, Stettin/Szczecin
and the mouth of the Oder River were
assigned to Poland by the Soviet Union
 1945–1949: Soviet military officials east of
the Oder-Neisse line subsequently hand over
administration to Polish officials, Farther
Pomerania and the Stettin area reorganized
in the Polish Szczecin Voivodeship[43]
 1945–1950: expulsion of nearly all Germans
east of the line[44][45][46][47][48]
 since 1945: Farther Pomerania and other
now Polish areas left by the Germans
dubbed Recovered Territories and resettled
primarily with Poles from Central Poland, but
also with Poles from former eastern Poland,
displaced Poles returning from forced
labour in Nazi Germany, Ukrainians displaced
by Operation Vistula, and Jews.[49][50][51][52]
 since 1945: population
in Vorpommern nearly doubles due to influx of
expellees[204]
 1945/46: Land reform in German Pomerania
(Bodenreform)
 1950: Koszalin Voivodeship split
off Szczecin Voivodeship
 1946–1952: Western
Pomerania (Vorpommern) without the
Stettin/Szczecin area and Wollin/Wolin was
fused with Mecklenburg to form the East
German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
later Mecklenburg[205]
 since 1948: Poland adopts Soviet style
economy
 since 1949: East Germany adopts Soviet
style economy
 since 1950: Western Pomeranian peasants
forced to join socialist LPG units[206][207][208]
 1952: German Pomerania partitioned
between newly created administrative
units ("Bezirk") Rostock, Neubrandenburg,
and Frankfurt.[205]
 1970: Polish 1970 protests
 1975: administrative reform of the Szczecin
Voivodeship
 1980: Solidarność movement emerges in
Gdańsk and Szczecin, Communist rule in
Poland starts to collapse
 1986: new port built in Sassnitz-Neu Mukran
for the railway ferry between East Germany
and the Soviet Union
 1989: Die Wende movement results in a
collapse of Communist rule in East
Germany[citation needed]
 1990: Western Pomerania becomes part of
the newly re-established state
of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern prior to
the German reunification
 1990: systematical decline of shipbuilding in
Polish Pomerania
 1995: Pomerania euroregion established
 1999: Koszalin Voivodeship and Szczecin
Voivodeship with some parts of neighboring
voivodeships Słupsk Voivodeship, Piła
Voivodeship and Gorzów
Voivodeship merged into West Pomeranian
Voivodeship[citation needed]
 2007: the whole Pomerania in Schengen
Area
 2011: new administrative division
of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

See also[edit]
 History of Denmark
 History of Germany
 History of Poland
 History of Sweden

Sources[edit]
References[edit]
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8, February 12/13, 1940, 1,300 Jews of all
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during deportation, cold and snow during
resettlement, 230 dead by March 12, Lublin
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1,100 Jews deported, 300 died en route
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deported, among the deportees were
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refused to divorce, eager Nazi Gauleiter
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incident to worried Eppstein of the Central
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all the province, about a thousand
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74. ^ Harck&Lübke (2001), p.27
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126. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.105
127. ^ Phillip Pulsiano, Kirsten Wolf, Medieval
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128. ^ Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard
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132. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.154-158
133. ^ Edmund Cieślak Historia Gdańska, t. I,
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134. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.154
135. ^ Richard du Moulin Eckart, Geschichte der
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136. ^ Heitz (1995), pp.193,194
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150. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.273ff,317ff
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153. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.352–354
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155. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.420ff
156. ^ Jump up to:a b Buchholz (1999),
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157. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.400ff
158. ^ "The Kashubian Emigration –
Bambenek.org". bambenek.org.
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159. ^ A history of modern Germany, 1800-2000
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160. ^ Andrzej Chwalba - Historia Polski 1795-
1918 page 461
161. ^ "Rozwój polskiej bankowości w Poznaniu
rozpoczął się w 2. połowie XIX wieku",
on: POZnan*, retrieved on 5 August 2021.
162. ^ Poland became a democracy and
introduced women's right to vote God's
Playground: A History of Poland, By Norman
Davies, Columbia University Press, 1982, p. 302
163. ^ Richard Blanke, Orphans of Versailles,
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164. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.472ff
165. ^ Jump up to:a b Buchholz (1999), pp.443ff,481ff
166. ^ Adolf Hitler: a biographical companion
David Nicholls page 178 November 1, 2000 The
main nationalist party the German National
People's Party DNVP was divided between
 reactionary conservative monarchists, who
wished to turn the clock back to the pre-1918
Kaisereich, and more radical volkisch and anti-
semitic elements. It also inherited the support of
old Pan-German League, whose nationalism
rested on belief in the inherent superiority of the
German people
167. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.377ff,439ff,491ff
168. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.464
169. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Buchholz (1999),
pp.363,364
170. ^ Asmus
171. ^ Na stolicy prymasowskiej w Gnieźnie i w
Poznaniu: szkice o prymasach Polski w okresie
niewoli narodowej i w II Rzeczypospolitej : praca
zbiorowa Feliks Lenort Księgarnia Św.
Wojciecha, 1984, pages 139-146
172. ^ Ireneus Lakowski, Das Behinderten-
Bildungswesen im Preussischen Osten: Ost-
West-Gefälle, Germanisierung und das Wirken
des Pädagogen Joseph Radomski, LIT Verlag
Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2001, pp.25ff, ISBN 3-
8258-5261-X
173. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.413ff,447ff
174. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.465
175. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.420ff,453
176. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.471
177. ^ Jump up to:a b Buchholz (1999), p.472
178. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.443ff,472ff
179. ^ Jump up to:a b c Buchholz (1999),
pp.500ff,509ff ISBN 3-88680-272-8
180. ^ Joachim C. Fest, Hitler, Harcourt Trade,
2002, pp.575-577, ISBN 0-15-602754-2 [2]
181. ^ Max Kerner, Verband der Historiker und
Historikerinnen Deutschlands, Eine Welt, eine
Geschichte?: 43. Deutscher Historikertag in
Aachen, 26. Bis 29. September 2000:
Berichtsband, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag,
2000, p.226, ISBN 3-486-56614-8 [3]
182. ^ Bernhard Chiari, Jerzy Kochanowski,
Germany Militärgeschichtliches
Forschungsamt, Die polnische Heimatarmee:
Geschichte und Mythos der Armia Krajowa seit
dem zweiten Weltkrieg, Oldenbourg
Wissenschaftsverlag, 2003, pp.59,60, ISBN 3-
486-56715-2 [4]
183. ^ Detlef Brandes, Der Weg zur Vertreibung
1938-1945: Pläne und Entscheidungen
zum"transfer" der Deutschen aus der
Tschechoslowakei und aus Polen, Oldenbourg
Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005, p.62, ISBN 3-486-
56731-4 [5]
184. ^ Eugenia Bozena Klodecka-Kaczynska,
Michal Ziólkowski (1 Jan 2003), Bylem
 numerem: swiadectwa z Auschwitz, page 14.
Wydawn. Sióstr Loretanek.
185. ^ Barbara Bojarska (1989), Piasnica,
miejsce martyrologii i pamieci: z badan nad
zbrodniami hilerowskimi na Pomorzu. Page 20.
"Szczególny niepokój wywolala wsród
mieszkanców jego wyrazna zapowiedz akcji
zaglady Polaków, streszczajaca sie chocby w
tym jednym zdaniu: Musimy ten naród wytepic
od kolyski poczawszy."
186. ^ Dieter Schenk (2002), Albert Forster:
gdanski namiestnik Hitlera : zbrodnie
hitlerowskie w Gdansku i Prusach Zachodnich,
POLNORD - Gdansk, page 388.
187. ^ Danuta Drywa (2001), Zaglada Zydów w
obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof Muzeum
Stutthof w Sztutowie. "Polityke eksterminacyjna
na Pomorzu Gdanskim mial bezposrednio
realizowac gauleiter Okregu Gdansk-Prusy
Albert Forster."
188. ^ Dieter Schenk (2002), Albert Forster:
gdanski namiestnik Hitlera, page 221.
"...postawe Forstera, który nie poczuwal sie do
jakiejkolwiek winy, zwlaszcza w przypadkach,
gdy chodzilo - w jego mniemaniu - o „podludzi"
w rodzaju prostytutek, Polaków i Zydów, o
których zazwyczaj mówiono element".
189. ^ Maria Wardzynska: Byl rok 1939.
Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczenstwa w
Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. Warszawa: Instytut
Pamieci Narodowej, 2009. ISBN 978-83-7629-
063-8 page 17
190. ^ Barbara Bojarska: Eksterminacja
inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdanskim,
page 67.
191. ^ Dieter Schenk (2002): Albert Forster.
Gdanski namiestnik Hitlera. Gdansk:
Wydawnictwo Oskar. ISBN 83-86181-83-4,
pages 212-213.
192. ^ Dieter Schenk (2002): Albert Forster.
Gdanski namiestnik Hitlera. Gdansk:
Wydawnictwo Oskar. ISBN 83-86181-83-4,
page 215.
193. ^ Barbara Bojarska: Eksterminacja
inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdanskim,
page 66.
194. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.510
195. ^ Jankowiak, Stanislaw (2001). "Cleansing"
Poland of Germans: the Province of Pomerania
1945-1949. p. 87. ISBN 9780742510944. in
Philipp Ther: Redrawing Nations: Ethnic
Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948
196. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.511-515
197. ^ Tomasz Kamusella and Terry Sullivan in
Karl Cordell, Ethnicity and Democratisation in
the New Europe, 1999, p.169: "[the term
"recovered territories" was] christened so by the
Polish communist-cum-nationalist
propaganda", ISBN 0-415-17312-4, ISBN 978-
0-415-17312-4
198. ^ Geoffrey Hosking, George
Schopflin, Myths and Nationhood, 1997,
p.153, ISBN 0-415-91974-6, ISBN 978-0-415-
91974-6
199. ^ Joanna B. Michlic, Poland's Threatening
Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the
Present, 2006, pp.207-208, ISBN 0-8032-3240-
3, ISBN 978-0-8032-3240-2
200. ^ Norman Davies, God's Playground: A
History of Poland in Two Volumes, 2005,
pp.381ff, ISBN 0-19-925340-4, ISBN 978-0-19-
925340-1
201. ^ Jan Kubik, The Power of Symbols Against
the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity
and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland, 1994,
pp.64-65, ISBN 0-271-01084-3, ISBN 978-0-
271-01084-7
202. ^ Dan Diner, Raphael Gross, Yfaat
Weiss, Jüdische Geschichte als allgemeine
Geschichte, p.164
 203. ^ Gregor Thum, Die fremde Stadt. Breslau
nach 1945", 2006, p.344, ISBN 3-570-55017-
6, ISBN 978-3-570-55017-5
204. ^ Buchholz (1999), pp.515ff
205. ^ Jump up to:a b Buchholz (1999), p.519
206. ^ Heinrich-Christian Kuhn, Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern in Der Bürger im Staat, "Die
Bundesländer", Heft 1/2, 1999
207. ^ Beatrice Vierneisel, Fremde im Land:
Aspekte zur kulturellen Integration von
Umsiedlern in Mecklenburg und Vorpommern
1945 bis 1953, 2006, p.13, ISBN 3-8309-1762-
7, ISBN 978-3-8309-1762-5
208. ^ Buchholz (1999), p.521
Bibliography[edit]
 Addison, James Thayer (2003). Medieval
Missionary: A Study of the Conversion of Northern
Europe Ad 500 to 1300. Kessinger
Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-7567-7.
 Asmus, Ivo. "Gustavia - Ein schwedisches
Hafen- und Stadtprojekt für Mönchgut" (in
German and Swedish). rügen.de. Archived
from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 20
December 2009.
 Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko,
eds. (2003). Reallexikon der germanischen
 Altertumskunde Band 23. Walter de
Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017535-5.
 Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko,
eds. (2004). Reallexikon der germanischen
Altertumskunde Band 25. Walter de
Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017733-1.
 Buchholz, Werner, ed. (2002). Pommern (in
German). Siedler. ISBN 3-88680-780-0.
 Harck, Ole; Lübke, Christian (2001). Zwischen
Reric und Bornhöved: Die Beziehungen zwischen
den Dänen und ihren slawischen Nachbarn vom
9. Bis ins 13. Jahrhundert: Beiträge einer
internationalen Konferenz, Leipzig, 4.-6.
Dezember 1997 (in German). Franz Steiner
Verlag. ISBN 3-515-07671-9.
 Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning
(1995). Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern (in German). Münster-Berlin:
Koehler&Amelang. ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
 Herrmann, Joachim (1985). Die Slawen in
Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Akademie-
Verlag. ISBN 3-515-07671-9.
 Inachin, Kyra (2008). Die Geschichte
Pommerns. Rostock: Hinstorff. ISBN 978-3-356-
01044-2.
 Krause, Gerhard; Balz, Horst Robert; Müller,
Gerhard (1997). Theologische Realenzyklopädie.
Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015435-8.
 Piskorski, Jan Maria (1999). Pommern im
Wandel der Zeiten (in German). Zamek Ksiazat
Pomorskich. ISBN 83-906184-8-6. OCLC 430870
92.

Further reading[edit]
English:
 Boehlke, LeRoy, Pomerania - Its People
and Its History, Pommerscher Verein
Freistadt, Germantown, WI, U.S.A., 1983.
German and Polish:
 Jan Maria Piskorski et al. (Werner
Buchholz, Jörg Hackmann, Alina
Hutnikiewicz, Norbert Kersken, Hans-Werner
Rautenberg, Wlodzimierz Stepinski, Zygmunt
Szultka, Bogdan Wachowiak, Edward
Wlodarczyk), Pommern im Wandel der
Zeiten, Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich,
1999, ISBN 83-910291-0-7. This book is a co-
edition of several German and Polish experts
 on Pomeranian history and covers the history
of Pomerania, except for Pomerelia, from the
earliest appearance of humans in the area
until the end of the second millennium. It is
also available in a Polish version (Pomorze
poprzez wieki).
Polish:
 Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol.
I (to 1466), parts 1–2, Poznań 1969
 Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol.
II (1466–1815), parts 1–2, Poznań 1976
 Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol.
III (1815–1850), parts 1–3, Poznań
 Gerard Labuda (ed.), Historia Pomorza, vol.
IV (1850–1918), part 1, Toruń 2003
 B. Śliwiński, "Poczet książąt gdańskich",
Gdańsk 1997
German:
 Werner Buchholz et al., Pommern, Siedler,
1999/2002, ISBN 3-88680-780-0, 576 pages;
this book is part of the Deutsche Geschichte
im Osten Europas series and covers the
history of the Duchy of
 Pomerania and Province of Pomerania from
the 12th century to 1945, and Western
Pomerania after 1945.
 Oskar Eggert, Geschichte Pommerns,
Hamburg 1974, OCLC 2187161; this book
treats the history of Pomerania from pre-
historic times up to about 1500.