The treaties did not entirely end conflicts

arising out of the Thirty Years' War. Fighting

continued between France and Spain until
the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.
The Dutch-Portuguese War had begun
during the Iberian Union between Spain
and Portugal, as part of the Eighty Years'
War, and went on until 1663. Nevertheless,
the Peace of Westphalia did settle many
outstanding European issues of the time.
[citation needed]

Westphalian
sovereignty[edit]
Main article: Westphalian sovereignty
Scholars of international relations have
identified the Peace of Westphalia as the
origin of principles crucial to
modern international relations, including the
inviolability of borders and non-interference
in the domestic affairs of sovereign states.
This system became known in the literature
as Westphalian sovereignty.[29]
[page  needed]
 Although scholars have challenged
the association with the Peace of
Westphalia,[30] the debate is still structured
around the concept of Westphalian
sovereignty.[citation needed]
However, scholars have challenged the
view that the modern European states
system originated with the Westphalian
treaties. The treaties do not contain
anything in their text about religious
freedom, sovereignty, or balance of power
that can be construed as international law
principles. Constitutional arrangements of
the Holy Roman Empire are the only
context in which sovereignty and religious
equality are mentioned in the text, but they
are not new ideas in this context. While the
treaties do not contain the basis for the
modern laws of nations themselves, they do
symbolize the end of a long period of
religious conflict in Europe.[31]
See also [edit]
 Europe portal
 War portal
 Eighty Years' War
 Freedom of religion
 History of Sweden, 1648–1700
 List of treaties
 Peace of Augsburg
 Peace of Münster
 Thirty Years' War
 Westphalian sovereignty
 Magna Carta

References [edit]
1. ^ Clodfelter, Michael (2017). Warfare
and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical
Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other
 Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland. p.
40. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7.
2. ^ "APW Einführung". www.pax-
westphalica.de. Retrieved 2
November 2020.
3. ^ "Peace of Westphalia | Definition,
Map, Results, &
Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica.
Retrieved 2 November 2020.
4. ^ Joachim Whaley, Germany and the
Holy Roman Empire, Volume I: Maximilian I
to the Peace of Westphalia 1493–1648,
Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 637
5. ^ Patton, Steven (2019). "The Peace of
Westphalia and it Affects on International
Relations, Diplomacy and Foreign Policy".
The Histories. Retrieved 19 January2021.
6. ^ Osiander, Andreas
(2001). "Sovereignty, International
Relations, and the Westphalian
Myth". International Organization. 55 (2):
251–287. do
i:10.1162/00208180151140577. JSTOR 30
78632. S2CID 145407931.
7. ^ Croxton, Derek (2013). Westphalia:
The Last Christian Peace.
Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-137-33332-2.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b Wilson, Peter H.
(2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the
Thirty Years War. Allen Lane.
p. 632. ISBN 978-0-7139-9592-3.
9. ^ Private Property in the Dutch-Spanish
Peace Treaty of Münster (30 January 1648)
10. ^ Konrad Repgen, 'Negotiating the
Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an
Examination of the Major Problems',
In: 1648: War and Peace in Europe: 3 vols.
(Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the
Council of Europe, on the Peace of
Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz
Schilling (eds.) on behalf of the
Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre
Westfälischer Friede, Münster and
Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume
1: Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp.
355–72, here pp. 355 seq.
11. ^ Schiller, Frederick. "The Thirty Years
War, Complete".
12. ^ Konrad Repgen, "Negotiating the
Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an
Examination of the Major Problems",
In: 1648: War and Peace in Europe: 3 vols.
(Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the
Council of Europe, on the Peace of
Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz
Schilling (eds.) on behalf of the
Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre
Westfälischer Friede, Münster and
Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume
1: Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp.
355–372, here p. 356.
13. ^ Sonnino, Paul (2009). Mazarin's
Quest: The Congress of Westphalia and
the Coming of the Fronde. Harvard
University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04386-2.
14. ^ "Original text in Dutch National
Archives". beeldbank.nationaalarchief.nl.
Archived from the original on 20 February
2009. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
15. ^ "Digital German text Treaty of
Münster". lwl.org. 25 March 2014.
16. ^ "Digital German text Treaty of
Osnabrück". lwl.org. 25 March 2014.
Retrieved 13 May 2017.
17. ^ Jump up to:a b Treaty of Münster 1648
18. ^ Barro, R. J. & McCleary, R. M. "Which
Countries have State
Religions?"(PDF). University of Chicago.
p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on
30 August 2006. Retrieved 7
November 2006.
19. ^ "This day, Mary 15, in Jewish
history". Cleveland Jewish News.
20. ^ The incipit of this bull, meaning "Zeal
of the house of God", quotes
from Psalm69:9: "For the zeal of thine
house hath eaten me up, and the
reproaches of them that reproached thee
are fallen upon me."
21. ^ Larry Jay Diamond; Marc F. Plattner;
Philip J. Costopoulo (2005). World religions
and democracy. p. 103.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b "The Peace of
Westphalia" (PDF). University of Oregon.
Retrieved 6 October 2021.
23. ^ Mary Fulbrook A Concise History of
Germany, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University
Press, 2004), p. 60.
24. ^ Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die
sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach
dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker,
Hans-Joachim (ed.). Der Westfälische
Frieden von 1648: Wende in der
Geschichte des Ostseeraums (in German).
Kovač. p. 35. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.
25. ^ Böhme (2001), p. 36.
26. ^ Böhme (2001), p. 37.
27. ^ Jump up to:a b c Böhme (2001), p. 38.
28. ^ Gross, Leo (1948). "The Peace of
Westphalia, 1648–1948". American Journal
of International Law. 42 (1): 20–41 [p.
25]. doi:10.2307/2193560. JSTOR 219356
0.
29. ^ Henry Kissinger (2014). "Introduction
and Chpt 1". World Order: Reflections on
the Character of Nations and the Course of
History. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-241-
00426-5.
30. ^ Osiander, Andreas (2001).
"Sovereignty, International Relations, and
 the Westphalian Myth". International
Organization. 55 (2): 251–
287. doi:10.1162/00208180151140577. IS
SN 1531-5088. S2CID 145407931.
31. ^ Randall Lesaffer (2014). "Peace
treaties from Lodi to Westphalia". Peace
Treaties and International Law in European
History: From the Late Middle Ages to
World War One. Cambridge.
p. 9. ISBN 978-0-511-21603-9.

Further
reading [edit]
 Croxton, Derek, and Anuschka
Tischer. The Peace of Westphalia: A
Historical Dictionary (Greenwood
Publishing Group, 2002).
 Croxton, Derek (1999). "The Peace of
Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of
Sovereignty". International History
 Review. 21 (3): 569–
591. doi:10.1080/07075332.1999.964086
9.
 Mowat, R. B. History of European
Diplomacy, 1451–1789 (1928) pp 104–
14 online
 Schmidt, Sebastian (2011). "To Order
the Minds of Scholars: The Discourse of
the Peace of Westphalia in International
Relations Literature1". International
Studies Quarterly. 55 (3): 601–
623. doi:10.1111/j.1468-
2478.2011.00667.x. Historiography.

External links