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Accounting: Fundamentals
Accounting: Fundamentals
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01.
Constructing a
Balance Sheet
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Session objectives
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The three key financial statements
Operating
Liabilities
Expenses
Assets Revenues Investing
Equity
Profit or loss Financing
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The balance sheet
Current liabilities
Current assets Due within one year
Used within one year e.g. accounts payable
Non-current liabilities
Due in more than a year
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Balancing the balance sheet
A balance sheet must always balance To ensure this is the case, all transactions are
recorded in the balance sheet in two places.
Liabilities
Assets & Equity Double Entry Accounting
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Balancing the balance sheet
Two options:
Assets Liabilities & Shareholders’ Equity
01. Current assets Current liabilities
Cash (100) Short-term debt (100)
Record the transaction on both Non current liabilities
Non current assets
sides of the balance sheet Shareholders’ equity
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Recording transactions
• Paid salaries of 20
• Paid interest of 3
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Issuing shares for 100 in cash
Current liabilities
Current assets
Cash 100 Non current liabilities
Shareholders’ equity
Non current assets Common stock 100
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Taking out a 4 year bank loan
Current liabilities
Current assets
Cash [100 + 50] 150 Non current liabilities 50
Shareholders’ equity
Non current assets Common stock 100
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Buying a property for 80
Current liabilities
Current assets
Cash [100 + 50 ]– 80] 70 Non current liabilities 50
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Buying inventory for 60
Current liabilities
Current assets
Cash [100 + 50 – 80]– 60] 10
Non current liabilities 50
Inventory 60
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Selling all inventory for 90
Current liabilities
Current assets
Cash [100 + 50 – 80 – 60 ] 100
Non current liabilities
+ 90] 50
0 Bank loan
Inventory [60 – 60]
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock 100
Non current assets
80 Retained earnings 30
Equipment
Revenues 90
Cost of sales (60)
Total shareholders’ equity 130
Total 180 Total 180
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Paying salaries of 20
Current liabilities
Current assets
Cash [100 + 50 – 80 – 60 80 Non current liabilities
+ 90 ]– 20] 50
Bank loan
Inventory [60 – 60] 0
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock 100
Non current assets Retained earnings 10
80
Equipment Revenues 90
Cost of sales (60)
Salaries (20)
Total shareholders’ equity 110
Total 160 Total 160
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Paying interest of 3
Current liabilities
Current assets
Cash [100 + 50 – 80 – 60 + 90 – 77 Non current liabilities
20 ]– 3] 50
Bank loan
Inventory [60 – 60] 0
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock 100
Retained earnings 7
Non current assets
80 Revenues 90
Equipment
Cost of sales (60)
Salaries (20)
Interest (3)
Total shareholders’ equity 107
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Defining accounts receivable and payable
Current liabilities
Current assets
Cash [100 + 50 – 80]– 60 100
Non current liabilities
+ 90] 50
0 Bank loan
Inventory [60 – 60]
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock 100
Non current assets
80 Retained earnings 30
Equipment
Revenues 90
Cost of sales (60)
Total shareholders’ equity 130
Total 180 Total 180
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Defining accounts receivable and payable
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Buying and selling on credit
Current liabilities
Current assets Accounts payable 60
Cash [100 + 50 – 80 – 20 – 3] 47
Non current liabilities
Accounts receivable 90 50
Bank loan
Inventory [60 ]– 60] 60
0
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock 100
Retained earnings 7
Non current assets
80 Revenues 90
Equipment
Cost of sales (60)
Salaries (20)
Interest (3)
217 217
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Balance sheet exercise
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02.
Constructing an
Income Statement
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Session objectives
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The role of the income statement
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The income statement
Revenues
Tax
Net income
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Creating a full income statement
Current liabilities
Current assets Accounts payable 60
Cash [100 + 50 – 80 – 20 – 3] 47
Non current liabilities
Accounts receivable 90 50
Bank loan
Inventory [60 – 60] 0
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock 100
Retained earnings 7
Non current assets
80 Revenues 90
Equipment
Cost of sales (60)
Salaries (20)
Interest (3)
217 217
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Creating a full income statement
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Recording income and expenses
The income statement includes only the revenues How much insurance would
and expenses that relate to the accounting year.
be included in the income
statement?
Example
During the last month of the year the company
buys insurance for 12 months at a cost of 12,000.
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Prepayments
1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1,000 |
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Recording income and expenses
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Accrued expenses
The full expense of 2,000 as this Since we haven’t paid for the office
is the value of the office supplies supplies, how do we record the
used in the current year. second half of the transaction?
Accrued expenses have been reflected on the income statement, but not yet paid for.
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Accrual and prepayment exercise
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Depreciation
Current liabilities
Current assets Accounts payable 60
Cash [100 + 50 – 80 – 20 – 3] 47 Non current liabilities
Accounts receivable 90 50
Bank loan
Inventory [60 – 60] 0
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock 100
Retained earnings 7
Non current assets Revenues 90
80 Cost of sales (60)
Equipment
Salaries (20)
Interest (3)
217 217
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Depreciation
Let’s assume that the useful life of this equipment is 4 years, that we
can allocate that usefulness evenly over the years of use, and that
after 4 years the equipment has a scrap value of 30.
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The impact of depreciation
80 – 30
Depreciation = = 12.5
4
# of useful life
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The impact of depreciation
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Different depreciation methods
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Different depreciation methods
Straight-line approach: an equal amount of depreciation is applied every year for the asset’s useful life.
Depreciation Expense =
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Different depreciation methods
Double Declining Balance approach: a form of accelerated depreciation where the depreciation expense is
greater in the first few years and smaller in the later years.
Depreciation Expense =
100%
x 2 x Beginning period book value
Useful life of asset
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Different depreciation methods
Units of Production approach: depreciation expense varies each year and is based on the output that the
assets produce.
Depreciation Expense =
# of units produced
x (Cost – Salvage value)
Lifetime # of units
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Depreciation exercise
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03.
Constructing a Cash
Flow Statement
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Session objectives
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The three key financial statements
Operating
Liabilities
Expenses
Assets Revenues Investing
Equity
Profit or loss Financing
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The role of the cash flow statement
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The cash flow statement
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The difference between profit and cash
The accrual concept recognizes revenues and costs as a business earns or incurs them, not as it receives or
pays money. It includes them in the relevant period’s income statement, and as far as possible matches them
with each other.
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The idea of matching over time
A five day transit pass costs $40 and is paid in cash on Monday.
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The idea of matching over time
Better for planning actual cash inflows Better for planning the daily cost
and outflows
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PP&E and depreciation recap
ABC Inc. buys a truck for $45,000, will use it in the What do we show in the
business for 5 years, and in 5 years expects to sell
it for $15,000 (expected scrap value).
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Depreciation and the three financial statements
Operating
Liabilities
Expenses
Assets Revenues Investing
Equity
Profit or loss Financing
Property, plant and equipment: Depreciation expense: Cash outflow from investing
$39,000 $6,000 activities (capex):
$45,000
=$45,000 [initial purchase price] – = ($45,000 [purchase price] – $15,000
$6,000 [depreciation expense] [salvage value]) / 5 [useful years]
$6,000 will be charged as an expense
The value reduces by $6,000 per year. for 5 years.
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Calculating operating cash flows - direct method
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Operating cash flows – indirect method
The operating cash flows begin with the net income number. If all the
items in the income statement were cash items, this would be the only
item in this section.
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Operating cash flows – indirect method
Net income X
+ Depreciation X
3. Statement of cash flows
Changes in working capital
01. Operating
+ (Increase) / decrease in inventory (X)/X
02. Investing
+ (Increase) / decrease in receivables (X)/X
03. Financing
+ Increase / (decrease) in payables X/(X)
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Operating cash flows example – period 1
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Operating cash flows example – period 1
Net income 25
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Operating cash flows example – period 2
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Operating cash flows example – period 2
Revenue 300 + 170 470 Cash from sales 440 Net income 85
Net income 85
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Operating cash flows example – period 3
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Operating cash flows example – period 3
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Johannes operating cash flow exercise
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Deriving the complete cash flow statement
This approach is used extensively in CFI’s financial modeling and valuation courses.
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Stage one - compare the balance sheets
Last This
Liabilities
Add up the total of all the differences and it should equal the Year Year
increase or decrease in cash. =
Cash inflow
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Comparing assets and liabilities
Current liabilities
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Stage two – classifying the cash flows
Put each of the differences into the cash flow How should we classify ABC
statement classifying them as either:
Inc.’s cash flows related to
changes in accounts
receivable, accounts
Operating cash flows
payable, and inventories?
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Classifying working capital cash flows
If we assume ABC Inc.’s net income is 8 and its They are all classified under
depreciation expense is 90, the operating cash
flows would be: operating activities
Net Income 8
Depreciation 90
Increase in receivables (70)
Increase in inventory (20)
Increase in payables 20
Total operating cash flows 28
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Dealing with property, plant and equipment
There are usually two reasons why a difference PP&E might have occurred:
Depreciation Operating
PP&E
Net CAPEX Investing
Financing
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Calculating net capex
We can calculate net capital expenditure as long as we have What is ABC Inc.’s net
the following three items:
capital expenditure?
Year 1 Year 2
PP&E 810 730
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Calculation net capital expenditure
810 10 90 730
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Dealing with retained earnings
+ Net income
- Dividends
Operating
Net income
Retained
Earnings Investing
Dividends
Financing
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Preparing a cash flow statement exercises
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