Density, viscosity, and conductivity of choline chloride + ethylene glycol as
a deep eutectic solvent and its binary mixtures with dimethyl sulfoxide

Ali Reza Harifi-Mood, Richard Buchner

PII: S0167-7322(16)32620-4
DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.10.115
Reference: MOLLIQ 6519

To appear in: Journal of Molecular Liquids

Received date: 6 September 2016

Accepted date: 24 October 2016

Please cite this article as: Ali Reza Harifi-Mood, Richard Buchner, Density, viscosity,
and conductivity of choline chloride + ethylene glycol as a deep eutectic solvent and
its binary mixtures with dimethyl sulfoxide, Journal of Molecular Liquids (2016), doi:
10.1016/j.molliq.2016.10.115

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Density, viscosity, and conductivity of choline chloride +

ethylene glycol as a deep eutectic solvent and its binary

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mixtures with dimethyl sulfoxide

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Ali Reza Harifi-Mood†,*, Richard Buchner#

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†
Department of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

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#
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040

Regensburg, Germany. N
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*Corresponding author: E-mail: harifi@khu.ac.ir

Abstract
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Density, dynamic viscosity, and electrical conductivity of binary mixtures of ethaline

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(choline chloride + ethylene glycol at molar ratio 1:2) as a deep eutectic solvent (DES) with
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dimethyl sulfoxide were measured under atmospheric pressure at temperatures, T, from

(308.15 to 363.15) K covering the entire mixture range. The mixtures exhibited negative
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excess molar volumes, VE, with a minimum at ethaline mole fractions of x10.4-0.5 that

became more pronounced with increasing temperature. A similar minimum was found for the

excess viscosity, , of the mixtures. However, in contrast to VE the minimum of  became

more shallow with increasing T. As expected, the electrical conductivity of the mixtures

increased monotonically with increasing x1 and T. The temperature dependence of viscosity

and conductivity is well described by the Vogel−Fulcher−Tamman (VFT) equation.

Keywords: Deep eutectic solvent, Density, Viscosity, Conductivity, Vogel−Fulcher–

Tamman equation.

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1. Introduction

Protection of the environment from volatile organic compounds is an area of increasing

concern in chemical industry and process technology. Among the many prospective or

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currently used solvents, water, ionic liquids, and supercritical fluids are regarded as

promising alternatives to less benign media currently used in chemical and physical processes

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[1-4]. Due to negligible vapor pressure and wide liquid range (> 300 K) ionic liquids (ILs),

typically composed of organic cations and organic or inorganic anions [5], have gained

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increased interest as potential replacements for volatile organic solvents during the recent two

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decades [3, 6-9]. However, ILs are far from being ideal green solvents for a variety of reasons
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discussed recently by Kunz and Häckl [10]. In particular, ILs are generally expensive and

often highly toxic and not bio-degradable. Also, there are reports that ILs may react with
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reactants and therefore cannot be considered as inert solvents [11].

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an alternative approach. These ionic fluids can be simply
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prepared by mixing a quaternary ammonium salt (e.g. choline chloride that is vitamin B4)
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with salts or a hydrogen bond donor compound (HBD) [12]. DESs are environmentally

benign, yet chemically stable. Furthermore, the components are already produced in large
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quantities at costs comparable to conventional reagents. DESs not only have special

properties compared to traditional organic solvents but also their mixtures with common

organic solvents may show improved and favorable characteristics [13-19]. The diversity of

possible combinations of the starting materials provides a powerful tool to control the

physical properties of DESs. Since DESs exhibit physiochemical properties similar to those

of ILs they may replace or even improve upon ILs in many applications [20-23].

In this contribution we report data on the dynamic viscosity, η, electrical conductivity, κ, and

density, ρ, of binary mixtures of ethaline (ethylene glycol + choline chloride at the molar ratio

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of 1:2) as a common DES with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an aprotic molecular solvent.

The data for η, κ, and ρ cover the temperature range of (308.15 to 363.15) K and were

determined at ambient pressure. To permit interpolation and calculate the activation

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parameters, the present values were fitted with appropriate equations, namely, a linear

equation for ρ(T) and the Vogel−Fulcher−Tamann (VFT) equation for η(T) and κ(T) [24].

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2. Experimental

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2.1. Materials

Choline Chloride (≥ 98%) and ethylene glycol (≥ 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-
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Aldrich. Analytical reagent grade DMSO (≥ 99.9% from Fisher chemical) was used for the
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preparation of solutions. Choline chloride was dried for 4 days at 313 K with a high-vacuum

line (pressure p < 10−9 bar). Ethylene glycol (EG) and DMSO were dried by 3Å molecular
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sieve. The water content of the dried compounds was determined by coulometric Karl Fischer
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titration (Mitsubishi Moisturemeter MCI CA-02) yielding <100 ppm residual water for EG

and DMSO and <600 ppm for choline chloride.

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Similar to the preparation of related DESs [12], ethaline was obtained by mixing choline
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chloride and ethylene glycol at the molar ratio of 1:2 in a N2-filled glovebox and subsequent

stirring under heating up ∼353.15 K until a homogeneous, colorless liquid was formed.

Binary mixtures of DES and DMSO over the entire range of ethaline mole fractions, x1, were

prepared gravimetrically in the glovebox and the sealed vials stored at 308.15 K. To prevent

uptake of atmospheric moisture, the protective N2 atmosphere was maintained during all

steps of the measurement protocols for density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity by using

syringe techniques.

2.2. Methods

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Densities, viscosities, and electrical conductivities were determined in the temperature range

of 308.15 to 363.15 K. The measurements for ρ were performed with a vibrating-tube

densimeter (Anton Paar DMA 5000) having a temperature stability of 0.005 K. Deionized

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water and air were used for calibration by the internal calibration routine. Dynamic

viscosities were measured with an automated rolling-ball viscometer (Anton Paar AMVn).

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The temperature uncertainty of this instrument was 0.05 K, its stability 0.01 K. Before

starting the actual measurements, the employed capillary tubes with diameters of (1.6 and

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1.8) mm were calibrated with standard-viscosity oils (Cannon S3 and N14) as a function of

temperature and capillary inclination. The κ values were determined from resistance, R(ν),
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values measured as a function of frequency, ν (100 ≤ ν/Hz ≤ 10000), with a LCR Bridge

(Hameg HM 8118) and a switching device to multiplex to four homemade capillary cells with

cell constants ranging from 6.62 to 57.52 cm−1. The raw data for R(ν) were corrected for lead
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resistance and, to eliminate electrode polarization effects, subsequently extrapolated to

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infinite frequency, R∞, according to the procedure reported elsewhere [24, 25]. Temperature

was controlled with a Huber Unistat 505 connected to an appropriately sized external oil
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bath. This maintained the temperature of the conductivity cells within ± 0.005 K. The actual
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measurement temperature was recorded with a calibrated Pt100 sensor connected to an ASL

F250 precision thermometer (overall standard uncertainty 0.025 K).

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Density

The measured densities values of ethaline and its mixtures with DMSO as a function of

temperature in the range 308.15 K to 363.15 K over the entire composition range are reported

in Table 1. With relative deviations generally <0.03%, Figure S1 of the Supplementary

material, the present data is in excellent agreement with densities of pure ethaline recently

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published by Leron et al. [26]. The  values of Shahbaz et al. [27] not only deviate up to

0.1% but also show a larger slope (Figure S1).

As expected, at given x1 density values of the mixtures decrease with increasing T. It was

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found that  varied linearly with T and accordingly, data were fitted to equation (1):

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ρ = aρ - bρ T

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(1)

where ρ / kg m−3 is the density of samples. The values of the parameters aρ and bρ along with

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the standard deviation of the fits are summarized in Table 2. The measured densities and their

fit to Eq. (1) are presented in Figure 1. Clearly, the slope, bρ, increases with decreasing
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ethaline content.

At constant temperature  rose sharply on initial addition of ethaline but this trend decreased
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with increasing x1 (Table 1). This nonlinear dependence of  on x1 was fitted by a 4th-order
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polynomial with parameters listed in Table S1 of the Supplementary Information. To extract

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from this data information on the intermolecular interactions of ethaline-DMSO mixture, the
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excess molar volume, VE, at constant T was calculated according to

𝑥1 𝑀1 + 𝑥2 𝑀2 𝑥1 𝑀1 𝑥2 𝑀2
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𝑉𝐸 = − − (2)
𝜌 𝜌1 𝜌2

where, x1, x2, and ρ1, ρ2 refer to the mole fractions and densities, respectively, of ethaline and

DMSO at a given temperature, and ρ is the density of the mixture. M1 and M2 are the molar

masses of ethaline (calculated according to Ref. [18] based on the 1:2 molar ratio of its

components, choline chloride and EG) and DMSO, respectively. The VE values calculated

according to Eq. (2) have been listed in Table S2. Figure 2 shows that all VE values of the

binary mixture are negative and increase in magnitude, |VE|, with increasing temperature. The

minimum was found between mole fractions of 0.4 and 0.5 of DES. Compared with EG-

DMSO mixtures, which also exhibit a minimum for VE [28], the effect is considerably

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stronger for the present system yielding 6.6 × 10-7 m3mol-1 at 308.15 K compared to 6.6 × 10-
7
m3mol-1 [28].

Negative excess volumes may arise from more efficient packing of the components in the

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mixture, i.e. one of the components is accommodated in interstices (holes) present in the

liquid-state structure of the pure second component provided these are of sufficient size.

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Alternatively, strong forces between the components may operate, either in an unspecific

manner or via specific interactions, such as hydrogen bonds [29]. Information for

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disentangling these effects comes from the temperature dependence of VE. Generally, specific

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interactions break up as temperature increases and thus |VE| decreases [30], whereas for non-
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specific interactions the dependence on temperature is much weaker and can usually be

neglected [31]. On the other hand, increased thermal fluctuations should provide more holes
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of sufficient size. Therefore, the increase of |VE| with rising T observed for the present system
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(Figure 2) suggests that packing effects dominate the volumetric behavior of ethaline+DMSO
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mixtures.
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Besides VE, also the volumetric properties of the individual components ethaline (i=1) and

DMSO (i=2), namely their apparent molar volumes, Vфi, partial molar volumes, 𝑉̅𝑖 , and
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excess partial molar volumes, 𝑉̅𝑖E , have been calculated for the studied systems as they give

an insight on solute–solvent interactions.

Apparent molar volumes were obtained as

𝑉E
𝑉𝛷,𝑖 = 𝑉𝑚,𝑖 + (3)
𝑥𝑖

where 𝑉𝑚,𝑖 is the molar volume of pure i. The obtained values at different temperatures are

listed in Tables S3-S4.

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The partial, Vi, and excess partial molar volumes, 𝑉̅𝑖E , were calculated from VE according to

𝜕𝑉E
𝑉̅𝑖 = 𝑉𝑚,𝑖 + 𝑉 E + (1 − 𝑥𝑖 ) ( 𝜕𝑥 ) (4)
𝑖 𝑃,𝑇

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and

𝑉̅𝑖E = 𝑉̅𝑖 − 𝑉𝑚,𝑖 (5)

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where (𝜕𝑉 E ⁄𝜕𝑥𝑖 )𝑃,𝑇 was obtained from a 4th-order polynomial fit of VE using the parameters

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listed in Table S1. The thus obtained 𝑉̅𝑖 and 𝑉̅𝑖E values are summarized in Tables S5-S8. As

an example Figure 3 shows the excess partial molar volumes of ethaline and DMSO at 308.15

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K. Both 𝑉̅1E and 𝑉̅2E become more and more negative on dilution of i by the other compound
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and this effects gets more pronounced with increasing temperature. The temperature

dependence of the partial molar excess volumes again suggests that packing effects dominate
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over specific intermolecular interactions. Interestingly, at infinite dilution (xi  0) the effect
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is almost twice as large for ethaline (i = 1) compared to DMSO, suggesting that the

components of ethaline –EG, chloride and the choline ion- can be efficiently packed in the
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interstices of the DMSO liquid structure. It is worth mentioning that two curves cross each

other between ethaline mole fractions of 0.4 and 0.5, i.e. in the range where VE exhibits its
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minimum.

3.2. Viscosity

Since DESs are usually more viscous than conventional solvents, in most applications they

have to be used in mixtures with other less viscous compounds. Therefore, the viscosity of

their mixtures with conventional solvents is an important property and its knowledge

primordial for application in industrial processes.

The experimental values of dynamic viscosity, η, for pure ethaline, DMSO, and their

mixtures were measured between (308.15 and 363.15) K. The data is summarized in Table 3

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and shown in Figure S2. In the investigated temperature range the viscosity of pure ethaline

decreased from 30. 9 mPas at 308.15 K to 16.2 mPas at 328.15 K to 7.11 mPas at 363.15 K.

The present values are considerably smaller than those of D’Agostino et al. [32] which drop

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from 33 mPas at 308.15 K to only 24 mPas at 328.15 K. Unfortunately, the authors did not

provide information on how this data was obtained.

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As expected, also viscosities of the binary mixtures decreased with increasing T. On the other

hand, at given temperature  decreased monotonically with increasing DMSO content. The

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Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation

𝐴
N𝐵
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ln (𝑌⁄𝑌 0 ) = ln ( 𝑌⁄𝑌 0 ) + 𝑌⁄ (6)
(𝑇 − 𝑇0,𝑌 )
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where 𝐴𝑌 , 𝐵𝑌 , and 𝑇0,𝑌 , are adjustable parameters, has been used extensively in the analysis
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of the temperature dependence of the transport properties, Y (= , , ...), of glass forming
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liquids not too far above their glass transition temperature [24, 33]. Many systems show a
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large deviation in the temperature dependence from the Arrhenius law, due to changes of the

activation energy, Ea, which apparently depends on temperature [34-37].

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In this contribution, the experimental quantity, Y, is either viscosity,  (𝑌 0 = 𝜂0 = 1 mPa s)

or resistivity, -1 (𝑌 0 = 1/𝜅 0 = 1S −1 m ). Accordingly, 𝐴𝑌 is the viscosity or resistivity at

T , the quantity 𝐸𝑎′ = 𝐵𝑌 × R, with R as the gas constant, can be interpreted as a pseudo

activation energy of property Y, and 𝑇0,𝑌 is the corresponding Vogel temperature. The values

obtained for dynamic viscosity according to Eq. (6) are summarized in Table 4 together with

the corresponding fit standard error. According to this Table B appears to have a maximum

at x1  0.6. However, the associated Vogel temperatures scatter considerably and neither B

nor T0, compare well with corresponding conductivity data (see below). Almost certainly

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this reflects the limited temperature range of the present data. Although Eq. (6) already yields

a description superior to the Arrhenius equation but the minimum temperature of the

experiment is too far above the glass transition temperature to allow reasonable extrapolation

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to 𝑇0,𝑌 .

To assess the interactions within mixtures, the deviation, ∆η , of viscosity from ideality was

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calculated according to

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Δ𝜂 = 𝜂 − ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝜂𝑖 (7)
𝑖

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where xi and ηi are mole fractions and dynamic viscosities of the components, respectively.
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Figure 4 and Table S9 show the viscosity deviations from the ideality as a function of the

DES mole fraction and temperature in the binary mixtures. It can be seen that over the entire
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composition range ∆η is negative at all temperatures studied. In contrast to the also negative
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excess volume, the magnitude, |∆η|, of this deviation decreases with increasing temperature
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but is also largest at x1  0.4 to 0.5. It is worth mentioning that there is a stark contrast in the
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concentration dependence of ∆η for ethaline-DMSO compared EG-DMSO binary mixtures as

the latter exhibit an S-shape trend with positive and negative ∆η values [28].
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The viscosity of a mixture depends strongly on its entropy, which is related to the liquid

structure [38]. Therefore, the viscosity deviation depends on molecular interactions as well as

on the size and shape of the molecules. The negative deviation of viscosity for all

compositions and temperatures of ethaline-DMSO is characteristic of mixtures without strong

specific interactions. Thus, the inference from ∆η is compatible with the conclusions obtained

from the excess volumes, Section 3.1.

3.3. Electrical conductivity

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The electrical conductivity of pure ethaline and of ethaline-DMSO mixtures were measured

as a function of the temperature from 308.15 to 363.15 K and are listed in Table 5 and shown

in Figure S3. As expected, the conductivity of the solutions increased with DES content of

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the mixtures and with temperature. As for viscosity, also (T) was well fitted by the VFT

equation (6) and the obtained parameters are summarized in Table 6. Compared to  the

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trends of A, pseudo activation energy Ea’ = BR and T0, with composition are much

smoother, Figure 5. However, in view of our remarks in Section 3.2 we abstain from further

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discussion.

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For ions moving independently in a viscous medium their mobility –and thus the associated
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molar conductivity,  = /c1, of the electrolyte (c1 is its molar concentration)- is determined

by the frictional forces exerted by the medium. Experimentally, this is reflected by Walden’s
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rule,  = constant, which is commonly observed for non-associating electrolytes [39].

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Figure 6 displays the Walden product, , for the present ethaline-DMSO mixtures. This

quantity decreases significantly when going from pure ethaline to x1 = 0.2 but seems to rise
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again for x1 = 0.1. Whilst a clear temperature dependence is observed for x1  0.4,  is
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virtually independent of T at high DMSO contents. Compared to aqueous KCl at infinite

dilution , where  = 13.010-6 Sm2mol-1Pas at 308.15 K [40], the present Walden products

are one order of magnitude smaller. This suggests rather strong ion-ion interactions in the

mixtures which apparently increase on dilution of ethaline by DMSO. Since such behavior is

compatible with an increasing fraction of neutral –thus non-conducting- species formed by

ion aggregation one might speculate that the minimum of  marks the transition from

molten-salt like behavior at high x1 to a mixture behaving like an electrolyte solution with

pronounced ion pairing via hydrogen bonds between the choline cation and the EG-solvated

Cl- anion.

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4. Conclusions

Volumetric properties of the ethaline-DMSO mixtures show negative deviation from ideality

for excess molar volumes and negative values for the partial polar volumes of both

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components. The concentration dependence of VE is rather symmetrical with a minimum at x1

 0.4 to 0.5 which gets more pronounced with increasing temperature. Non-specific

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interactions and mainly packing efficiency cause the shrinking of the mixtures compared with

the pure components. The transport behavior, namely dynamic viscosity and electrical

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conductivity, of the investigated mixtures is well-described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann

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equation (6) but the covered temperature range is too small and the lowest temperature of the
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experiments, 308.15 K, is too high to allow a meaningful discussion of the obtained

parameters. It was found that the viscosity deviations, ∆η (eq. (7)), are negative over the
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entire mole fraction range and for all temperatures. In line with the inference from VE such
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behavior suggests hydrogen bonding interactions between ethaline and DMSO are not very
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pronounced. On the other hand, the concentration dependence of the Walden product seems
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to be compatible with H-bond mediated ion pairing between the choline cation and the EG-

solvated chloride anion in the electrolyte-like region (x1 < 0.3) of ethaline-DMSO mixtures.
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Acknowledgements
This work was made possible by financial support from Kharazmi University enabling the

stay of A.R.H.-M. at Regensburg University. The authors thank Andreas Nazet for technical

support.

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spectroscopic studies of the binary system of ethylene glycol + dimethyl sulfoxide at T =

CR
(298.15 to 323.15) K, J. Mol. Liq., 207 (2015) 315-322.

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[29] A. Zhu, J. Wang, R. Liu, A volumetric and viscosity study for the binary mixtures of 1-

hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with some molecular solvents, J. Chem.

Thermodyn., 43 (2011) 796-799.

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[30] K.R. Seddon, A. Stark, M.-J. Torres, Influence of chloride, water, and organic solvents
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on the physical properties of ionic liquids, Pure Appl. Chem., 72 (2000) 2275-2287.
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[31] J. Jacquemin, P. Nancarrow, D.W. Rooney, M.F. Costa Gomes, P. Husson, V. Majer,

A.A.H. Pádua, C. Hardacre, Prediction of ionic liquid properties. II. Volumetric properties as
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a function of temperature and pressure, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 53 (2008) 2133-2143.

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[32] C. D'Agostino, R.C. Harris, A.P. Abbott, L.F. Gladden, M.D. Mantle, Molecular motion

and ion diffusion in choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents studied by 1 H pulsed field

gradient NMR spectroscopy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13 (2011) 21383-21391.

[33] J.C. Mauro, Y. Yue, A.J. Ellison, P.K. Gupta, D.C. Allan, Viscosity of glass-forming

liquids, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106 (2009) 19780-19784.

[34] H. Bässler, Viscous flow in supercooled liquids analyzed in terms of transport theory for

random media with energetic disorder, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58 (1987) 767.

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[35] C.A. Angell, Formation of glasses from liquids and biopolymers, Science, 267 (1995)

1924.

[36] D. Kivelson, G. Tarjus, SuperArrhenius character of supercooled glass-forming liquids,

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J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 235 (1998) 86-100.

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[37] T. Hecksher, A.I. Nielsen, N.B. Olsen, J.C. Dyre, Little evidence for dynamic

divergences in ultraviscous molecular liquids, Nat. Phys., 4 (2008) 737-741.

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[38] H. Eyring, M.S. Jhon, Significant liquid structures, Wiley, New York, 1969.

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[39] J.O.M. Bockris, A.K.N. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. 1, Plenum Press, New
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York, 1988.
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[40] R.A. Robinson, R.H. Stokes, Electrolyte solutions, Butterworths, London, 1970.
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Table 1. Densities, ρ / kg m−3, of ethaline-DMSO mixtures as a function of temperature, T, and ethaline mole fraction, x1, at

atmospheric pressure.

PT
T/K

RI
SC
x1 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 348.15 353.15 358.15 363.15

0.0 1085.25 1080.23 1075.22 1070.21 1065.19 1060.17 1055.15 1050.12 1045.09 1040.05 1035.01 1029.96

NU
0.1001 1092.69 1088.00 1083.31 1078.62 1073.93 1069.24 1064.56 1059.87 1055.19 1050.50 1045.81 1041.11

MA
0.2000 1098.19 1093.76 1089.34 1084.92 1080.51 1076.10 1071.69 1067.29 1062.89 1058.48 1054.09 1049.70

ED
0.3000 1102.53 1098.36 1094.19 1090.03 1085.87 1081.71 1077.56 1073.42 1069.28 1065.14 1061.00 1056.86

0.4000 1105.87 1101.94 1098.00 1094.07 1090.15 1086.23 1082.32 1078.41 1074.51 1070.61 1066.71 1062.82

PT
0.5000 1108.35 1104.61 1100.89 1097.17 1093.46 1089.76 1086.07 1082.38 1078.70 1075.03 1071.35 1067.69
CE
0.6000 1110.05 1106.52 1102.99 1099.48 1095.98 1092.49 1089.02 1085.54 1082.08 1078.61 1075.15 1071.69
AC

0.7000 1111.10 1107.75 1104.41 1101.08 1097.77 1094.46 1091.19 1087.92 1084.64 1081.37 1078.10 1074.83

0.7999 1111.55 1108.40 1105.25 1102.11 1098.98 1095.86 1092.75 1089.65 1086.55 1083.46 1080.38 1077.30

0.9000 1111.46 1108.48 1105.51 1102.55 1099.59 1096.64 1093.70 1090.77 1087.84 1084.92 1082.00 1079.10

1.0 1110.94 1108.11 1105.29 1102.47 1099.67 1096.87 1094.09 1091.31 1088.55 1085.79 1083.03 1080.28

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Table 2. Parameters, aρ and bρ, of the linear fit, Eq. (1), to the density data as a function of

temperature of the investigated mixtures and associated fit standard error, σfit.

x1 aρ / kg m−3 bρ / kg m−3 K-1 105 × σfit

PT
0.0 1395.0 1.005 2.02

RI
0.1001 1381.6 0.938 0.30

SC
0.2000 1369.8 0.882 1.89

0.3000 1358.3 0.830 2.18

NU
0.4000 1347.1 0.783 2.89

0.5000 1336.0
MA 0.739 3.96

0.6000 1324.8 0.697 4.44

D

0.7000 1314.0 0.659 5.52

TE

0.7999 1303.4 0.623 4.59

0.9000 1292.7 0.588 4.14

P
CE

1.0 1282.6 0.557 4.98

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Table 3. Dynamic viscosities, / mPa s, of ethaline-DMSO mixtures as a function of temperature, T, and ethaline mole fraction, x1, at

atmospheric pressure.

PT
T/K

RI
SC
x1 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 353.15 363.15

0.0 1.65 1.51 1.39 1.28 1.19 1.11 1.03 0.968 0.857 0.766

NU
0.1001 2.58 2.33 2.12 1.94 1.78 1.64 1.52 1.41 1.23 1.08

MA
0.2000 3.77 3.36 3.02 2.73 2.48 2.27 2.08 1.91 1.64 1.42

ED
0.3000 5.53 4.87 4.32 3.86 3.47 3.14 2.85 2.60 2.19 1.87

0.4000 8.22 7.12 6.02 5.32 4.74 4.24 3.82 3.46 2.87 2.43

0.5000 11.1 9.50 8.22 PT

7.19 6.29 5.58 4.99 4.47 3.66 3.05
CE
0.6000 14.9 12.7 10.9 9.52 8.36 7.39 6.56 5.84 4.71 3.88
AC

0.7000 19.0 16.1 13.7 11.9 10.4 9.15 8.11 7.20 5.77 4.70

0.7999 23.0 19.4 16.5 14.3 12.4 10.9 9.65 8.56 6.86 5.60

0.9000 27.2 22.9 19.4 16.7 14.5 12.7 11.2 9.88 7.90 6.41

1.0 30.9 25.8 21.9 18.8 16.2 14.2 12.5 11.0 8.79 7.11

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Table 4. Parameters of the VFT equation (6) for the dynamic viscosity, η, of the investigated

mixtures and associated fit standard error; η0 = 1 mPa s.

x1 ln(𝐴𝜂 ⁄𝜂0 ) 𝐵𝜂 /K 𝑇0,𝜂 /K 102 × σfit

PT
0.0 -2.875 632.8 120.5 0.03

RI
0.1001 -2.922 732.1 119 0.11

SC
0.2000 -2.741 712.3 133 0.07

0.3000 -2.713 751 138.4 0.04

NU
0.4000 -2.267 MA 633.4 162.5 0.37

0.5000 -2.473 747.5 154.9 0.15

0.6000 -3.05 1038.2 127.5 0.24

D

0.7000 -2.893 1026.5 132.1 0.36

TE

0.7999 -2.301 854.6 150.9 0.33

P

0.9000 -2.185 848 153.6 0.29

CE

1.0 -2.149 862.9 153.4 0.31

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Table 5. Electrical conductivities,  / Sm-1, of ethaline-DMSO mixtures as a function of temperature, T, and ethaline mole fraction,

x1, at atmospheric pressure.

PT
T/K

RI
SC
x1 308.15 313.15 318.15 323.15 328.15 333.15 338.15 343.15 353.15 363.15

0.1001 0.5389 0.5916 0.6466 0.7027 0.7600 0.8187 0.8786 0.9392 1.062 1.189

NU
0.2000 0.7241 0.8040 0.8874 0.9738 1.056 1.146 1.239 1.333 1.536 1.739

MA
0.3000 0.8211 0.9207 1.025 1.135 1.248 1.366 1.489 1.614 1.875 2.149

ED
0.4000 0.8769 0.9925 1.115 1.244 1.381 1.523 1.670 1.822 2.142 2.479

0.5000 0.9103 1.039 1.178 1.325 1.481 1.644 1.814 1.992 2.367 2.767

0.6000 0.9361 1.078 1.231 PT

1.394 1.568 1.751 1.943 2.145 2.574 3.034
CE
0.7000 0.9665 1.121 1.288 1.467 1.659 1.863 2.077 2.304 2.788 3.312
AC

0.7999 1.005 1.172 1.354 1.55 1.760 1.985 2.223 2.475 3.016 3.604

0.9000 1.041 1.220 1.415 1.627 1.855 2.100 2.360 2.635 3.230 3.882

1.0 1.100 1.293 1.505 1.736 1.984 2.253 2.538 2.842 3.499 4.222

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Table 6. Parameters of the VFT equation (6) for the conductivity, , of the investigated mixtures

and associated fit standard error;  0 = 1 Sm-1.

x1 ln(Aκ × κ0 ) 𝐵𝜅 /K 𝑇0,𝜅 /K 102 × σfit

PT
0.0 2.452 486.3 149.8 0.02

RI
0.1001 3.066 536.7 149.8 0.24

SC
0.2000 3.515 583.6 150.9 0.02

0.3000 3.818 608 154.2 0.04

NU
0.4000 4.084 MA 633.5 156.5 0.03

0.5000 4.32 658.3 158 0.01

0.6000 4.549 685.7 158.5 0.01

D

0.7000 4.74 705 159.3 0.01

TE

0.7999 4.919 726.5 159.2 0.01

P

0.9000 5.093 746.4 158.8 0.02

CE

1.0 2.452 486.3 149.8 0.02

AC

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Figure 1. Temperature dependence of density for ethaline-DMSO mixtures at ethaline mole

TE

fractions of x1 = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 & 1.0. The solid lines represent a fit to
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Eq. (1) with the parameters of Table 2.

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Figure 2. Variation of the excess molar volume, VE, of ethaline-DMSO mixtures with ethaline
TE

mole fraction, x1, in the temperature range 308.15  T /K  363.15 in steps of 5 K.

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Figure 3. Variation of the excess partial molar volumes of ethaline, 𝑉̅1E , and DMSO, 𝑉̅2E , with
TE

ethaline mole fraction, x1, of at 308.15 K. The symbols are experimental data and the lines a
P

guide to the eye.

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Figure 4. Excess viscosity,  (Eq. (7)), of ethaline-DMSO binary mixtures as a function of

ethaline mole fraction, x1, in the temperature range 308.15  T /K  363.15.

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RI
SC
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P TE
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Figure 5. The variation of conductivity at infinite temperature, A (a), pseudo activation energy,
Ea’ (b), and Vogel temperature, T0, (c), for the conductivity of ethaline-DMSO mixtures as a
function of ethaline mole fraction, x1.

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PT
RI
SC
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Figure 6. Walden product, , of ethaline-DMSO mixtures as a function of ethaline mole

TE

fraction, x1, in the temperature range 308.15  T /K  363.15.

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Graphical Abstract

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Highlights:

 Density, viscosity, and conductivity of ethaline-DMSO mixtures were measured at

308.15-363.15 K.

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 The volumetric properties of mixtures showed negative deviation from ideality.

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 Non-specific interactions and packing efficiency caused the shrinking of mixtures.

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 Viscosity and conductivity were well-described by Vogel−Fulcher−Tamman equation.

 The transport behavior results confirmed the inference from excess molar volumes.

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