Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ASSIGNMENT
On
EDUCATIONAL
AIM’S AND OBJECTIVES
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Similarly, education is a purposeful and planed activity which is under taken by the educator and the
learner for achieving clear cut objective or ends in view. Without an end or objective no purposeful
activity will have that real force which directs it and makes it meaningful. It is said that “education
without clear cut aims and objective is like a rudderless ship.”
In any educational programme to be effective the purposes and objectives are to be clearly stated So
that it is easy to select the right subject matter, the clinical experience and the right method to be
evaluate the student's performance and the teaching learning process.
EDUCATIONAL AIM
They are broad and general statements of educational intent, and it should inform students the overall
purpose of a programme or module. They are often written for the provider (lecturer / tutor) rather
than receiver (student) terms.
The aims are always written before the objectives. It is usually two or three sentences long. Having
too many aims leads to confusion and our work will lack focus.
The aims express the subject provider's broad purposes in presenting each programme of study in the
subject. These aims address the question 'why is the education provided ?'
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
The result sought by the learner at the end of the educational program, ie“what the students should be
able to do at the end of a learning period that they could not do beforehand.” J.-J GUILBERT
Educational objectives are also called “learning objectives” as opposed to “teaching objectives”. They
define what the student, not the teacher, should be able to do.
The objectives are more specific target which is set in order to achieve the overall aim or we can say
that they are the steps to achieve the overall goal or aim.
The objective are more focused statement which describes what the learner will able to do as a result
of teaching or learning.
The objectives are the individual stages that learner must achieve on the way in order to reach the
aim.They are specific ways of achieving the aims.
The objectives are developed out of aims. They are usually listed as statement using bullet points. We
can have many objectives to fulfill a aim.
The reason for formulating objectives is to indicate what changes in behaviour is hoped to bring about
in the student as a result of the courses being offered.
D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N A I M S
A N D O B J E C T I V E S
E D U C A T I O
N A L EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
A I M ’ S
A i m s a r e g e n e r a l l y O b j e c t i v e s a r e n a r r o w
d i f f i c u l t t o Objectives are precise.
m e a s u r e . Objectives are tangible.
Aims are general intentions. Objectives are concrete.
Aims are intangible. Objectives are measurable.
Aims are abstract.
Aims are broad
THE PURPOSE OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
Foster a common understanding or expectation among instructors, students and administrators
regarding what an educational activity aims to accomplish.
Define an activity’s place or role within a broader program.
Guide students about where they should focus their learning efforts.
Establish standards against which an activity can be evaluated.
EXAMPLE
The graduate of the new baccalaureate nursing programme will be prepared to function as a
generalist with beginning competencies in a specialized area of nursing.
The graduate will be prepared to function in a variety of settings and be able to:
1. Obtain health histories and make general health assessments.
2. Provide safe and competent care in emergency situations and acute illnesses.
3. Provide supportive care to persons with chronic or terminal health problems.
4. Provide health teaching, guidance and counselling.
5. Assist persons to maintain optimal health status.
6. Provide for continuity of health services.
7. Assume leadership responsibility for planning and evaluating nursing care.
8. Work effectively with all persons concerned with health care problems.
INTERMEDIATE/DEPARTMENTAL OBJECTIVE: PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
Arrived at by breaking down professional functions into components (activities) which together
indicate the nature of those functions.
Intermediate objectives are a set of statements identifying the skills to be acquired by all students
who are taught within a particular school/ department/division, of a nursing college. These skills
must be consistent with the institutional objective.
EXAMPLES
These intermediate educational objectives were derived from general objectives defining the
functions of a general practitioner. They refer to the paediatric aspect of the work.
The general practitioner should be able to carry out the following activities:
1) Diagnose and treat major childhood disorders:
a) abnormal development of the embryo or fetus
b) infections in newborn babies
c) emergency surgery on newborn babies
d) jaundice of the newborn
e) vomiting in infants
f) cardiac insufficiency
g) acute diarrhoea
h) dehydration
i) convulsions
j) purulent meningitis
k) tuberculous meningitis
l) tuberculosis
m) eruptive fevers
n) viral bronchopneumonia
o) bacterial pneumonia
p) septicemia
q) childhood skin disorders
r) urinary infections
s) acute glomerular affections
t) abdominal tumours
u) enlargement of liver
v) enlargement of adenoids
w) enlargement of spleen
x) kalaazar
y) malaria
z) throat infections
aa) otitis
bb) orthopaedic problems in children
2) Carry out activities relating to patient care, taking of samples, laboratory work and use of
equipment.
a) Sampling techniques: - blood (including blood from umbilical cord); abscess; cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF); urine and puncture of ascites, pleura
b) Techniques relating to patient care, preventive measures and laboratory work: -
Immunization; perfusion, intramuscular injection, transfusion; catheterization, enema; blood
grouping; haematocrit; erythrocyte sedimentation rate and CSF count
c) Use of equipment:- sphygmomanometer; otoscope; aerosol spray; aspirator;
electrocardiograph and ophthalmoscope
3) Distinguish between normal newborn babies and those at risk; organize prevention and early
detection of possible dangers.
a) Recognize growth anomalies.
b) Recognize anomalies of psycho-motor development.
c) Work out with the parents a diet suitable for the needs of their child.
d) Recognize dietary anomalies.
e) Plan a surveillance programme for a normal child and for one at risk.
f) Enter findings in the child's medical record.
4) Cont.………. so on.
Specific Objective = {The Act + The Content + The Condition} + The Criteria
EXAMPLE
“Identify on frontal X-ray films of the thorax the presence or absence of opacities of the pulmonary
parenchyma, of more than 2 cm diameter in 80% of cases.”
Act: “Identify the presence” indicates the act to be performed.
Content: “Opacities of the pulmonary parenchyma.”
Condition: “Frontal X-ray films of the thorax” are provided to the student.
Criterion: The student must identify “in 80% of cases any opacity of over 2 cm diameter”.
This taxonomy was revised in 2001 by Anderson and Krathwohl to change the category names from
nouns to verbs, and to switch the Evaluation and Synthesis levels in the hierarchy.
Affective Domain
The affective domain (Krathwohl, Bloom, Masia, 1973) includes the manner in which we deal with
things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes.
The five major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the most complex:
A F F E C T I V E T A X O N O M Y
L E V E L D E F I N I T I O N E X A M P L E
R e c e i v i n g Being aware of or attending to something in the environment. Individual reads a book passage about civil rights.
Responding Showing some new behaviors as a result of experience. Individual answers questions about the book, reads another book by the same author, another book about civil rights, etc.
V a l u i n g Showing some definite involvement or commitment. The individual demonstrates this by voluntarily attending a lecture on civil rights.
Organization Integrating a new value into one's general set of values, giving it some ranking among one's general priorities. The individual arranges a civil rights rally.
Characterization by Acting consistently with the new value. The individual is firmly committed to the value, perhaps becoming a civil rights leader.
Value
ACTION VERBS APPROPRIATE FOR EACH LEVEL OF AFFECTIVE DOMAIN
C a t e g o r y K e y W o r d s ( v e r b s )
R e c e i v i n g Asks, Chooses, Describes, Follows, Gives, Holds, Identifies, Locates, Names, Points To, Selects, Sits, Erects, Replies, Uses.
R e s p o n d i n g Answers, Assists, Aids, Complies, Conforms, Discusses, Greets, Helps, Labels, Performs, Practices, Presents, Reads, Recites, Reports, Selects, Tells, Writes.
V a l u i n g Completes, Demonstrates, Differentiates, Explains, Follows, Forms, Initiates, Invites, Joins, Justifies, Proposes, Reads, Reports, Selects, Shares, Studies, Works.
O r g a n i z a t i o n Adheres, Alters, Arranges, Combines, Compares, Completes, Defends, Explains, Formulates, Generalizes, Identifies, Integrates, Modifies, Orders, Organizes, Prepares, Relates, Synthesizes.
Characterization by Acts, Discriminates, Displays, Influences, Listens, Modifies, Performs, Practices, Proposes, Qualifies, Questions, Revises, Serves, Solves, Verifies.
Value
Psychomotor Domain
The psychomotor domain (Simpson, 1972) includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the
motor-skill areas. Development of these skills requires practice and is measured in terms of speed,
precision, distance, procedures, or techniques in execution. The seven major categories are listed from
the simplest behavior to the most complex:
Simpson (1972) built this taxonomy on the work of Bloom and others:
1. Perception - Sensory cues guide motor activity.
2. Set - Mental, physical, and emotional dispositions that make one respond in a certain way to a
situation.
3. Guided Response - First attempts at a physical skill. Trial and error coupled with practice lead
to better performance.
4. Mechanism - The intermediate stage in learning a physical skill. Responses are habitual with
a medium level of assurance and proficiency.
5. Complex Overt Response - Complex movements are possible with a minimum of wasted
effort and a high level of assurance they will be successful.
6. Adaptation - Movements can be modified for special situations.
7. Origination - New movements can be created for special situations.
P S Y C H O M O T O R T A X O N O M Y
L E V E L D E F I N I T I O N E X A M P L E
O b s e r v i n g Active mental attending of a physical event. The learner watches a more experienced person. Other mental activity, such as reading may be a pert of the observation process.
I m i t a t i n g Attempted copying of a physical behavior. The first steps in learning a skill. The learner is observed and given direction and feedback on performance. Movement is not automatic or smooth .
P r a c t i c i n g Trying a specific physical activity over and over. The skill is repeated over and over. The entire sequence is performed repeatedly. Movement is moving towards becoming automatic and smooth.
A d a p t i n g Fine tuning. Making minor adjustments in the physical activity in order to perfect it. The skill is perfected. A mentor or a coach is often needed to provide an outside perspective on how to improve or adjust as needed for the situation.
K E Y V E R B S F O R T H E P S Y C H O M O T O R
D O M A I N
B e n g r i n d o r g a n i z e
d s s
calibrates handle perform (skillfully)
constructs heats reach
differentiate (by touch) manipulates relax
dismantles measures shorten
displays mends sketches
fastens mixes stretch
fixes operate write
grasp
THE THREE CLASSIFICATIONS (SIMPLIFIED)
FORMULATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
COMPONENTS OF OBJECTIVE
Heinich, Molenda, and Russell (1989) wrote that there are four components of every objective:
Audience — who is the target of this objective, and what are the learner's characteristics. In the
ISD process, this is normally covered in the Entry Behaviors section.
Participation In Educational
activities
Behavior — what behavior is expected from the learner to show that he or she has learned the
material. Words like “learn,” “appreciate,” and “know” are vague. Instead, use action verbs like
“identify,” “demonstrate,” and “list”.
Conditions — under what conditions will the learner be expected to demonstrate her knowledge.
Will the learner be given graphs, illustrations, reference material, or must she perform from
memory?
Degree —the standard by which acceptable performance will be judged.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD OBJECTIVES
Objectives should identify a learning outcome— An objective that states, “the learner will learn
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs by studying pages 100 to 115” refers not to an outcome of
instruction but to an activity of learning. The objective needs to state what the learner is to
perform , not how the learner learns. For example, “The learner will recite the five steps in
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.” Evidence of whether the learners have learned the material lies
not in watching them read about it but by listening to them explain the principles in their own
words.
Objectives should be consistent with course goals — For example, including a objective about
the history of personal computers in a word processing course does not match the stated course
goal of “correctly use Microsoft Word.” Trainers sometimes try to teach what they think is
important or like to instruct, rather than what the learners need to know. When objectives and
goals are not consistent, two avenues of approach are available: change (or eliminate) the
objective, or change the course goal.
Objectives should be precise — It's sometimes difficult to strike a balance between too much and
too little precision in an objective. There is a fine line between choosing objectives that reflect an
important and meaningful outcome of instruction, objectives that trivialize information into
isolated facts, and objectives that are extremely vague. Remember, the purpose of an objective is
to give different people the same understanding of the desired instructional outcome.
EXAMPLES OF WELL-WRITTEN OBJECTIVES
Example objectives which include– (Audience – Green; Behavior – Red; Condition – Blue; and
Degree – Pink)
Cognitive (comprehension level) -"Given examples and non-examples of constructivist activities in a
college classroom, the studentwill be able to accurately identify the constructivist examples and
explain why each example is or isn't a constructivist activityin 20 words or less."
Cognitive (application level) -"Given a sentence written in the past or present tense, the studentwill be
able to re-write the sentence in future tensewith no errors in tense or tense contradiction (i.e., I will
see her yesterday.)."
Cognitive (creation/synthesis level) - "Given two cartoon characters of the student's choice, the
studentwill be able to list five major personality traits of each of the two characters, combine these
traits (either by melding traits together, multiplying together complimentary traits, or negating
opposing traits) into a composite character, and develop a short (no more than 20 frames) storyboard
for a cartoonthat illustrates three to five of the major personality traits of the composite character."
Affective -"Given the opportunity to work in a team with several people of different races, the
studentwill demonstrate an positive increase in attitude towards non-discrimination of race, as
measured by a checklist utilized/completed by non-team members."
Psychomotor -"Given a standard balance beam raised to a standard height, the student (attired in
standard balance beam usage attire) will be able to walk the entire length of the balance beam (from
one end to the other)steadily, without falling off, and within a six second time span."
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Guilbert J. Educational handbook for health personnel. 6th ed. (1987) revised 1998. Geneva:
World Health Organization; Page No. – 1.30 to 108.
2. Basavanthappa B T. Nursing Education. JaypeeBrothersPublishers; 1sted. (2003) reprint 2004.
Page No.286 to 314
3. Neerja, KP. Textbook of Nursing Education. Jaypee Brothers Publishers; 1 sted. (2003) reprint
2005. Page No. -158 to165
4. http://www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary/objective.htm
5. http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/pdfs/writing_aims.pdf
6. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/tlmt/dream/webshops/mainpage.htm
7. http://www.unisa.edu.au/gradquals/staff/program/aims.asp
8. http://www.rapidbi.com/created/WriteSMARTobjectives.html
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