European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044

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European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ejmsol

An operator based novel micromechanical model of viscoelastic hybrid

woven fibre-particulate reinforced polymer composites
A. Bhattacharjee, K. Ganguly, H. Roy *
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Orissa, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: A detailed study is conducted to investigate the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) particles on the mechanical
Viscoelastic hybrid composite behaviour of viscoelastic woven glass/epoxy composite. A novel operator based micromechanical modelling in
Micromechanical model conjunction with finite element formulation of hybrid composite is derived considering the modulus operator for
Frequency-dependent behaviour
fibre, matrix as well as filler particles. A time-domain higher-order equation of motion is then developed to
Viscoelastic parameter
Dynamic mechanical analyser
obtain frequency response and modal damping parameters. These dynamic parameters are verified with free
Finite element approach vibration experiments conducted using an impact hammer and an accelerometer connected to a device loaded
with B&K PULSE software. The predicted results are found to be in good convergence with the experiments.
Further, it is also observed that damping ratio increases while natural frequency decreases with increase in SiC
content. Moreover, the proposed micromechanical model can efficiently estimate the dynamic characteristics of
hybrid woven composites without even fabricating samples and conducting explicit experiments, thus saving
time and cost.

1. Introduction particle/short fibre/polymer composites using two different models

Woven fibre (WF) reinforced polymer composite has enormous ap­
plications as structural components owing to several versatilities like
easy manufacturability, high specific strength and toughness. The fibre
lamina caters to improve the structural behaviour like strength, stiffness
as well as damping. Wakeman et al. (2006) suggested the use of woven
fabric composite in automotive applications based on their outstanding
design capability, weight reduction, high specific strength and stiffness.
Madeo et al. (2016) established a constrained micromorphic model
along with a discrete model to study the deformation behaviour of un­
balanced fabrics. Udhayaraman and Mulay (2017) conducted a detailed
study on the constitutive modelling of uni-directional (UD) as well as WF
composites based on their micro-mechanics. Furthermore, the me­
chanical behaviour of the polymer resins can be enhanced by the
addition of micro- or nano-filler particles. Therefore, it is imperative to
study the advantages of hybridization of filler particles and woven fibre
over using woven fibre or filler particles independently in the polymer
matrix.
Numerous researchers have studied the effect of filler reinforcement
on mechanical, thermal and wear properties of fibre reinforced polymer
composites. Fu et al. (2002) estimated the elastic modulus of hybrid
namely rule of hybrid mixture (RoHM) and laminate analog approach
(LAA). On comparing with the experiments, it was observed that the
LAA model results match well with the experiments compared to the
RoHM. Fu et al. (2008) recommended filling polymer matrix with
inorganic filler particles (talc, red mud, fly ash, clay, glass beads,
alumina, silica, etc.) for enhancing the strength, stiffness and fracture
toughness of the components as well as reduce the cost. The effect of
micro Al2O3 particle reinforcement on the mechanical properties of
woven glass/epoxy composite has been experimentally investigated by
Asi, 2009, 2010. Mujika et al. (2012) fabricated UD carbon/epoxy
composite filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and
studied the inter-laminar fracture properties using end notched flexural
tests. Rahman et al. (2012) presented a detailed description of the
fabrication and evaluation of flexural, thermo-mechanical and
morphological properties of woven E-glass/epoxy composites filled with
amino treated MWCNTs (MWCNT-NH2). The flexural properties of the
hybrid composites were found to be maximum for 0.3 wt%
MWCNT-NH2 loading. The mechanical and wear properties of plain
weave glass/epoxy composites filled with Al2O3 particles were investi­
gated by Raju et al. (2013). These mechanical properties were found to
be enhanced due to the presence of Al2O3 particles. Shalwan and Yousif

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: antarabhattacharjee91@gmail.com (A. Bhattacharjee), krishanuganguly5@gmail.com (K. Ganguly), hroy77@rediffmail.com (H. Roy).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2020.104044
Received 18 December 2019; Received in revised form 8 May 2020; Accepted 10 May 2020
Available online 15 May 2020
0997-7538/© 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
A. Bhattacharjee et al.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the hybrid woven fibre-particulate reinforced
polymer composite depicting its constituents.
(2014) studied the effect of graphite (Gr) particle reinforcement on
mechanical and wear properties of date palm fibre/epoxy composites.
Dai et al., 2016, 2018 presented a derivation of computing the elastic
modulus of hybrid particle/short fibre/polymer composites considering
the effect of porosities, three-dimensional spatial orientation and dis­
tribution of fibres. The effects of reinforcement agglomeration and fibre
dimension on the tensile property were also examined. Recently,
Gangineni et al. (2019) investigated the effect of surface modification of
carbon fibre using graphene-based nano fillers on the flexural and
inter-laminar properties of carbon/epoxy composite. The composite
modified with graphene carboxyl (G-COOH) was found to possess the
highest flexural and inter-laminar shear strength.
From the above literature, it is deduced that a lot of work has been
primarily done to study the various mechanical and thermo-mechanical
behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer composites filled with particles.
As polymer resins are known to possess excellent viscoelasticity, it is
quite essential to study the frequency-dependent viscoelastic behaviour
of polymer reinforced hybrid composites. Hashin, 1970a, 1970b derived
a detailed mathematical formulation for prediction of complex moduli
of isotropic particle reinforced and fibre reinforced composites. A good
agreement was established between experimental and predicted results.
Kapur et al. (1977) estimated the dynamic properties of two and
three-layered damped beams using a four-element viscoelastic model.
Chandra et al. (2003) proposed different models to show the damping
contribution of the viscoelastic matrix in a fibre reinforced composite.
Free vibration experiments were conducted by Chandradass et al. (2007)
to study the effect of nano-clay reinforcement on the damping behaviour
of vinyl ester reinforced with chopped strand glass fibre laminate. Khan
et al. (2011) studied the damping behaviour of carbon fibre/epoxy
composite filled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The damping ratio of
these hybrid composites was found to improve with increasing CNT
content. Huang and Tsai (2015) studied the flexural and damping
properties of UD glass/epoxy laminates filled with nano-silica and rub­
ber particles. A micromechanical model was proposed to estimate the
loss factor and moduli of the hybrid composites and verified with forced
vibration experiments. A micromechanical model of viscoelastic UD
composite was proposed by Roy and Dutt (2016) considering the
modulus operator for both fibre and matrix derived from the anelastic
displacement field approach.
A thorough investigation of the literature reveals a lack in research
work carried out to study the viscoelastic behaviour of hybrid woven
fibre/polymer composites filled with particles based on micro­
mechanics. Hence, a time-domain mathematical model of hybrid com­
posites made of plain weave E-glass fibre/epoxy composite reinforced
with silicon carbide (SiC) particles is proposed in the current study. This
model considers the geometrical parameters of the woven glass fibre
along with viscoelastic properties of the constituents. A differential
operator based constitutive relationship for woven fibre, matrix as well
as filler particles is utilized, and a higher-order equation of motion is
derived after discretizing the beam using finite element. The equation of
motion is solved for eigenanalysis after converting it into the first-order
2
European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044
Fig. 2. Four element rheological model.
form using state-space representation. The modal damping parameters
of the hybrid composite beam are again verified with free vibration
experiments.
2. Constitutive relationship of viscoelastic constituents
Polymer composites are highly viscoelastic due to the viscous nature
of the polymer resins. Moreover, reinforcements also tend to cater the
same property. In the present analysis, the polymer resin is reinforced
with both fibres as well as filler particles assuming every constituent of
the composite exhibiting viscoelastic nature. Initially the epoxy resin is
filled with SiC particulates and the plain weave E-glass fibre laminae are
reinforced in the resultant effective matrix. Fig. 1 depicts the schema­
tization of the hybrid composite consisting of three constituents.
An operator based approach for the individual constituents is
considered to model the hybrid composite. The modulus operator is
calculated based on the springs-dashpots combination, also known as
the rheological models. A four-element rheological model comprising of
two springs and two dashpots, as shown in Fig. 2, is considered to depict
the damping behaviour of each constituent.
The constitutive relationship for a viscoelastic material is given as:
σ ¼ EðÞε (1)
where EðÞ is the modulus operator. For a viscoelastic material, the EðÞ is
a fraction whose numerator and denominator are functions of differ­
ential time operator, D ¼ d=dt. Following Dutt and Roy (2011), the
modulus operator for the four-element model is given as:
a0 þ a1 D þ a2 D2
EðÞ ¼ (2a)
b0 þ b1 D
where the polynomial coefficients are the viscoelastic parameters given
by
c2 k1 c1 c2 c2
a0 ¼ k1 ; a1 ¼ c1 þ c2 þ ; a2 ¼ ; b0 ¼ 1 ​ and ​ b1 ¼ (2b)
k2 k2 k2
k1 ; ​ k2 ; ​ c1 ​ and ​ c2 are the springs and dashpots constants as shown in
Fig. 2.
2.1. Estimation of differential modulus operator of hybrid composite
based on its constituents
Inorganic micro filler particles are mixed with a polymer resin to
enhance the mechanical properties, which again is reinforced with
woven fibre to form hybrid WF composites. The homogeneous mixture
of filler particles and polymer resin is termed as the effective matrix.
Therefore, to analyse the effect of hybridization, a micromechanical
modelling of hybrid composite is developed considering all constituents
to be viscoelastic.
In order to estimate the differential modulus operator EðÞ of the
hybrid composite, the equivalent elastic modulus of the composite has to
be estimated first. This is done by considering the composite to be a
A. Bhattacharjee et al. European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044

Fig. 3. Cross-sectional view of WF lamina along the warp and fill directions.

ww =2�
Z � � � ��
2hw πy πgw y
Hw ¼ cos cos dy
ww þ gw ww ww ðww þ gw Þ
0

wf =2 !!
Z � �
2hf πx πgf x
Hf ¼ cos cos � dx
wf þ gf wf wf wf þ gf (4)
0
!!
1 π hf πx
φw ¼ tan � sin
2 wf þ gf wf þ gf
� � ��
πhw πy
φf ¼ tan 1 sin
2ðww þ gw Þ ww þ gw

where h; ​ w ​ and ​ g denote the thickness, width and gap of the yarns
respectively. The subscripts w and f are used to indicate the warp and fill
yarn respectively. The total laminate thickness is given by h ¼ hw þ hf þ
Fig. 4. Micrograph of the surface morphology of plain weave WF.
hem . Due to the balanced structure of WF lamina, it is transversely
isotropic. This implies that the height, width, gap, mean thickness and
linear elastic material and deriving the elastic modulus of the constitu­
local off-axis angle for both the warp and fill yarn are equal. This is also
ents sequentially. Halpin-Tsai-Nielsen semi-empirical equation Yan
witnessed from the SEM micrograph as shown in Fig. 4.
et al. (2006), is used to estimate the equivalent modulus of the isotropic
Assuming the composite laminate to be orthotropic and homoge­
effective matrix and is given by:
neous, the generalised Hooke’s law for cross-ply fibre is written as:
� �
1 þ XYVp
Eem ¼ Em (3) fσg ¼ ½Q�fεg (5a)
1 YVp
Here, ½Q� is the elastic constant matrix. Considering plane stress state
where X ¼ 87 5υm
and Y ¼
Ep Em condition of the cross-ply fibre, it is written as:
10υm Ep þXEm . Here, E; ​ υ ​ and ​ V are Young’s
Modulus, Poisson’s ratio and volume fraction of the constituents 2
E1 υ12 E2 3
respectively. The subscript em, p and m denote effective matrix, partic­ 0
6 1 υ12 υ21 1 υ12 υ21 7
6 7
ulate and polymer matrix respectively. 6 υ E
½Q� ¼ 6 E2 7
(5b)
12 2 7
The elastic modulus of the plain weave WF is evaluated, considering 6
4 1 υ12 υ21 1 υ12 υ21
0 7
5
it to be a balanced structure. The WF lamina is assumed to be made of
0 0 G12
two UD cross-plies, one for warp and other for fill. The sinusoidal dis­
tribution of warp yarn in the x z plane is shown in Fig. 3(a), whereas
0 0

where E1 ; ​ E2 ; ​ υ12 ; ​ υ21 ​ and ​ G12 are the engineering constants of the
Fig. 3(b) shows fill yarn distribution in the y z plane. Herex y z
0 0 0 0 0

fibre. E-glass fibre is used in present analysis, which is especially

axis is called as the local coordinate.
Some geometrical parameters such as mean thickness (H) and local
off-axis undulation angle (φ) are required to define the elastic properties
of the WF lamina. After referring Naik and Ganesh (1995), these pa­
rameters are expressed as:
transversely isotropic as suggested by Naik and Ganesh (1995). There­
fore, the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio in longitudinal and
transverse direction are equal i.e.E1 ¼ E2 ​ and ​ υ12 ¼ υ21 .
In order to express the stress in global frame, the elastic constant
matrix has to be transformed into global coordinate (x y z). Due to
the sinusoidal undulation, the yarns are oriented at their respective off-
axis angle. Thus the fill and warp yarns have to rotate at an angle of φf
and φw about x ​ and ​ y axis respectively. Thus to include the effect of
0 0

undulation and interlacing of the yarns, the ½Q� matrix is transformed

3
A. Bhattacharjee et al. European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044

into the local x y plane. The local transformed elastic constant matrix
0 0
8� 0 � � �9 1
> >
of the cross-ply laminas is given by:
p p p
>
> a þa Dþa D2
0 1 2
am þam Dþam D2
0 1 2 >
>
B < p p
b þb D
m
b þb D m = C
2 3 B1 þ X � 0 1
� �
0 1
� Vp C
Q11 Q12 Q16 B > > C
B >
>
p p
a þa Dþa D2
p
am þam Dþam D2 >
> C
(6) � m �B ; C
0 1 2 0 1 2
T
½Q� ¼ ½T� ½Q�½T� ¼ 4 Q12 Q22 Q26 5 m m 2 B : p p
b þb D
þX m
b þb D m
C
a0 þ a1 D þ a2 D B 0 1 0 1

Q16 Q26 Q66 Eem ðÞ ¼ B 8� � � �9 C C

bm0 þ bm1 D B > >
> C
p p p
B >
> a0 þap1 Dþap 2 D
2 am þam Dþam D2
0 1 2 > C
< =
Here, the transformation matrix ½T� is calculated by considering φw ¼ B
B1
b þb D
� 0 1 � �
bm þbm D
0 1
� Vp C
C
φf ¼ α and written as (Jones (1998)): @ >
>
> a
p p
þa Dþa
p 2
D am þam Dþam D2 >
>
>
A
: 0 bp1þbp D2 þX 0 bm1þbm D2 ;
2 3 0 1 0 1

cos2 α sin2 α 2 cos α sin α

(11a)
½T� ¼ 4 2
sin α 2
cos α 2 cos α sin α 5
cos α sin α cos α sin α cos2 α sin2 α Eq. (11a) is simplified to:
� m �
The global elastic constant matrix is obtained after self-orientation of a0 þ am1 D þ am2 D2
Eem ðÞ ¼
the individual cross-ply laminas along the global frame. This requires bm0 þ bm1 D
the laminas to be rotated and transformed again to the global x ​ and ​ y 0 �
� ap0 þap1 Dþap2 D2
�
�
1
axis. The global transformed elastic constant matrix is given by:
m m p p m m m 2
B x1 b 0 þ b 1 D p p
b0 þb1 D
þ Xy1 ðb 0 þ b 1 DÞ a0 þ a1 D þ a2 D C
B C
B �p p p � C
@ � � A
½Q� ¼ ½T�T ½Q�½T� (7) a þa Dþa D 2
m m p p m m m 2
y1 b0 þ b1 D 0
p
1
b þb D
p
2
þ z1 ðb0 þ b1 DÞ a0 þ a1 D þ a2 D
0 1

Considering the normal strain component in the WF lamina along the

(11b)
x axis, the first component of the ½Q� matrix is considered for further
here, x1 ¼ ð1 þ XVp Þ; y1 ¼ ð1 Vp Þ and z1 ¼ ðX þ Vp Þ.
calculations and is given by:
On further simplification, Eq. (11b) reduces to:
Q11 ¼ Q11 cos4 α þ Q22 sin4 α þ 2ðQ12 þ 2Q66 Þcos2 αsin2 α (8)
i0 þ i1 D þ i2 D2 þ i3 D3 þ i4 D4 þ i5 D5
Eem ðÞ ¼ (12)
Here α is the angle between the local and global frame. Due to the j0 þ j1 D þ j2 D2 þ j3 D3 þ j4 D4
balanced structure of the WF lamina, the transformed elastic modulus of
where
warp and fill yarns are also equal and is denoted as Qfw . Here, the
�2
subscript fw denotes fibre comprising fill and wrap yarns. i0 ¼ x1 am0 ap0 þ Xy1 am0
The elastic modulus of the hybrid composite is calculated in terms of
the elastic constants of the WF lamina constituting the warp and fill � �2 �
i1 ¼ x1 am1 ap0 þ am0 ap1 þ am0 ap0 bm1 þ Xy1 2am0 am1 þ am0 bp1
yarns as well as the effective matrix which comprises of polymer resin
and filler particulates. Following Naik and Ganesh (1995) and applying i2 ¼ x1 am2 ap0 þ am0 ap2 þ am1 ap1 þ am1 ap0 bm1 þ am0 ap1 bm1
�
iso-strain condition on the WF lamina, the equivalent elastic modulus of �2 �
the hybrid composite is given by: þ Xy1 2am0 am2 þ am1 þ 2am0 am1 bp1
� �
Qfw Hw þ Hf Vs þ Eem Hem ð1 Vs Þ i3 ¼ x1 am1 ap2 þ am2 ap1 þ am2 ap0 bm1 þ am1 ap1 bm1 þ am0 ap2 bm1
E¼ (9) �2 �
h
þ Xy1 2am1 am2 þ am1 bp1 þ 2am0 am2 bp1
where Hem ¼ h ðHw þHf Þ is the average thickness of the effective � �2 �
matrix, whereas the parameters Hw ​ and ​ Hf are defined in Eq. (4). The i4 ¼ x1 am2 ap2 þ am2 ap1 bm1 þ am1 ap2 bm1 þ Xy1 2am1 am2 bp1 þ am2
yarn volume fraction Vs is defined as Vs ¼ HwVþH
oh
f
, where Vo denotes the �2
i5 ¼ x1 am2 ap2 bm1 þ Xy1 am2 bp1
overall fibre volume fraction. Since, the epoxy resin, as well as E-glass
fibre and SiC particulates are considered to be viscous in nature; the
j0 ¼ y1 ap0 þ z1 am0
equivalent elastic modulus of the composite is thereby modified to
include the effect of viscosity of each constituent. � �
j1 ¼ y1 ap1 þ 2ap0 bm1 þ z1 am0 bm1 þ am1 þ am0 bp1
The differential modulus operator of woven fabric, filler particulates
and polymer matrix are given by: �2 � �
j2 ¼ y1 ap1 bm1 þ ap2 þ ap0 bm1 þ ap1 bm1 þ z1 am1 bm1 þ am2 þ am0 bm1 bp1 þ am1 bp1
al0 þ al1 D þ al2 D2 as0 þ as1 D þ as2 D2
Efw ðÞ ¼ ; ​ Gfw ðÞ ¼ �2 � �
bl0 þ bl1 D bs0 þ bs1 D j3 ¼ y1 bm1 ap2 þ bm1 ap1 þ ap2 bm1 þ z1 bm1 am2 þ am1 bp1 bm1 þ am2 bp1
(10)
ap0 þ ap1 D þ ap2 D2 am þ am D þ am D2 �2
Ep ðÞ ¼ p p ; ​ Em ðÞ ¼ 0 m 1 m 2 j4 ¼ y1 bm1 ap2 þ z1 am2 bp1 bm1
b0 þ b1 D b0 þ b1 D
The modulus operator of WF lamina, Qfw ðÞ is formulated from Eq. (8)
where Efw ðÞ, Gfw ðÞ are the tensile and shear modulus operator of fibre
respectively. Ep ðÞ and Em ðÞ are the tensile modulus operator of filler and given as:
!
particulate and polymer matrix respectively. Superscript l and s are used Efw ðÞ Efw ðÞ Efw ðÞυfw
for the longitudinal and shear direction of the fibre respectively.
4
Qfw ðÞ ¼ 4
cos α þ sin α þ 2 þ 2Gfw ðÞ cos2 αsin2 α
1 υ2fw 1 υ2fw 1 υ2fw
The differential modulus operator of the effective matrix can be
estimated by substituting Ep ðÞ and Em ðÞ in Eq. (3). Therefore, the ¼ Efw ðÞψ 1 þ Gfw ðÞψ 2
modulus operator of the effective matrix is given by: (13)

cos4 αþsin4 αþ2υfw cos2 αsin2 α

where ψ 1 ¼ 1 υ2fw
and ψ 2 ¼ 4cos2 αsin2 α
After substituting Efw ðÞ, Gfw ðÞ from Eq. (10), Eq. (13) is rewritten as:

4
A. Bhattacharjee et al. European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044

! � s �
al0 þ al1 D þ al2 D2 a0 þ as1 D þ as2 D2 n6 ¼ bl1 bs1 j4
Qfw ðÞ ¼ ψ 1 þ ψ2 (14)
bl0 þ bl1 D s s
b0 þ b1 D
3. Finite element modelling of the composite beam
Therefore, the differential modulus operator of the hybrid composite
can be estimated by replacing the equivalent modulus operator of WF
Once the modulus operator of hybrid composite is established, it is
lamina and the effective matrix using Eqs. (12) and (14). Hence Eq. (9) is
again employed to derive the time domain equation of motion of the
modified as:
composite beam using Rayleigh beam theory. Finite element modelling
�
Qfw ðÞ Hw þ Hf Vs þ Eem ðÞHm ð1 Vs Þ (FEM) is done after discretizing the continuum into certain finite
EðÞ ¼ (15) element. A two-noded beam element having two degrees of freedom per
h
node, i.e. a transverse and a rotational displacement is considered. The
The expanded form of Eq. (15) is equation of motion of an un-damped beam is given by:
� ! � � �
Hw þHf Vs ψ 1 al0 þal1 Dþal2 D2 Hw þHf Vs ψ 2 as0 þas1 Dþas2 D2 € þ ½K�fqg ¼ fFg
½M�fqg (19)
EðÞ¼ l l
þ s s
h b0 þb1 D h b0 þb1 D
� 2 3 4 5
� where the vectors fqg and fFg depict global displacement and global
Hm ð1 Vs Þ i0 þi1 Dþi2 D þi3 D þi4 D þi5 D
þ (16) force vectors respectively while the matrices ½M� and ½K� represent the
h j0 þj1 Dþj2 D2 þj3 D3 þj4 D4
global mass and global stiffness matrix respectively. ½M� and ½K� matrices
On further simplification, Eq. (16) can be re-written as: are derived by assembling corresponding element matrix, i.e. ½M� ¼
P P
! � s � ð½MeT � þ ½MeR �Þ, ½K� ¼ ½Ke �.
al þ al D þ al D2 a þ as D þ as D2 n n
EðÞ ¼ x2 0 l 1 l 2
b0 þ b1 D
þ y2 0 s 1 s 2
b0 þ b1 D The element translational mass, rotary inertia and stiffness matrix
� � are given as:
i0 þ i1 D þ i2 D2 þ i3 D3 þ i4 D4 þ i5 D5
þ z2 (17) 2
156 22l 54 13l
3
j0 þ j1 D þ j2 D2 þ j3 D3 þ j4 D4
� e � ρAl 6 22l 4l 2
13l 2 7
3l 7
MT ¼ 6 (20a)
420 4 54 13l 156 22l 5
where x2 ¼ w hf s 1 ; y2 ¼ w hf s and z2 ¼ Hm ð1h Vs Þ
.
ðH þH ÞV ψ ðH þH ÞV ψ 2
2 2
13l 3l 22l 4l
Eq. (17) is further simplified to:
2 3
m0 þ m1 D þ m2 D2 þ m3 D3 þ m4 D4 þ m5 D5 þ m6 D6 þ m7 D7 36 3l 36 3l
EðÞ ¼ (18) � e� ρI 66 3l 4l2 3l 2 7
l 7
n0 þ n1 D þ n2 D2 þ n3 D3 þ n4 D4 þ n5 D5 þ n6 D6 MR ¼ (20b)
30l 4 36 3l 36 3l 5
3l l2 3l 4l2
where
2 3
m0 ¼ x2 al0 j0 þ y2 as0 j0 þ z2 i0 12 6l 12 6l
EI 6 h i
6l 4l2 6l 2l2 7
� � �
e 6
½K � ¼ 3 4 7 ¼ E Ke
5 (20c)
m1 ¼ x2 al0 j1 þ al1 j0 þ al1 bs1 j0 þ y2 as0 j1 þ as1 j0 þ as1 bl1 j0 þ z2 i0 bl1 þ i0 bs1 þ i1 l 12 6l 12 6l
6l 2l2 6l 4l2
�
m2 ¼ x2 al0 j2 þ al1 j1 þ al0 j2 þ al0 bs1 j1 þ al1 bs1 j0 þ y2 as0 j2 þ as1 j1 þ as2 j0 where A, I and l are the beam cross-sectional area, the moment of inertia
� �
þ as0 bl1 j1 þ as1 bl1 j0 þ z2 i0 bs1 bl1 þ i1 bs1 þ i1 bl1 þ i2 of the beam and length of each discretized element respectively. E and ρ
are the equivalent elastic modulus and density of the composite. Ac­
�
m3 ¼ x2 al0 j3 þ al1 j2 þ al2 j1 þ al0 bs1 j2 þ al1 bs1 j1 þ al2 bs1 j0 þ y2 as0 j3 þ as1 j2 cording to Matthews et al. (2000), the density of the effective matrix
� � (ρem ) is determined by applying the rule of mixture of iso-strain condi­
þ as2 j1 þ as0 bl1 j2 þ as1 bl1 j1 þ as2 bl1 j0 þ z2 i1 bs1 bl1 þ i2 bs1 þ i2 bl1 þ i3
tion which is further used to calculate the density of the hybrid com­
� posite (ρ). The expressions of ρem and ρ are given as
m4 ¼ x2 al0 j4 þ al1 j3 þ al2 j2 þ al0 bs1 j3 þ al1 bs1 j2 þ al2 bs1 j1 þ y2 as0 j4 þ as1 j3
� � �
þ as2 j2 þ as0 bl1 j3 þ as1 bl1 j2 þ as2 bl1 j1 þ z2 i2 bs1 bl1 þ i3 bs1 þ i3 bl1 þ i4 ρem ¼ ρp Vp þ ρm 1 Vp

� and
m5 ¼ x2 al1 j4 þ al2 j3 þ al0 bs1 j4 þ al1 bs1 j3 þ al2 bs1 j2 þ y2 as1 j4 þ as2 j3 þ as0 bl1 j4
� �
þ as1 bl1 j3 þ as2 bl1 j2 þ z2 i3 bs1 bl1 þ i4 bs1 þ i4 bl1 þ i5 ρ ¼ ρfw Vs þ �
ρem ð1 Vs Þ ��
¼ ρfw Vs þ ρp Vp þ ρm 1 Vp ð1 Vs Þ:
� �
m6 ¼ x2 al2 j4 þ al1 bs1 j4 þ al2 bs1 j3 þ y2 as2 j4 þ as1 bl1 j4 þ as2 bl1 j3
�
þ z2 i4 bs1 bl1 þ i5 bs1 þ i5 bl1 3.1. Finite element formulation of viscoelastic hybrid composite beam

m7 ¼ x2 al2 bs1 j4 þ y2 as2 bl1 j4 þ z2 i5 bs1 bl1 The equation of motion given in Eq. (19) is modified to incorporate
the effect of viscoelasticity of the hybrid composite. This is done by
n0 ¼ j0 replacing the elastic modulus of the composite with the modulus oper­
ator mentioned in Eq. (18). Thus, the modified equation of motion can
n1 ¼ bl1 j0 þ bs1 j0 þ j1 be written as:

€ þ EðÞ½K�fqg ¼ fFg
½M�fqg (21)
n2 ¼ bl1 bs1 j0 þ bl1 j1 þ bs1 j1 þ j2
Substituting the modulus operator from Eq. (18), Eq. (21) is
n3 ¼ bl1 bs1 j1 þ bl1 j2 þ bs1 j2 þ j3 rewritten as:

n4 ¼ bl1 bs1 j2 þ bl1 j3 þ bs1 j3 þ j4 m0 þm1 Dþm2 D2 þm3 D3 þm4 D4 þm5 D5 þm6 D6 þm7 D7
€
½M�fqgþ ½K�fqg¼fFg
n0 þn1 Dþn2 D2 þn3 D3 þn4 D4 þn5 D5 þn6 D6
n5 ¼ bl1 bs1 j3 þ bl1 j4 þ bs1 j4 (22)

5
A. Bhattacharjee et al. European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044

Table 1 The matrices are written as,

Geometric parameters of the plain weave E-glass mat.
hf hw wf ww gf gw
2 3 8 9
0.043 0.043 0.40 0.40 0.20 0.20 ½0� >
> fqg > >
6 ½0� 7 >
> _ >
fqg >
> >
(All dimensions are in mm.). 6 7
6 ½0� 7
>
>
> € >
>
>
6 7 >
> fqg >
>
6 ½0� 7 < ::: =
fq g
½B� ¼ 6 7
6 ½0� 7; f‫א‬g ¼ ​
After operating the operand and simplification, Eq. (22) reduces to: 6 7 >
::::
> fq g > >
>
> >
6 ½0� 7
6 7 >
> fq::::: g > >
>
X
8
di 4 ½0� 5 >
> :::::: >
>
(23) >
> fq g >
Ai fqg ¼ ½B�fug : ::::::: > ;
i¼0
dti ½B� fq g

Here, ½A�,½B�and f‫א‬g are the system, input transmission and state
where ½A8 � ¼ n6 ½M�, ½A7 � ¼ n5 ½M� þ m7 ½K�, ½A6 � ¼ n4 ½M� þ m6 ½K�½A5 � ¼
matrices respectively.
n3 ½M� þ m5 ½K�, ½A4 � ¼ n2 ½M� þ m4 ½K�, ½A3 � ¼ n1 ½M� þ m3 ½K�, ½A2 � ¼
!
P6 di 4. Experimentation details
n0 ½M� þ m2 ½K�, ½A1 � ¼ m1 ½K�, ½A0 � ¼ m0 ½K� and½B� ¼ i¼0 ni dti ½P�;

​ fFg ¼ ½P�fug
It may be noted that the higher order equation of motion, as given in
Eq. (23) is obtained from the operator based approach. The right-hand
side of the equation of motion comprises of fug which denotes the
force vector corresponding to any external disturbance of size ðr �1Þ
with r number of excitations and ½P� expresses the position of the
external forces. If the system is subjected to harmonic excitation, fre­
quency domain analysis is done after replacing the differential time
operator D with iΩ, where Ω is the excitation frequency. The state-space
representation is done for eigenanalysis, which converts the higher-
order equations of motion into first-order equation.
The simplified state-space form of Eq. (23) is given by:
_ ¼ ½A�f‫א‬g þ ½B�fug
f@g
SiC particles of average diameter 35.2 � 1.5 μm are obtained from
Alfa Aesar, UK. The matrix consists of epoxy (L-12), and hardener (K-6)
procured from Atul Ltd., India. The epoxy and hardener are mixed in the
ratio of 10:1. Plain weave E-glass fibre mat of average strand diameter of
12 μm is used. The geometrical parameters of the E-glass lamina such as
height, width and gap of the warp and fill yarn are estimated from the
micrographs obtained from the scanning electron microscope (make:
JEOL JSM- 6480 LV), as shown in Fig. 4. From the surface morphology of
the plain weave E-glass fibre mat, the geometrical parameters are
specified in Table 1.
The effect of volume fraction of the filler particles on the damping
behaviour of viscoelastic woven fibre reinforced polymer composites is
studied. In this case, four different compositions of composites are
(24) prepared by varying the volume fraction of SiC particles (0, 5, 10 and 15

2 3
6 ½0� ½I� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� 7
6 7
6 7
6 ½0� ½0� ½I� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� 7
6 7
6 ½0� ½0� ½0� ½I� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� 7
6 7
6 7
6 ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½I� ½0� ½0� ½0� 7
½A� ¼ 6
6
7
7
6 ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½I� ½0� ½0� 7
6 7
6 ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½I� ½0� 7
6 7
6 ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½0� ½I� 7
6� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7
6 7
4 A8 1 A0 A8 1 A1 A8 1 A2 A8 1 A3 A8 1 A4 A8 1 A5 A8 1 A6 1
A8 A7 5

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of the composite fabrication process.

6
A. Bhattacharjee et al.
Fig. 6. (a) Schematic diagram and (b) experimental set-up for measuring dynamic parameters of the hybrid composites.
vol%) with fixed E-glass fibre WF (20 vol%), named as C1, C2, C3 and C4
respectively. The filler particles are thoroughly mixed into the epoxy
with the help of ultrasonic vibrations. Then hand lay-up technique is
used for laminating woven glass fibre with the epoxy matrix filled with
reinforcements. A load of 300 N is applied on the top of the laminated
composite and cured for 24 h in the mould and then in load free con­
dition for few days. A neat epoxy resin sample without any reinforce­
ment is also fabricated in the mould. For this, epoxy resin-hardener
mixture is prepared ensuring no entrapped gas bubble. A detailed
pictorial representation of the fabrication process is shown in Fig. 5.
An operator based approach is discussed in the previous sections to
estimate the dynamic characteristics of the damped hybrid composites.
The viscoelastic properties of SiC particles and glass fibre are obtained
from literature, whereas that of epoxy resin is acquired from experi­
ments. A sample of neat epoxy is made from the fabricated specimen and
used for evaluation of storage modulus and loss factor using the dynamic
mechanical analyser (PerkinElmer DMA 8000) at 28 � C. As mentioned
by Idicula et al. (2005), samples of dimensions 1.65 � 10 � 60 mm
(thickness � width � length) are prepared as per ASTM standard D4065
and used in three-point loading condition. Five sets of
frequency-dependent properties are collected for the specified range and
averaged for better results.
In order to validate the theoretical formulation, experiments are
conducted on the hybrid composite cantilever beams, and dynamic pa­
rameters are evaluated. As per ASTM E756-05 standard, beam di­
mensions are chosen as 1.65 � 15 � 180 mm (thickness � width �
cantilever length), and free vibration experiments are conducted using
an impact hammer. The composite beams are tightly fixed to a rigid
frame to attain negligible support damping. An impact hammer
(Endevco 2302-5) is used to impart small impact on the beam. These
signals are picked up by the accelerometer (B&K 4507) placed on the
free end of the beam. These signals are then fed to a data acquisition
system (DAQ) (B&K FFT analyser 3560) which in turn is connected to a
computer system loaded with B&K PULSE software. Five sets of data are
collected for each specimen and averaged for accurately estimating the
frequency response functions (FRFs). The FRFs are further used for
Fig. 7. Optimized curve fit of (a) Storage modulus and (b) loss factor of SiC particle with experiments.
7
European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044
computing the modal damping parameters like natural frequencies and
damping ratios of the composite beams. Fig. 6 demonstrates the sche­
matic diagram and the experimental set-up used for conducting free
vibration experiment.
5. Results and discussions
From the literature, it is clear that reinforcing SiC particles enhances
mechanical, thermal and wear properties of woven fabric/polymer
composite. However, the current study focuses on the effect of SiC
reinforcement on the damping properties of viscoelastic glass fibre/
epoxy composite. Here two different methods are used to evaluate the
dynamic characteristics of hybrid composite. These are:
Procedure I: A mathematical model of the viscoelastic woven fabric
composite filled with particles is derived based on micro-mechanics.
Viscoelastic parameters of the individual constituents are obtained
either from literature or from experiment and incorporated into the
formulation through operator based approach to derive the equation of
motion. Finite element modelling of the cantilever structure is done for
performing eigenanalysis as well as response analysis.
Procedure II: Estimation of dynamic parameters of the fabricated
hybrid composite specimen from impact hammer tests using B&K PULSE
software for cantilever support condition.
The procedure I is a theoretical approach and verified with Proced­
ure II, which is based on experiments. To correlate with the experi­
mental data, an accelerometer of mass 4.8 gm as used in experiments is
added to the global mass matrix in the appropriate location.
5.1. Estimation of viscoelastic parameters
Frequency-dependent storage modulus and loss factor of micro SiC
particles (average diameter: 37 μm) are acquired from Prasad et al.
(2015). The viscoelastic properties of glass are obtained from Lazan
(1968). However, an experiment, as detailed in Section 4, is conducted
using DMA to acquire the viscoelastic properties of epoxy resin. The
frequency-dependent storage modulus and loss factor of SiC particles
A. Bhattacharjee et al. European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044

Fig. 8. Optimized curve fit of (a) Storage modulus and (b) loss factor of epoxy resin with experiments.

Fig. 9. Optimized curve fit of (a) Storage modulus, (b) loss factor, (c) shear storage modulus and (d) shear loss factor of glass fibre with experiments.

Table 2 Table 5
Viscoelastic parameters of SiC particles. First and second modal parameters of the four hybrid composites obtained from
two approaches.
a0 (Pa) a1 (Pa-s) a2 (Pa-s2) b1 (s)
7 6 Composite Modal damping Procedure I Procedure II Error
5.5973 � 10 4.5358 � 10 4.657 � 102 7.38 � 10 2
parameters (%)

C1 ωn1 20.1850 19.82 1.81

ωn2 126.49 124.13 1.87
Table 3
ς1 0.0420 0.0398 5.24
Viscoelastic parameters of epoxy resin.
ς2 0.1174 0.1112 5.28
a0 (Pa) a1 (Pa-s) a2 (Pa-s2) b1 (s) C2 ωn1 20.1585 19.80 1.78
3.1808 � 109 3.1137 � 108 7.3207 � 104 9.11 � 10 2
ωn2 126.3243 124 1.84
ς1 0.0426 0.0419 1.64
ς2 0.1194 0.1170 2.01
Table 4 C3 ωn1 20.1316 19.75 1.90
Viscoelastic parameters of glass fibre. ωn2 126.1559 123.74 1.92
2 ς1 0.0433 0.0435 0.46
Longitudinal or a0 (Pa) a1 (Pa-s) a2 (Pa-s ) b1 (s)
transverse 7.29 � 1010 6.12 � 109 8.35 � 104 8.29 � 10 2 ς2 0.1212 0.1217 0.41
Components C4 ωn1 20.1043 19.1 4.99
Shear a0 (Pa) a1 (Pa-s) a2 (Pa-s2) b1 (s) ωn2 125.9845 119.76 4.94
components 3.04 � 1010 2.55 � 109 3.48 � 104 8.29 � 10 2
ς1 0.0439 0.0441 0.46
ς2 0.1229 0.1234 0.41

and epoxy are plotted in Figs. 7 and 8 respectively. However, as glass

fibres are transversely isotropic, unlike isotropic filler particles and
polymer resin, both the tensile and shear moduli components are
considered. These properties are plotted in Fig. 9. The viscoelastic pa­
rameters as given in Eq. (2b) are obtained by curve-fitting the theoretical
model with the experimental data. Following Roy and Dutt (2016), a
genetic algorithm-based optimization technique is employed for esti­
mating the viscoelastic parameters and minimizing the curve-fitting
error. Thus, the obtained viscoelastic parameters of SiC particles,
epoxy resin and E-glass woven fibre are listed in Tables 2–4 respectively.
5.2. Modal analysis of the hybrid composite
Procedure I is used for estimation of modal damping parameters of
the hybrid composite considering the viscoelasticity of constituents.
Modal parameters such as natural frequencies (NFs) and damping ratios
are obtained from eigenanalysis, whereas frequency response functions
(FRFs) are plotted to depict the dynamic characteristics of the hybrid

8
A. Bhattacharjee et al. European Journal of Mechanics / A Solids 83 (2020) 104044

5.3. Frequency response and time response of the hybrid composite

The FRFs of the hybrid composites computed from Eq. (23) using the
viscoelastic parameters of the constituents are plotted for comparison of
the two procedures. Fig. 10 depicts the frequency response plot of the C2
composite. From this figure, it is deduced that FRFs of the composites
obtained theoretically and experimentally match well.
Time response of C2 composite for Procedure I is obtained after
solving the state space representation of Eq. (23) and shown in Fig. 11
(a). An initial displacement of 0.01m is provided at the free end of the
beam, and the time response is measured at the same position. Further,
the time response for Procedure II is obtained from the PULSE software
and presented in Fig. 11 (b). Due to the presence of damping, a loga­
rithmic exponential decay is observed in both cases. However, it is
observed that the signal in Fig. 11 (b) contains noise which justifies the
error between the modal damping parameters of Procedure I and II. Due
to over predicted nature of Procedure I, it gives more damped response
as compared to other.

Fig. 10. Frequency response plot of C2 composite.

6. Conclusions

Dynamic analysis of hybrid viscoelastic composite beam made of WF

composite. However, in procedure II, FRFs and modal damping pa­
lamina and filler particles reinforced in the polymer matrix is conducted
rameters are directly obtained from the B&K PULSE software. In-house
using two techniques. The first procedure involves the formulation of a
MATLAB codes are formulated for solving eigenanalysis and plotting
micro-mechanical model based on the shape functions of the WF lamina
FRFs of the hybrid composites. The cantilever beam is subjected to a
and viscoelastic properties of individual constituents. The second tech­
0.001N harmonic force at the free end. In the case of Procedure I, the
nique is used for validating the previous methods experimentally and
viscoelastic parameters of SiC particles, epoxy resin and plain weave
involves estimating modal parameters of the hybrid composites from
glass fabric as listed in Tables 2–4 respectively are used in Eq. (24) for
impact hammer tests. Natural frequencies and damping ratios of the
eigenanalysis and evaluating the modal damping parameters.
hybrid composites obtained from Procedure II are congruent with the
For a better and quantitative understanding of the difference in the
ones acquired from Procedure I. The relative error among these values
two procedures, the first and second NFs and the corresponding damp­
are well within acceptable limits and are attributed to the defects
ing factors obtained from the four composites are listed in Table 5.
developed in the composite while fabrication as well as experimental
Moreover, a comparison among these procedures is made by evaluating
errors. Moreover, the accuracy of these techniques is further justified
the relative error. The unit of frequency in this table is Hz.
from the exponential decay in the time series. From the eigenanalysis of
It is observed that the percentage error in all cases is within
the hybrid composite, it is observed that SiC particle content enhances
considerable range, which depicts the accuracy of the micro-mechanical
the damping in polymer composite. The proposed micro-mechanical
model. The percentage error between Procedure I and II may be due to
model can accurately estimate the modal damping parameters of the
the voids present in the composite samples. The error may also be
hybrid composite without even conducting explicit experiments over
attributed by the contamination of signal from the ground vibrations,
fabricated samples.
the difference in the position of accelerometer and impact hammer hit
and inappropriate tightening torque.

Fig. 11. Time response plot of C2 composite obtained from (a) Procedure I and (b) Procedure II.

9
A. Bhattacharjee et al.
Credit author statement
Antara Bhattacharjee: Conceptualization; Data curation; Data anal­
ysis; Investigation; Methodology; Resources; Validation; Visualization;
Writing - original draft preparation. Krishanu Ganguly: Data Analysis;
Software. Haraprasad Roy: Supervision; Writing- Reviewing and
Editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2020.104044.
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