The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground nesting birds

involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nest merely scrapes
in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks for distracting potential nest
predators from their exposed or defenseless eggs or chicks. The ever-watchful plover can detect a
possible threat at a considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off
the nest to a spot well away from eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One
technique involves first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily
through the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like
squeaks.

The effect mimics scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type
of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chiks. Another deception begins with quiet
movement to an exposed and visible location well away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends
to incubate a brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be
searched. The direction in which the plover “escapes” is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it
will be led still further away from the true nest.

The plovers’ most famous strategy is the broken wing display, actually a continuum of injury-
mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near complete helplessness. One or
both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The bird appears to be attempting
escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most extreme version of the display, the
bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to
its feet, runs away a short distance, seemiingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the
“useless” wing fails to provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously
vulnerable prey. Needless to say, each short run between “flight attempts” is directly away from the
nest.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The nest-building techniques of plovers
B. How predators search for plovers
C. The strategies used by plovers to deceive predators
D. Why plovers are vulnerable to predators
E. Plovers are also found throughout the Sahara and the polar region
2. The word “merely” underlined in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ...
A. often
B. indefinitely
C. only
D. usually
E. at first
3. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building.
B. A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples.
C. A comparison and contrast of the nesting behavior of plovers and other ground
nesting birds.
D. A cause and effect analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator.
E. A study a bout the nest building techniques of plovers
4. The word “emitting” underlined in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ...
A. bringing
B. attracting
 C. conceal
D. producing
E. minimizing
5. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?
A. Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.
B. They are generally defenseless when away from their nests.
C. They are slow to react in dangerous situations.
D. They are pretending to search of prey.
E. Their nests are on the surface of the ground
6. The word “spanning” underlined in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ...
A. condensing
B. covering
C. selecting
D. developing
E. explaining
7. In the deception of techniques described in paragraph 2. The plover tries to ...
A. stay close to her nest.
B. warn other plovers of danger.
C. attract the predator’s attention.
D. appear to be injured.
E. frighten the approaching predator.
8. The word “pursue” underlined in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ...
A. catch
B. notice
C. eschew
D. defend
E. chase
9. Base on paragraph 3 which of the following aspects of the plover’s behavior gives the
appearance that it is frightened?
A. Abnormal body position.
B. Irregular escape route.
C. Unnatural wing movement.
D. Unusual amount of time away from the nest.
E. Sounding like another animal.
10. According to the passage, a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques
EXCEPT ...
A. Appearing to be injured
B. Sounding like a normal animal
C. Pretending to search for prey
D. Pretending to seat on her eggs
E. None of the above

Directions (11 – 20): in the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered.
These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of
which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
 The ...11... of losing your job is getting smaller and smaller. As economy has improved and
employers have ...12... confidence, companies have been steadily shedding fewer workers. The
treand means greater job security and suggests a critical turning point in the economic recovery. It
...13... the hope that the workers’ pay will finally accelerate after grinding through a sluggish
recovery for the past half decade. When the economy ...14... into recession at the end of 2007,
employers cut deeply into their staffs. And then during the recovery, they hired only ...15... . Instead,
they sought to maximize the productivity of their existing employees. But in recent months, the
picture has ...16... . Employers have added 200,000-plus jobs for five straight months, and the
unemployment rate has reached 6,1 percent, the lowest since 2008. Now, the steadily declining level
of layoffss suggests that employers may have to hire even more ...17... and raise pay if they want to
expand their business. The shortage of laid – off workers searching for jobs means that more
companies may need to pay more to ...18... talent. Other data confirm that across the economy, job
cuts have reached unusually low levels. Total layoffs in May dropped below precession levels. Still,
while layoffs have fallen 7,5 percent this year, actual hiring has increased just 3 percent, That’s a big
reasons the job market might not seem as healthy as the series of strong monthly net job gains
might suggest. Even so, more people with jobs means more people with paychecks. Which tends to
...19... consumer spending and growth. After a sharp ...20... in the economy in the first three months
of the year, most economists expect growth to exceed a 3 percent annual pace in the second half of
2014.

11. ...
A. risk
B. dangerous
C. risky
D. prosperity
E. aspect
12. ..
A. regain
B. regained
C. been regained
D. been lost
E. lost
13. ...
A. raised
B. rose
C. raises
D. diminishes
E. decreased
14. ...
A. sink
B. sank
C. float
D. swam
E. floated
15. ...
A. hesitating
B. peacefully
C. confidently
 D. rare
E. hesitantly
16. ...
A. brightened
B. shining
C. dooming
D. brighhtening
E. doomed
17. ...
A. Aggressively
B. Aggression
C. Faithful
D. Hesitant
E. Confidentially
18. ...
A. subtract
B. attract
C. attracting
D. detract
E. demean
19. ...
A. strong
B. weak
C. weakening
D. boosting
E. boost
20. ...
A. contraction
B. contract
C. contracting
D. expand
E. expanding