DISKUSI E-2

B.INGGRIS (WFH 27 APRIL)

Passage 1
The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground. Nesting birds
involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nest merely scrapes in the
sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire or trick for distracting potential nest predators from
their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks. The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a
considerable distance. When she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well
away from eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves first
moving quietly toward an approaching animal and the setting off noisily through the grass or brush in a
low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like squeaks.
The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the attention of the type of
predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks. Another deception begins with quiet movement
to an exposed and visible location well away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a
brood. When the predator approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction
in which the plover “escapes” is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further away
from the true nest.
The plover’s most famous strategy is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum of injury-
mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete helplessness. One or both
wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The bird appears to be attempting escape along
an irregular route that indicates panic. In the most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing
in an apparent attempt to take to the air, flops over helplessly ,struggles back to its feet, runs away a short
distance, seemingly attempt once more to take off, flops over again as the “useless” wing fails to provide
any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey. Needless to say, each short
run between “flight attempts” is directed away from the nest.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (B) A generalization about plover behavior
(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers. followed by specific example
(B) How predators search of plovers (C) A comparison and contrast of the nesting
(C) The strategies used by plovers to deceive behavior of plovers and other ground
predators. nesting birds
(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators. (D) A cause- and- effect analysis of the
(E) Plovers are also found throughout the relationship between a prey and a
Sahara and the polar region predator.
(E) A study about the nest building
2. The word” merely” in paragraph 1 is closest
techniques of plovers
in meaning to___
(A) Often 4. The word “emitting” in paragraph 1 is
(B) indefinitely closest in meaning to____
(C) Only (A) Bringing
(D) Usually (B) Attracting
(E) At first (C) concealing
(D) Producing
3. Which of the following best describes the
(E) Minimizing
organization of the passage?
(A) A description of the sequence of steps
involved in plovers nest building
5. Which of the following is mentioned in the 8. The word “pursue” in paragraph 3 closest in
passage about plovers? meaning to___
(A) Their eggs and chick are difficult to find. (A) Catch
(B) They are generally defenseless when (B) Notice
away from their nets. (C) Eschew
(C) They are slow to react in dangerous (D) Defend
situation. (E) Chase
(D) They are pretending to search of prey
9. Based on paragraph 3 which of the following
(E) Their nests are on the surface of the
aspects of the plover’s behavior gives the
ground
appearance that it is frightened?
6. The word “spanning” in paragraph 3 is (A) Abnormal body position
closest in meaning to___ (B) Irregular escape route
(A) Condensing (C) Unnatural wing movement
(B) Covering (D) Unusual amount of time away from the
(C) Selecting nest.
(D) Developing (E) Sounding like another animal
(E) Explaining
10. According to the passage, a female plover
7. In the deception technique describe in utilizes all of the following deception
paragraph 2. The plover tries to___ techniques EXCEPT___
(A) Stay close to her nest (A) Appearing to be injured
(B) Warn other plovers of danger (B) Sounding like another animal
(C) Attract the predator’s attention (C) Pretending to search for prey
(D) Appear to be injured (D) Pretending to sit on her eggs.
(E) Frighten the approaching predator. (E) None of the above

Directions (11–20): in the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered.
These numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of
Which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
The __11__ of losing your job is getting smaller and smaller. As economy has improved and
employers have __12__ confidence, companies have been steadily shedding fewer workers. The trend
means greater job security and suggests a critical turning point in the economic recovery. It __13___ the
hope that workers' pay will finally accelerate after grinding through a sluggish recovery for the past half-
decade. When the economy __14___ into recession at the end of 2007, employers cut deeply into their staffs.
And then during the recovery, they hired only ___15___. Instead, they sought to maximize the productivity
of their existing employees. But in recent months, the picture has ___16__. Employers have added 200,000-
plus jobs for five straight months, and the unemployment rate has reached 6.1 percent, the lowest since
2008. Now, the steadily declining level of layoffs suggests that employers may have to hire even more
___17__ and raise pay if they want to expand their businesses. The shortage of laid-off workers searching
for jobs means that more companies may need to pay more to __18__ talent. Other data confirm that across
the economy, job cuts have reached unusually low levels. Total layoffs in May dropped below pre-recession
levels. Total layoffs in May dropped below precession levels. Still, while layoffs have fallen 7, 5 percent this
year, actual hiring has increased just 3 percent, that’s a big reasons the job market might not seem as healthy
as the series of strong monthly net job gains might suggest. Even so, more people with jobs means more
people with paychecks. Which tends to__19___consumer spending and growth. After a sharp ___20___ in
the economy in the first three months of the year, most economists expect growth to exceed a 3 percent
annual pace in the second half of 2014.
11. ____
(A) Risk
16. _____
(B) Dangerous
(A) Brightened
(C) Risky
(B) Shining
(D) Prosperity
(C) Dooming
(E) Aspect
(D) Brightening
12. ____
(E) Doomed
(A) Regain
17. ____
(B) Regained
(A) Aggressively
(C) Been regained
(B) Aggression
(D) Been lost
(C) Faithful
(E) lost
(D) Hesitant
13. ___
(E) Confidentially
(A) Raised
18. ____
(B) Rose
(A) Subtract
(C) Raises
(B) Attract
(D) Diminishes
(C) Attracting
(E) Decreased
(D) Detract
14. ____
(E) Demean
(A) Sink
19. ____
(B) Sank
(A) Strong
(C) Float
(B) Weak
(D) Swam
(C) Weakening
(E) Floated
(D) Boosting
15. ___
(E) Boost
(A) Hesitating
20. _____
(B) Peacefully
(A) Contraction
(C) Confidently
(B) Contract
(D) Rare
(C) Contracting
(E) Hesitantly
(D) Expand
(E) expanding