DISKUSI E-2

B.INGGRIS

Passage 1
The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today—summed up,
not altogether accurately, as "research and development.” Yet historically this widespread faith in the
economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150
years, and in the western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale
intensive research and development, the interrelationship involved in this process are frequently
misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most
part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft
techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application
of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly.
Until late the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using
them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed for the application of
science was “engineering science” rather than basic science.

Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge
and of public awareness - if not understanding - of it had created a belief that the advance of science would
in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually
uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial
purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or
technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not
invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of
attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic
research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.
In sum, the science technology industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the
particular channel it would follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be
multidirectional.
1. What is the author main purpose in the 3. The word “intensive” underlined in
passage? paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____
(A) To show how technology influenced (A) Decreased
basic science. (B) Concentrated
(B) To describe the scientific base of (C) Creative
nineteenth century American industries. (D) Advance
(C) To tell the readers about changes (E) Conducive
brought by technology.
4. The “list” mentioned in paragraph 1 refers to
(D) To correct misunderstandings about the
____
connections between science,
(A) Types of scientific knowledge
technology, and industry.
(B) Changes brought by technology
(E) To argue that basic science has no
(C) Industries that used scientific technique
practical application.
(D) Application of engineering science
2. The word “altogether” underlined in (E) Scientific methods
paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to____
(A) Completely
(B) Realistically
(C) Individually
(D) Understandably
(E) Relatively
5. The understanding of research and 8. Why does the author mention “consultants”
development in the late nineteenth century is in the last sentence of paragraph 2?
based on which of the following? (A) To show how new areas of science have
(A) The needs of upgrading application of given rise to new professions.
engineering science. (B) To distinguish between scientists who
(B) Engineering science is not very work in industry and those who do not.
important. (C) To explain the ways in which scientists
(C) Fundamental science naturally leads to find financial support for their work.
economic benefits. (D) To show how scientists who work in
(D) The relationship between research and basic research contribute to applied
development should be criticized. science.
(E) Industrial needs should determine what (E) To tell some important leader that used
areas fundamental science focuses on. scientific technique.
6. The word “it” underlined in paragraph 2 9. Which of the following statements does the
refers to ____ passage support?
(A) Understanding (A) The development of science and of
(B) public awareness industry is now interdependent.
(C) scientific knowledge (B) Basic scientific research cannot generate
(D) expansion practical applications.
(E) belief (C) Industries should spend less money on
research and development.
7. The word “assumption” underlined in
(D) Science and technology are becoming
paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to____
more separate.
(A) Regulation
(E) The interrelation among science,
(B) Belief
technology and industries is hardly true.
(C) Contract
(D) Confusion
(E) Illustration

Directions: in the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. Against each, five
words are suggested one of which fits the blank properly. Find out the appropriate word in each case.
Primary school in India ___10___ a success story, ___11___ due to various programs and drives to
increase enrolment even in remote areas. With enrollment ___12___ at least 96 percent since 2009, and girls
___13___ up 56 percent of new students between 2007 and 2013, it is clear that ___14___ of access to
schooling have been ___15___ . Improvement in infrastructure has been the ___16___ behind achieving this
and now in India 98 percent ___17___ have a primary school within one kilometer and 92 percent have an
upper primary school within a three kilometer ___18___ distance.

10. ______
(A) has been 12. _____
(B) was (A) Reaching
(C) is (B) to reaching
(D) will be (C) which reaching
(E) had been (D) reached
11. _____ (E) which reached
(A) Most 13. _____
(B) Properly (A) Coming
(C) Totally (B) Reaching
(D) Optionally (C) Counting
(E) Largely (D) Making
(E) Touching
 (C) Force
14. ____ (D) Compulsion
(A) Issue (E) Awareness
(B) Opportunities 17. _____
(C) Problems (A) Habitation
(D) Efforts (B) Habitations
(E) Exertion (C) Habitat
15. _____ (D) Habitual
(A) Accustomed (E) Habit
(B) Addressed 18. _____
(C) Met (A) Walking
(D) Forwarded (B) Walked
(E) Dissolved (C) to walk
16. _____ (D) to be walked
(A) Main (E) being walked
(B) Forced

Direction: In question 19 and 20 each sentence has five underlined words or phrases. The five underlined
parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E). Identify which segment in each sentence is not
correct.
19. The “method”, which is both a style of acting a system of training for the actor, stresses inner

A B C D
motivation and psychological truth.

20. In the nineteenth century, Montreal grew into an important transportation and industrial center,
A B C
aided by its many natural resources and an abundant of hydroelectric power.

D E