BIOLOGY UNIT 2 PAPER 2testcope02207010 MAY/JUNE2007 FORMTP2007166 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION BIOLOGY - UNIT2 Paper 01 90 minutes A JUNE 2007 (p.m.) READ THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY. 1, Inadditionto this test booklet, you should have an answer sheet. 2. _ Eachitem in this testhas four suggested answers lettered (A), (B),(C), (D). Read each item youare about to answer and decide which choice is best. 3. Onyour answer sheet, find the number which corresponds to your item and shade the space having the same letter as the answer you have chosen. Look atthe sample item below. Sampleltem Which of the following is NOT a formof_ ¥ energy storage? > i (A) ATP Sample Answer B ®) Lid e000 E (© Alcohol ‘ ©) Lacticacid R ‘The best answer to this item is “ATP” , so answer space (A) has been blackened. 4, Ifyouwanttochange your answer, besureto erase your old answer completely and fillin yournew choice. 5. Whenyouaretold tobegin, tum the pageandworkas quickly andas carefully as youcan. Ifyoucannot answer an item, omititand goonto thenextone. Youcancome back to the harderitem later. Your score willbe the total number of correct answers. ‘Youmay do any rough work inthis booklet. Figures arenot necessarily drawn toscale. The use ofnon-programmablecalculatorsisallowed. Thistest consists of45 items. You will have 90 minutes to answer them. yeas 10. Donotbeconcemed that the answer sheet provides spaces for more answers than there are itemsin thistest. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. CCopyright©2006 Caribbean Examinations Council llrightsreserved. 1720101 CAPR2007 + ‘A APFIXSEALHERE 42 Inplantcells, which of the following processes uses ATP? (A) Osmosis inroot hairs (B) Mineral uptake in root hairs © __ Diffusion into roothairs (@) — Turgor pressure in root cortex The spongy mesophyll is the chief site of gaseous exchange in a dicotyledonous leaf This is possible because the cells are (A) elongated in shape and vertically packed ) _inregularin shape and tightly packed (© found near the upper surface of the leaf (©) , found near the lower surface of the leaf Which of the following processes, taking place during photosynthesis, returns chlorophyll molecules to their reduced state? (A) Formation of ATP (B) Photolysis of water (©) __ Excitation of Photosystem (D) Oxidation of NADPH (02207010/CAPE2007 a \ RuBP GALP TP 7, Intermediary Products ‘THE CALVIN CYCLE ATP, produced in photophosphorylation, is used in the Calvin Cycle shown above. Which of the following combinations correctly identifies the stages, labelled I to IV where ATP is used? (A) Iand If only (B) TandIlonly (©) Mand IV only (BD) IVandillonly An investigation of the effect of light intensity and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis ofa suspension of Chlorella cells showed that at higher light intensities, the cells photosynthesized much faster at 20°C than at 15°C. This is because (A) photosynthesis is an enzyme controlled process (B) carbon dioxide diffuses at higher temperatures (C)__ high temperatures favour high transpiration rates (D) higher light intensities increase the rate of photolysis of water GOON TO THE NEXT PAGE“3: 6. Ifoxygenisnot available during the process Item 9 refers to the following apparatus set Of aerobic respiration, the net number of up to determine the rate of respiration of ATP molecules produced from a molecule germinating seeds. of glucose is 2 Glass tubing of ® 4 2mm internal diameter OQ . Shallow ©) B tray of water 7. Inthe diagram of the mitochondrion below, Ge Water in enzymes which catalyse oxidative tube Phosphorylation are located at site Germinating seeds Position of meniscus I ‘The results of the experiment are presented a in the table below. Time Volume of Oxygen she (mins) Absorbed (cm’) (based on distance y moved by meniscus) 5 16 @ 1 10 21 @®) w 15 34 © mW 2 42 @) WwW 9. , Which of the following quantities represents 8. Which of the following pairs of options is the average rate of oxygen uptake by the correct for both the Krebs cycle and the seeds during the time course of the electron transport chain? experiment? Krebs Cycle (A) 42m? min* ‘Transport Chi (B) 0.21 cm’ min* (A) | 02 is not consumed | O; is consumed © 1.26 cm? min* (B) | COz not produced —_| CO; produced @) 67 cm br! (©) | Site of action is the | Site of action is the . inner membrane of | innerlayerofthe | 10. In muscle tissue lindergoing strenuous the mitochondrion | grana ‘contractions, the formation of lactate is due (D) | NAD*is reduced to | NAD" is reduced to tothe NADH +H" NADH +H? 4 (A) highconcentration ofcarbon dioxide B) high concentration of glycogen (©) _ low concentration of glucose (D) _ low concentration of oxygen GO ONTO THENEXT PAGE 02207010/CAPE 2007-4- 11. Which of the followingis acomect definition of the term ‘habitat"? (A) The relationship between an ‘organism and other species (B) The interacting community of ‘organisms and the environment (©) The way inwhich the environment is exploited by the organism (D) Allocation within a biome where an organism dwells 12. Net primary production (NPP) is (A) the transfer of energy through an ecosystem (B) ‘the amount of organic material + available to herbivores (© theamountof organic material made inphotosynthesis (D) the amount of energy reaching the earth's surface 13. The figure below represents an ecological pyramid of numbers. The species of organisms in the pyramid are blackbirds, aphids, lice and cherry trees. w x ¥ Zz Match EACH of the species below with the options above. w x Y Zz (A)|tice aphids [blackbirds] cherry trees B) [biackbirds| Tice aphids [cherry trees ©Japhids [chery [lice ‘Blackbirds trees (D)|lice blackbirds) aphids | cherry trees (2207010/CAPE2007 14. 15, Item 14 refers to the terrarium below, an example ofa self-sustaining unit. Which ofthe following reasons explains why the plants in the jar continue to thrive for several months after the jar is sealed, even though no additional materials are used? (A) The plants contain stored carbohydrates that ae utilized. ©) Microorganisms in the soil decompose the organic wastes to facilitate recycling. (© There areno herbivores inthe jar to at the plants and thus limit photosynthesis (D) The glass jar exposes the plants to ‘adequate light for photosynthesis. An the nitrogen cycle, denitrifying bacteria convert (A) atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates (B)___nitratesto atmospheric nitrogen (© ammonium compounds tonitrates (D) atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium ‘compounds GO ONTO THENEXT PAGE-5- 16. Whichofthe following describes the function of the endodermis? (A) __Itcontrols the movement of water and ions to the xylem using a Casparian strip. ®)__Itreleases root pressure as water ‘moves into the xylem by osmosis. (©) __Itallowswatermoleculestoclingto the surface by cohesion so that a continuous column isereated. (D) __Itformsasystem of inter-connected plasmadesmata through which water and ions can move. Item 17 refers to the diagram below which shows some of the cells involved in loss of ‘water from part of a plant. 17. Which ofthe following correctly identifies the regions labelled P and Q? RegionP_[__Region Q (A) | Xylem Mesophyll cells (B) | Xylem Root cortex (C) | Phloem Palisade ()| Phloem ‘Stem cortex (02207010/CAPE2007 : 18. 19. The function of the companion cell in mature phloem tissue is that it (A) provides structural support for the sieve tubes (B) actively moves sucrose out of neighbouring photosynthesizing cells to the sieve tubes (©) moves sucrose against a concentration gradient into the xylem (D) contains a nucleus needed for cell division of the sieve tube elements Which of the following statements presents the BEST evidence to supportthe mass flow theory of phloem transport? (A) Phloem tissue carries manufactured food to destinations simultaneously, rather than to the greatest ‘sink’, (B) Sieve plates are a barrier and have been reduced in the course of evolution. (©) Contents of sieve tubes are under pressure, and sugar solution ‘exudes of phloem are cut. (D) Appropriate gradients between ‘source’ and ‘sink’ tissues do not exist. GOONTOTHENEXT PAGEItem 20 shows a diagram of a longitudinal Items 21 - 22 refer to the diagram below section of the heart. which shows the pressure in the left side of the heart. VY Iv. 21. The semi-lunar valves close at a) ot 20. Theposition ofthe sino-atrial node is indicated ® by © wW (Dd) Iv “1 ® © 22. The small surge in pressure in region X is o Vv caused by (A) atrial diastole (B) atrial systole (©) ventricular diastole (D) ventricular systole Item23 refers to the photograph below which showsa human blood smear, at oo 23. Whats the approximate magnification of this photograph? (A) x700 (B) x170 © x70 @) x I5 GOON TO THE NEXT PAGE 02207010/CAPE2007-7- {em 24 refers to the graph below which shows the oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin at pH 6.8 and 7.5. 100. pH7.s pH6S Partial pressure of oxygen 24. — Thepercentage saturation ofhaemoglobinin 26. the blood leaving an active muscle is shown at (A) A @) B © c (0) D 21. 25. Which of the fotlowing combinations of processes numbered I to IV, relates to the liver? 1. Glucose regutation Il, Transamination Mt. ‘Storage of Vitamins A, B and D IV. Manufacture of digestive enzymes (A) 1, Wand mt (B) I, and iv © | lltand1v (0) U,tand 1V Item 26 refers to the diagram below which shows the ultrastructure of two cells from the kidney with partof an adjacent capillary. Microvilli Nucleus Mitochondria } Blood capillary The region of the nephron shown is the (A) Bowman’scapsule (B) collecting duct (©) glomerulus (D) _proximaltubule Glomerular filtrate contains substances with arelative molecular mass less than 68,000. Larger molecules such as red blood cells and proteins are prevented from passing into the nephron because of the (A) basementmembrane (B) capillary endothellium (© _ podocytes (D) —_glomenular pressure GOONTOTHENEXT PAGE28s 28. Whichof the following pairs of cells and structures possess myelin sheaths? (A) TandITonly @) Mand IIlonly (© MandIVonly (D) TVandlonly z, 29. A delay of 0.5 ms occurs in transmission 30. Glucagon is ahhormone secreted by cells in across a synapse because the pancreas. Which TWO of the following changes are brought about by glucagon? (A) calcium ions diffuse into the synaptic kaob 1. _Itdecreases the blood gucose level (B) __ ion channels in the postsynaptic TI. __ It increases the blood glucose level. membrane respond slowly to the Ill. It stimulates the breakdown of presence of acetylcholine which glycogen. diffuses across the cleft IV. It stimulates the formation of (©) the synaptic knob releases glycogen. acetylcholine which diffuses across the cleft (A) Tand it (D) the presynaptic membrane is in a @®) TandIV refractory period (© Wandin () Mandiv GOON TOTHE NEXT PAGE (02207010/CAPE2007-9- 31. Whichofthe following correctly identifies 35. Whichofthe following combinations correctly three groups of nutrients that provide energy describe the pathogens responsible for inthe diet? malaria, dengue fever and AIDS? (A) Protein, minerals, fibre > (B) Lipids, carbohydrates, fibre Malaria 7 Dengue [AIDS (©) _Lipids,carbohydrates, protein (D) Minerals, water, fibre “ Faken Virus Virus (B)| Bacterium | Eukaryotic | Virus parasite . 32. Which of the following conditions isNOT — () | Virus Bacterium | Eukaryotic | caused by malnutrition? parasite I (D) | Eukaryotic | Bacterium | Bacterium } (A) Obesity parasite (B) — Marasmas (©) Kwashiorkor (D) Emphysema 36. Which of the following diseases is treated with drugs that havea similar structure to the 33. Fatty deposits in arteries can contribute to DNA molecule? strokes and heart disease. This condition is called (®) AIDs (8) Malaria a) (©) Dengue fever (B) (D) — Sicklecel! anaemia © (D) atherosclerosis, 34. Which of the following factors is responsible for the increase in heart rate during exercise? (A) Accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles (B) Decreased oxygen concentration in the blood stream (© __ Increased adrenaline in the blood stream (D) Increased glucose concentration in } the blood stream ~ t GOONTOTHENEXT PAGE 02207010/CAPE2007-10- tem37 refers to the diagrams below which shows the stages of phagocytism of a bacterium by aneutrophil. OO *) C) 40. 3 4 37. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the phagocytic process? @ 4 2 3 1 @® 2 1 3 4 © 4 2 1 3 @ 1 3 2 4 4. 38. The following are characteristics of Iymphocytes. 1. Attack cells infected with microorganisms TL. Produce antibodies IIL. Produce memory cells TV. Mature in the thymus gland 42. ‘Two characteristics of T lymphooytes are (A) Tand only (B) Landi only (©) Tand1Vonly (D) Wand IV only 02207010/CAPE 2007 ‘Item 39 refers to the options below. 1. Globular glycoprotein Four polypeptide chains ‘Two identical binding sites Abinge region ‘The above features are characteristic of (A) antigens (B) antibodies (C) phagocytes ©) _ haemoglobin Anewborn baby is protected from diseases by antibodies acquired from the maternal circulation. Thisis an example of (A) artificial active immunity (B) _arfificil passive immunity (©) natural active immunity (D) natural passive immunity Which of the following is NOT an example ‘ofan application for monoclonal antibodies? (A) Pregnancy testing (B) Diagnosis of diseases (©) Prevention of transplanted organ % rejection (D) Gene therapy Fat accumulates in the liver when alcohol is. consumed regularly because (A) liver cells use alcohol as an energy source instead of fat {B) fat absorbs alcohol and helps to detoxify it (©) alcohol is used to synthesise fat molecules in the liver (D) alcohol prevents the liver cells from secreting fat molecules GO ONTO THENEXT PAGE<1 Item 43 refers to the diagram below which 44. Which pair of effects, labelled I to IV, is a shows the manufacture of recombinant direct result of nicotine in tobacco smoke? buman insulin. L nL. mm. Vv. (a) (B) © @) (a) () © © \\ < 43. Atwhich point ofthe stages, labelled I I, IIT and IV, does the replication of donor genes. occur? @) 1 ® w © W ©) W Constriction ofarterial diameter Increased mucus production in the alveoli Paralysis ofciliain the bronchi Increased stickiness of blood platelets Land I Jand tv Mand tI Mand 1V 45. Whichof the following explains the use of restriction enzymes in gene technology? Breaking down bacterial cell walls torelease plasmids Forming DNA from RNA Cutting open circular DNA of plasmids Joining different pieces of DNA to form recombinant plasmids IF YOUFINISH BEFORE TIMEISCALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST. 02207010/CAPE2007CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL . ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION BIOLOGY - UNIT 2 minus €9 JUNE 2008 (pm) READ THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY. Insdiition w this test booider, you should have an anewer ace. Esch itomin this test hes four mggested answers lettered (A), (B),(C),(D). Read eachitem you are shout anawer and decide which choice is beat Chyna hd cing the same letier as the newer you have chosan. Look atthe sample item below. ‘Seupielicn ‘Which of the following isNOT aformof - ergy storage? i @ AP Semple Anewer_ § Qt / e008 ©) Lacdo acid f - ‘The best anewer to this teas is“ATP” , 0 snawer wpece (A) has been blackened. [f'youwant to change your mmzwer, be sareto erase your old answer completely and fillin yourmew choice. ‘When youre told tobegin,tumthe page and workas quickly and sscarefully asyoucen. I’youcannot answer an tern, omitit nd goonto the ncxtone. Youcan come back tothe harder item later. Your score will be ths total numbex of correct answers. ‘Younay do sry rough work i tis booklet. FFigores are not necessarily drawn to acals. ‘These ofnom-progrmmabiecaicalatorit allowed. ‘This test consists of 45 items. You will have 90 minutes to answer them. Donotbeconcemed tha the answer shect provides spaces formore answem than there arcitemsin thistest, DO NOT TURN TINS PAGE UNTH. YOU ARE TOLD TO DO 80.1 eB 2. ‘The function ofthe light dependent reaction inphotosynthesis isto (A) produce sugar regenerate RuBP (©) produce ATP and reduce NADP (D) produce electrons to stabilize the Photosystems 2 The electrons from non-cyclic Photopbosphorylation pass into the Calvin cycle via which ofthe following? (a) ® © @) ATP NADH, FAD NADP Item3 refers to the diagram below which outlines the events of the Calvin cycle. GPA) po ‘wwe phosphate a +| starch ReBP Which ofthe stages labelled I-IV on the diagram represents the stage at which carbon oxide is incorporated into the cycle? “Mil ® u © mw oO WwW Which of the following combinations correctly describes the MAIN factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis? 1. Light intensity and temperature Tl Carbon dioxide concentration and state ofthe stomata I. NADand ATPavailability TV. Phytochromes and the availablity of ions (A) land Honly B): lend Honly (© 1 Mandionly ©) 10,Manitv ‘During which of the following pathways does the synthesis of ATP occur by ‘substrate-level phosphorylation? 1. Glycolysis Tl. — Krebscycle TH. Electron wansportchain (A) Tonly (®) land Tony (© Wanditfonty ©) i Handiouly6. Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid produced by a respiring muscle cell can be below. 1 oxidized wearbon dioxide and water IL _used tommgenerate NADH TL converted tolactic acid TV. decarboxyiated to form acetyl CoA. x (A) Wnty ®) UandMouly (© | Wand IVoaly ©) 1, MimdrVonly 7, The final products) of glycolysis is/are «@) @ © @) -3- ‘Item § refers to the Krebs cycle shown enn -Coeazyme A (ac) 8. How many carbon atoms are represented at swaylcoamymeA Xand respectively? reduced NADH ‘ATR.NAD and pyruvate (A) 4Cand sc pyruvate, ATP and NADH ® nitrate (B) the variety of different life forms on BY Nitrogen — nitrate —> nitrite earth (© Nitrate — ammonium -> nitrogen (© therangeof genera oncarth (D) Nitrite -> nitrate —> ammonium (D) _ therange of ecosystems on earth Item 12 refers to the diagram below. 15, Thecrestion of seed banks is an economical method of maintaining plant diversity —_, Preparation of material for storage involves, 1. reduction ofthe moisture content of (Carnivore 1 = Berblvore 2 (@) only \ (B) Lenddlonly (© andittoaty ©) LMandiVonly 12, What factorother than sunlight wouldmake 16. The diagram below shows three adjacent ‘his a self-sustaining ecosystem? plant cells I, I and IIL. The values of their ‘water potentials are given in kPa, (A) Producers (B) Primary consumers (© Higher onder consumers (DP) Decomposers 13, Waitheftehowingeniogahemerns toonly one species? (A) Population In which direction would there be a NET @) Commmnity flow? (© Foodchain (©) Producer @ Ion aio Lol aM >t ® © @5 Mat 141 © WoT wisna. +5. bean 17 refers to 4 stages inthe loss of water from the stero to the atmosphere, down 2 TL Watertravels from cell to cell down. ‘a water potential gradient in the mesoptyl TV. Water passes from the stem xylem into the mesophry/i cells ‘Which of the following describes the corect sequence by which water is lost by ‘tamepintion? @ Lomi ®. Lovo © OLM0 O MILL Item 18 refers to the darkly staining ‘material labelled X in Figure 18a which is often found blocking Starceure Y in Figure 18. 19. Whichof the following choices is correct in relation to the translocation of organic matezial? (A) Sugars are always translocated downwards or towards the base of the plant. (B) Thesource is asite where sugars are produced, while sinks are sites Where sugars are utlized. (© Thesugar whichis transported in all plantsis sucrose, (D) Sucrose travelsin he piloem against ‘concentration grdicat. 20. Which of the following is correct for BOTH smnerics and veins? 21. Theinferior vena cava is represented by @ @) © @) ,2Ban<65 22. Which of the following is the correct sequence of eventsina single heat beat mown asthe ‘cardiac cycle? . (A) Atrial systole—> ventricular systole -> atrial diastole -> ventricular diastole (B)__ Ventricular diastole» atrial systole —> atrial diastole —> ventricular systole TC" Rial stole > sitrial systole —> ventricular systole -> ventricular diastole (D) Ventricular systole—> atrial systole —> arial diastole -> ventricular diastole "> Item 23 refers othe following table showing the distribution of blood volume, pressure and velocity in ‘human's vascular system, ‘Volame/ cm? | Pressure/mmHg | Velocity/cms" 23. Which et of data corresponds with those for the vena cavac? Item 24 refers othe following diagram. 25. Which combination below shows how ‘Positive feedback affects a change in output and the directional flow of an impulse? x (A) Large direction ot es = O © Lage mp direction ©) Sem sne direction y 26. The outcome of an increase in insulin 24. — Thecell labelled X inthe diagram above is. (A) am increase in cell permeability to ‘ghucose (A) merythrocyte ® — aplateier (®) «fall in glucose conversion to (© smonccyte yop (D) — aneutrophil (©) mincrease in blood glucose sugar . levels (D) increase inconversionof glycogen toghicose conversion+1. 27. Which of the following structural features 29. Which of the following explains why prevents molecules, with a molecular mass ‘greater than 68 000, passing from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule?» == (A) Ne gates require energy to open. (B) Energy is required to restore the (A) The basement membrane of the eating potcatial ‘epithelial cell of Bowman's (C) Energy is required to change the ——- capsule voltage potential from-70:mV to (B) The cell surface membrane of the +40mV. endothelial cells ofthe capillaries (D) Theyactas inhibitors of wansmitter (©) The cell surface membrane of the substances. ‘epithelial cells of the Bowmnan’s capsule (D) Thespaces between the extensions ‘tem 30 refers to the disgram below showing of the podocytes of Bowman's ‘he gap between twoneurones. capsule tem 28 refers to the table below which shows volumes of water reabsorbed at different regions of the human kidney acphrons, The total volume of filtrate produced by the glomneruhss is 180 den’/day. Region Volume of water (dcn’) reabsorbed/day 30, Whereisacetyl choline stored and secreted? Proximal tubules 1470 Loop of Healé 109 Distal mbules 192 Collecting duct 22 28. Whats the volume of urine produced per = 31. Which ofthe following diseases s matched @) 1.6m toitsMOST appropriate category? ® 22¢7 © 24dw ) 1784éu?32, 33, Alcoholism is a disease which has been 34. Whichofth following correctly identifies the linked to iatrafumily violence, aggressive structure labelled Y? behaviour and petty crime. In which of the following four disease categories can be (A) and only ®) led fonly I (© 1 MandWVoaly (©) Wand Vonly Biymphocytes —T lymphocytes ‘Which of the folowing is NOT a fimction of | recent, Antiodes = — a (A) They activate B-lymphocytes to — mt divide and differentiate into plasma ume cel mediated calls, response inane (B) They quickly produce plasma cells respoase when they encounter antigen for thesecond time. (A) Lymph node (©) They assist T-Killer cells in the (8) Thymusgiend destruction of foreign cells. (©) Red bone marrow (D) They activate cells to (©) Hypothalamus ‘engulf foreign cells and body cells infected with forcign satigen. 35. The diagram below shows antibody levels in blood serum after exposure to a ‘particular antigen. Which of the following immunoglobulins is/are importantin the body's first response to an antigen’? (A) kG (B) IgG and IgM (©) Mandigc ©) iM-9- tem 36 referstothe diagram below which 38. iluswates an antibody molecule. ——2 4 36. The two labels which represent the antigen binding ste and the region which gives lex 39. ‘bility in binding to antigens are (A) lands @®) lands (© 2ands ©) Ganda {tem 37 refers tote following information. ‘Two types of immunity were investigated in patient suffering from tetanus. Person X is injected with antibodies to the disease. Person Y is injected with vaccine and pro- duces antibodies asa result. ‘Blood samples are removed from both people at regular intervals. The results are shown on the graph below. is 35” injection Thne/Days 37. Thetypes of immunity being investigated are (A) passive natural, active natural (B) passive artificial, active artificial (©) activenatural, aassive artificial steel ection cere Which of the following combinations represent common uses of monoclonal antibodies? 1 Prevention of transplant ejection Early diagnosis of cholera HH, Tissue typing for transplants IV. Pregnancy testing (A) tyMland ML only @) 1. Whand IV only © BMadiVvony ©) 40, Mand IV ‘Which of the following is NOT a reason why ‘energy requirements differ in people from birth told age? (A) The amount of activity varies with ‘occupation. (8B) — Metabolic rate reduces with age. (©) Gender makes no difference to ‘energy needs. ©) Asaperson ages they may be ess ecive. Body Mass Index (BMI) is now used as a simple means of assessing obesity. Which ‘one of the following formulae is used to calculate BMI? pear = —beightinm @-10- 41. Aprofessional athlete and an untrained individual each engaged in 10 minutes of exercise. The athlete's blood pressure, pulse and breathing rate remained almost unchanged while the un- trained individual experienced an increasc in ll three parameters. Which of the following ‘sccounts for this? ee (A) The athlete developed increased muscle mas. (B) Cardiac output and lung capacity increased with athletic training. (C) The athlete has more stamina duc to a specialized diet. (D) _Exedrance levels are higher inthe athlete. 42. Which ofthe following conrectly identifies the causative agent and the mode of transmission of dengue fever? Causative Agent [Mode of Transmission “a Virus Veetor @®) Bacterium Vector © Virus Airbome @)| Bacterium Airbome 43. After regular consumption of alcohol, fat 44. Which of the following statements explain ‘accumulates in the liver. Which of the why alcohol consumption can result i the following provides an explanation of this? ‘production of large quantities of watery urine ‘Ginresisy? (A) Alcohol provides a substrate forthe . synthesis of fat molecules in the 1 Alcohol increases the production of the. : ADH. (B) Alcohol damages livercells,so they I _Alcobol inhibits ADH production. canoot conver ft into lipoproteins, IHL. Alcohol reduces the permeability of (©) Aloohol acts as a buffer for fat, nd the collecting ducts. _sboorbs the fat and stores it ©) Alcohol is used by liver cells in (A) Tand Toaly preference to fat, es an energy @) tad only souree. (© end only ©) Ledte tiem 4§ refers tothe table below showing three components of tobaco smoke, XY and Z and their effects. x ¥ Zz Constricts arterioles | Combines with | Increases secretion haemoglobin of mucus Stimulates release of | Decresses levels of | Thickens lang adrenaline oxygen inblood | tissue Increases ‘stickiness’ | Damages the lining | Promotes hung of platelets of eneries cancer 45.” Which ofthe following correctly identifies X, Y and Z? x ¥y [2 [te | Nicotine (Carbon monoxide @ | t Carbon monoxide | Nicotine (©)_| Nicotine | Carbon monoxide | Tar ©) _| Nicotine | Tar ‘Carbon monoxide IF YOUFINISHBEFORE TIMEIS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST. (2207010/CAPE200810. 2 MnINTAPR IAN 4 apmx seat wer + cope 22207010 FORM TP2008161 MAY/SUNE2008 CARIBBEA cIL ADVANCEDPROFICIENCY EXAMINATION BIOLOGY-UNIT2 Paper 01 90 minutes 11 JULY 2008 (p. READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. This test consists of 45 items. Youwill have 90 minutes to answer them. Inaddition to this testbooklet, youshouldhave an answer sheet. ‘Donotbeconcemed that the answer sheet provides spaces for more answers than there are itemsin this test. Eachitem inthis test has four suggested answers lettered (A), (B),(C),(D)- Readeachitem youareabout toanswerand decide which choices best. ‘Onyour answer sheet, find the number which corresponds to your item and shade the spacehaving the same letter as the answer youhavechosen, Lookat the sample item below. ‘Sample ltem Which of the following is NOT a form of energy storage? @ AP Sample Answer ®) Lia Sah, 0900 ‘The best answer to thisitemis “ATP”, so answer space (A)has been shaded. Ifyou want to change your answer, be sure to erase it completely before you fill inyournew choice. ‘When youare toldto begin, tum the pageand workas quickly and as carefully as youcan. Ifyoucannot answer anitem, omititand goon tothenextone, Yourscore willbe the total number ofcorrect answers. ‘Youmay do any rough work inthis booklet. Figuresarenotnecessarily drawntoscale. ‘The use ofnon-programmable calculators is allowed. DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Copytight ©2008 Caribbean Examinations Council Allrightsreserved. $ aumcivasxuav 4-2- Item11 refers to the following diagram which shows chloroplast. RuBP carboxylase can be found in Region @ i. ® w © mw o wv The electrons from _non-cyclic photophosphorylation pass into the Calvin cycle via which of the following? (4) AIP (®) NADH, (© FAD @) NADP The Calvin cycles important sit produces (A) triose phosphate that can be used for the production of carbohydrates (8) reduced NAD that is used to generate ATP (©) oxygen that helps maintain the ‘carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere (D) _ glucose phosphate which can be used to form sucrose Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the MAIN factors affecting the rate ofphotosynthesis? J. Light intensity and temperature I Carbon dioxide concentration and state of the stomata I. NADandATPavailability IV. _ Phytochromesand the availability of ions (A) Land only (8) Tand Mi only (©) YManditlonly @) 1,0, MandIv High oxygen concentration can limit photosynthesis by preventing the formation of glycerate phosphate. This is due to (A) the oxidation of reduced NADP by oxygen (B) _oxygencombining with RuBP instead of carbon dioxide (©) __ oxygen combining with Rubisco instead of carbon dioxide (©) triose phosphate which cannot regenerate RUBP in high oxygen concentration ‘Thereaction linking glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle results in the formation of @ AIP ®B) — pynwate (© — acetylCoa ©) _triose phosphate3a 7. The FINAL pathway forall carbon atoms, 8, The oxygen consumed during cellular derived from food, during cellular respiration respiration is directly involved in isthe . (A) thecitricacid eycle (A) foodchsin (B) _thephosphorylation of ADP B) — Kreb’soycle (© _ the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl (© Calvineycle CoA (D)__clectrontransportchain (D) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 9. Which of the following BEST describes an ecosystem? (A) Producers + consumers + habitats + non-living component (B) Producers + decomposers + habitats + non-living component (©) Consumers + decomposers + habitats + non-living component (D) Producers + consumers + decomposers + non-living component 10. During vigorous exercise pyruvate is 13. Improvement of biodiversity can BEST be achieved by (A) reduced to lactate (B) _convertedto glycogen (A) controlled hunting (©) converted toethanol (B) systematic logging (D) transferred toacetyl CoA. (©) creating green areas (D) —_ monocropping UL. Which sequence CORRECTLY represents the action ofnitrifying bacteria? 14, Endangered species may BEST be described as species (A) Ammonium nitrite > nitrate (B) Nitrogen nitrate — nitrite (A) which are under threat of declining (© Nitrate — ammonium —> nitrogen innumber (D) Nitrite > nitrate > ammonium (8) _withlow population numbers that are in considerable danger of decoming extinct 12. Which of the following sequences is (©) which cannot be found in areas that CORRECTLY ranked in order of they recently inhabited or in other decreasing size? likely habitats ; (©) with small populations which are (A) Ecosystem -biome- habitat restricted geographically with ©) Biome- ecosystem -habitat localised habitats © Habitat-ecosystem-biome (©) — Habitat.18. 16. -4- Item 15 refers toan ocean food pyramid. The number in brackets represents the weight of the organism, ‘Trophic Level 5 2 zooplankton (500) Pre 00 \. The percentage of energy available for transfer to a person eating 0.5 kilograms of ‘unais approximately A) 1% ®) 3% ©) 10% ©) 20% ‘Which of the following does NOT describe how mineral ions are transported from the soil to the endodermis of the root? (A) Transported with water via the apoplastroute (B) Carried across the root cells passively with water in the transpiration stream (©) By active transport via the apoplast route (D) By passive diffusion across the apoplast route 17. 18, Which of the following describes the correct sequence by which water is lost through transpiration? 1. Water passes from the xylem into the mesophyll cells. TL Water travels from cell to cell down water potential gradient. TI Water evaporates from the surface of the mesophyl cells. TV. Water leaves through the stomata by diffusion. @ Ln,0LWv ® Lom © LLvm ©) MmLn1 Item 18 refers tothe following diagram which Tepresents the distribution of tissues in a dicotyledonous root. Transport of water along the apoplast pathway is prevented by the region labelled (a) ®) © ©) Bow19. 20. a5: Item 19 refers to the following diagram which shows a longitudinal section ofa mammalian ‘Item 21 refers to the following diagram which shows the heart and associated blood vessels. heart. yy um “ \) L I Vv ne Iv n m 21. Theinferior venacavais labelled (A) 1 ‘The position ofthe sinoatral node is identified ® w by the region labelled oO w Oo Ww (A) I ® tw © wm Item_22 refers to the following Oo WwW ‘Which of the following is correct for BOTH arteries and veins? Arteries Veins (A) [Thin walled | Few elastic fibres ®) Collagen fibres | Small lumen present Few elastic Has valves © fibres Thick walled | Collagen fibres ” ) present ®) © ®) photomicrograph which shows amature sieve ‘tubeelement. 22. The region labelled X is the sieve plate the sieve/pore aplastid companion cell62 hem 23 refers to the following diagram which shows the pressure changes to the left side of the heart and the aorta during the cardiac cycle. 23. 25, 0 02 04 06 «08 10 ‘Time/ seconds ‘The section labelled X represents the (A) pressure in the aorta as the heart exopties (B) pressure inthe ventricles as the heart falls (©) atrial pressure as the heart empties (D) ventricular pressure asthe heart fills ‘Which term BEST describes homeostasis? (A) Variable internal and external environment (8) — Maintenance ofa constant intemal environment (© Constant internal environment, providing complete dependence on the extemal environment (@) Constant internal and external environment resulting from a fall in temperature The effect of glucagon on mammalian muscle cellsis (A) stimulation of DNA synthesis (B) _anincrease inthe hydrolysis of lipids (©) alteration of the receptor site on the cell membrane (D) __stinmalation ofthe rapid conversion of shycogento ghicose 26. 21. 28. Which of the following is the CORRECT mechanism by which ghacose inthe kidney is retumed to the blood system? Site ‘Mechanism (A) | Collecting duct | Passive diffusion (B) [Proximal tubule | Active transport (©) [Loop of Heolé | Passive diffusion (D) { Distal tubule _| Active transport In the mammalian kidney, which substance is NOT reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by active transport? (A) Hormones (B) Amino acids (©) Ghucose @) Urea ‘tem 28 refers tothe following table which shows the volume of water reabsorbed per day at different regions of the human kidney nephrons. The total volume of filtrate produced by the glomerulus is 180 dmm'/day. Region Volume of water reabsorbed/dm? Proximal tubules 1470 Loop of Henlé 10.0 Distal tubules 192 Collecting duct 22 ‘Whatis the vohume of urine produced per day? A 16d @®) 2.2m’ (© —21.4dm° @) 1784dmTe 29, Inmyelinated neurones the action potentialis 32. Alcoholism is a disease which has been generated linked to intrafamily violence, aggressive behaviour and petty crime. In which ofthe following categories can alcoholism be (B) _allalong the axon (©) inthe myetinsheath only Paced? (@) atthe nodes of Ranvier only 1. Deficiency TL Self-inflicted UL Degenerative ‘Item 30 refers to the diagram below showing IV. Social the gap between two neurones. (A) in Schwann cells (A) Land (®) Land I (©) MandIv @) WandIv tem 33 refers to the following diagram which shows the structure of a human. ‘immuno-deficiency virus (HIV). 30. Which structures indicate where acetycholine is (i) stored and (ii) released? Stored | Released () L 3 @) 1 4 | © 2 3 © 2 4 31, ‘Chronic bronchitis is a condition suffered jpersoca wba sitokocigareioe Tue MSE 33. The function of the structure labelled Tis to appropriate meaning of the term ‘chronic’, in this context, is (A) anchor the glycoproteins (B) enclose and support the viral DNA. (A) severe and enzymes (B) _ suddenonset (©) inhibitviral replication (© «longterm {D) transcribe the viral DNA, so it can ©) intense be integrated into the host DNA.34. 35. Item34 refers to the following diagram. x ‘Stem cells \ Y + + Blymphocytes | | T lymphocytes J | Antibodies 1 hulnoral at immune —_ response celhmediated 36. immune response The structure labelled Y represents the (A) lymphnode ®B) thymus gland (©) red bone marrow (©) hypothalamus 37. ‘Mast cells (A) are found in lymph nodes only (B) are the smallest circulating granulocytes (C) are large granuloctyes which engulf pathogens (D) contain many granules rich in histamine and heparin ‘Item 36 refers to the diagram below which illustrates an antibody molecule. - s The two labels which represent the antigen binding site and the region which gives {flexibility in binding to antigens are (A) Land4 ®) lands (© 2ands (D) 3and4 Which of the following BEST describes tolerance, a form of physical drug dependence? (A) A severe craving for a drug which interferes with a person's ability to function normally (B) Characterized by the continued desire for a drug, even after physical dependence is gone (©) Develops in persons who have used large quantities of substances such asaleohol and barbiturates (D) Occurs when the body becomes accustomed toa drug and requires ever-increasing amounts to achieve the same effect | | i 1 i j38. 39. ‘Which of the followingis NOT amethodof 41. transmission ofthe HIV? (A) Sexual intercourse (B) Sharing intravenous needles (©) Gene transfer from mother to foetus (D) Breastfeeding or breast milk ‘Which ofthe following explains why energy requirements differin persons? L I. Metabolic rate reduces with age. TI. Asa person ages they may be less | active, @& —_ Tonly a ®) Land Tonly . © — Wandonly ©) 1, Wand it Body Mass Index (BMI is now used as a ‘The amount of activity varies with occupation. simple means of assessing obesity. Which of the following formulaeis used tocalculate BMI? i) ®) © @) Ma = —beight (cm) body mass? (kg*) pe = Dedymass (kg) ight? (m?) BM] = —body mass (ke) _ as ‘age of individual (yrs) . BM = Body mass (kg) ‘eight (m) A professional athlete and an untrained individual each engaged in 10 minutes of exercise. The athlete's blood pressure, pulse and breathing rate remained almost ‘unchanged, while the untrained individual experienced an increase in all three parameters. Which of the following state- ments MOST likely accounts for this? (A) The athlete developed increased muscle mass. (B) Cardiac output and lung capacity increased with athletic training. (©) Theathlete has more stamina due to a specialized diet. (D) Endurance levels are higher in the athlete. ‘Which of the following describes a possible outcome of the effect of tobacco smoke on the cardiovascular system? (A) Haemoglobin combines with carbon ‘monoxide resulting in lessoxygen being transported in the blood. (B) _ Nicotine lowers the blood pressure and therefore the heart rate. (©) __ Platelets become less cohesive and increase the likelibood of (D) The blood supply to the body extremities increases and oxygen is delivered to cells at a faster rate, With regular consumption of alcohol, fat accumulates in the liver because (A) alcohol isused in the synthesis of fat molecules in the liver (B) _aloohol suppresses the ability of liver cells to secrete fat molecules (C) __fatabsorbs alcohol and detoxifies it @) _livercells use alcohol instead of fat asan energy sourceItems 44 - 45 refer to the following diagram which shows the changes in antibody concentration in the blood during the primary and secondary responses. 3 secondary response primary response Concentration of antibody (arbitrary units) log scale 0 10 20 30 4 50 Time (days) 44. These responses are MOST likely caused by (A) antigens (B) antibiotics, (©) antitoxins () antioxidants 45. The secondary response is faster and stronger because (A) Beells rapidly transform into plasma cells ®) Bells rapidly transform into memory cells (©) memory cells are present and rapidly become plasmacells * (D) memory cells rapidly transform into T cells TYOUFINISHBEFORE TIMEIS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ONTHISTEST, 2220701 0/CAPE20084 arnx seatmne_ tesrconE02207010 MAY/UNE2009 FORM TP2009149 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION BIOLOGY - UNIT2 Paper 01 90 minutes 12 SONE 2009 . READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY. 1. Thistestconsists of 45 items. You will have 90 minutes to answer them. 2. Inaddition to this testbooklet, you should have an answer sheet. 3. Bachitemin this test bas four suggested answers lettered (A), (B), (C), (D). Readeachitem you are about to answer and decide which choice is best. 4. Onyouranswer sheet, find the number which comespondsto your item andshade the space having the same letter as the answer you have chosen. Look at the sample item below. leltem ~ WhichofthefollowingisNOT a formof El cnergy storage? 8 (A) Ae Sample Answer i @) Ld | (© — Aleobot @®OO ~ (D) —_Lacticacid ‘The best answer to this item is “ATP” , so answer space (A) has been shaded, 5. Ifyouwant to change your answer, erase it completely and fill in your new choice. 6. Whenyouaretoldtobegin, tum the pageand workas quickly and as carefully as youcan. Ifyou cannotanswer anitem, omititand go onto thenextone. Your score will be the total number of correct answers. 7. Youmay doany rough workin this booklet. . 8. Figures arenotnecessarily drawn to scale. 9. Donotbe concernedithat the answer sheet provides spaces for moreanswers han thereareitems inthistest DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO Si eee ee Oe TOO SO pata Copyright©2009 Caribbean Examinations Council. llrightsreserved.The electrons from _non-cyclic photophosphorylation pass into the Calvin cycle via (A) AIP @®) NADH, (© FAD (©) NADP Duringphotosynthesis P,, emits electrons that (A) canbe recycled directly to Pay (B) fall back directly to P.., (© will generate ATP (D) —_ willgenerate rechiced NAD Which of the following combinations correctly describes the MAIN factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis? 1. __Lightintensity and temperature TL Carbon dioxide concentration and state of the stomata I — NADendATPavailebility TV. Phytochromes and the availability of ions (A) LandILonly ; (8) [andIfonly (© 1,Hand only ©) L,Dlandv In muscle tissue undergoing strenuous contractions, the formation of lactate is due tothe (A) lowconcentration of glucose (B) low concentration of oxygen (©) ___ high concentration of glycogen ()__bighconcentration of carbon dioxide Inaerobie respiration, the maxinmm mumber of ATP molecules that may be produced fromamolecule of ghicose is A 2 ® 4 © . @) 38 ‘Two substances which enter the initochondlial cristae and are oxidised are (A) ADP and phosphate (8) NADH, and FADE (©) Phosphate and acetyl CoA (D) ADP and pyruvate The two MAIN products of oxidative phosphorylation inthe mitochondrion are (A) ATP and water, (B) oxygen and water (©) NAD and FAD (D) hydrogen and oxygen ‘The.oxygen consurned during cellular respirationis directly involved in (A) _ phosphorylation of ADP (B) conversion of citrate to oxaloacetate (©) __onidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (D) accepting electrons in electron ‘transport chain reaction |Item9 refers to the following pyramid of numbers. c— 10. Which of the following food chains would create the pyramid of numbers represented above? (A) Decayeii leaf — earthworms > small birds —> large birds (B) Tree aphids + birds > fleas (© Tree—-ants— lizards > birds ©) Tree birds + fleas — bacteria Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain are correct? Located in the mitochondria and chloroplasts. © Involved in the production of ATP. Located on the membranes. Oxygen is always the final electron acceptor SBR (A) IandIVoaly @) Mand Monly (© Liandillonly ©) T,WandIV only nu. 12. 13 [Netprimary production in an ecosystem over a given period may be BEST defined as the total amount of (A) organic matter produced by all organisms in the ecosystem ®) _neworganic matter produced only by green plants (©) organic matter used in respiration and metabolism by all organisms in the ecosystem () new organic matter remaining after respiration and metabolism has been fuelled ‘Item 12 refers to the following diagram. Syringe containing 1g crashed pea and soda Tee Capillary tubing Ruler An experiment is set up as shown above to calculate the rate of respiration in red pea. After 50. seconds, the indicator fiuid in the capillary tubing moved 85 mrn. The diameter of the capillary tubing is 0.4mm. Whatis the rate of respiration in the red pea? (A) 0.2mm’ g (B) 0.68 mm’ g's! (©) 17mm’ g's! @) 8.6 mm’ g's! Which of the following are the substrate and product(s) of anaerobic respiration? Substrate Product (A) [Glucose [Lactic acid + CO (8) [Glucose [Ethanol + COz (© [Pyruvate | Ethanol + CO, (D) [Pyruvate | Lacicacid15. 16, Which of the following combinations may bbe applied to the term biodiversity? | Variety of species on earth U. Can be defined at the genetic level TL May be defined at the ecosystem level TV. Relates only to endangered species (A) J,WandITonly (8) [Wand IVonly (CQ) 1, Mand IV only (D) {land TV only ‘Which of the following statements describes the function of denitrifying bacteria in the nitrogen cycle? (A) Split the nitrogen molecule to form nitrites (B) Convert nitrates to atmospheric nitrogen (©) Convert ammonium compounds to nitrates (D) Split nitrogen molecules to form ‘agnmonivm Inan experiment, the water potential of the water ina soil, is found to be? 40 kPa, while that of pure water is OkPa, This difference isdue tothe (A) presence of mineral ions in the soil water (B) greater kinetic energy of the soil ‘water molecules (©) smallsize of the mineral ions in the soil water (©) _ water potential of soil water being positive 4a. 18. gn £7 relist the eigyram below which shows some of the cells involved in loss of water from part of a plant. Which ofthe following combinations comectty identifies the regions labelled P and Q? Region P| _, Region Q (A) [Phioem | Palisade (B) [Phloem | Stem cortex © [Xviem Mesophiyit cells ©) [ Xytem Root cortex Ina study of water movement in plants, the cutend of. leafy shoot is placed in a dilute solution ofa dye. Aftera few hours, deposits of the dye accumulate in the leaves. The rate of movementof the dye up the stern isNOT increased by (A) humidity (B) —_windspeed (©) temperature () availability of waterPar 19, 20, a -5- ‘Which of the following statements is true according to the mass (pressure) flow hypothesis? a) ®) © @) ‘Sucrose moves in the phloem against a concentration gradient. ‘The loading of sugars into the phloem in the leafis achieved by osmosis. A source is a site where sugars are produced, while a sinkis site where sugars are utilized, ‘Water s actively transported from the intercellular spaces into the cell sap at the root end of the system, ‘Which of the following combinations correctly describes systolic and diastolic blood pressure? Systolic Blood DiastolicBlood Pressure Pressure (A) [Produced by contraction of | Pressure in the arteries after the atria the attia contract (B) | Presswrein the arteries | Produced by contraction of after the atria contract the atria (©), _ | Produced by contraction of | Pressure in the artes after the ventricles the ventricles relax (D) | Presstrein the arteries | Produced by contraction of after the ventricles relax | the ventricles In the human heart, what is the point of initiation of the mammalian heartbeat? (a) ®) © ©) Purkynefibres Sinoatrialnode “~ Node of Ranvier Atrioventricular node 22. ‘tem.22refersto the following diagram which shows the heart and associated blood vessels. The region labelled X is the (A) aorta @) _pulmovary artery © inferior vena cava @) ‘superior vena cava6- Trea 23 veensto the lllowing diagram which «Item. 25 refers to the table below which gives shows the pressure changes to the left side the pulse rate of humans at «ifferent stages ofthe heart and the aorta during the cardiac of their growth and developrnent to adulthood. cyde. Pulse rate (beats/min) ; i 110-140 & TL} 80-90 | 2 3 ‘Which group BEST represents infants? d 01 02 03 4 05 06 07 “oo ‘Timel seconds ® w 23, The section labelled X represents the Q m © Ww (A) pressure in the ventricles as the heart ‘ils | (B)__ pressure in the aorta as the heart 26. Which ofthe following statements about ‘empties glucagon is INCORRECT? (©) atrial pressure as the heart empties (D) ventricular pressure as the heart fills (A) Actsinopposition to insulin ®) Acts primarily on livercells 2 (© Raisesblood glucose levels 24, Which of the following is true concerning the * @) _Issynthesized by islet Beta cells effect of insulin on targetells? (A) Decreased glucose metabolism 27. — Ahealthy person has recently drunk.a large (B) Increased gluconeogenesis quantity of (pure) water. Which statement (©) Inereaged blood glucose BEST describes the result ofthis action? concentration (D) Increased glucose permeability of (A) Theproduction of ADH increases. cell membranes (®) The water potential of the urine becomes less negative. (©) Thesolute concentration of the urine becomes more negative. (©) The permeability of the collecting ducts increases. Rn one erm ree ne