International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development

Volume 9 • Issue 2 • April-June 2017

Assessing the Maturity of Green

IT Adoption Within the Philippine
Manufacturing Industry
Alexander A. Hernandez, College of Information Technology Education, Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila,
Philippines

ABSTRACT

Green IT is the sustainable use of computing resources in organizations with minimal or no impact
on the environment. The role of Green IT is recognized to achieve sustainability in organizations.
This study presents the extent of Green IT adoption in a developing country. This study used GIT
maturity model to assess the overall level of Green IT maturity among manufacturing organizations.
The results suggest that participants recognized Green IT, however, a low level of maturity is found
within the manufacturing organizations. To further Green IT adoption in organizations, practical and
research implications are presented.

Keywords
Green Computing, Green IT Adoption, Green IT, Sustainability

INTRODUCTION

Green IT (GIT) is a resource-efficient consumption strategy through the utilization and operation of IT
infrastructures and implementation of associated policies aiming to enhance business and environment
sustainability. GIT is recognized for its potential in driving organizations towards reducing business
footprint while achieving performance with a lesser impact on the environment (Loeser et al., 2017).
Hence, GIT is for greener business activities, efficiency, and conservation of resources. Previous
studies have recognized the benefits of GIT to sustain firms’ competitiveness. First, cost reduction
is one of the emphasis of GIT adoption benefits in organizations to remain sustainable with regard
to business operations. GIT lowers business costs for complying with environmental regulations
compared with competitors who still do traditional way of business which only focus on economic
benefits (Ramaya et al., 2013; Gholami et al., 2017a), requires relatively less material and resources
during the product design and manufacturing stages (Savita et al., 2016), and lower operational costs
(Chugh et al., 2016). Second, the adoption of GIT enhances corporate reputation within the business
community and to its stakeholders. GIT improves corporate image of firms as compared with their
competitors (Hba et al., 2016), perceived by customers as environmentally responsible (Chuang &
Huang, 2016), and favored by shareholders due to their good GIT reputation (Ainin et al., 2016). Third,
green innovation as a benefit of GIT aims to make the firms more capable of spurring environmental
research and development (Gholami et al., 2016b), enhances environmental management systems
(Hoang et al., 2016), and green innovation as compared with major competitors (Hanelt et al., 2016).
Hence, GIT can drive green innovation, foster environmental stewardship to improve corporate image
and reputation, and cost reduction within business operations.

DOI: 10.4018/IJSKD.2017040103

Copyright © 2017, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.


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Despite, the growing benefits of GIT in organizations, there is little work that investigates
Green IT adoption in developing countries, such as the Philippines. First, most of these studies have
been conducted in developed countries in which Green IT has been progressing enormously using
various frameworks, and strategies and research on GIT in the social enterprise are relatively scarce
(Coffey et al., 2013). Thongmak (2013) analyzed GIT frameworks in the literature, however, most
of these were implemented in developed countries; thus, a proposed sustainable ICT framework for
developing countries is discussed. Similarly, Bokolo (2016) found that GIT is more proliferated in
IT organizations in developed countries. Thus, this study offers new insights on GIT in a developing
country perspective. Second, developed countries are proactively underway of assessing their current
level of Green IT maturity and readiness for a more effective propagation of improvement efforts
aiming to achieve resource-efficient and low carbon economy guided by a comprehensive GIT
strategy. Therefore, a handful of work has been done to initially understand the level of maturity of
GIT in organizations in developing economies, such as the Philippines. Seuring and Gold (2013)
and de Sousa Jabbour (2014) notes that there are few studies on developing countries exploring the
maturity of GIT adoption in the manufacturing industry. Similarly, Ateetanan and Usanavasin (2015)
investigated the level of GIT adoption in the government agencies in a developing country using
Green IT Maturity Model and found a lower level of adoption. Hence, there is a need to explore GIT
maturity in a developing country perspective further. Third, most studies in GIT adoption explored
on the factors, antecedents, and drivers to adoption of GIT using well-known Information Systems
(IS) theories (Deng & Ji, 2015; Dezdar, 2017), however, few studies attempt to investigate on the
level maturity of GIT in manufacturing sector, which greatly contributes to global carbon footprint
and degradation of environment (Giret et al., 2015). Thus, this gap in the literature with regards to
GIT use in the manufacturing industry is addressed and extends prior empirical findings on GIT
adoption maturity in organizations.
Therefore, a study that explores the level of GIT in maturity in developing countries could further
insights on its current status, experience, issues, and challenges. To this end, this research aims to assess
the level of Green IT maturity within the Philippines manufacturing industry. Hence, this research
not only assists policy makers and implementers to further the uptake of GIT within organizations,
however, consider GIT as a strategic approach to green growth especially for developing countries and
global firms aiming to harness the potential of GIT for economic and environmental sustainability.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Green IT Benefits
Previous studies suggest some benefits of GIT adoption covering reduction of carbon footprint,
optimized business processes, and resource-efficient consumption, and greener end of life management.
First, in the area of reducing carbon footprint, Gholami et al. (2013) found in the study of senior
IT managers in the manufacturing and service sector that GIT adoption resulted in a reduction of
carbon footprint. Similarly, managers of small and medium enterprises (SME) have agreed that GIT
achieved reduction of emissions (Dick et al., 2011; Ramaya et al., 2013). For example, a study on
using energy-efficient data center solutions resulted in a major decrease in carbon emissions through
real-time monitoring systems (Lee & Zomaya, 2012; Beloglazov et al., 2012). Likewise, intelligent
lighting systems helped organizations to reduce their carbon emissions by thirty-five percent (Wang
et al., 2012; Nguyen & Aiello, 2013). Hence, GIT adoption through a variety of energy-efficient
solutions further reduces carbon emissions of organizations.
Second, business process optimization is also a major concern of organizations to eliminate
or minimize duplication information in work processes, making procedures more simplified and
systemized (Nowak et al., 2010). For instance, fully integrated business systems could result in better
data tracking, expansion of utilization, and enhanced data integration among major work procedures

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of the organizations (Houy et al., 2010). Business workflows systems used by organizations integrated
to a private sector, and agencies reduce inefficiencies and redundancies, likewise, allows better (Vom
Brocke, & Seidel, 2012).
Third, efficient resource consumption remains a major priority for organizations slowly adopting
to GIT. Beloglazov and Buyya (2010) found that virtualization technologies assist in reducing the
number of IT infrastructures deployed by organizations, covering data centers, servers, and other
associated equipment. For instance, desktop virtualization has been used and expanded in organizations
with automated power management solutions (Younge & Von Laszewski, 2010; Papagianni et al.,
2013). Resource efficiency is also translated through many office automation tools such as print
management solutions to control printing of unnecessary files and documents, which could be
transmitted in digital form (Park et al., 2012; Ateetanan & Usanavasin, 2015). Thus, increasing the
resource consumption management on various business activities. Banister et al. (2007) suggest that
telecommuting work practice offers new mechanisms to prevent additional travel costs, and footprint
while enhancing productivity and efficiency of employees. For instance, some studies presented
the benefits of adopting to communication systems allowing multinational companies to promote
better collaboration (Ruth, 2011) while reducing the need for travelling of employees from overseas
locations and offices, therefore, reducing gas, oil, and other associated natural resources consumption
(Schwartz et al., 2010; Hernandez et al., 2016).
Fourth, organizations also strive to enhance end of life management in variety of strategies such
as waste reduction schemes (Winkler, 2011; Choudhary & Seth, 2011), 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle)
activities (Eltayeb et al., 2011) and improving product designs and throughput for a longer product
life span (Dangelico, & Pujari, 2010), and better material recovery, and disposal strategies promoting
take-back programs (Sarkis et al., 2010) for employees to increase participation, awareness, and
education on the impacts of electronic wastes to the environment (Molla et al., 2014). Park et al.
(2012) found that 3R program was an effective approach to encourage organizations to monitor IT
asset gradually, replacement of inefficient equipment, convert reused and recycled equipment to
monetary benefits. Similarly, Diabat et al. (2013) suggest that capacitating organizations on reusing
and recovering schemes for IT equipment offer monetary benefits through material recovery and take-
back programs. Dwivedy and Mittal (2013) found that take-back schemes remain relevant approach
in enhancing recycling performance and reduction of waste. Thus, it also assists organizations in
improving environmental compliance certifications (Arimura et al., 2011).
Generally, GIT benefits were translated in measurable actions by organizations through resource-
efficient consumption and preservation.

Green IT Adoption Strategies

The previous section presents the benefits of GIT adoption. More importantly, the literature suggests
some strategies to assist organizations in achieving the GIT adoption benefits. Bokolo and Noraini
(2015) suggest the strategic approach to GIT through the incorporation of “green” indicators on
design, manufacturing, usage, and disposal activities. These variations can result in the resource-
efficient design of computing solutions and equipment (Naumann et al., 2011), advanced data center
management systems (Molla & Cooper, 2014), and environment-friendly end of life management
practices (Ninlawan et al., 2010). Moreover, this domain is appropriate in choosing ecologically
compliant and proactive measures to sustainable reproduction and pollution prevention benefits
(Dao et al., 2011).
Previous studies suggest GIT metrics by starting from a setting of GIT agenda, conceptualization
of operational goals, and development of assessment, and evaluations tools for an efficient GIT
adoption (Molla et al., 2011;). Murusegan and Gangadharan (2012) similarly proposes enterprise
GIT strategies through a multi-level approach covering strategic, deep green, and incremental tactical
solutions. Also, the literature describes eco-efficiency, eco-effectiveness, and eco-collaboration as
realization of GIT as strategy (Loeser et al., 2017) provided that energy-efficiency, cost reduction,

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savings, preservation of natural resource, disposal activities, and stakeholders collaboration serves
as eco-goals to further the benefits of GIT adoption within organizations (Zhang & Liang, 2012;
Cai et al., 2013).

Green IT Maturity Model

Initially, GIT benefits were achieved through some of the strategies discussed in the previous section.
Also, it is significant to explore on the maturity level to understand the extent of GIT adoption in
organizations.
A number of GIT maturity models were developed. However, there were varying conditions
to which these models were used and adopted by prior studies. First, Accenture developed a green
maturity model for assessing the GIT maturity of organizations and proposes a strategy to enhance
green performance. The model has five major areas of evaluation with 300 indicators comprising
of work practice, office environment, data center, procurement and corporate citizenship (Hersch &
Bonecutter, 2008). Second, the British government co-developed with Gartner a GIT scorecard aiming
to assess the level of GIT maturity of various government offices. The GIT scorecard was developed
assist decision-makers in reducing the impact of ICT on the environment. Also, it was developed
and utilized complementing the Sustainable Operations targets, piloted with eight government
agencies and the local government of Scotland (Cabinet of the UK, 2008). Third, Korea’s National
Information Agency (NIA) developed the GIT Maturity Model Integration (GMMI) to assess the
state of and support GIT to design a GIT roadmap and action plan. The GMMI consists of 5 areas
involving data center, work practice, office environment, corporate citizenship, and procurement
with stages of maturity model consisting six stages (0 to 5) for each indicator. An indicator-specific
weight is applied to calculate the overall score (Park et al., 2012). Fourthly, Royal Melbourne Institute
of Technology with Australia Connection Research developed the GIT readiness index to measure
the GIT maturity level among Australian firms. The study was participated by 200 Australian firms,
and measured by using 36 indicators in 5 areas such as end user, enterprise, enablement, life cycle,
and metrics. Fifthly, Infosys proposed a GIT maturity model to assess the adoption of GIT services,
and ranked firms’ green maturity and evaluate efforts towards greener future. The major constructs
include data center and facilities, end user computing, asset lifecycle, IT service management, and
people practices (Desai & Bhatia, 2011). Sixthly, APECTEL through the NSTDA Academy, National
Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand, developed a GIT maturity model assessing
the areas of (1) knowledge and awareness, (2) policy and strategy, (3), management techniques, and
(4) implementation and development (NSTDA, 2011).
Previous studies suggest that among these models, the Korea’s National Information Agency GIT
maturity model was the most comprehensive as it highlights both management and technical aspects
with a strong emphasis on five areas of GIT. The model was used in some of the assessment studies
available in the literature (Park et al., 2012, Ateetanan and Usanavasin; 2015).

Overview of the Philippines Manufacturing Industry

As of 2012, the total manufacturing companies in the Philippines was at an average of 25,064 with
different business activities supporting local and international customers (Aldaba, 2014). Moreover,
the manufacturing sector continued to grow due to the increased production demands and growing
economies. From 2011 to 2015, the manufacturing sector posted PHP 738 Billion in gross valued
reaching its 2.7 trillion Gross Value Added (GVA) and growing at an average of 7.3% annually
(Batungbacal, 2016). More importantly, the manufacturing sector labor market and productivity
increased by 4.9% (Official Gazette, 2015). The steady increase in the manufacturing sector is
attributed to the foreign direct investments, and the numerous expansions and projects in the past six
years (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016). To date, the manufacturing sector encourages partnership
with government agencies and academe to harness research and development (Department of Trade
and Industry, 2016), co-develop industry champions and participate in environmental programs. More

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recently, the manufacturing sector embarked to greener business activities such as GIT as one of the
focus areas for rapid growth and sustainability (Gutterer, 2015). More specifically, the professional
association and organization on manufacturing sector developed GIT roadmap and strategy together
with the design of guidelines on its implementation (Steigerwald, 2015). Overall, through GIT, the
manufacturing sector contributes to achieving a more sustainable business and environment.

METHODOLOGY

Participants
This research covered five manufacturing and eight service locations in Region 4 and National
Capital Region, as these sites were considered economic zone centers in the Philippines. This study
was participated by senior IT Managers and Heads with existent background and implementation
of Green IT adoption practices within their organizations. Table 1 presents the profile of survey
respondents. Respondents came from the manufacturing sector. Majority of the respondents held
senior management positions, and connected with these positions for more than one year.

Instrument
This study used the survey instrument from Park et al. (2012) Green IT Maturity Model (GMMI) with
validated measurements by experts, available in Green IT adoption studies and literature. The survey
instrument includes five major constructs in assessing the maturity of Green IT adoption: (a) data
centers, (b) office environment, (c) work practice, (d) procurement, and (e) corporate citizenship, a
total of 54 survey items were measured and operationalized. The data center constructs consisted 15
items, office environment has 15 items, work practice covered 16 items, procurement consisted nine
items, and corporate citizenship with nine items. Table 2 presents the summary of survey constructs
and items.
Park et al. (2012) and National Information Agency of Korea (NIA) proposed a level of Green
IT maturity with six stages of maturity for each indicator as presented in Table 3.

Table 1. Profile of respondents

Frequency Percentage
Position
President / CEO 57 14.73
General Manager / CIO 125 32.29
MIS Director / Manager 115 29.72
IT Head 90 23.26
Time in the Position
5 years or less 183 47.29
6-10 years 128 33.07
10 years or more 76 19.64
Size
Small and medium 267 69
Large 120 31

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Table 2. Constructs and measures

Area Item Assessment Indicators

Data Center Server Assets When developing information systems and introducing new servers in your operating environment,
Shared computing does your company consider server virtualization as a basic implementation method?
capacity including
servers, storage and To proactively manage the floor space occupied by idle servers, does your company use
networks orchestration tools in all environments?

Does your company collect data on the use of server instances across all your assets, manage
related indicators and conduct optimization activities based on this information?

Do you company practice intelligent refreshing in servers in all environments to improve their
operation efficiency?

Are all servers in your company optimized based on their performance efficiency and highly
efficient in terms of power supply?

Support Have your network storages in data centers been integrated to create a single-storage network?
Infrastructure
Does your company collect data on the use of storage equipment on all your assets and develop and
manage related indicators?

Have your networks been converged (voice/data, fixed/wireless) to reduce the number of switches
needed in your data centers?

Is your intelligent power allocation equipment installed in the LAC within the data centers and is
linked with monitoring systems?

Are backup software programs within your organization integrated into a single platform so that
they may be used for company-wide backup and restoration?

Physical Is power usage monitored in real time in your company, and is monitored by each section or unit?
Equipment
Is the lighting system in your data centers designed with energy efficiency in mind?

Was energy efficiency considered in the design of your data centers?

Is the control of temperature and moisture in your data centers automated, and is the control system
effective?

Is your company conducting a data center rationalization program to minimize the number of data
centers?

Office Environment PC Have screensavers been disabled in all display devices so that they go into power saving mode?
Computing resources
within an office Are all IT equipment in your office controlled by a central power management system?
environment, including
desktop and laptop Have desktops been replaced by lower-power laptop computers in your company where possible?
computers, printers and
mobile devices Have your company’s desktop units been replaced by thin client solutions where possible?

Are there rules in your company, requiring employees to shut off power to all unused PCs and IT
devices, and a management system to monitor compliance?

Printers Are multifunction devices functioning at the same time as a printer, fax machine, scanner and a
photocopier used in your company, instead of separate devices?

Is there support for a virtual fax service for all users in your company, and is its use widespread?

Are all printers in your company installed with a toner saving solution?

Are all printers in your company configured so that power is automatically shut off during night
hours and weekends?

Do you have an integrated print management service in your organization to reduce unnecessary
printed materials?

Office Do you have wireless network access in your organization to reduce the use of fixed-line networks?
Equipment
Is there an intelligent lighting system in all offices of your organization?

Is the lighting system in your organization energy-efficient?

Is temperature in your offices controlled by a building control system, and is your company
continuously improving the energy efficiency of the heating system?

Is the power supply to printers in your organization shut off during weekends and night hours?

continued on following page

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Table 2. Continued

Area Item Assessment Indicators

Work Practice Applications Can all employees in your company conduct their basic tasks through an electronic approval
The way an IT system or a web interface?
organization and its
members work, Are emails or electronic signatures accepted in your company as a valid method for approving or
including the authorizing processes?
organizational structure
and processes Does your company have and use an electronic payment/settlement system to settle transactions
with customers or vendors?

Does you company have an internet-based sales channel?

Does your company use an e-billing system to issue paperless customer invoices (or payment
receipts)?

Is your company conducting an application rationalization program to reduce the size of the
application portfolio and achieve a company-wide standardized architecture?

Are organizational processes in your company being thoroughly reviewed and continuously
improved in order to reduce the number of tasks performed?

Does your organization have a single, consolidated tool for communicating internal messages?
(email, MSN, Skype, voicemail, fax)

Operation Is a video conference system in place and in use, in your company, to minimize travel needs?

Is your IT unit capable of supporting teleworkforce and mobile workforces through remote support
services? (ex. IT support via remote control)

Does your company provide support tools and office space for telecommuting, and encourage
telecommuting by employees?

Management Is green IT education provided to employees in your company, on a regular basis?

Does your company conduct analysis on the environmental impact of its activities, concerning all
business cases?

Does a charge-back mechanism for services provided by the IT unit exist in your company, and if
so, is it appropriately managed?

Does a model for charging back carbon costs to units and projects exist and are improvement
activities carried out based on the charge-back model, in your company?

Does your organization have a green leadership program in place, along with well-defined rules
and a management system? Also, is your organization carrying out a green agenda?

Procurement Asset Is the lifecycle of IT assets efficiency managed under your company’s asset management policy?
The process through Management
which companies Are all asset purchase activities and power consumption tracked by a centrally-managed
procure and purchase configuration management database (CMDB) and included in the audit process?
equipment and services
Is your company’s configuration management database (CMDB) linked to its service catalog?

Captical Costs When selecting standard hardware solutions, is the energy efficiency of IT assets, including energy
star certification, a key consideration?

When selecting an asset, does your company consider carbon emissions at the vendor’s side,
resulting from manufacturing, transportation and disposal processes, and has there been
improvement in this area?

Does your company have rules requiring compliance with environmental regulations, including the
EU Restriction of
Hazardous Substance (RoHS) Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(WEEE) Directive, and are the rules enforced?

Operating Does your company use a smart logistics system for product delivery? (ex. single packages, single
Costs pickup, etc.)

Does your company have a utility management process in place to minimize the use of
consumables?

Does your company have rules requiring the purchase of office supplies made with recycled/
environment-friendly materials, and is encouraging compliance with these rules?

continued on following page

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Table 2. Continued

Area Item Assessment Indicators

Corporate Citizenship Waste Disposal Does your company conduct analysis on items that are sold or discarded, for instance, to define and
The method of classify hazardous substances?
interaction between an IT
organization and the local Does your company have incentive and information programs for reducing IT-related waste
or global community production, and are these programs conducted effectively?

Are all items audited before they are discarded, and has
continuous improvement been made in terms of reduction of the environmental impact of your
company’s activities?

Are wastewater and waste heat produced from offices and IT resources re-used in your company?

Recycling/ Does your company have rules and processes in place for reusing computers and other internal
Re-use assets by donating them or changing their intended use, and are these rules and processes
effectively implemented?

Are consumables like batteries and printer cartridges recycled or re-used in your company?

Waste Does your company have set practices for its employees to participate in environmental
Reduction movements, and has there been a continuous participation in environmental movements?

Does your company use smart redundancy techniques to reduce the number of physical
apparatuses?

Does your company encourage electronic distribution of product or company brochures to

customers and vendors?

Table 3. Levels of maturity

Level Description
Although a process is in place, it is not used, and efforts to draw actual benefits from it are
0: Incomplete
insufficient.
The process is not at all or poorly documented, and tends to be modified depending on the user
1: Initial
or event.
Although the process manual or instructions are far from clear or complete, they, nevertheless,
2: Repeatable
are helpful in maintaining existing practices.
3: Defined A clearly-established process exists, and the process has improved over time.
The process is carried out using statistical, Quantitative techniques, and it is possible to predict
4: Managed
quantitative values.
There is a quantitative process improvement goal, and the process has been continuously
5: Optimized
improved to reflect the business goals.

Data Collection
An email was initially sent to the companies asking their participation in the study. Consequently,
another email containing the survey link was provided to companies who confirmed their participation
in the survey. There were some companies who did not participate in this study. However, a total
of 387 companies answered and completed the questionnaire. The survey was distributed from
November 2016 to February 2017. After a couple of months of data gathering, all responses were
considered for analysis.

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ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

This section presents the results of the study in Tables 4-8. The following parts discuss the major
constructs and their corresponding results based on analyzed survey results.
For data center, organizations considered introducing energy-efficiency in the design of
data centers (AVE = 2.9) and made backup software available for organization-wide backup and
restoration activity (AVE = 3.1). On the other hand, organizations have lower consideration in
managing orchestration tools to enhance the use of floor space for idle servers (AVE = 1.5), and
limited practice has been devoted in adopting intelligent refreshing in servers to enhance operational
efficiency (AVE = 2.1).
In terms of the office environment, the organizations had utilized multi-function equipment with
features to print, scan, fax and photocopy documents within the organizations (AVE = 3.7). Also,
the organizations considered using toner saving solutions to reduce costs (AVE = 3.3). However,
there were limited guidelines requiring employees to shut down unused computers and other devices,
and management systems to ensure the compliance (AVE = 1.3). Moreover, there was limited
implementation of intelligent lighting systems within the organizations, as an approach to reducing
power and energy consumption.
For work practice, the respondents elicited that electronic approval systems and applications
were made available to allow employing to perform their basic functions (AVE = 4.1) and related
tasks. Moreover, the respondents agreed that paperless invoicing systems were utilized (AVE = 3.9)
to reduce associated costs. However, the respondents pointed that there was limited green leadership
program available, with policies and guidelines, management strategy, and green programme
encouraging participation of all employees with the organizations (AVE = 1.0) as well as limited
Green IT education (AVE = 1.2) was provided to recognize its benefits, outcomes, and implications
towards individual and corporate-wide culture.
In terms of procurement, the respondents agreed that their organizations continue to make IT asset
management efficient (AVE = 3.5) by ensuring that a management policy is in place, to further its
implementation, monitoring, and improvement activities. Also, smart logistics systems are recognized
as a critical approach to reducing the carbon footprint of transport when deliveries of products to their
customers (AVE = 3.1). However, most of the respondents agreed that their little consideration on
looking at the carbon emissions by vendors during the product design, development, transport, and
end of life management (AVE = 1.0). Also, limited policies are in place requiring the organizations to
comply with environmental regulations, lacks monitoring, and continuous enhancement by considering
international standards (AVE = 1.4).
For corporate citizenship, the organizations have established environmental programs and
practices to enhance participation of employees (AVE = 3.5). Also, the respondents agreed that
electronic brochures were distributed to customers to become familiar with the organizations’ products
and services (AVE = 3.1). However, the respondents agreed that reusing wastewater and waste
heat from offices and IT resources were not widely implemented (AVE = 1.1) as well as reusing or
recycling consumables to reduce waste disposal (AVE = 1.7).

DISCUSSION

The results of the survey revealed that organizations within the manufacturing industry had initiated
Green IT practices (see Table 9). However, further recognition, research, and implementations should
be taken into consideration to harness the benefits of Green IT and reduce business processes impacts
to the environment. For data center, newly developed and advanced energy-efficient solutions should
be in place to reduce energy consumption and operational costs of data center and related equipment.
With regard to enhancing the office environment, although improvements are being made to enhance
efficiency and energy consumption, IT equipment is not sufficiently used to enhance the working

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Table 4. Data center

Area Item Assessment Indicators Average

Data Server Assets When developing information systems and introducing new servers 2.8
Center in your operating environment, does your company consider server
Shared virtualization as a basic implementation method?
computing
To proactively manage the floor space occupied by idle servers, does 1.5
capacity
your company use orchestration tools in all environments?
including
servers, Does your company collect data on the use of server instances across all 2.7
storage and your assets, manage related indicators and conduct optimization activities
networks based on this information?
Do you company practice intelligent refreshing in servers in all 2.1
environments to improve their operation efficiency?
Are all servers in your company optimized based on their performance
efficiency and highly efficient in terms of power supply?
Support Have your network storages in data centers been integrated to create a 2.8
Infrastructure single-storage network?
Does your company collect data on the use of storage equipment on all 2.5
your assets and develop and manage related indicators?
Have your networks been converged (voice/data, fixed/wireless) to 2.7
reduce the number of switches needed in your data centers?
Is your intelligent power allocation equipment installed in the LAC 2.6
within the data centers and is linked with monitoring systems?
Are backup software programs within your organization integrated into a 3.1
single platform so that they may be used for company-wide backup and
restoration?
Physical Is power usage monitored in real time in your company, and is monitored 2.6
Equipment by each section or unit?
Is the lighting system in your data centers designed with energy 2.7
efficiency in mind?
Was energy efficiency considered in the design of your data centers? 2.9
Is the control of temperature and moisture in your data centers 2.5
automated, and is the control system effective?
Is your company conducting a data center rationalization program to 2.6
minimize the number of data centers?

environment of organizations. In the area of work practice, the organizations had higher scores among
all other Green IT areas in terms of the efficient utilization of software applications and mobile
work practices. However, concerns were pointed on the limited Green IT education, leadership and
programs, and placing practices on carbon charge-back systems. The organizations also received had
lower results regarding procurement, and requires enhancement in procurement activities covering
purchasing, recycling, reuse, and disposal processes. Also, the results revealed the organizations
had established corporate citizenship programs, effective processes are in place for waste disposal,
recycling and reusing, and waste reduction, however, small practices were made to enhance reuse of
consumables and deal with wastes discarded and recoverability.

Recommendations for Improvement

The organizations should establish Green IT vision, and framework to propagate green growth,
structured processes, and management approach coupled with informatization methods from the
initial phase of planning and deployment. More specifically, the organizations should increase the
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Table 5. Office environment

Area Item Assessment Indicators Average

Office PC Have screensavers been disabled in all display devices so that they go 2.5
Environment into power saving mode?
Computing
Are all IT equipment in your office controlled by a central power 2.3
resources
management system?
within an
office Have desktops been replaced by lower-power laptop computers in your 1.8
environment, company where possible?
including
desktop and Have your company’s desktop units been replaced by thin client 2.1
laptop solutions where possible?
computers, Are there rules in your company, requiring employees to shut off power 1.3
printers and to all unused PCs and IT devices, and a management system to monitor
mobile devices compliance?
Printers Are multifunction devices functioning at the same time as a printer, fax 3.7
machine, scanner and a photocopier used in your company, instead of
separate devices?
Is there support for a virtual fax service for all users in your company, 2.1
and is its use widespread?
Are all printers in your company installed with a toner saving solution? 3.3
Are all printers in your company configured so that power is 2.3
automatically shut off during night hours and weekends?
Do you have an integrated print management service in your 2.5
organization to reduce unnecessary printed materials?
Office Do you have wireless network access in your organization to reduce the 2.7
Equipment use of fixed-line networks?
Is there an intelligent lighting system in all offices of your organization? 1.5
Is the lighting system in your organization energy-efficient? 2.0
Is temperature in your offices controlled by a building control system, 2.8
and is your company continuously improving the energy efficiency of
the heating system?
Is the power supply to printers in your organization shut off during 3.0
weekends and night hours?

awareness on reducing business footprint and related emissions. Establishing a structured approach
to measure, monitor, and analyze business footprint is needed while supporting mechanisms should
be in place to slowly increase the awareness and education of the employees within organizations.
Also, by recognizing that Green IT performance is necessary to achieve long-term sustainability,
an institutionalization of performance management systems incorporating Green IT could further
actions, training, and education in all aspects of its implementation.
In the area of institutionalizing Green IT practices, the organizations should further design
effective and efficient processes in deploying software applications and encourage telecommuting
activities to reduce transport footprint and related costs. Optimization of business procedures could
further minimize associated costs. Reviewing and simplification of work procedures and its integration
with existing main business processes should be considered to reducing duplicate information. Also,
integrated communication systems and mobile office practices should be in place to promote better
collaboration, participation, and major reduction of traveling footprint.

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Table 6. Work practice

Area Item Assessment Indicators Average

Work Practice Applications Can all employees in your company conduct their basic tasks 4.1
The way an IT through an electronic approval system or a web interface?
organization
Are emails or electronic signatures accepted in your company as 3.8
and its members
a valid method for approving or authorizing processes?
work,
including the Does your company have and use an electronic payment/ 3.7
organizational settlement system to settle transactions with customers or
structure and vendors?
processes
Does your company have an internet-based sales channel? 3.1
Does your company use an e-billing system to issue paperless 3.9
customer invoices (or payment receipts)?
Is your company conducting an application rationalization 2.5
program to reduce the size of the application portfolio and
achieve a company-wide standardized architecture?
Are organizational processes in your company being thoroughly 2.1
reviewed and continuously improved in order to reduce the
number of tasks performed?
Does your organization have a single, consolidated tool for 3.8
communicating internal messages? (email, MSN, Skype,
voicemail, fax)
Operation Is a video conference system in place and in use, in your 3.1
company, to minimize travel needs?
Is your IT unit capable of supporting teleworkforce and mobile 3.5
workforces through remote support services? (ex. IT support via
remote control)
Does your company provide support tools and office space for 2.1
telecommuting, and encourage telecommuting by employees?
Management Is green IT education provided to employees in your company, 1.2
on a regular basis?
Does your company conduct analysis on the environmental 1.5
impact of its activities, concerning all business cases?
Does a charge-back mechanism for services provided by the 1.8
IT unit exist in your company, and if so, is it appropriately
managed?
Does a model for charging back carbon costs to units and 1.3
projects exist and are improvement activities carried out based
on the charge-back model, in your company?
Does your organization have a green leadership program in 1.0
place, along with well-defined rules and a management system?
Also, is your organization carrying out a green agenda?

Concerning office environment, the organizations should assess and utilize energy-efficient
IT equipment and devices. The use of automated power management systems should be in place
as well as expand the desktop virtualization utilization in office environments. The organizations
should also consider introducing print management solutions as company-wide implementation
in conjunction with an efficient toner management solution, reducing printing consumptions and
further the adoption of paperless business activities. Also, the organizations should introduce the
use of intelligent lighting systems, highly efficient heating and air-conditioning technology in a

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Table 7. Procurement

Area Item Assessment Indicators Average

Procurement Asset Is the lifecycle of IT assets efficiency managed under your 3.5
The process Management company’s asset management policy?
through which
Are all asset purchase activities and power consumption tracked 2.1
companies
by a centrally-managed configuration management database
procure and
(CMDB) and included in the audit process?
purchase
equipment and Is your company’s configuration management database (CMDB) 1.5
services linked to its service catalog?
Captical Costs When selecting standard hardware solutions, is the energy 2.1
efficiency of IT assets, including energy star certification, a key
consideration?
When selecting an asset, does your company consider carbon 1.0
emissions at the vendor’s side, resulting from manufacturing,
transportation and disposal processes, and has there been
improvement in this area?
Does your company have rules requiring compliance with 1.4
environmental regulations, including the EU Restriction of
Hazardous Substance (RoHS) Directive and the Waste Electrical
and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, and are the rules
enforced?
Operating Costs Does your company use a smart logistics system for product 3.1
delivery? (ex. single packages, single pickup, etc.)
Does your company have a utility management process in place 1.8
to minimize the use of consumables?
Does your company have rules requiring the purchase of office 1.7
supplies made with recycled/environment-friendly materials, and
is encouraging compliance with these rules?

centralized and controlled facility. Likewise, assessing the potential of moving to a green certified
building, office environment and facility would allow provisions for natural lighting systems and
access to advanced facility management solutions. Hence, it could allow continuous measurement
of power consumption and savings.
In the area of IT procurement, the organizations should assess and enhance existing policies about
the purchase and use of energy-efficient and environment-friendly IT infrastructure and its associated
equipment, and consider advanced energy-efficiency management solutions. Procedures should be
in place to effectively monitor IT lifecycle management along with measuring its efficiency and
introducing integrated data resource management systems for IT assets and end of life management.
Detailed implementation guidelines on 4R (reuse, reduce, recycle, recover) practices could further
end of life management practices within the organizations as well as placing more rigorous rules
in using consumables. Moreover, consideration and assessment activities are needed to look at
suppliers’ procurement activities, participation in environment programs and the establishment of
performance management could further assist organizations in monitoring carbon footprint associated
with procurement life cycle.
Regarding data center operations, the organizations should take actions on establishing guidelines
and management systems that optimize the allocation of data resources. Further consideration on server
virtualization should be slowly extended to all the key aspects of business operations. Also, using
efficient storage solutions, recovery and backup systems could result in efficient data management
while introducing converge network, connectivity, and utilization of wireless network, as well as

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Table 8. Corporate citizenship

Area Item Assessment Indicators Average

Corporate Waste Does your company conduct analysis on items that are sold or 2.8
Citizenship Disposal discarded, for instance, to define and classify hazardous substances?
The method
Does your company have incentive and information programs 1.8
of interaction
for reducing IT-related waste production, and are these programs
between an IT
conducted effectively?
organization
and the local Are all items audited before they are discarded, and has 2.1
or global continuous improvement been made in terms of reduction of the
community environmental impact of your company’s activities?
Are wastewater and waste heat produced from offices and IT resources 1.1
re-used in your company?
Recycling/ Does your company have rules and processes in place for reusing 2.5
Re-use computers and other internal assets by donating them or changing
their intended use, and are these rules and processes effectively
implemented?
Are consumables like batteries and printer cartridges recycled or re- 1.7
used in your company?
Waste Does your company have set practices for its employees to participate 3.5
Reduction in environmental movements, and has there been a continuous
participation in environmental movements?
Does your company use smart redundancy techniques to reduce the 2.5
number of physical apparatuses?
Does your company encourage electronic distribution of product or 3.1
company brochures to customers and vendors?

Table 9. Summary of Green IT areas

Area Average
Data Center 2.57
Office Environment 2.41
Work Practice 2.65
Procurement 2.02
Corporate Citizenship 2.34
Overall Average 2.39

real-time power and energy monitoring solutions, are needed, and enhancing the physical setup and
space of data centers to allow constant evaluation and optimization of energy use.
To further corporate citizenship, organizations should consider monitoring waste disposal
activities, continuous IT asset audits including discarded items, recycled and reused resources, and
a mechanism to manage items that are sold. Top management should also explore on establishing
regular recycling and reuse programs for employees and encourage participation to environment
programs could further increase awareness and education. Rewards and incentives systems should be
in place to recognize employees’ efforts in helping the organizations to reduce its business footprint
are highly recommended.

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Overall, a strategic strategy recommendation is needed to further the update of Green IT in the
manufacturing industry in the Philippines. As the Philippine government recently participated in the
Paris agreement on reducing per country carbon footprint and environmental protection programs,
it is necessary to take the following steps (a) establishing a national committee on introducing green
growth and Green IT policies, implementation guidelines, performance, and monitoring systems;
(b) structuring and creating stringent policies and regulatory programs aiming to promote Green
IT procurement across industries, and require enterprise level Green IT agenda with its long–term
strategy; (c) establishing an education, awareness and promotion programs through Green IT capacity
building and training with rewards and awards systems; (d) setting up a support systems through
technical assistance, financial budget allocation, and collaborations with social enterprises aiming
to further environment sustainability through green growth.

CONCLUSION

This study is an initial attempt to explore, assess and understand Green IT maturity within the
Philippine manufacturing industry. The results indicate that there is likely lower level of Green IT
maturity. Thus, Green IT is highly recommended. A Green IT framework and structure are needed
for systematic management and further the update of Green IT within organizations. An emphasis on
Green IT efforts, programs, and initiatives requires adopting newly developed advanced technologies
to manage environment-friendly resources efficiently. Therefore, the Philippine government requires
further efforts to enhance Green IT performance across industries. Developed countries all over the
world have been proactively making efforts to introduce and adopt greener processes within their
society, thus, assessing the Green IT maturity is the initial step towards building a green society.
Despite the contributions of this research, it is not free from limitations, thus, this study considers
research possibilities to contribute to Green IT adoption as key area of inquiry in the computing,
environment, and sustainability discipline including (a) studies on exploring the motivational drivers,
factors, and antecedents could further understanding of the decision-makers intent to adopt Green
IT, more particularly in the developing countries, such as the Philippines, with its initial attempt to
introduce Green IT through voluntary enterprise level programs and practices, future studies can offer
new insights as to how decision-makers perceive corporate culture and environment as consideration in
introducing Green IT within organizations. (b) conduct cross-industry maturity assessment studies to
identify the laggards and mature adopters of Green IT, compare, and explore the issues and challenges
experienced by various industries, and recommend a suitable framework that assists them in slowly
enhancing the adoption of Green IT practices, and periodically monitor and evaluate the performance.
(c) explore the potential roles of industry associations and social enterprises for collaborations and
participation in promoting business and environment sustainability initiatives. It can further offer new
knowledge on the level of involvement and acceptance of Green IT as a strategy to attain long term
environmental protection and resource conservation; (d) and develop a Green IT maturity indicators
and ranking systems for the Philippine government.

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Alexader A. Hernandez holds a degree of Doctor in Information Technology from De La Salle University in the
Philippines. He holds an M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Information Technology from Technological Institute of the Philippines.
His research interests are in Database Systems, Enterprise and Decision Support Systems, Sustainable
Development and Green technologies. Alexander Hernandez has published in International Journal of Green
Computing, International Journal Enterprise Information Systems, International Journal of Social Ecology and
Sustainable Development and various international IEEE conferences, among others.

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