Carbon Compounds

Organic Compounds
 Organic - living things or compounds from living things
 Organic Compounds are carbon compounds that has covalent bonds with
hydrogen
 Freidrich Wohler – German scientist that tried to synthesize urea, an
organic compound using Ammonium Cyanate. His discovery proved the
idea that not all organic compounds come from living things.

Organic Chemistry
 The study of carbon compounds with hydrogen bonded with it.
 Mostly covalent in nature.
 Low melting and boiling points.

Hybridization
 The mixing of orbitals of electrons which creates a new orbital.
 S orbitals can contain 2 electrons while p orbitals can contain 6 electrons
 Carbon atoms can form up to 3 types of bonds
 Single bond – represented by sp3. 1 valence electron of the s orbit is
bonded with the other carbon atom while 3 valence electrons of the
p orbit is bonded with hydrogen atoms as shown in the diagram.


 1 bond formation between two atoms mean it is a single bond. (this
are the parts that you should take note of)


 Double bond – represented by sp2. 1 s sublevel electron combines
with 2 p sublevel electrons forming double bonds.


 2 bond formations between two atoms mean it is a double bond.


 Triple bond – represented by sp. 1 orbital from s sublevel combines
with 1 orbital from the p sublevel, forming the triple bonds.


 3 bond formations between three atoms mean it is a triple bond.


Hydrocarbons
 Compounds that has carbons bonded with hydrogen.


Butane is a kind of hydrocarbon

Properties of Hydrocarbons (carbon compounds with hydrogen bonds)

 When the number of carbon atoms increases, the number of hydrogen
atom also increases. Such as in the table that when CH4 has 1 carbon and 4
hydrogens and when C2H6 has 2 carbons, the hydrogen atoms increased to
6.
 The more carbon atoms, the higher the melting point and boiling point.
Like on the table below, Methane has 1 carbon atom and has a melting
point of -182.5 Celsius and Boiling point of -161.6 Celsius while Decane that
has 10 carbon atoms, which is more than methane has a melting point of
-29.7 and a boiling point of 174 Celsius.
 
Skeletal Structure or Line Bond Structures

 The zigzag line is the bond line formula/structure also called skeletal
structure of a hydrocarbon which each point of the zigzag represents a
carbon atom. When creating a bond line formula for the hydrocarbon
bonds, we typically do not show the hydrogens around the carbon.


The bond line structure of Butane which has the formula of C 2H6

Classifications of hydrocarbons
 Depends on the number of bonds between carbon atoms
 Aliphatic – Zigzag group of hydrocarbons except the cycloalkane that is an
enclosed shaped without alternating bonds and only single bonds. Can be
classified into four. Alkane, Cycloalkane, alkene, alkyne
  Aromatic – Has 6 carbons with 1 bonded hydrogen in each. Shaped like a
hexagon. Contains alternating bonds between the carbon atoms. 2 bonds-1
bond-2 bonds-1 bond-2 bonds-1 bond. Most of these compounds have
strong odors, coming from the word aroma. Enclosed shape

Aliphatic Classifications
Alkanes
o Also called as the paraffins
o Has the formula of CnH2n+2 meaning that the number of hydrogen
atoms depend on the number of carbon atoms multiplied by 2 and
add 2 more.
o Single bonds between the carbons; named by the suffix “-ane”
o

o
o If it only has single bonds between the carbons, it is automatically an
alkane
 o
Cycloalkanes
o Are also alkanes but are formed as shapes like these compounds.

o
Alkenes
o Also called Olefins
o Uses the formula of CnH2n meaning that the number of hydrogen
atoms depend on the number of carbon atoms multiplied by two.
o Double bonds; named by the suffix “-ene”

o Ethene (C2H4)
o If it has at least one or more double bond in the skeletal structure of
the carbons, it is automatically alkene.

o
Alkynes
o Uses the General Chemical Formula
 o Uses the formula CnHn meaning for the number of carbon atoms
depends directly on the number of carbons.
o Triple bonds; named by the suffix “-yne”

o Ethyne (C2H2)
o If it has at least one or more triple bonds in the skeletal structure of
the carbons, it is automatically alkene.

Aromatics
 Contains the benzene ring with the formula of (C6H6). Has the alternating
bonds of carbon atoms with an alternating single bonds and double bonds.
with a hydrogen atom bonded on each. Associated with strong odor and
coined from the term aroma. Shaped like a hexagon with 3 double bonds
on the line formation.

Functional Groups
 A group of atoms are attached to the hydrocarbons providing new special
properties to the compound.
  or CH3OH
 Classified into different types and groups

Vocabulary of different groups

 Hydroxyl group – O-H or H-O, an oxygen bonded with a hydrogen and
bonded to a carbon
 Carbonyl group – C=O, an Oxygen double bonded to a carbon
 Hydrogen bond – A single hydrogen bonded to an atom
 Oxygen bond – A single bond between an atom and oxygen
 Nitrogen group – C-NH2 or C-NH, a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen or
hydrogens and bonded to a carbon or other atoms.
Oxygen Groups
Alcohols
o Characterized by a Hydroxyl group or O-H group.
o Named by the suffix “-ol”

o
Aldehydes
o Characterized by a Carbonyl group (C=O) with a Hydrogen bond.
o Named by the suffix “-al”
 o
Ketone
o Characterized by a Carbonyl Group (C=O) found between two
hydrocarbons (CH3, CH2, CH)
o Named by suffix “-one” (pronounced as oowwwn)

Carboxylic acid
o Contains the formula COOH
o Characterized by one Carbonyl Group (C=O) and an additional Hydroxyl
Group (O-H) bonded to the carbon.
o Named by the suffix “ic acid/oic acid”

o
Ether
 o Characterized by an Oxygen atom bonded between 2 hydrocarbons.
o Named by the suffix “-oxy”

o
Ester
o Characterized by a Carbonyl group (C=O) with the carbon bonded with
another Oxygen atom (C-O).
o Named by the suffix “-oate/-ate”

Nitrogen Groups
Amine
o Characterized by a Nitrogen atom bonded with Hydrogen bonded on it.
o Uses the formula R-NH/NH2 (R represents any atom)
o Named by the suffix “-amine/-ine”
 o

o
Note: Hydrogen might be sometimes disregarded on the skeletal structure and the nitrogen atoms
automatically has hydrogen bonded with it.

Amide
o Characterized by a Carbonyl Group (C=O) bonded to a carbon that has a
Nitrogen Group (C-NH/C-NH2) bonded to it. Represented by R-O-NH2
o Named by the suffix “-amide”

Guide on determining the hydrocarbons and functional groups:

1. OH or HO or hydroxyl
bonded to a carbon
means alcohol. A
hexagon with
alternating bonds mean
 aromatic. A nitrogen group or NH is bonded to a carbon without any other kind of group
means amine.
2. 1 is ester because it contains a carbonyl double bonded to a carbon that is single
bonded to an oxygen. Alkene because one double bond between carbons is
automatically alkene, not aromatic and cycloalkane because it doesn’t fulfill the whole

hexagon of carbons, it has 1 oxygen bonded to it and it doesn’t have alternating bonds
as well. Alcohol because of OH with no other bonds to the carbon. 3 is aldehyde because
it has carbonyl or C=O and the carbon is bonded to another hydrogen along with it.
Ether because it is bonded between two hydrocarbons or carbon atoms bonded with
PURELY only hydrogen and no other groups. Ketone because a carbonyl is bonded to a
carbon atom without any other groups bonded.

3. Ketone because it is bonded to a hydrocarbon that is not bonded to another functional

group other than another hydrocarbon. Carboxylic because carbon is bonded to a
carbonyl and hydroxyl.
4. Note: Check first if the hydrocarbon (Carbon with hydrogen around it) is bonded with
another functional group other than other hydrocarbons before determining the type to
avoid confusion.