Class 9

Chapter – 8 – Motion

1. Motion
 A body is said to be in motion when it changes its position with respect to (w. r. t.)
surrounding taken as a reference point.
OR
 A body is said to be in motion when it changes its position with respect to (w. r. t.) time.
2. Types of motion
 Rectilinear motion or linear motion or straight path
 Circular motion
 Vibratory motion
 Rotatory motion

3. Physical quantities
 Any quantity that can be measured is called physical quantity.
 They are of two types -
i. Scalar quantity ii. Vector quantity
I. Scalar quantity
 The physical quantity that has only magnitude is known as scalar quantity.
 Example – distance , speed

II. Vector quantity

 The physical quantity which has magnitude as well as direction is known as vector
quantity.
 Example - displacement , velocity

4. Distance
 The actual length or the total length covered by a body irrespective of the direction in
which body travels is called distance.
 It is denoted by letter ‘s ‘.
 The S.I. unit of distance is metre ‘m’.
 It is a scalar quantity. It has only magnitude.

5. Displacement
 The shortest length (straight path) between the initial and final position of body along
the direction is known as displacement.
 It is denoted by letter ‘s ‘.
 The S.I. unit of distance is metre ‘m’.
 It is a vector quantity. It has magnitude as well as direction.
 Distance and displacement are not always equal. Distance and displacement are equal when
the body travels in a straight path.
 When the initial and final position is same then the displacement is zero.

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 Question – Find the distance and displacement If a
 Example – body travels from Path A to D.
Answer – Distance AD = Total length AD
A 2m B = AB + BC + CD
3m =2+3+2
=7m
Displacement AD = Shortest length AD
= Hypotenuse AD
C 2m D In right angle triangle AED,
A B (AD)2 = (AE)2 + (ED)2 [ ED = EC + CD = 2 + 2 = 4]
(AD)2 = (3)2 + (4)2
3m (AD)2 = 9 + 16 = 25
AD = 25 = 5m
E
2m C 2m D

6. Difference between distance and displacement

Distance Displacement

 Total length of the path covered from
initial to final position is called
distance.
 It is a scalar quantity.
 Distance is always positive.
 The shortest distance between initial
and final position is called displacement
 It is a vector quantity.
 Displacement can be positive, negative
or zero.

7. Uniform motion
 If a body moves equal distance in equal interval of time, then the body is said to be in
uniform motion.
 The distance-time Graph of a uniform motion is straight line.

8. Non-uniform motion
 If a body moves unequal distance in equal interval of time, then the body is said to be in
non-uniform motion.
 The distance-time Graph of a uniform motion is curved line.
 Non uniform motion is also known as accelerated motion.

Distance

Distance (m)

(m)

Time (s) Time (s)

Uniform Motion Non-Uniform Motion

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9. Speed
 Speed of a body gives us the idea about how fast or slow is the body moving.
 Speed is defined as the distance travelled by a body per unit time.

 Speed = OR v=
 The S.I. unit of speed is metre/second (m/s)
 Speed is a scalar quantity. It has only magnitude.
10. Velocity
 Velocity is defined as the distance travelled by a body per unit time in a definite
direction.

 Velocity = OR v=

 The S.I. unit of velocity is metre/second (m/s)

 Velocity is a vector quantity. It has magnitude as well as direction.
 Velocity is speed with direction.
 Velocity and speed are equal when the body moves in a straight path.
 Velocity of a body is equal to zero when the initial and final position is same.
 The two ways in which velocity of the body can be changed are
i. By changing the speed of the body.
ii. By keeping the speed constant and changing the direction of the body.

11. Difference between speed and velocity

Speed Velocity

 It is the distance travelled by a body  It is the distance traveled by a body

per unit time. per unit time in a particular direction.
 It is a scalar quantity.  It is a vector quantity.
 Speed is always positive.  Velocity can be positive, negative or
zero.

12. Average speed

 Average speed of a body is equal to the total distance covered in total time. The S.I. unit
is meter/second (m/s).

 Average velocity = OR vav =

 Example – If the total distance travelled by a car is 100 kilometer in two hours, then the
average speed is 50 km/h (v = s/t = 100/2 = 50) . The car might not have travelled
50km/h all the time. It might have traveled faster or slower sometimes.

13. Average velocity

 Average velocity is equal to total displacement in total time. The S.I. unit is m/s.
 Average velocity = OR vav =

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14. Uniform speed
 When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time, then the body is said to
have uniform speed.
 The distance-time graph for uniform speed is a straight line.
15. Non uniform Speed
 When a body travels unequal distance in equal interval of time, then the body is said to
have non -uniform speed.
 The distance-time graph for non-uniform speed is a curved line.

Distance
(m) Distance
(m)

Time (s) Time (s)

Uniform Speed Non-Uniform Speed

Question- A cyclist travels a distance of 3 km in 5 hours. Calculate his speed in

a. cm/s b. m/s c. km/h
Answer – Distance, s = 3 km
time, t = 5 hours

a. Distance, s = 3 km = 3 x 1000 x 100 cm [ 1km = 1000m ; 1m = 100cm]

= 300000 cm
Time, t = 5h = 5 x 60 x 60 s [ 1h = 60 min ; 1 min = 60 sec]
= 18000 s
speed, v = s / t

= 16.67 cm/s

b. Distance, s = 3km = 3 x 1000 m = 3000m

time, t = 5h = 5 x 60 x 60 = 18000 s

Speed, v = s / t

= = 0.16 m/s

c. Distance, s = 3km
Time, t = 5 h
speed, v = s / t
= 3 / 5 = 0.6 km / h

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Question – A car travels 30 km at a uniform speed of 30 km/h and the next 30 km at a
uniform speed of 20 km/h. Find the average speed of the car.

Answer – s1 = 30 km v1 = 30 km/h t1 = ?

s2 = 30 km v2 = 20 km/h t2 = ?

Average speed, vav = s1 + s2 ________________ (1)

t1 + t2

As Speed, v = s/t , therefore t=s/v

hence, t1 = s1 / v1 = 30 / 30 = 1h
t2 = s2 / v2 = 30 / 20 = 1.5 h ____________ (2)

Substituting (2) in (1)

Vav = 30 + 30 = 60 = 24 km/h
1 + 1.5 2.5

Question – On a 120 km track, a train travels the first 30 km at uniform speed 30 km/h.
How fast must the train travel the next 90 km so as to have average speed 60 km/h for
entire trip?

Answer – total distance , s1 + s2 = 30 + 90 = 120 km

given, s1 = 30 km v1 = 30 km/h t1 = ? ______________ (1)
s2 = 90 km v2 = ? t2 = ? ______________ (2)
average speed, vav = 60 km/h

Average speed, vav = s1 + s2 ________________ (3)

t 1 + t2
From equation (1) v = s/t  t = s / v
hence, t1 = s1 / v1 = 30 / 30 = 1h _______ (4)

Substituting (1), (2) and (4) in (3)

60 = 30 + 90 = 120
1 + t2 1 + t2

60 x (1 + t2) = 120
60 + 60t2 = 120
60t2 = 120 – 60
60t2 = 60
t2 = 60 / 60 = 1h ________ (5)

Substituting (5) in (2), we get  v2 = s2 / t2 = 90 / 1 = 90 km/h

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16. Acceleration
 Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of its velocity with time.
OR
Acceleration of a body is defined as the change of its velocity per unit time.
 It is denoted by letter ‘a’.
 Acceleration = =
 a=
 The S.I. unit of acceleration is metre/second2 or m/s2.
 It is a vector quantity.
 In uniform motion the velocity remains same, therefore u = v and change in velocity, v – u
= 0. Hence a = (v – u) /t = 0.
 In non-uniform motion, the velocity changes with time and hence it is also known as
accelerated motion.
17. Retardation or deceleration or negative acceleration
 A body is said to be retarded if the velocity is decreasing with respect to time.
 Retardation means acceleration with negative sign.
 If velocity increases, final velocity > initial velocity, i.e., v > u. therefore v – u = positive
acceleration.
 If velocity decreases, final velocity < initial velocity, i.e., v < u. therefore v – u = negative
acceleration or retardation.
 The S.I. unit is m/s2.
( )
 Retardation , a=-
IMPORTANT POINTS
 If a body starts from rest, then initial velocity, u = 0.
 If a body comes to rest or stops or applies break, then final velocity, v = 0.
 If v > u , a = +ve and if v < u , a = -ve.
 If a body travels with constant velocity or uniform velocity, then v = u, therefore a = 0.
 If a body is in uniform motion, it means v = constant. Therefore v = u and a = 0.

18. Uniform acceleration

If the object travels in a straight path and its velocity increases or decreases by equal
amount in equal interval of time is known as uniform accelerated motion.
 The velocity-time graph is a straight line.
19. Non uniform acceleration
 If the object travels in a straight path and its velocity increases or decreases by unequal
amount in equal interval of time is known as non-uniform accelerated motion.
 The velocity-time graph is a curved line.

Velocity Velocity
(m/s) (m/s)

Time (s) Time (s)

Uniform acceleration Non – uniform acceleration

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Question – A train accelerates uniformly from 36 km/h to 72 km/h in 20 sec. What is the
acceleration of train?

Answer – initial velocity, u = 36 km/h = 36 x 5 m/s = 15 m/s

18

Final velocity, v = 72 km/h = 72 x 5 m/s = 20 m/s

18
Time , t = 20 sec
Acceleration , a = v – u = 20 – 15 = 5 = 0.25 m/s2
t 20 20

20. Graphical representation of motion

I. Distance – time graph (s – t graph)
 Slope of any graph is given by, slope =

 Here, in s-t graph Distance

Slope = y = AB = S2 - S1 = S S2 A

X BC t2 – t1 t S1

Slope = s/t = v C B

Therefore, the slope of distance – time graph

gives velocity. O t1 t2 Time

II. Velocity – time graph ( v – t graph)

 Here, in v-t graph Velocity A

Slope = y = AB = v2 - v1 = v v1

X BC t 2 – t1 t v2 B C

Slope = v/t = a

Therefore, the slope of velocity – time graph gives

acceleration and area under the graph gives distance. O t1 t2 Time

21. Equations of motion by graphical method

 There are three equations of motion.
1. v = u + at
2
2. s = ut + at
3. v 2 – u 2 = 2as
 s = distance covered (m)
u = initial velocity (m/s)
v = final velocity (m/s)
a = acceleration (m/s2)
t = time taken (s)

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I. First equation of motion - v = u + at ( velocity – time equation)

Consider v-t graph for a body moving with initial velocity ‘u’
and final velocity ‘v’ covering a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’.
Hence, the acceleration of the body is ‘a’.
Velocity
Let initial velocity, u = OC = BD v E A
final velocity , v = OE = AD
Time , t = OD = BC

The slope of v-t graph gives acceleration

u B
C
slope =

a= D
O t Time
a=

a =

at = v – u
OR v = u + at

First equation of motion gives us the relation between velocity and time.

II. Second equation of motion - s = ut + at 2

(distance – time equation)

Consider v-t graph for a body moving with initial velocity ‘u’
and final velocity ‘v’ covering a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’.
Hence, the acceleration of the body is ‘a’.

Let initial velocity, u = OC = BD

final velocity , v = OE = AD Velocity
Time , t = OD = BC v E A

The area under the graph of v-t graph

gives the distance travelled by the body.

distance travelled = area under the graph

u B
= area of triangle ABC +
C C
area of rectangle OCBD

s= x base x height +length x breadth

D
O t Time
s= x BC x AB + OC x OD

s = x OD x (AD – BD) + OC x OD

s = x OD x (OE – OC) + OC x OD

s = x t x (v – u) + u x t
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 s = x t x (v – u) + u x t ---------------- (1)

from first equation of motion , v = u + at ----------- (2)

substituting (2) in (1), we get

s = x t x (u + at – u) + u x t

s= x t x at + u x t

s = ut + at 2

Second equation of motion gives us the relation between distance and time.

III. Third equation of motion - v 2

– u 2 = 2as ( velocity – distance equation)

Consider v-t graph for a body moving with initial velocity ‘u’
and final velocity ‘v’ covering a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’.
Hence, the acceleration of the body is ‘a’.

Let initial velocity, u = OC = BD

final velocity , v = OE = AD
Velocity
Time , t = OD = BC
v E A
The area under the graph of v-t graph
gives the distance travelled by the body.

Distance travelled = area under the graph

= area of trapezium OCAD u B
C C
s= x (sum of parallel sides) x height

s= x (AD + OC) x OD D
O t Time
s= x (OE + OC) x OD

s = x ( v + u) x t ----------- (1)

from first equation of motion , v = u + at

t= ----------- (2)
substituting (2) in (1), we get

s = x ( v + u) x

( )( )
s=

2as = (v + u) (v – u) [ (a + b) (a – b) = a 2 - b 2 ]
2as = v 2 – u 2
OR v 2 – u 2 = 2as

Third equation of motion gives us the relation between velocity and distance.
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 22. Uniform Circular motion
 When a body moves in a circular path then the motion is said to be circular motion.
 When a body moves in a circular motion with uniform speed then the body is said to
have uniform circular motion.
 When a body moves in a circular path, the direction of the body changes continuously.

Shows the direction of body at that point

Circumference = distance = 2π r
2
Speed v = =

 When a body travels in a uniform circular path, the speed of the body is constant as it
is an uniform motion. But the direction of body continuously changes at every point.
Therefore, a uniform circular motion is said to be an accelerated motion.
 Example – Satellite moving around the earth.
- Hands of clock / watch

FORMULAE:-

Physical quantity Formula S.I Unit

1. Distance s = total length Metre (m)

2. Displacement s = shortest length Metre (m)

-1
3. Speed, Velocity
v= Metre / second (m/s or ms )

-1
4. Average speed vav = Metre / second (m/s or ms )

-1
5. Average velocity vav = Metre / second (m/s or ms )

2 2 -
6. Acceleration a= Metre / second (m/s or ms
2
)

7. Slope
Slope = =
8. Equations of 1. v = u + at v – t relationship
motion 2. s = ut + at 2
s – t relationship
3. v 2 – u 2 = 2as
v – s relationship

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